Phn th hai

MT S BI TH NGHIM THC HNH MN VT L

THPT
Bi thc hnh m u
TNH SAI S V X L S LIU
I. Mc ch
- Rn luyn k nng tnh gi tr trung bnh v sai s ca i lng vt l
c o trc tip.
- Vn dng thnh tho cc phng php tnh sai s ca i lng o gin
tip.
- T bng s liu thc nghim, hc sinh cn nm vng phng php x l
s liu tnh gi tr trung bnh v sai s ca i lng o gin tip.
- Nm vng v thnh tho quy tc lm trn s v vit kt qu o i lng
vt l.
II. C s l thuyt
2.1. nh ngha php tnh v sai s
Cc khi nim
a. Php o trc tip: o mt i lng vt l c ngha l so snh n
vi mt i lng cng loi m ta chn lm n v
b. Php o gin tip: Trng hp gi tr ca i lng cn o c
tnh t gi tr ca cc php o trc tip khc thng qua biu thc ton hc,
th php o l php o gin tip
Phn loi sai s
Khi o mt i lng vt l, d o trc tip hay gin tip, bao gi ta
cng mc phi sai s. Ngi ta chia thnh hai loi sai s nh sau:
a. Sai s h thng:
Sai s h thng xut hin do sai st ca dng c o hoc do phng
php l thuyt cha hon chnh, cha tnh n cc yu t nh hng n kt
qu o. Sai s h thng thng lm cho kt qu o lch v mt pha so vi
gi tr thc ca i lng cn o. Sai s h thng c th loi tr c bng

cch kim tra, iu chnh li cc dng c o, hon chnh phng php l

thuyt o, hoc a vo cc s hiu chnh.
b. Sai s ngu nhin:
Sai s ngu nhin sinh ra do nhiu nguyn nhn, v d do hn ch ca
gic quan ngi lm th nghim, do s thay i ngu nhin khng lng
trc c ca cc yu t gy nh hng n kt qu o. Sai s ngu nhin
lm cho kt qu o lch v c hai pha so vi gi tr thc ca i lng cn
o. Sai s ngu nhin khng th loi tr c. Trong php o cn phi nh
gi sai s ngu nhin.
2.2. Phng php xc nh sai s ca php o trc tip
a) Phng php chung xc nh gi tr trung bnh v sai s ngu nhin
Gi s i lng cn o A c o n ln. Kt qu o ln lt l
n

A1 , A2 ,... An . i lng

A + A2 + .... + An
A= 1
=
n

A
i =1

(1)

c gi l gi tr trung bnh ca i lng A trong n ln o. S ln o cng

ln, gi tr trung bnh A cng gn vi gi tr thc A. Cc i lng:
A1 = A A1
A2 = A A2
.....................
An = A A

c gi l sai s tuyt i trong mi ln o ring l. nh gi sai s ca

php o i lng A, ngi ta dng sai s ton phng trung bnh. Theo l
n

thuyt xc sut, sai s ton phng trung bnh l: =

( A )
i =1

n( n 1)

(2)

v kt qu o i lng A c vit: A = A (3)

Nh vy, gi tr thc ca i lng A vi mt xc sut nht nh s
nm trong khong t A n A + , ngha l:
A - A A+

Khong [( A - ),( A + )] gi l khong tin cy. Sai s ton phng

trung bnh ch c dng vi cc php o i hi chnh xc cao v s
ln o n ln. Nu o i lng A t 5 n 10 ln, th ta dng sai s tuyt i
trung bnh s hc A (sai s ngu nhin) c nh ngha nh sau:
n

A =

( A )
i

i =1

(4)

Kt qu o lc ny c vit di dng: A = A A (5)

Ngoi sai s tuyt i, ngi ta cn s dng sai s t i c nh ngha
nh sau:
=

A
.100 0 0 (6)
A

Kt qu o c vit nh sau: A = A 0 0 (7)

Nh vy, cch vit kt qu php o trc tip nh sau:
- Tnh gi tr trung bnh A theo cng thc (1)
- Tnh cc sai s A theo cng thc (4) hoc (6).
- Kt qu o c vit nh (5) hoc (7).
V d: o ng knh vin bi 4 ln, ta c kt qu sau:
d1 = 8,75mm d1 = 0,00mm
d 2 = 8,76mm d 2 = 0,01mm
d 3 = 8,74mm d 3 = 0,01mm
d 4 = 8,77 mm d 4 = 0,02mm

Gi tr trung bnh ca ng knh vin bi l:

d =

8,75 + 8,76 + 8,74 + 8,77

= 8,75mm
4

Sai s tuyt i trung bnh tnh c l

d =

0,00 + 0,01 + 0,01 + 0,02

= 0,01mm
4

d = 8,75 0,01mm
Kt qu:
b) Cch xc nh sai s dng c
Mi dng c c mt chnh xc nht nh. Nu dng dng c ny o
mt i lng vt l no th ng nhin sai s nhn c khng th vt

qu chnh xc ca dng c . Ni cch khc, sai s ca php o khng

th nh hn sai s dng c.
Tuy nhin cng v mt l do no , php o ch c tin hnh mt ln
hoc nhy ca dng c o khng cao, kt qu ca cc ln o ring l
trng nhau. Trong trng hp , ta phi da vo nhy ca dng c
xc nh sai s. Sai s A thng c ly bng na gi tr ca chia nh
nht ca dng c.
Khi o cc i lng in bng cc dng c ch th kim, sai s c xc
nh theo cp chnh xc ca dng c.
V d: Vn k c cp chnh xc l 2. Nu dng thang o 200V o hiu
in th th sai s mc phi l U = 2 0 0 .200 = 4V .
Nu kim ch th v tr 150 V th kt qu o s l: U = 150 4V
Khi o cc i lng in bng cc ng h o hin s, cn phi la chn
thang o thch hp.
- Nu cc con s hin th trn mt ng h l n nh (con s cui cng bn
phi khng b thay i) th sai s ca php o c th ly gi tr bng tch ca
cp chnh xc v con s hin th.
V d: ng h hin s c ghi cp sai s 1.0% rdg (k hiu quc t cho dng
c o hin s), gi tr in p hin th trn mt ng h l: U = 218 V
th c th ly sai s dng c l:
U = 1 0 0 .218 = 2,18 V
Lm trn s ta c U = 218,0 2,2 V
- Nu cc con s cui cng khng hin th n nh (nhy s), th sai s
ca php o phi k thm sai s ngu nhin trong khi o.
V d: khi c gi tr hin th ca in p bng ng h nu trn, con s
cui cng khng n nh (nhy s): 215 V, 216 V, 217 V, 218 V, 219 V (s
hng n v khng n nh). Trong trng hp ny ly gi tr trung bnh U =
217 V. Sai s php o cn phi k thm sai s ngu nhin trong qu trnh o
U n = 2 V. Do vy:

U = 217,0 2,2 2 = 217,0 4,2 V

Ch :
- Nhiu loi ng h hin s c chnh cc cao, do sai s php o ch
cn ch ti thnh phn sai s ngu nhin.
- Trng hp tng qut, sai s ca php o gm hai thnh phn: sai s
ngu nhin vi cch tnh nh trn v sai s h thng (do dng c o)
2.3. Phng php xc nh sai s gin tip
a) Phng php chung
Gi s i lng cn o A ph thuc vo cc i lng x, y, z theo
hm s A = f ( x, y, z ) Trong x, y, z l cc i lng o trc tip v c
gi tr
x = x x
y = y y
z = z z

Gi tr trung bnh A c xc nh bng cch thay th cc gi tr x, y, z

vo hm trn, ngha l A = f ( x , y , z ).
2 b) Cch xc nh c th
Sai s A c tnh bng phng php vi phn theo mt trong hai
cch sau:
Cch 1
Cch ny s dng thun tin khi hm f ( x, y, z ) l mt tng hay mt
hiu (khng th ly logarit d dng). Cch ny gm cc bc sau:
a. Tnh vi phn ton phn ca hm A = f ( x, y, x) , sau gp cc s hng c
cha vi phn ca cng mt bin s.
b. Ly gi tr tuyt i ca cc biu thc ng trc du vi phn d v thay
du vi phn d bng du . Ta thu c A .
c. Tnh sai s t i (nu cn).
1
V d: Mt vt nm xin gc c cao h = v0 sin t gt 2
2

Trong :

v0 = 39,2 0,2m / s

= 30 10

t = 2,0 0,2 s
g = 9,8m / s 2
22
Ta c: h = 39,2.sin 30 .2 9,8. = 19,6m
2
0

dh = v0 sin .dt + v0 cos .d + sin .t.dv0 g .t.dt

= ( v0. sin gt ).dt + v0 .t cos .d + sin .t.dv0
h = v 0 .sin - gt . t + v 0 .t.cos. . + sin .t . v0

= 39,2.sin 300 9.8.2 .0,2 + 39,2.2. cos 300 .

2
+ sin 300.2 .0,2 = 1,38m
360

S dng quy c vit kt qu IV ta c: h = 19,6 1,4m

Cch 2
S dng thun tin khi hm f ( x, y, z ) l dng tch, thng, ly tha....
Cch ny cho php tnh sai s t i, gm cc bc:
a. Ly logarit c s e ca hm A = f ( x, y, z )
b. Tnh vi phn ton phn hm ln A = ln f ( x, y, z ) , sau gp cc s hng c
cha vi phn ca cng mt bin s.
c. Ly gi tr tuyt i ca biu thc ng trc du vi phn d v chuyn
du d thnh ta c =

A
A

d. Tnh A = A .
V d: Gia tc trng trng c xc nh bng biu thc: g =
y: l = 500 1mm
T = 1,45 0,05s
g = 9,78 0,20m / s 2

Khi : ln g = ln ( 4 2 l ) ln( T 2 )
dg
dg
dT
d (4 2 l ) d (T 2 )
d (4 2 ) 4 2 dl

2
+
=
=
2
2
2
2
g
g
T
4 l
4 l
4 l
T

g
l
T
l 2T
g = g +
+2

=
g
T
l
T
l

Bi tp rn luyn

4 2 l
T2

Hy tnh cng thc sai s tuyt i v sai s tng i ca cc i lng o

gin tip sau:
v0 = v0 v0

at 2
S = v0t +
vi t = t t
2
a = a a

m = m m

h = h h
mv 2
E = mgh +
vi
2
v = v v
g = constant

2.4. Cch vit kt qu

a) Cc ch s c ngha
Tt c cc ch s t tri sang phi, k t s khc khng u tin u l
ch s c ngha.
V d: 0,014030 c 5 ch s c ngha.
b) Quy tc lm trn s
- Nu ch s hng b i c gi tr < 5 th ch s bn tri n vn gi
nguyn.
V d: 0,0731 0,07
- Nu ch s hng b i c gi tr 5 th ch s bn tri n tng thm mt
n v .
V d: 2,83745 2,84
c) Cch vit kt qu
- Sai s tuyt i A v sai s trung bnh u c lm trn theo quy tc
trn
- Khi vit kt qu, gi tr trung bnh c lm trn n ch s cng hng
vi ch s c ngha ca sai s tuyt i.
V d:
Khng th vit m = 2,83745 0,0731g
m phi vit m = 2,84 0,07 g
0,07
.100% = 2,464 = 2,464%
2,84

hoc l ta tnh =

Ta c th vit
ngha th

m = (2,84 2,5.2,84%) g . Nu sai s ly n 1 ch s c

m = (2,84 0, 07) g

Ch rng khi vit kt qu cui cng, sai s ton phn s bng tng sai s
ngu nhin v sai s h thng: TP = NN + HT
V d: Khi dng thc kp o ng knh mt si dy nh, gi s ta
o 5 ln, sai s ngu nhin tnh c l d = 0,05mm . Thc kp c chnh
xc = 0,02mm th sai s ton phn s l TP = 0,05 + 0,02 = 0,07 mm .
Nu sai s ngu nhin nh hn sai s h thng th ta b qua sai s ngu
nhin (v khng th o c kt qu chnh xc hn c cp chnh xc ca
dng c o). Trong trng hp php o ch thc hin mt ln th sai s ton
phn c ly chnh l sai s h thng (do dng c o).
2.5. X l s liu v biu din kt qu bng th
Trong nhiu trng hp kt qu th nghim c biu din bng th
l rt thun li, v th c th cho thy s ph thuc ca mt i lng y
vo i lng x no . Phng php th thun tin ly trung bnh cc
kt qu o.
Gi s bng cc php o trc tip, ta xc nh c cc cp gi tr ca x
v y nh sau:
x1 x1 x2 x2 ................................... xn xn

y1 y1 y2 y2 ................................... yn yn

Mun biu din hm y = f (x) bng th, ta lm nh sau:

a. Trn giy k , ta dng h ta decac vung gc. Trn trc honh t
cc gi tr x, trn trc tung t cc gi tr y tng ng. Chn t l xch hp l
th chon trang giy.
b. Dng cc du ch thp hoc cc hnh ch nht c tm l cc im
A1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,

A2 ( x2 , y2 )...... An ( xn , yn )

cc

cnh

tng

ng

( 2x1 ,2y1 ) ,......( 2xn ,2yn ) . Dng ng bao sai s cha cc hnh ch nht
hoc cc du ch thp.

c. ng biu din
y = f (x)
l
mt
ng cong trn
trong ng bao sai
s c v sao cho
n i qua hu ht cc
hnh ch nht v cc
im A1 , A2 ...... An nm

y
++

+
+

+
x

Hnh 1. Dng th

trn hoc phn b v

hai pha ca ng
cong (hnh 1).
d. Nu c im no
tch xa khi ng
cong th phi kim
tra li gi tr bng thc nghim. Nu vn nhn c gi tr c th phi o
thm cc im ln cn pht hin ra im k d
e. D on phng trnh ng cong c th l tun theo phng trnh no
:
- Phng trnh ng thng y = ax + b
- Phng trnh ng bc 2
- Phng trnh ca mt a thc
- Dng y = eax, y = abx
- Dng y = a/xn
- Dng y = lnx.
Vic thit lp phng trnh ng cong c thc hin bng cch xc
nh cc h s a, b, n. Cc h s ny s c tnh khi lm khp cc
phng trnh ny vi ng cong thc nghim
Cc phng trnh ny c th chuyn thnh phng trnh ng thng
bng cch i bin thch hp (tuyn tnh ha)

Ch : Ngoi h trc c t l xch chia u, ngi ta cn dng h trc c

mt trc chia u, mt trc khc c thang chia theo logarit biu
din cc hm m, hm logarit (y = lnx; y = a x ).

III. Ni dung thc hnh

1. Tnh sai s ca i lng o gin tip
Hy tnh sai s ca cc i lng o gin tip sau:
a, p = p0 e

gh
RT

vi p0 = p0 p0
T = T T
g , , R l cc hng s

h = h h

V
b, p = p1 1 vi p1 = p1 p1
V
V1 = V1 V1
V = V V

c, =

l hng s

1
( c1m1 + c 2 m2 ).( t1 ) c 2 + c 2 t 2
m

vi m = m m t1 = t1 t1
m1 = m1 m1 t 2 = t 2 t 2 ; c1 l hng s
m2 = m2 m2 = ; c2 l hng s

2. X l s liu v tnh ton i lng o gin tip

t vn
xc nh lc hng tm, ngi ta b tr th nghim bng vic s
dng mt s dng c nh sau:
- 01 ng c in dng ngun in 220 V xoay chiu.
- 01 mng nm
m
ngang nhn, c gn
vung gc vi trc thng
r
ng (trc quay). Do trc
Hnh
1

quay c lin kt vi ng c nn mng nm ngang c th quay trn xung

quanh trc thng ng.
- 01 xe ln trn mng, c khi lng m c ni vi trc quay bng
mt si dy mm, nh, khng dn. Khi mng quay xung quanh trc thng
ng, xe ln s chuyn ng ra lm cng si dy v cng vi mng quay
quanh trc
- 01 cng quang hc o vn tc gc ca mng.
- 01 gi c gn lc k l xo, mt si dy mm v mt rng rc c
khi lng nh khng ng k.
- 01 hp gia trng gn ln xe
- 01 cn chnh cc xc nh khi lng xe v cc gia trng.
- 01 thc o chiu di c chia ti mm o khong cch ca xe ti
trc quay
Khi xe cng mng quay xung quanh trc thng ng, ta o c r,
t tnh c lc hng tm:
F = m 2 r trong cc i lng m, r, l cc i lng o trc tip c

vi 5 ln o nh trong bng thng k sau:

Ch : Cng quang l my m tn s hoc o chu k dng t bo
quang in. Mi ln mng ngang i qua cng quang th c m mt ln.
Khi s dng nm gt trn cng quang th c th chn c ch m thch
hp o chu k T (xem cch s dng trong bi th nghim 1 v bi th
nghim 7).
Bng thng k cc i lng o trc tip
Ln
o

m (g)
(Khi lng xe
v gia trng)

f (vg/s)
(tn s o bng
s vng quay/s)

1
2
3
4

199
201
198
200

2600
2604
2597
2596

r (cm)
(khong cch
t xe ti
trc)
35,5
36,0
35,8
36,4

F (N)
F = m 2 r

199

2603

35,9

Yu cu:
a. Hy tnh gi tr trung bnh v sai s ca cc i lng o trc tip
m, r, trong 5 ln o
b. Hy thit lp cng thc tnh gi tr trung bnh v sai s ca i
lng o gin tip F (t cng thc xc nh lc hng tm)
c. Hy tnh gi tr trung bnh trong 5 ln o v sai s trung bnh ca
lc hng tm. Yu cu dng quy tc lm trn s trong cc php tnh v kt
qu cui cng ca i lng F.
e. Hy tnh sai s tng i ca i lng F
Cu hi m rng
Dng lc k lin kt xe vi trc quay, ngi ta c th o kim
nghim c lc hng tm tc dng ln xe ln, khi mng quay u. Hy
tm hiu k tnh nng ca cc dng c trong bi a ra cch b tr lc k
cho php c c ln ca lc hng tm trn lc k, m sai s ca php
o nh nht. Hy v s b tr th nghim v gii thch
Gi : Trc khi lm bi ton ny, nn tm hiu k cc dng c cho,
c bit cng dng v cch s dng cng quang c nu trong bi th
nghim 1 v 7.
IV. Bo co thc hnh
THC HNH TNH SAI S V X L S LIU
H
v
tn:................................................Lp:..............Nhm:....................
Ngy
lm
thc
hnh:....................................................................................
Vit bo co theo cc ni dung sau:
1. Mc ch
........
........
2. Tm tt l thuyt

a. Gi tr trung bnh v sai s ca i lng o trc tip

......................................................................................................................
.......
b. Cc phng php tnh gi tr trung bnh v sai s ca i lng o gin
tip................................................................................................................
........
c. Quy tc lm trn s liu.
......................................................................................................................
........
d. Cch tnh sai s tng i
......................................................................................................................
........
3. Trnh by cc ni dung
3.1. Bi ton tnh sai s ca i lng o gin tip:
Tnh sai s ca ba i lng o gin tip
p = p0 e

gh
RT

1
V
, p = p1 1 , = ( c1m1 + c 2 m2 ).( t1 ) c 2 + c 2 t 2
m
V

Ch : Thc hin theo c 2 phng php tnh sai s ca i lng o gin

tip. Sau rt ra u, nhc im ca 2 phng php .
3.2. Bi ton x l s liu v tnh ton i lng o gin tip
Bng thng k cc i lng o trc tip
Ln
o

m (g)
(khi lng xe
v gia trng)

f (vg/s)
(tn s o bng
s vng quay/s)

1
2
3
4
5

199
201
198
200
199

2600
2604
2597
2596
2603

r (cm)
(khong cch
t xe ti
trc)
35,5
36,0
35,8
36,4
35,9

F (N)
F = m 2 r

- Tnh cc gi tr trung bnh v sai s ca cc i lng o trc tip:

m,

r , ,

m,

r t cc s liu trong bng

Tnh gi tr trung bnh v sai s ca lc hng tm F

+ Biu thc gi tr trung bnh:
F =

+ Biu thc sai s ca i lng o gin tip:

F =

Sai s tng i =

F
=
F

Vit kt qu F = F F =
(ch quy tc lm trn s)
Nhn xt kt
qu...............................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
..........
4. Tr li cu hi m rng
Dng lc k lin kt xe vi trc quay, ngi ta c th o kim nghim
c lc hng tm tc dng ln xe ln, khi mng quay
u............................................
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..........
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