Phase Distance Relay Zone 2 The zone 2 reach is set to protect the remainder of the line left unprotected

d by the zone 1 setting and provide an adequate margin. To coordinate with the relays at the remote bus, time delays of 20-30 cycles are typically added to zone 2 settings, though times may vary depending on the circumstances. Two-terminal line The zone 2 reach can be set in one of the following two ways. (1) Set 150% of the line impedance, ZL. This method is most applicable if the remote and protected lines are similar in length or if the protected line is short compared to the remote lines. (2) Set 100% of the protected line plus 50% of the shortest remote line. This method is especially suitable if the remote line is significantly shorter than the protected line. In either case, the calculated reach needs to be checked to ensure that it does not reach beyond the zone 1 setting of the next line section, Zone1setting. If crossfeed is possible, then the setting is said to overreach if it is greater than 0.8 * [ZL + (Itotal / Irelay) * Zone1setting]. One should use the benefit of crossfeed in figuring the zone 2 reach. If pilot protection exists on the line to be backed up, then determine the reach with all sources in. If there is no pilot protection on the line to be backed up, then the reach is to be determined with the strongest source out of service (i.e., the line which produces the strongest infeed current). By doing this, one contingency is taken in determining the distance setting. If there is not the possibility of crossfeed, then the setting is said to overreach if it is greater than 0.8 * (ZL + Zone1setting) or ZL + 0.5 * (ZL of next line section), whichever is larger. If the zone 2 setting overreaches, it can be reduced, but the minimum setting is 125% of the line impedance, ZL. If the zone 2 setting is set at its minimum and still overreaches, increase the zone 2 reach back to the originally desired setting and increase the time delay to 40-60 cycles to coordinate with the remote zone 2 setting. In the special case where a transformer is part of the line, as shown in Figure 1, set the zone 2 reach for the relay at A to 100% of (ZTR + ZL) plus 50% of the shortest remote line. A minimum setting should be 125% of the protected line (including the transformer). Set the zone 2 reach for the relay at B to 100% of ZL plus 80% of ZTR.

Transformer-tapped line If there is an active transformer tapped on the line as shown in Figure 2, use crossfeed and calculate Zapparent as seen at A for both system normal and stub faults to B. The zone 2 reach should be set 150% of the larger with a 20 to 30-cycle time delay, provided that it sees no further than 80% into the transformer with crossfeed from the other terminal and does not see beyond the zone 1 setting of the next line section. The setting can be reduced, but it should not be less than 125% of the larger. Check that the zone 2 reach does not see low-side faults at the tapped station stub from the high side with crossfeed from the other terminal. If this cannot be done, the setting should be checked so that for a - fault at the end of the apparent zone 2, Zapparent, the relays at A or B hold in long enough to give the tapped station overloads an opportunity to operate. If a fuse protects a tapped transformer, check the total clearing time of the fuse and adjust the zone 2 time delay to allow the fuse to blow before the relay picks up.

Three-terminal line Calculate both system normal and stub faults to each terminal with crossfeed from the other terminal. Set the zone 2 reach to 150% of the larger and check that it does not overreach the zone 1 setting of the next line section without crossfeed from the third terminal. The setting can be reduced, but it should not be less than 125% of the larger. If this still cannot be done, increase the time delay to 40-60 cycles. Phase Distance Relay Zone 3 Zone 3 settings can serve more than one purpose. Page 42 of IEEE Standard C37.1131999, IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Transmission Lines, includes the following description of zone 3 settings. "Even though the transmission line is fully protected with Zone 1 and Zone 2 relays, a third forward-reaching zone is often employed. This Zone 3 is applied as backup for Zone 2 and may be applied as remote backup for relay or station failures at the remote terminal. This relay must be time delayed to coordinate with the remote Zone 1 and Zone 2 relays. Sometimes it is necessary to coordinate the Zone 3 relay with overcurrent relays on tapped distribution load. The relay should detect any fault for which it is expected to provide backup and not limit the load carrying capability of the line. The setting of the Zone 3 relay ideally will cover (with adequate margin and with consideration for infeed, if required) the protected line, plus all of the longest line leaving the remote station."

In working toward the goals described above, the following are guidelines for setting zone 3 reaches. Calculate the zone 3 reach based on the following two scenarios. (1) If remote breaker failure protection is desired (e.g., protecting for a remote middle breakers failure when the line terminates into a breaker-and-a-half scheme), calculate a proposed zone 3 reach of 110% of the sum of the protected line and remote line impedances. Refer to Figure 4. For a relay at A that needs to protect for a breaker failure of CB B, calculate the reach to be: (zone 3 reach)proposed #1 = (1.10) * (ZL1 + ZL2) If there is an active transformer tapped on line A-B, crossfeed must be taken into account. If this results in a setting that inhibits load, calculate the pickup on the directional overcurrent relays at the tapped station for the same faults. If these relays have at least two times pickup, accept sequential clearing and set 110% of the total line impedance without crossfeed. Also, calculate a second proposed zone 3 reach of 200% of the protected lines impedance. (zone 3 reach)proposed #2 = 2.00 * ZL1 Choose the larger of (zone 3 reach)proposed #1 and (zone 3 reach)proposed #2 for the setting. Keep in mind that the setting that is chosen might need to be reduced after checking to see if the zone 3 reach inhibits load. (2) If remote breaker failure protection is not a concern (e.g., for a non- breaker-anda-half scheme), set the zone 3 reach to 200% of the protected lines impedance. (zone 3 reach) = 2.00 * ZL1 If there is an active transformer tapped on line A-B, crossfeed must be taken into account.

Figure 4 Remote breaker failure protection

Set the zone 3 reach with a 60-cycle time delay, provided that it does not reach beyond any zone 2 setting of the remote stations line sections. Consider overreach to be as defined in the Distance Relay Zone 2 section discussed earlier. If the setting has to be reduced, it should not be lower than 150% of ZL1 if the relay is providing only backup protection nor lower than 175% of ZL1 if the relay is providing both backup and pilot protection. If the setting still overreaches, the zone 2 setting of the next line section can be increased (while still meeting the zone 2 guidelines) so that the zone 3 does not overreach. If the setting still overreaches, it can be set to 200% of ZL1 with a 90 to 120-cycle time delay. Checking zone 3 setting versus load After the reach has been chosen, check that the reach does not limit the load carrying capability of the line. The amount of margin above the rating of the lines limiting device depends on the voltage level of the line being protected. Consult the Transmission Planning Department to determine the limiting device. Examples of the limiting device might be the conductor, wave trap, switch, risers, transformer, circuit breaker, or the relay itself. Calculate the loadability of the line (in MVA) at 1.0 per unit voltage and a 30degree load angle (power factor = 0.866). The line loadability, S, for a given reach in secondary ohms is given by the following equation: S = [(kV)2 * CTR] / [Zsec * PTR * cos ( - )], where S = loadability = 3 * kV * IL [MVA] kV = nominal line-line voltage [kilovolts] IL = line current [kA] CTR = current transformer ratio PTR = potential transformer ratio Zsec = secondary impedance [] = relay maximum torque angle (set to angle of line impedance) = load angle (set to 30 for a power factor of 0.866)

An attempt should be made to set the reach above the rating of the limiting device by a certain margin. At present, the margin is 50% at 0.85 per unit voltage. If information is available that shows a lower MVA can be used (e.g., limited transfer capability), the

lower MVA should be used. If the carrier and backup settings present a load limitation and/or coordination problem, either the carrier or backup setting (but not both) can be modified so it does not provide for breaker failure. Some things that the engineer can try if adequate margin is still an issue include the following. If a digital relay is used, utilize a lens-shape impedance curve, blinders, or a load encroachment function in the relay to inhibit undesired tripping on load. Install transfer trip equipment. Identify to Transmission Operations why the zone 3 reach must be set as it is and note any load limitations.
Transformer-tapped line

Referring to Figure 2, calculate Zapparent for the same faults as the zone 2 setting calculation. Set the zone 3 reach to be 200% of the larger Zapparent. It should not be lower than 150% of the larger of the two if the relay is providing only backup protection nor lower than 175% if the relay is providing both backup and pilot protection. Perform the same checks as with the zone 2 settings with regard to coordinating with the tapped station overloads.
Three-terminal line

Calculate Zapparent for both system normal and stub faults to the other two terminals. Set the zone 3 reach to be 200% of the larger and check that it does not reach beyond the zone 2 setting of the next line section. The setting can be reduced, but it should not be lower than 150% of the larger if it is providing only backup protection nor lower than 175% if it is providing both backup and pilot protection.
Ground Distance Zones

Ground distance zone protection is an available feature in digital relays that was seldom used when electromechanical relays were the prevalent means of protection. Ground distance protection poses certain problems that are not seen with phase distance protection. As is the case with ground overcurrent protection, mutual coupling can significantly affect ground distance protection zones. This mutual coupling could cause overreach on the part of the ground distance elements unless the reach is pulled back. For this reason, set the ground distance zone 1 reach between 50% and 80% of the positive sequence line impedance, ZL. The reach should be closer toward the low end of this range with the more mutual coupling that exists on the line. The zone 1 setting is an instantaneous setting. For the ground distance zone 2 reach, set the reach to 110% of the positive sequence line impedance, ZL. Set the zone 2 reach with a time delay of 20-40 cycles. Coordination with ground time overcurrent relays on lines past the remote bus is not a concern if the

zone 2 reach is set short as described above. However, longer zone 2 reaches require the engineer to check coordination with remote ground time overcurrent relays. Part II. Protection with distance relay schemes only (no overcurrent protection available) When overcurrent protection is not available, three phase distance zones and three ground distance zones are used. The phase distance zones are set in the same manner as described in Part I of this section. In determining the ground distance reaches, mutual coupling and crossfeed can have a significant effect. Mutual coupling could cause overreach on the part of the ground distance elements unless the reach is pulled back. For this reason, set the ground distance zone 1 reach between 50% and 80% of the positive sequence line impedance, ZL. The reach should be closer toward the low end of this range with the more mutual coupling that exists on the line. The zone 1 setting is an instantaneous setting.

DCB Schemes Directional Comparison Blocking schemes normally use directional distance fault detectors for phase faults with directional overcurrent and/or directional distance fault detectors for ground faults. At each terminal, the phase and ground tripping elements must be forward directional and set to overreach the remote terminal. The reverse blocking elements should be reverse directional, with the exception of the ground overcurrent-blocking element, which can be non-directional. The blocking elements must reach farther, or be set more sensitively, than the corresponding tripping elements at the remote terminal. Phase Directional Distance tripping elements: On an untapped line, set 2ZL. If the setting has to be reduced, it should not be lower than l.75ZL. If there is an active transformer tapped on the line, calculate Zapparent for S/N and stub faults to the remote terminal. Set 200% of the larger. If the setting has to be reduced, it should not be lower than l.75Zapparent. For a 3-Terminal line, calculate Zapparent for S/N and stub faults to each terminal with crossfeed from the other terminal. Set 200% of the larger. If the setting has to be reduced, it should not be lower than l.75Zapparent. Remote Breaker Failure Protection: Set at least 110% of the total line impedance for a breaker failure at the remote terminal. Consider the Phase tripping relay in the

figure below. For the fault shown, set at least 1.1(ZL1+ZL2) to protect for a failure of CB C. If there is an active transformer tapped on line A-C, crossfeed must be taken into account. If this results in a setting that may operate on load, consider the use of Load Encroachment for the relay at A.

ZL1 A

ZL2 B

Phase Tripping Element

C1

C
STATION C
Figure 1

C2

Phase Directional Distance blocking elements (carrier start): Once the carrier trip distance relay setting has been chosen, the reach of the carrier start relay can be set. Again, consider the configuration above. Set the carrier start relay at C 1.7(Carr trip @ A) - ZL1 as a minimum If the first contingency results in a load that causes the relay to continuously transmit carrier, the setting can be reduced. It should, however, never be less than 1.25(Carr trip @ A)- ZL1

C Figure 2