-

!mV!l:llSUreme"Illi.

__ . .....

_,

-j'~"

'I!n

7OWIf ..

~.

3~·6IPow.er ii!iil 'Jhroo :Phase' S·ystenl

~il

a. thrree iP:h~se·S'y.s.te~\t tbe· ~Joa,dcan ba :star' ·OOrule-cled of'delta,

~ ~ R;Ph' +. j :X;~l21' U/:ph:;::; .11Z [I L.: 9
:rl(phL

(;onn.edw ba.ving

LmpOO~ul~~. :p.ha~ as"

The :r'~fl~r~nc~'Xl"!~ m~.y· b~ :posi.tiV1e· ('ff' ~~.'Uv>e dgp~IDg Q~. m<iueUv'e' or caradJive load, It los· :p~sUi.ve .fior ~od.ill~V~ j'j~d negaJtive M·(·capaditi.ve load,
¢I ~ Alt',g'le·
~e1j,w'('t.>n Y.piil

,Clod rnlP'i~1

'ioi

'M"~ ...... , .~

ili~I..L ~ .~

~';,:;:. ../3!·.... ,
~I ~ ~

~1.~~~~~~~:~l~:_=~I~ ~+-~~ ~~_V~~~.~ •..V~_~. __ ~~~~~ ~~~v~~~,~.~·~~~~,~v~~~=~:~~i~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~·~~ ~ .•. .• .. ~,'~~~ .._ ~ __ ~ __ ,_':~~>~.~~~[~~ _

l~
[

'V'Jrt •

v~. v~ • 'Vil.

.l!t;,

:!\'" '.

le: :::: ~'i.,

I
Whe wattmeters
I11!;e to:t~dpow~r"

:rc'i !F

...

li3ij' ,.. ilil '\fc:J' .~ 1t !Iii

e• • ._. ~~.

~. COS"" ~
•••.

'.

''l' ';;}Y...J. F''''

I~"'U' =1..;_ 005 'If.ll~ ...

¢i' ' ' ., '.

'1
~Qi .~~.

:m;u5It

be pt~peil.t·~t~

a three, :p11tase' .sprem

:3\0 !Enm;pln, 7
~wllJO '~~'

of Wattmeter Con:nediolils power'.

and! COrrel\polldin.g Readings

·!lSi

case .iJ :: C'gns;bder demta c.p~.

mducti.¥1B' load. and. 'W.ajj,bue~r· ,~~

Fig. :3•. :5 1

Copy rig hted- m ateri al

~I~al _._______

Mlas~~!iU:$

~ V HY " 1R - CDS

'lI.:" itli'

~It )

'\

Now

[K

lit. ,arnd.

V KY

;::;'

'ViL ;:::;'V'fili_ To fiiru.-l,V RY'n. lR 'Id us d~aw-

,~IQiKtI~
IC:OS ,~

i~ingl ,plif.

~Ri=~di=lli!lfifl~--, ~ ~ ~~ (!
-,
-'I.

= vpi'! ~ [I~

phawr. diaua.m as shewn h~ 'lti.£ ~ig, ~116. For delta, ,000000~l~d load",
~ ,~ ,~RY '~'

l~R~'

"

ha~

ftitt.eril,t

:Ifl:y. lass pht!i~

1Jlla'~ <[oorl
[s

vtO:lta@~' VH,Y ,ass!lm~g

!¥s'
FII,g.3.16

pJ" is cos " E~ggirl;g" f.w\i1tl, phasor ,~.tiagl',amU

d~r'~~

.yp ,_
II

it{ RV x

l~ ..x cus-(30 -'hp)

II
~.~-~--I-

W'
-~

,=

VLI ~.,c~~'_3D + 4') W' (

~

Tbis is net
'Ca8e!'

-,

1;1,

phase :pow-er :m.i;din:g~-_ - - - -,_

le:~ iI!1S shUt '~h.e:same w,aiUmel"er in SlJ;rc;'hiii, way tbill:~ it has ,to, read 'p~';];:"\i:i; itVIIW';Iitr' 'V'Iflh, :~ .-,,,,,,,iF.:_- ]';'...,,, ~i~'~i", ],_i:l t , ,Q(I!" '~.• , ,;;0. ~I' - and V ~ - _I V !#1 ._ V !.;;;; V"" . , !I,~0[11~ It-~ - ~ ph ....... m~ ~ v." ph :i:l ~I:" !Ii ~'f: -~ '~'Vl!l "'-"~" !'Ii!!:, ~Io:!! -IIt',Y or VVH 0]" 'i.t~k" ACOOFtUng]y w,ilUme~e:r ,ooils [1)lISt be cOM.e.cled. Sttclm 'tilm.a:t 1""~ ] r.ih aad

:i:i~:; Now
I!i:;~ -

l~_~,i!_~,",

,,;;

olII_

\{.

-:('i'!,~ '=

,=

'\I' "ij'i!i.~

,1iI5

~""C,

'I rr!1

0';

V"[jj!~_' -=

'''If ,iiI[1~, "".

'"

--~_Al

t~h--- -, "... Wi.~. , "-d'-I V en h, '-~.'~!~ ,rea'_'!J-!~

,-,-,-..1\. .1 r.'hCOO,¥ ~,:,cib!;'~-''"- "", ,-~iL-,~-" WliU!rJi;~ .IS 'pu~OO

puwer.., =--Th"~ " ",e

--,~~,-,~.-,"'C

-('Onnec[i)o:~ mn be, shown as in, '&e Fi:g. ,:l17.,

lR~ '-----~-----~ ---

8,·

--

I~e --------

8·

~----------------------~', :Flg. 3.117

Copy rig hted m ateri al

~ lin

'\rR'r"~

(~'RY'....VRY)
. 1'1'

,. W
' I,

K.ey P,oinlt ::: Wlt~-.t,r.ru.!1e'r wiU ,riot 'l'bM~V$ Jllea~Ure' phli'!8f.' ~r:, .J't~ rrnd/ing diJrt,71ds on ~I~~'l;m,i1,1;t:" bl;'tit\fi'J~ .c~'lil'rcf:!1 gf,"~~~j' by i~$c,~~rrrnl' ('q.jJ' ijrJ'd' ~NJI,~~,~' ~~~ ,'by tJ$. rlt'~$!'l:re.' PQ,iL .'fhr$ ~ICljn!,J:r,d'8 Q'J~r Us ;i;"Ou'!:ni~~'ialr~1:'l' I'h.e~'lr!,r~i'~'., i~ , " lh~' 'W',B!Um~L'ers :~ncaS'~:m['.ing pOW~l" ,iim. th~ p[~~~ 1m!})! be Wlln~c~ffi [t,o, m.ea:;.l,l!~ pow~r_ Bu:t~~nn~dit1l8: 'Wa,tt~~t12r' h)! ,m~.$ur,e pih~se p-ow'er is ~.rO-l: ~[w,~y$,~ib~ i:f. oomr~d :P'O~I.U' !J'f S~4~,r (''O;f!.'n~"C~~l, ]o1l;d is :in,ot: ,tly,ai~~abl,e l:U' ;s~,d)e'" S~;~i~a:(ly .delb, O ~.n, ""of··n~I"'''''"''''~·..:i, 1.r~1--~~ '1-;£.. 'lfrioU<:'if"l'I,'if"'"' lr-'~~n-..~~ ;fo1[1[;r'["'"I!'Ilt ·.t, '1':<=' rn'~,,,,!'i"" 'ri;~"':"ini ~r ''t-rl, "lin"''' d:I""I,'t:i 'I"'i'''''~ ~, ~:'iffi"""",~ l"v. ~;\~..... ... ,r·~ ~,V O,une:nt ooU of [tibe' wattm.etel[~ Is discussed, above, wh~ch:is: oot: 'P'lf-acti.cable .. The bes~ :m,C1thodl of nle'<lSll![(',i:ng PO-W,€:f 'Wil:iJeH1t~]"load. is stirr' '0]' d@ilta c'o:rm~~ barum..ced ,OJ' tl!llb,.'9:lan~,... n~utirnl Is avai]abk!: ;a.l' ,not :is" i!J8i~g:'O'rI!ly tWQ wat~melll!.r,s- The !m~thoo! is 1;':fli~'H~cl! TW'Q W~:tUm~~~'r M~,thQlt, l&t us d:~5CUs:s. :[~rs,t tih,e. ffi,iingl,e Wfi.Umeter method. Rnd throee ~;laJtltlte.hn: :~h.~d, 'rll~n;g'f'i/i:~tbt:h-e roiff:eS:ipo.ifLd~:n~ ,iilFl:l.t~:UO:IiI5, efgr~ di5tu~iFLg; the 'tw'o W'.tIittm.etet :~l1l1xL b
'\."]V _Ii I!!iii~~i~ ~V ~~. _~. ~ ,lilll"~'!Ui'llA~ __!IJ.~ 'l.-JUI_IL ,~III1.
,,1 _"••

!I~.GI:J'ai[:I_.,

[I]

..

,~}l'Il

,V.-QUl

II_~ '~~111~]

,iii c,· III -or'ne, 0' '_"',.Q ,.jmg

~"G,

W' 'M ••••' ',,·aUmet,er ...181J hod

;0'

I.his, can be o:rI!ly used (o;[ balanced 'bJtn[ fii)i"""t::;!~ can 'be I['f"lctl]~ted. 115,

thr-ee phase load. 'W,ihen. the load Js baLar~d\!,

~~~==~~==============================9

H~noo {InC!:w.mU~md~r :~s' h) ib~ used

tl%lidl;ng

to ~n~i;I!~U~' ism,gl~' :p::b~S€! pow~r Qnd'~

,Il' WXly

~s to be' mll]U:pll:ied. Ihy th[ie:e"

Ul~f' .i~~ C~1:rnnt c:oH Uiifi$t

Key Ptoin~~: Wa'1',r:-.r,r,~,f't,er nru'St bf' (;G.,ru~ff;1;-e.f1' j'~ sudr

(t'M"ry

1phi

lil~'J'~j' .if,s

1'.1.CtNj1,iij(f

colt ~il'n.~'i\1'Illr ,ac,ra.s1!l V ~hI'

Tt~$s,c~n '00 a(hi,~voo by OOlIDOCti'rI!.g

W'aU[fite!b~r' ~s

shown,

:in the

:Fi.g. 3. lSI.

[~

.. - -.-1
flig. 3.11, 'Wattmeter m-eaMiring _Imgle' phase iPower

Copy rig hted m ateri al

,3,-29

Bu.~ vGI[~ag;€' coil ,muS't ib~' ,oon![it~tf,;,'-d iSO ~~ l'(j' m~!Su:r~' V'~b; :i.e·. as; s'hQWIl ,in the' ~it:t. ~ ~t\' -... - --"0- itL,,~ a-"'~'I;~ "L -= ~,"'JL~_" and ""tll'~iI:',~,v ~ ,'I"r. ... i;i",i!ii~ ii"'!if'ii~nt'_ B-~ ~, -- ,~~~..,;,.,~ !J;- ~,,~ ~-~ -0' :'=I'.V:; in,. v""~:t.1J(W'!o;::t1'~~....:'I'=!ll .....~~ I'~n'" '~"'n:n~:ni'il!~, -i - ---- --~~~- v --~
'1,;1-'!V
e er -""'~

V ~i!i::'

""'

VRI'\! <::;;VIPIi'

\
\

hliV,ing: pow'@]' .flitckir' as oos'if ~~~~'I,g.,,[,.h.'~'n , p:haoor dl~,&ir~~ ,~~n b~

iLe:~ is

z,j!'fl

d;r.ll,w;~ ko. F~g"3"]:9'" as

V Rt!,j=Vp III

'iR~I~_iJ;~it a:>; :5ti-t lOad

iFu]' Zphi :h~v,i;mg coo ,~ Leadiing p,J" on~':lf' '··!~ril~ s' 'rh v.ph";/b'll.!";ii;. d~1;I~il!lS -, 'If """"omi"'""" "!'.Ji= 'u~ 1. -- win Iaad "'~ wbijle fur ZpIl, ,h.a.viiltg' cos t !!!!!! ill i.e. il11i11iity .:: iI'~-~, • '1\ d''iJ if _..ll 'I' "i'i p,.:~,. ~~\!@5~8ti,v~' ,1<00~-J'" '~~'~j:b a!!:ii.Q! <pI;. W1!_.!J b:~'
0;.. '"," '!r,,~"

~n p:ha!se w~ilth~a~-h other (~,

[F'lg. 3.1[9 :3.1.2 [Delta CQtiII~eeted LI)!iiid
IF!:; ~_.. -~R.

!!!!!!

(tl

y ----

H~~~' current ~Qi] 21'S (oil h'l! U.

:tl'iI.'Ii:~~lt ~d.] ph w

it is n~~~s~rry Lv epen de-1t~ and ~rI!Set'tCuJ:relr!!l i

Copy rig hted m ateri al

3,·,30

w ~. 'V "iH "I:'.. : "'ctt.5; (V m

''i]'o~] pOWtel" [lsl'I:
~.

'Iff]:

1'.

I"ifll.)

r,;;;;

VpI\i ~~

,OOS >tP

3 W watts

If :Ioad is. MV,ing ~

Vr'l'SII!Yl :5iv[pii"j <Ii> [tIalca l.-{lsdi [i,!(;B,~i!;it. :1:1' 'j:lllf. amg!~

t, Ja~:
iQ~rta;in

power facrot:,..:p:~r d:I!1Slfam can, bE, Shown as ]n Fjg~ ,3,.::U.

BUI~: thi$
:!)1iq,ijiQd

!¥Ei' V'!!Bi

has,

disadv;;iJ.11;'ta,ges.

Ffg. 1,'2~~
'~ilVtl!~

OJ;

OJ;

'D"~ib'a'.uv.~a~ .... III~gV~l

. -. ;..~. _
t __

~~o!iiifio

1) A:p.l?;li~ble only' ,J'or b~L.1Jn~ :io~d~., 2) For U~ifn.g ~h.i$ :Ili~thoo,j' ,for ~tar' oo~too loads, ~tral pQ]nt' ~n\l.St 00 Q,va~l~bi~ oth~.rw'~~ vol,t;a~ c-Qi,U c~n, not ib!: 'oo~ted ,00' as W, ,~u.re phase

¥.o:IJtag,e,,·

so as 'to' 'i~rt· CU~['l~nJt ('on to measure p~ CUf,f-ent. l1ds mal;)' In p:lia.~tiiice,. ~1 Point ~ $" miF~ b'r. ~QJi'C~ tlml' for Sl!l1:r cr D~lI~ ccnil1«:t~' Imd:,.. Wl!'l'ln~r,t~r ,Ue OQJU',H~t'ti'll so as 1:'0 rend [rm,Y ;(.'CJl!'.lJ,i~m#qn {;)j' ~ffl~ wUagc il'md c,~m'd' ... ' noJ ~ ~:~L:-t~.5tj'ri~y' Utt~[t;iOcrtr,i~i;iil'1#drts' sJr-.own lh: fht ,Fii'. 3.118' and ,3.::W .. Q~\fJ!t

SimJ'huly fur de'l~a oa_rn·u~ct:ed"load,

j~: it'tn.l_st e' b

,possible

w[

il,~"

'the closed delta, not be pMsib'le'

c~'

rkas~

3.9 Three Wa!Hmet[911' Malhod lf t'h'-'" I·:~""d, 1_i3 ~,,,\,iI;--·~.'I""'I'i"';';"" then ''"'" "-~Ul _ ,..
.. ., ,~ ,V~ _l Uhll'ljlLld~ ~gLIl ~Il!l,

llil!~ fl·~

'\.;;![IJLIJII.

","";;;0

'~'~~... Llatli:i"

~i~,":"~", ~_liU,~

~~.-,;,~~~, ~!'f·!VIli"I.ljIL-~~,~,a

'W' ·~i":lf[ 'W~:lll ~j·~

..
~l~~, ... l

!II. L~

m""'~''''''','''''''
_, .... _~.... JI;!Iii

power OODSllllmecl,I.fi ea;~h ph~se and then ~]l ~l1Le ~hree' :readhl,gs, can 'be added "to ~l' the Mtal 'pcJ\iI{tet" If' Food. is 'ilnb81Rnced~, 'pow,er com ufiled, :lifIJ each p.hase win 'be diff~nl" [illind. ~ thr€:e 'wn:lh~1~r3 are ~!['y" T~ cannocnons of the' wa.ttm.e:rer" iU'ie' [~){ac)Uy,sl'utila'r tQ lh~ cmmocti!O:Il of one wanm~:e![' In the metbod discussed ,above.,

The' o~i~

fur- St'a'r''oo~ted

load Qln, ibe- ~how.n ~,:i!n; the fl,i:g., ,3.22

~'

~~I[!otId

Copy rig hted m ateri al

,3 ..,::11

If l."." ',1""'." un... 11'!'lo<>,dl ".·a~I"'n~,:,;lI,., [W

i;'I' ~tI. ,~,

W~c,c
'... :]

'

W': c 2: ... W~~' '.',,',',1,

",,',' [!I"'J

Tota~ power

'Wi

,+ 'Wz ,+ 'W];

(rot ti.nhaman.ced ,load)

(w;r ba;bn~t(jed,I~d

:1 'W'. 01"3, W;~or-3 'Wl

I'll

'~'i5 m,·ethool,
'".-.1111. " _ .' ......

the' poweif' eilF:i be :m,ea~tir.oo, for ~ilbal~

III [111.1

load. but ~he

fm'

di~sm'h"a~,ltngt"iSof r~.u'i!rl~m~nt of' n~ll~if,a~, :PQi'r.!ii .for 8.ta!r load. ~nd, ar,ran,g~lt ·1""'':-'';'~~'''''''riI ,.....t 'ct' "llI"ren" 'It' """'Io"I'~~! .-.;jl~..ji1.41.:.~I~:iI '1'" ~u.~ s~'~~'"1 ....,·O··ri,.:~I.~CK:: li.iJ' ,J.', u~
l.Illl_~,~llll~"LJ,

,~cll'll!

. ~o~l=

•.•

'G'~!IA~i:'-'r.

V~··~------------------~
'"-i :~ ; I

DaIta

conA!lctecl !lOad! . .. .

'iN,.:

Key' PQ~m:~' 'Tt\l'ij~ ,pT:rlc.t;i('rrJ'ly ,siJ,tglf! ~urrttme',er' 11$ ~,11 ,(1$ th,rw 'Wfit~m,f!tf!.r 111t,tJrods' aR' r~n·l~f ,!~$t'd:'f~:r tlr[-" ,i'~'idi\[$t,ri,filIUf1if'$I' .d~~~' .t14~J7' UllJ',i'tlUa/t~.. ,h~' ,

..
The
Ulotlde]l"s theo['@m:isaltoDll:]tl1/Umb@f

:s,ystcm, for th~' :~.~SQr,~mcnt: j toOted, ,POW6', It slaites ~l:1a.t" o If a n""tw"'r'k i~ s~r~li"....Ii U~hl!lOJ·.!I ":'i<~ ....Iic," ... :h,.;.i'o:!' clI..,;'!j; ~'I "wlj-~-·,.'w~ "-t[I"tI·~iUI","'''V.,II~j. ~~~il!t
~
~.~ ~" ~~,~" I~_~~'w

of w:alt)tmJ!!t~rs ...~~ ~ll~red

ftN:W-'
,t,!'V:w'

in. a. p' ol~~' .~' ~,,~'

',tol!:

~"'~'m'....~ t':be . re(u.1:i:iilig~ n w,fithnete,j"'S 50, at,ranged '!:lhtart II (:UNe.nt coil, ef [sam, w~ttmeter ~, ~il,each. [uf Un~ Q'~d! t~ cQ:~~pondli'nrg p~!.tro wil ~s c-.on'nected,'beMee:n '!hat, fine: and a! c-ommon POI[l}l;, ]~ the' mm;m,OO poililt' is 'lt1rnJted '01i.;Q~ ef !:he ]i:rws 'ihen, the' :pcwm" :.n.aiy be
w€'l ~.. ~"o:!.Cf'lo~, i'i; .
l~~~~'

"

..

;tlllilil

ll~

j..l..;u;

LJ._I;I~· ~u~~U~ 1.1

_I

••

ml.@a.S'ilIire:di
• w w w •

ibv :n - 'l '""aUm(!!t1!!riS_

~ • • w. W

Copy rig hted m ateri al

·'

PQhl't fQr iCo:ru:t~cting. :P!!."~5S'U~ ,r;::'On:;, lSi If)C~l't'E'·dJ o;til ,Ott.e {'JIf ~he' lines, then only ,2, W,iiLUn~etEl'"S are su6fleien:t far ,rne:asl1ri:Jitg tti1.e pq~~'C:r~. is. called ~o W3.'t:trneter' .'fiI.1~~~Qd_ This
oCQm.lll,(U1

,"[hus, hi! ~ three p~:~:[rIse)1:1t~m, if S

MlelhodJ >O\f C'@:~ped~g~,;:

,C(1Hsef 't:l:te ~W"() w.~Umet.e:ffi iilit,e it'Ulti!:tfLe-ctOO; in Ziiny tW{) ~:iii:1lll5 whilE' ~Jn,e' v{);ltng,12' ro~~,;[]f" each Wffnfif:lEh'~r' :L'S eonnected ~~h¥I~n. iJs; OW'rt Cl;;lr,~~'iI:~.' con ~,(l!r.rl:dllitld ,~ud tJM,e Rru.~wUIh).)tU ,~~cU~~'Eml eotl, f'u;r;' t{:('_aJllitpl,e",'~b,e~~,n,~nt ooHi5,~~,ebllsertoo in the' U['ittMt !R and Y lh.el''i, ,the' p:r,ess:u:re coils are fc;:on!l1i.ecWd b~t,w~~n R"r.[B, ()!I;l~ Wi:l'~tt1i;l~!t~1':' f'O!t' ~'rtd! Y,·'iS km:' (Hher ~",'ann:l~ef;:.as s.hcrwn ][!j, the :FJ,g, 3,2AL
Thill'
CiJ.][re:tl!t

The tonnect,i,oos ,iiJre Si]me fur sttii[[' ,ur delfa, '~~'h(li:t'~wQ w~:~'t;rn~~~r.,s:~ [oon!;l~e!oo :~n '~hh" ~
W,[JIUll!le'te[' telld:~iltgS, ,givl~9,t~he 'rotD~,powe:r

r.,

CUJ'i),f1,ectedi '\'i;,~,!liYi

.k'tad. It can be shown '~h.a:~ ttl()' ,~Ig!,;!br,!l!i('~l1:!!mo~ ~he two

~:HiJreEl' phase clreuit.

dissij,:p8i~ed in the

'W :: W"~,+'W':z~ Three phase

,oj, .;iiI.;iiI 1-1 ,~.l ..:I[I]

~~====~==============~==~~

:rO'w~or

Bro·.... '-..n'~ W'.,;.. ---'lier . it. ""f' 1--;,;··.... . ',·gl,gllint.~ 'w'" v '
~l '.

II'

1M' . '.

e-ilih·... d' !w
.~

'iNj ~,........._,""llR.;:...: ==...."....t---_.:'__,.'.".'"" ~==~~~=~==~~ "'~'"-._'"" ..... :

'I·· ... ·.·····~·

..

"'I1lI ... -;.,~:[ .. ;;.,~ .•

'tI.i

!IIlP. ••

:~~!II.[ll[1

.'

"

[I

~'~::"

~ ~'":"::"

~":

":,0:1!

i!l)

,For un'bai;a:rH:'@d

~Oi3d.:i:

L~t us (lo:nsid,~r t'h~ h'l$tanta11loous; 'v,ah:J!~ of" d!it't~~,'~r,~nt

"

and 'v'o:~tag~s.
V'ltV

No~ thJ~t, r"m-~-val:~,~ a're' .'~nd:i~:tOO in ~,:pHal,. the 'I~n~!rs,Hk~ IR,;.

I!lllSmmrneo,us Vtt~u.es: are
'il .

'I'l 'l . ~:iibi,j~c-a:te!jj, ;s.m:Et; ,.etters. lin

u

etc" whHe

.-li'"

-.il"

·';'b~_

"

Ili~

,;

~;r .. viry!

e~c"

Copy rig hted m ateri al

to ~J.1lt,e' tb!l~ W3'~:~~Je~e( gives aJ,!'~ge vEdlU;~ '~'hlCh is :::: )l: V~~ x {';'s,.(l~~ V Wi"C) jjf t, and '\1' IX"' ,tlIt-.e :r:"m..s" 'V,aJ.lues, ruri'~nl thoti~h. rutt-etlil r, A 01'
A;~
iCiI;IHe:rl!t'

n :~~, @porla~it'~

coil and vol,'t'a,g~' across V\i,}:~t~ge c'Oi], ~e6'pf}d]vtQly'.

jlJ~t I~hep:rod,u~~![Jif :iirils[a'ota.n.eo'l1s values oJ aeress pl'a~u;rte'"oil.

iWlSb1_'_nt~Deot!&ly w~tlt.rtu!b;~[ :w@dis, t'lir,au,gh ,rut.rent' ,coil and volm,g.e

.-

A ocoul'lng; to the ooIUilections show wil] show f:onowlng :rearlmgs"

[ii,

~:n the ~,ig~ 3.'24, :I[iI$~ti31i:l,eo.Hsily 'W~ ,And W::::

w,~ ~
v r:b where
''if
IT" '" ;:::::

:1 D"

xv
'~

!itJ'
'\!'

aIilil
a:nd

vr
;'U'€'

'b

'JI

~nd v IljJ

j:ns,bi!l'1l.'tiane(;lUg

.,,~I.t.les,oJ phase voilltn,ge:s 'Vitf: ,. V.''if ,a:nil. V:I'!,

~lcsp~otht~,~y_ ;,,; ~, :t~.~U l~.g,IN, W' ~ and 'W,. S":l"t'i,~:l:'t'; I;' i" .. ~.~~~~ 4:, I ..

'W,~ ;;;;;;l, ;;.:;(v

~t, ~

'V

b.) and
+ iL,(,". ''I{
.. ,Jj "

'W~ ;;;;;Y' ~ [
'i,' ,_

(v r

.= V'rl;;)

'W'] +W'2

iiriv'
'-

jj'

,_

¥ 11.;.)",

V b)"1
'.'

- l,''ii' u -+ 11V').'

{~,r:'-+ llf ) ''!,i'

iJ

Now a,cco[-;f.ilin,g' 'm, Kirc,\1ihoffs. '~IJ.]r,reIiI;~21;W to :n~Uitrail.p~ilfiLt, ~

I,r
, ..

:1 :f

~,'"
'~y

,~

.0
~~'b

"'"" S:![~bsti,rutung above, W:il + W:2: ':;:;;i,~v r +: ~';ii' V :

:!r

';:::::j

)1

4- i,1ii- v

II,:,

y and v b ,l'iiitl~ l]listtJint~ii:1.eoU:5 'values om phncse voltag~ ;(lind :I,~!:1)' I' i:t; a:[e' :in~tai1i.'t~ln~US' 'ii'n'h,J~ 'o.f' !:in~' .;:p:r!rl~nt~,w-}\,kh ,a!!:'~,sam~ ,~S,p;ooS(l!' ~~!rr.~Qt:s, as L~d. ~ slar' ,As v
i' ".-.'"

ttlmi."tt,ed •

'

..

. W~ +- W~ .. PR + p~'+- l~B ~. ~ w'~,er 'p. " p,'JJ ancl, p. ,a[,le =~:z;~~~~"~,_~, _'I.t._ v',al""'es ~f ~~~--' ~~" (;oc~~"m.ed 'h'v ,each pbase --~~ ~i;;) ~,!t --~ .... ",!~, ~~~ ~'rtr"t~'W!i1ta~y's . ~~~IlX ,~~ ~""Wet·" .. ~,U_,-"", -,1 ..~~,~",-~~~"'" 0& tlTIte:~ood ;.1:~ d\e :i~,lS~a;nt' c-o~id,eroo ['e,gatd.~~ 'of ,poWet ~~d-Ot:" Hence a;t ,~n¥ it15tanJt~,
n
e

add:i~i.on me watltmetler of

by'~ ~:U"~Q: rh~~~kmd-

![IeiR;dings, aI,ways git'llof'S mstarnta"neous

~~

t-o-ta] power:'

~....

consumed

"

Copy rig hted m ateri al

..J

~
:Ii_iii ".-

....

u~

..

the :resul'~eRn be' e"a.5i~y proved Jot'de]ta 'OOI1.fl.eCtM lood. Hence' by two wa;~:t~ueter :m.etboo we: can ,~a."3UW ~'Qln~ pow~' thQugb l!oad i!lijl :sbu" 'or. d!~Uam~~~, ba[latn~

01'

un'b,a'li:.nca1"

N:iJb(l' limit: ~nsta!r1l.'~'~U~]y po,w-el" is, a [w,aYlS' j[lch:l!~tIDg arnd. w.~ttmd:er poimrutel:' il~ tries ru :5Jhow ~'h]5 :OudiU;alti~;g :paw,er'. But: d;ue' ~. ~:tted.i~ fM :movillg: Sy'SlEnli' pOOllter of ~ [tot ~~sPQnd '~. these- Hl:u;;lm.ti~. Ancl, ~,g, W,aJU~wr reads average '""alu~' of the :poWter and h.ellce Wt+ 'W2 glves,· the iI,Vei',8,ge '\!"altte (}~ me Mb'i~'po,we:r. consumed. by 3

phrase lead,

b) Fut b;al~ced
v:o]~ to pro¥e ,~t' pha~ load,
'W'I

load :~ l~: us e(~nsid!ef 'I'M :r·,m,s." v~~u~ of th.~'C!!lll'lm'ts ~M sum of ~'O wattmet.er gives to~l :pc;wm' consumed ~y UlIif.ee'
,~
!!!!!

l[l!t)of.

'V:~J))!: cos

(lilt.... lUI) V
1:0 find an,gle
l[-, t, ,1(
a.lN
,_-iii

v(! .

'ij,.Ii'.it ''f Wt

(A~~mJn~

between: ([~ and V R8,) and, ~-~-t'W!!S'cta,__ '-" ·d',·w p~~_ '_~~(g~,~_~c:_" 'Ila _ v., d:h:lira:m ~ Ioad 'pJ. be' cos ,t 111ggin,g)
!I/Iio", ..

V:RB ~: '\;r.R
'VY!i!. :~

"1'13,

V'y -

'V'iiJ

VR,"I ~ ~ ¢i' ,l!il1ld V'' r; /\ If' ~ VR.~: Vy ~ Vie ~ Vp~

'iiI. -.. ,}-

+
,.

~
~~[I ••

p.

VRlli ~~

Vm
;;;01
••

51

VI:.
;;;0:
_ ~

..
~~~

,!t

-i.I• -",\

"l.l'li

IRI I _c

~.....
,~

b ;:;I.,,,,

.. .~

F-[-Q1[1,
L----

jtl'iJi"

'':it '''lie:: ir"~,I~" ~-'.~'i'

'-,

A 'ii. 1 .Y·¥'iI"D -

...:,;,J!il

,,-Il\,+. . .
.

]
..
n

'YLJ.

't.'.: ~

¥!!,JI' '"'

..... ..r;, ...._.~-(~.~~, ".f;;.-"'j"'] ""","~~':JY'" Y.

II' -.,
I.

, .....
......

Copy rig hted m ateri al

V<i.~l.[~oos,3I)c,os + sin 30 sin.

~I

,oj;-

cos 3Ql,cos f' '~':sm lij'Sjn,.]

,_ 2, V[IJI.

"

,C,05

30

""'"

~:05,"

2,VtJIl.

,Jj

-.2'

coo.',3,26'.

COllI sider deilla· rotm~,

[I",

~lanc:ed 1oad, ,as shown, in, 'the Fig. ".. ,.~~:t.,. ~

[! ," ,~~~~~~~~~ .........................

R,· -

"

,'m,.,

'!!.1.." _
-

...
~

,'''~,',';,,~'.,'

10==:;-,_ ="'IJIi_,:,,-l.\"llllP. •• ~1111, ••••

IL--·_

[1

111

·1
I-FI-' 3-' ~ ~11'W1ij!i ...-._ __ , ,gl. ,,\o~v Wllu.nl~wli' , - ....... ~ '[!VII! 'UVHII connIlIii'LVU r-"- dl '__...oi-iI-, ',--""'1 !IIlin:!tJl!lJiuiu. 01-

Fnr 'Wi,

'\

W:2:

-,

lYVYi~(i:yAvYBJ.
let
US

1'b ,find. I:R.... "V~1l and 4i' La;gg$n_g; pJ.,

~yAV"i'D,

dra,w

:p:ha~' dia,gram.

,Ass~

load, bav,ing

,008

1 ... 'V' 'H-[FIB

'" --

:Ii'[L '(~I'l - '''He-[aR)!,

'"

--

'I;

:;;:30,=+
~,

Copy rig hted m ateri al

11-1: ~

.....
'IRY -

:1~1'l: and

...... .... lym l':f::l!; ~ ]If'i

W:1

I R VR~leG8, (.30

=,t~n ::::~,~,V
::!2

oo~{)O=o$)
,QO.S(,30'~,,}

"

..

Wl

~ ly V'VlB!lJOO{JO + 4i)

1:11. V

t,

W~, + 'Wl -, VidfL.[c-os(30'-4i) + cOO (~J.Q:+.H~'.J3Vd:I~Co,s, t

- Total

p<iwett

censumad by tlutee :phase ~ood",

I!(e'V PQllilj .:

H (a~ b~' ,oltsetvt'd

fha"

~f~ ""'Vllm'=

00

wJ,'p,etJ'let lerlii' J:; stM

'it'"

!¥"V'!I1E!=::!XI ~ '.

,eXP~$s:i(j'l1IS

foJ

,of 4eM~~ tJtr

,I'1Hd

'W'~,

W2

te7i!1ai~l

l. ,I
I

\\.~.
~

~.'rt~.\:-: -."1,".11,.,

..

~~:

~~,

""_

,~

"".""

""

~...

. ., '"'::

",~. J ._ -.J'
.~~

/'

~_ ," ..,'

,_," ••••

" ",,,,~,,,'

., v

'~·M,~,

'-lEI!!,

-- -

;~

I, L1

-,
\r. /-

.",_,,,,,..-

r!

Refer- :p.~:g" S.28 ~'or leading pow~'

:fac~o:r.LfJl' I}~r l ~.d.il··h . by ,of. ~:&' -"';'".~. V !Il:. '" 'II'
. ,I '"

dia(!l',ram_ e.

l 'if r~dSi V--, bv 't' ,_ _ .. - . "f -" "'" ,

W~ -, IR
I",
i

'V~;oos IQ'R./I; V.~!J.) ..

Ii
!I

w~, .

V'L1ILCoOS(':30-t+)1

W:;1; ;;;;; Iy V)'J'OJoS

-nut:

I ":.:2~~ ';::;'

,(I:''if '" '\I'YIl,)

VI.J:lL.c08(3~l-.:)

I
~e:r rn,ct,o[ Lood,

:ReBdi.rt;g ,uf W',~,a.nd 'W'2 ,a['~'D'tt:ef<-h~Ull00, oom;par~ to ,lawns;

W:j, -I- 'YV'2 ~ J3Vl~'l~

Copy rig hted m ateri al

'~ .. -- - .....-- - - . lena: ,liil,gglng: .. • -,["'Or' 5 w:Ii 1" Of' d'--jli:,;:;;"i~

-- f' - -.:II , < i/:"": ",'--' 'I' -~(''']if'il 1:1'.", ',t- oau ... W"".:;I. V: l, ,l!.,()~~ ~ - "ilC) 'If, _._jl li,U 'V' iii C- '!:In __.__ ~-), ,h:u,;li 'n'2 ;;, ". iJI,.'OOSW9!"'","!f'
-

For shir' 01" de'Uil, '~eading

:p'.f.

loa.-d,~, I :;;;; tlt(O~ W V

(30+'¢I-)
'[F'

and W'~
For'
still" Or'

deUa, unity p.f,'.

-,

],(J\!I(t

em

+ ';;' 1 and ~ ;;,

c:;;;

V n.,~ L'oos-(30 - ,ij)

lJlI.'

En.mple 3.3: .A. 3"pl:r.tn~'W' k'VA J~ },'~.n~ 11' r1; qJ ~lM2., l"1'!it ,~' !y hoo fvathn:(!,N~r method, find tl:re rt:t,uUng: ,af ,earl..: wattm'et~' 'wmn~.0 ~nd' W p.J~ ,is ltig8,iJ1g. ",

pi:
,I

is: rn~~~
is ~elidj:ti$'
I •

d~H"I '
~ (.;: J..
I

W~ know' tha:~ v,riIJklIDpe_~ i~-Fut, fOr; a tiltr:ee'phase' ciuuH ~, giiYjI1."f'~' So - .Jj VI. :fb ~
,~ ,

:s '

, .. -.

.-

io x 1.0$
,l) :p.f,. is ~~adin,g, ,~~..
W]

,Jj V." lL
5,7'73,5027

VIL ~L, _,

// VA r r '
(30
-if-

r.
"

i'

"

O,34'2,~ ,_
, ,',

, ;;;;;~OS""

~(

Q--:M2}'''" '70~ coo llO +~ ill}

'. I ,.
J

VIL ~'L,QOS

t :) :577;3),5027 ==
-,

,
:

.. ~ " IJ ~

!. ~

:~ -l'OO~~
,

'W

W~ ;;;. 'V!!, :Itl~ {30 - , ) /;;;;;;. ens 5i'i3.502i eos (r30 ~ ',0)
,

" ~~.), f :t 8 ~" -A', ~W-' _ ''!ifL ,p.~,. "aggd'8,-'~ ~ -'r'L

1

'

II. (OS '.J\)!

.....' .. ";In .(

,_

''t'

..I\, ''(, __

-4 iii !'!i "" !!':I'~.t:: "W' _," ,.""",-".f.J:ro',

'_'

.,
,

I,

,
'~

1it'd'U'
"'......"

P_I-' . ¥_~ n, •
J

,,~,..

'l'~..... --'On

r.

,..~"''l";i!;iiiti'c; ~ ~~i!I: I!I! ~'~ r~ i:iI;

'W-'· r ..

t.,I~ In;.;;.-;1 ..... ~f~

'W':,,. .'
oi:'

l"t'

cil.,. ....ii:........... ,"'"cJ'

V[.l',M";\I"CIolil;l:

,~[lj"h: JiI/!,P{',n iit;.;t 11iI!. ~........-I:''''r·........J ~'"",'!LIII' ·a.::lr.:I!1t . r'O !.i... IiIJ. ~,:....,

~l-.-~,

.. i~'--

-,

,'P,:}"

,-

f·-

ii fl,ral,~~, ; ,FmJJ.1 .....

-l'--,~

t. '. ,ri,1ggmg ,.'0 ,~~;~~i£' lite ~,:.-,"', •. JI.~_'., -, .Iii'

J!
I

3.1·2,Power ,Faet,ar ,Call(uJlatiOIfiJ by 'Two

~'n. (~se'

Wattmeter iMethod

of bal~uloorllQad~titw: :p,.f" ,~
'W';2: -

be ~:;,aJ~llJ,a"'led:f,rnm W,~,and W'l teadmgs"

Fol"

~'!1]anced.1 D~,gg~Dg pJ,

load, W'~ :~ V Lh. cos(30 _, iP)

V ...ll cos (30,:j,,~-) '--'(1.)

'W,~ +- 'W'l _, JSY'nJL'oost

Copy rig hted m ateri al

I,
w~,
=

31 "as,
W 2,
=

V[n,[ L

[C0:5(3O 4J] =,~

=

(30

.;j."

}]]

:::: ViJd~,30

COS~' ,+ sim1L30 5~,'

,_ 005,30 005H~~ -if-

510 ~

Sin,~]l

- V'I.ILI[2~,,;311

sin+l- V'';ll[a" ~ ,,",n <IIJ

•• ·'!IfI-.1

!ii'7'1;

'WI ~'W~ ~
'_

Vtl u. ,Shi"t

::

W. ""Wj

!~l.

,5\I:'t~llOOS', - Jj

'p,'J. eos , ...;::; COS .

:,

- - - ,. . - - •

{[
~

tan-II,

' ,.(j,W]
[[(W".
I [ :II '" .

= '

~'=
~

+, W,,:)", ),
Iii; '. .

W:!': [

]}

"

.,:'

For leadiiill'l,g :p\,f. W{!' get Ian • ~tirv(!:.

,

;But 008~

.oJ :~ti~

'

\,

KtJ" P'Qmt. ~ 5'0 coo ~, 1$ ,(rJWtlY8 ,~$.J'Rht ,~,td .rl'5: ttali<l!re i'mi:st ,~ ,deternd,red' by ~8:

,a.'

is p65itiv,e,",

,siS""

tf ~an' t·

,3..'13 [Effect: [of P'.. ., f

.

on WaUn1eter Readings ~
W'.
:0;;;

VL~limS-(10

="'}

W'~ :~ 'Vl,llOOS-(JO

*"')

cost

,~90~
9i1f) ~
';;;j;

W':. ;;; 'V:lJl,cm{30,-

'+'i v.Jt
,-,~

Wz :~: 'V L.h;.oos(3t+· '90}

'V~JL.

Copy rig hted ttl ateri al

N't-.k':~ W'3~tmctcr ,Can DiD/t' show n~g)1tj,V1;!' :rILb'ild'ung~ as, lit has only' posi)ti,y~ :Scail~" ... l~k~;~km {):~ :rn,;1~,'~il,ve, :~ildin.g; i~, '~h~tp.oi/nter tries to deflect in :Iifl,ga:~:",€,d~Gn, ~.e, to die: 'Idt. {,( a 'H;)" lm, such CmKt readhrtg can lb~ 'e'OO1IIV(''''rtic't"l, bJi' pos:itive by :iil'lilerchangin,g ,e.it'ker, , ,,' , elll'r;Q:~~ , oonl,'t],fll1!..,S L_ '",....., V)" ,"l' ,: ~ '[jn!l~, ,_'h'", ';, ~', -..', CiLUTCJ'h ' ,-- 'ii,Q)tu:le(\!~..-;;!i: ,(-1M: H , 'IJ 'L\, ,p:~ .. _ (;ml ........ _~ ~,~~ ..,e . H .. ','i1:rl~~y I arrllglng QOO~ -" ':-','":-..: .. -J Rl.'nn!m!ber tM:~: ~l1ii!l!!~'t'j;:ln-!fII'liClo' 'mi'iiMl'1lo'!H([~;:!: ij'(f' ik::}~h nln' I~~I~ w,I~'1h.:"i!!i,!!'j!- ... _ dft'to.....t on illiti!, , . . ..•,,.. . g.,~ __......... , _.. , i!ie l!..'t ~__ __.~ """''\!i~, .. . __ _..... _ no ~
1 [~IIi'"" ",:1,",,' "'~l' '" -.
et,", "

,",,'I'i)'

'!r .. _ _.-,.".

_.

. ..

waUmt.'l'ber It~djjnrg~

Kty P,oi'~d: SUdl !"j' ,rtwlBni' Q:uJ~i1-,~ed' bjl ird(mdumgi.'''~~ ,a,t;l~cdiQ,'!:!l' of ~.i'J~ttf' ~t~'e~-vo [al J ~l))il~' wJJI ~ ~~i'iv.,·0:11 n~~11!17ft)b!r1J:.rd' c"',~ltst ljQi" t;ak~I'~' ncgnl'j\w. fbr' w$cu,lfJlror#l ... : ,(I"';:
In the' ca~'
col"lln..'J'i"'ti...ns
~ .. H,I _.", ..,"'_;I .. ", ....

d~~, IlJxnl~ WI wh~;I~ W'Ji "'"-'!il'l ,i--r~' i<.,.. d' .,.lIi~ ~-.J'
, .... I!O; ~ ~"" .... ''liV

i"if'!il;;!!It' ~l!l!J~.

[if..:" "c~'ij...af-:ill"rii"'~ ,~~!u-~_.~~ ,.,!lEY,

i-.i!l,i' 1.}.;1

r"""'''''''''''~ri(Er' ... ~ ~ ~I.a''',!lb'

'!i..,u,.

posH:iv{!, :~dJing with norma~ We.- il;'idi:ld'in(t' ,~,I ""... ,~_!OV~ .. ,;];I~..;I 'h~~ op_t!'Y, .. ,:;!! ~',,", .. , .. , ..~ ..~ eorm "''''.,.:: .:: .-.f' either ~.1 II- he '!l'n U , ......... !VIi•• ," _ , ~m"i'i;,oj. ........ .-,,f. ......... ~;-IO<;l snd _ 1.:-;", IJ!~ ~w'
;ii;li' ,,'§.;;I,rV\.i~, l~ll, "';i'!iO""'lio'V'" 1'~""I!'ji'nl,."" .
IU" ..... IJ.·,

w,m

d' 'j'~~nn

,'!O;~,~""

D'i...lI,lv,IIIii;,:r

t;,,~

I!io.'ulil _a

,,M_1ZJI~1

[~

Qo

C~"""'~'V .. ~ i
,,':
_,I

,_-',:','
,

..

..

i~rl3l!i6-UH~' 'I;;(i!'lm~!,l$,

ml
:((R;i'

i'Bi!.iIj~~

fig, :3..29NegaUve IM-adi'n9

iO'!l

w~eWr
~iSfhis

So on wa,'~ete.[' W1! :~ W:1 but

""'';:',!+I,',Ii" '¥
"Iu!V-IO.

'W,2 mus~

he ta~~rI! ,as negZliti.ve

:00 ,~bli!llrned by' 'oc'"Ve~ling'('icmf\(~u.otil~ of ~tI!y'

~ ,('1 I!:

(1M

,oon,

readtlilill.g m\U

!!-.r.~.;..Ij.

,,Ii,,,-,

If.' ,_ !t~

l~~

'lioil'

n;i

Wt ~ V lh ..iXJ'S(30..j.- 60) ';;'; 0 W'i

-4

W2 -

Wi]

,:!!!;,

Total po-we;r'.

iQOS~'

1... ~,;::; (p

W';I 'W,~

:;:; V LJLiC,n'".l(30 +- 0) ':;:; ';j.lE,t.":os,30 ;:;;:+ve V

=

V lllL c:Q$.(:30

-,0),

I;;;

VL'JI;COS,3ij ~

-!!-'ve

"',,, 'Bol1h, 'W"I AFild W:l ~(~ eq,~'li]l,a~d posiHcve", F't't;[ ,nU-power' Jadors, ~~~~ , ~Qth wnl!'~mct~r ,i,v~s g H?~ ,w.a.d~n,g'._

0..5 ~ 1.

Copy rig hted m ateri al

,B'-'AM 'UT ,R.iiI;' ,_'"

_r~ _.

;;
._.'

I~

"

IClO$ .:;:;
"I.

~,

'T~~"I,U, Key' Po:lr:lt: ~, 'Tlf~,~ Tnij;,lf 3.2 is: appiimhlp ,for 't;(~g,Jltig ~Uttt foetor.; btd ,5lIj~' table is: i1,~tpHr:;rr:j)I(! for '~m:'i~~g J1mr.N"-t jat-l;Qrs: '~!I r,nte.'rdirm\r~~fns'Cm,unurs 0/' Wi ,and' Wl" T.H1Le
Cl1!1l"ve

O'E pd:'" a~,a]jn~t: !K 'IS. shown, in the Fi8~~t~')01 'where\, SmaTI~' r~~n'l!','Jo' K ;;;;; "0

Laf,ger reading: .

---~""""'----li-~""~I-----,"""*,,

,~~- ~t]~- ~l!!li ,_[ij,.;~§

~.,...J!...-~

..................... ........... =--- ..... _ ----: ~-"",-- --~~..... .....

'[I(;

I)

W'I

,-

'W:~, ...

Vl

h. &11,1, ,t

.-

'~

The rotal

~,eam,vle voH,",amp~rl~' wr :

~:; p-~

draJt: js

;giVlep,

by,

Copy rig hted m ateri al

'Thus r.eaGive 'to!]t'"a~, ,oJ a S :phase di'f.eronro [oJ two' w~Um@t@r reatUo.gs byJl

.d[~,f.

,ca.m be ,o:bitained by ~'tu:.tUilip,~y,ing:he t

~-

"

~"""

"

[ p;;;;; Active' power ""';J3 'V!l. It. ((IS, 4i' ...; 'W'] '+ 'W~, .
'.-,. Q
" .........

W or' kW

",

,Reawiv'e poww ,,', _", ',' _ ·I·r •

-. '"

,__

J3"'-"
.,',

3, V~~,I!l,SID., - ,;3 (W'I - W:d VAR, or ,kVAR. I

1 ..•... _, .' ,-,', ,". -. • ,"' I

'

.,

.J3--~ '.,' -'

,",""

'- '.': ,- -- '---:.' " ,

,J.~iI'''H';'''''''-''
~~'w'"~~

l~
~

.~~.~.~"~"

Exami'tliti,~.A"
"~. ~"

~!!

-:r.~Li'!I' '~Hl'lfl'IiHi!IJ~ ~ W1!!I~~!II!~~~~~~''''

I~

[;":;'UII:li:l..;li.:L!~'"
!r.-V~·lF!I~~n,-;~,

~ iI1t~~,u_, :Ii,it.~, ,;rt,ti~.-~~,r~' ,~v .. ~I.·+I!;iH·'F!I·~ l!f~ 'F.!lT~'" ~~ etl. e-

~: j"
,~

cirr:/~'it hrctilcnl;f"1fJ(j() Wand

w'.,!
w _ w

500 W ,r.espnlively . .Fi~ld ,tilt' power jRctOT

.- .1!~","""::-11
,

0.1 'ne tj'rcu;;;~ :...

£i wr"\i,!""!~~"'~h': ~·[lii!!.Nw - ...,..,..... ~,~_,,.,~,,,:o'' ' ':, ~,..J1""'g, h!r.·'~ 11.t14l

n,;, "iiP. ~~,!i";

SoId():~ ~Ca8~' :i} '1o<Ih :rt'adbtp pasni,vf!'

w,~ -

:2t'Hl)OW'

and

W:~,= 5(M) W' '

_ ens ,{"t--an-~ - ~~ ~---,(W"i + W'2;)

.,

[~',r3{W'~ W_:d]:}· , t
. ,

cos {.'t.1tn'~'i[l. ~-- 1---- - . (2.000,-t·ntj

.~ . •

-'-r:~~ooo=~]
I:':
r. ~.

_' 0..69,9,9,
'Case'ii} W:t ,obfaned

la,gg.i'llI,g,

by .",er;ins Ihe. C&J1!neetiDJiS :11.enre,negaJHv.e

"""' ...... [;h, !If'

~Yi:!'

"

..

- ms Uan,~'11 [(2.8S6i'} ~,~ 0.3,273

Q:I'S

(.70,,~

I.agging

Copy rig hted m ateri al

,'iiiJI. ,;II ~ IL

'5.lA,...._~!II_... ~ nuY!M,'IHI~¥~1
, ,,", '!I"

~ VI

TO'I~¥ Ii; .. lIiI\i!'

'~;

'w" ..,I~'_!1i. ../

"~"""m' 'oall.B!r
.,)~rd'~l ..

M' -.~~,JI'IUU
~LiU,'"

oat"'_..:1

.... "',d"I"',"' l~h· """''''~~'''',~~ ....,~""C?,'"'" of ~w",~.... I,'. - n

110101It'1_!'I;Jt~.~ !L'It ~ ... I:I~, ii, ~,.... ~,.,;.,..:!I

,.. ~!t, ~~""'1 u ",;j,~'rm .. l"h<~-fll ?~. 'II 11.1 ,Ii~, _t!l~,,-, :, ,,-, ,lJ'IIJIJ

","'...." II'

'l- T.h~ nldhod, is ~,:pl?:~knbi,e b~L,\lnC()da~ w~n ~8 [~~~'oo;la'mu:'ed, for ~,03d!~!L :2. N'eiJ,tl!tra;1 :p{lit!tr!:~ for :5!va:r ,orm~ed
'~valttme~.

I~~~d !:5 :n;ot. 'Jl~,ry'

to co:nnt'd:

~ht

3,
,4,.
£ ;.1"

']b,e' dJ~b~[ c:Q]l(j~t,ed ~oocl!"need :nO'~ opened, fur .c'O,nnecting the' wajttm~l:'S" 'be.

cmJy

~Q

w.alt;u;uerer.~,,af-e~ufjl,ci.etll,'tto measure' rota~ 3 :p.hse

,iIIll"J)!O.~

[pOW\e;f,;,

rnf th :~!ii; ~~~eo", 'I ""'''d' ,~. . dete rmiaed,

b':'.'~lttC1"-"''''~1 '-," Il.o~,

" 'Il~ Oilmy :'1";-'~ ,,-~,,-~. 'il~iLt:' power

i1in,-'t p,R·

[',-; '," ,"'powel"

:f:··"'1..··- ·.'.'I:F.,[ ra ...[~m: a.oo

ca~" '1.. .. ~
··.:·in

6., "'Qta~ :roacti,v~''v()iit~~rn'per~ can 00 i()b~~bwl 'Usi'n_g two 'W,~tltnle~~r~~d~n,gs [fur blll;arnced. loads,

3.,16 :Disadvsntages
The

of' 'Tw,o 'Wattnl~ter

M~thDdl

:re.w'

'~:i~~d;~[~n!tag~$'of '~'is;
~J.lit~' ~~~~,.
,

~n"od 'Hl.~';,
,4, ",i'--:C:' ~,l{i!:ii" m ,~U'E :~~~,--re',;C'
"

L N'ol' iil}t"u~rnic.a'h'IiQ' ~ .. ~ ~ '[1"[" ~~~~ ~ ~~ for

'-1" hii'l!Se
~~'~'~~F

,'2~Thi!' ,S4;g~ _ ~ .~ ,1',,[

of ~ ,~Lo'!.!!!'. ~ 2. ~ ~.'i- ~ ~;',I- ~,":',;-oIC:'1fAi~;~[M ,-i:'it'h~ ,d' own; "or£« ..... .. 'i.=41! ',', ~','['I '.,': ,. Q,~" 'W',11 ttl~1 W':, !tt·U.lS~, 11).,· iiYei"lJ~~,I.I~~

·,~tl", toorw-ise~ <y (L,~ ,.~~ ~~'

'it' :m~y' lead to the, w,r-ong r-esu~ts.

3.,17 ModifiJl!d V'ersion of' 2: WattmetBr

Method
This :~, eatMii :00
~.. w ~

Method as One Wat1mete1l'

fo- :ba'ian~' IQ~ds., tilm,is 'me-.thoo~ Cin~i'li" o.l1f!' .~ -=·_.- .. w~._ -J" 'W,attmelt~!r'150 used. lts cu;riJ'enJtmil is introduced ~[Ij 3]1l1 'one ~'ine 'W,lUle its vlll,'Ms,e oull is, oonrmctoo 'OO[ othew' [mP I:!n~., ~ ,~fle( the other :in, seq~~ .. W!,~ th~' ~~p' of MO[ W[iilY ,~wUdh.
U;"M
w·.~w::l

fiEiJ'lv ~-~.J

~. ['

_'w·..L

•••••

••

;:00,

••

•••

,J

~._~.

'i!

-_

'fM ~1).un ,of

""

t~ h",'O read~n,g.s,giV\~, Us' toMru active power ln, '~\'rtiree :P~'

., 10. ..'i. ....'1;:", c' U~ rllg.,
J.':'
']i,

ciKuJt,.

lfs ,oonn_'·Hon'<l~ 'L,,"-_'b,,~_~.~'~', ,~., ,~,~~,,~, L~" !.Pti:' 51~wn ( a.:t;

'I,). ,.

¥:J ..~..

~~ .. . ======~~~~========~~-=-=-==-=~~-,

F~n "~.'~' ~ ~.~~."""" ,I[~~ '2' ,._ tb· .......~ :1VY1 " . ,.' ··iItb II'IeI t,I!I!'!II!UIV'!M! '3.311 iM'..u.ilitl-.;oOl . [ wa:r,j_.., n.... ...... III W~ ---. ..... ,~, , iii'

Copy rig hted m ateri al

1~.th~ Fig;, 3-,:n w_cr.r~n!t[001] is '~bl.1d1Kled. iwi l;ine' R a~

~@

Wtca!l;r.i~ 'C!l,l!r,~t ~iii

t,o liS" w~

n,

WhUe one end, of pressure (oil

:1$ ~:Ol1noc!@d,

ro' ':R." only' Drl. 5e(jfi'ilrl, end ;ge1:s

,~~ swH(h :is

c~ted to It' when switch 'is :111 ~tiQn :il1 'Posili,on 2.

MtU_~ :S~ar CO!:lneded Load :; Let A$5Iume' load h.. 9iy.lrng:pj" 'CQs,~ Jaggi.[1Ig;,

'I. and ,~
~6 fi]ilJ~

th.e· two rea~dL1i!I,gS ,that w.;dL~lCit,'Cr', Q~

...

v.~II.;'

=. V It'll'

'W.

... I:R 'Vlty

(o'tJs{1

R A V[ty ~

Yfk ,~,

VII«U

W'~~,_ ~: VR~ eos [(~ ~ Il;

1\

V Ji:~

[Fig. 3.32
~
VI~Y

;;;;;;VI!:

~ Vy

.
"

~:!it

1\

VR~'

,_ i_

ee
~c,.~.

=.

,
[~,

) j[

I,~,,A V >~n
..... ,J'I! po~alon ,iL/ttl

<3fl ,+

'r

"~.

'i!~.i

Copy rig hted m aterl al

ii' '.'. nBY

.....

[iI", 'I"" • iii' .FO:~I~' nd,lt ••

;ii",oIij'o"""

'e·1';IM

J·i...;+- -j [>:r.;'i;i!,r'Hi n 1_! •• v:l: [t".~·IL',.

~'."f.i,llm-o.; .-i"r:.' t·u· "'."",

IC,: :~'.~"',,: .J-'j:...... j:. j:r~1:[,!'mlil~~(t~ ,an~lh.,(U.[··.f !!-,Ut OJ :!!-L·_:

I'· ~,-~
.y ... _.

HJUI;.I:.

l.&_.,:t

:" .... , ...... :: .'::. :'1-1.;;" m~,,' [.... ,_,f-.: ",urge aron;; ,ll\I! mlS crrlh·e ,~"\"<':_".
.

"1i ~~iiii'~tMli,,"-i";,;;. :o,P,ii.;;:!'.i. ... ,J ..tl. i,IO. .. ... i,~lfUW.

.,.,,-,,1· ·.....

3~ 'One Wa:ttmetef M:athod fOr Rleactive 'Voltarnperes 18

T~~·;;::. Il~~iiJI

Measurement
,....,.·1]!L..... ,......

,""'' ';;oro, :If.~ "'~._:~:~ ~

used
~~

_l

.t:'--''-r- 'Ij-"'.I"'irr""''''dcl.rd_
IlV.,.
c ....

_Jl' .. ~'ioJJ

,~

Iead,
••.

11

'['0-,

'l, _~

this

·i'IjI";'-'i'iJ;-..-..Ao";il~:r-""""i"it. .=.IL- ....."""]lIJil~. ~:", ,., .... ~l~

;tjIf~ ~w~:~bn ·- r". ... t

.!I)I,

~ .. ,

~~.'~'.-.-.'"'~.~._..~~.~.u·-··-'._.·i _~R.
I~ II

'iN

r.

~.~.

! '1JI.I\I1XI(1U!1I!.' '""'=~....-i-~------I
'" - .A..... .y1,r'n

~ Ii
II

Ie;

'v ,

I
•

~• .(-,.,.,

... ._.,-.,..... ~.,~.,~, fo'~

$!:8!" or' [[Je\jta

'~'o.--

B~~~~~--------~------------~
F[ig,. 3.33· Readive voltampeJ,H IR1Nsummem
W' ,m,.;:.

=~~=~-~r~Vpo;:. lCOS (Ie

A

oolfnliedEiD! "[I~

~~~===1

V[~:)

[COin 1["[:.:[11.

'~A 01'-.,,,,,",,
"!Ii

Copy rig hted m ateri al

'!IIii~U~

CI-l..--.1i __ ~ H_,;,;-- --',

II!IJ!"!IIIHUremeIIUli'

.:

-'_

!rtU1Si

in this mdhod

th~ w:a-tbn~t,~r~ading :is-.,

mI.,.

W' ;;;;;'VI!.

sin, ['

Bu~ ,totlm re~d.hJ\e yah

am,petre:,)·

are .Jj V!!_. L ;shil, ,~. 1

vo'I~:,~mpcOO8

K~y Point ~This J1!j1ilcing~~\~~5tbe muliicrUetl by Jj io ,gd l~r(jl:um:tJw' oo/~' [rl'mpf>rcs.

I~

w ... To~al~arnv~
bl
f~'

],

~..

[Example 3~5;
GilciiJl7fe

tJj~' pmVf!r

pnrlir,ulnf' ,test tJre' ,~ [",rid: .rO~~tef'!Jif:lrir if

~mU.\ud~r rlMiIJ'gs: fl~re4, ,Ic'W a~'d' 1 UV-

"

.
p ~ W,!
COS ~ -

.~I: ..:

+- W'2: ~ 5, kW'

cos

.-.-{' ,- _'I[i~J3(W'l'- 'Wi).] 'I'] .-- ~ mil fW'~ ''I!- W~) ,I ~. '~5
9.0033, taggi~

{,-

,tam

,--

[43)(3']i l ,S[ J

I'll

.
=..." "

COS ~
(~I.'"
.... "" ....... - ~""--

== casi4ti,llD2,oZil::::
,.....""."' ........ __.:Ii

-,.", "W,·b~i~ UJ "-I

,1,1"e[~GI' ,~.., ¥ Gi_::ii~

p - 'W'T

,+ 'W~ ~ 4! - 1 ~ 3, 'k,W

COO, -005 {tall "1[.J3~:=~I1)J]} "OOS{~fi -'[ ~"~]}

:;;; COB,(7-o,

89$3°)- co;; 0-.a2'7' l.agil!'!l:

k'

'0+

IExamp1*13.,6: i\ tj,!r~'(~ ,rh~~,. 00 11 food lm~ ~,r 4 fil'(;I,'Qr' of 0',,6: inggJu-g'" Tl1~' Uvo -t-'--- ,r~'ll"u,(if. i.O~O, m,pu[~ pou1er OJ ,,"v ·iJ"h fe-:,·,,,I' ,~,J-C l' MHt ~g 'OJ fa(;~_ ~ MiU" JJ;'t\!.,_ r. --- ,1 ,;- ~-,~ ,_ -'. ---~ .--,' --c·-- 'if c1t1; 'i'Ai' .• tr:lk~ ;);1' ~ . .-I'"J ·-~;r .~,! ~v ,~,itt·'1;:,_: ,wal:,~.r;Ue;i!,n;
- -- - ilk-c.

,SoIulion:;

'W,~T' W~,;;; :20- :kW = P,I V!l, = ,400 VI coo ~ ';::;OJf\

Copy rig hted m ateri al

p' [-

i';' 'U" '"" ,.;;!, V l

JIL C'01ii'\j"

j.,

2n)(ili,O~ ~ J3l11::400x~t %0,,6,

]t .. 48~11.25 A.

w~ ;;;;; :L V
=

[I,.

.cos(M-~J :Cl toO)( 48",rl2S~,i,DS(:30P'-Sa13';'}

17'698 W

W'~, .. ~

H'"

,_, :2.302 k'W' Examp'le 3.7:: Tlgt!' p:tr.~ver ,i~'JJmt' h'l i\'J! U'l,r~' ~,fJHl~~ U1'1'~ seire d:eJta am,nectiMi .,IMI'l"I'ncH J'ood' il$~ m~~~1:n'fl ,~,rt the I.~'J'O fmi1'/:'JiP,r.~{le,r ,t,r,r,rfJwd" 'T'~~ t~'db~!Er Q/ trm'J,~m'd,ttr' A, is ,Stoo W' fTitli:' ~VI'l,tt~"(;ib~r is _, :l(j\{J.QI W fl~~ilf~' ,i)j r~~jJ:s,idflj ciJnUf:'CfWf~J.

fJ .f',i'~id the
.iI}

Jt01wr

facto!' of clrt:nlil.t"

dt~, WUi~g~~ th('!'d~~'f;it i~: 440 V, 50 H::;:; i ]~m" i'l$' a~~ ,"J Y!'~l~,t{;i' gri~'(;hjji1:~q of (,DNi~~b~ ~i,f; (il!iin fl,~ I,~~p saif~ m ,r;;a:f;,se' ';~:itt w.:ho1~' ,oj the pmvtr l't'tf.f:H5firttd by ,th~
~~U'/.rteh'r ,.4, ,antI!
~'

If

Soh.dion::

w,~~ -:I- &lOO

W,; 'Wjj, = _,1(0) W

:ui} N'mv caPJ!dti!Hlte

~.-,....

is, mnnu~dM, it ,the :SO'D[tiCf:' B which does, not afi'~it the' :[l(;)ti''ire·

l>O'~~~ rons:u'm.ptiQ~:~,.

Copy rig hted m ateri al

'hfoft QgM;ctiJn_g capadttu"

'W_'___, -: ' ~'

''V~ ... V l ~_

'~I ,;t,.

'" COS'i¥

VpII
II 'Z'~JR~

=,

VL, ~ 440
; ~, ';;;;

'~p!l!""~

-:a ~
-

v and

li, ;::;: ,J3~:ph i.~'.~, ';::;' :8..4362 A

S2JS61

n. +
j

'o::l'

68"'9W

~IJII

;::;

sin ~ ';;;4fS.6,74J9 ,~~l {:und:umv(l:)

.. ,AJlef' ,a.m;mediJ:lg [c-a,:paci:lo:r ~ _. W~'I-Il ='

,~

[0'-'1
"'

'\;!ior ..
,_

'W'fJ
:I.~, .

... ..
"

,:-m

+~

Xl~jl~

UL7352,
'" '"

.
$

2:n:fC
1

I·

Copy rig hted m ateri al