CHNG I: GII THIEU VI MACH TUYEN TNH

1.1 Phan loai vi mach Ngi ta chia vi mach (Integrated Circuit -IC) lam 2 loai chnh: IC tuyen tnh (linear) con goi la tng t (analog). IC so (Digital)

Co nhieu nh ngha e phan nhom IC tuyen tnh hay so (VD: theo tn hieu vao lien tuc hay so). ay ta phan loai theo ng dung. Neu IC c dung cho ng dung so th c xep vao loai IC so, ngc lai la IC tuyen tnh (Linear Integrated Circuits). Cac he thong so lam viec bang cach s dung cac cong logic AND, NAND, OR, NOR. cac dung cu giao tiep (interface) nh bo lai ng day (line drivers) va bo em (buffers) c thiet ke cho ng dung so, cac vi mach vi x ly, cac chip tnh toan, ong ho la cac dung cu so. Cac bo chuyen oi analog sang digital va digital sang analog la cac IC so. Cac dung cu khac con lai c xem la IC tuyen tnh bao gom cac mach khuech ai, cac bo so sanh, on ap, dao ong va cac vi mach thong tin: audio va video (bo thu AM, FM, tach song, giai ieu che stereo, equalizer) 1.2 ong goi cac vi mach (Packaging of Integrated Circuits) Co nhieu dang ong goi nh: TO-5, DIP-8, TO-3, SIP-9.. Dang vo kim loai TO-5: co cac cau hnh: 8,10,12 chan (dung cho cac IC cu). Dang DIP (Dual In-line Package) ong goi theo 2 ben ng, co cac cau hnh: 8, 14, 16, 18, 20 cac hang chan cach nhau 0.3 inch. Dip 24, 28, 40 th khoang cach gap oi 0.6 inch. Con cac chan ke nhau th cach nhau 0.1 inch. Nhng nam gan ay ngi ta che tao cac loai vo gan tren be mat (surface mount package) dung e gan IC len be mat cua mach in khong can khoan l. VD: SO-8 va SO14( SO: Small Outline) Dang gan be mat PLCC 20 tiep xuc (PLCC - Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier). Cac mach x ly cong suat nh on ap va khuech ai cong suat thng dung ong goi khac. oi vi tieu tan cong suat t 20W tr len ngi ta dung dang TO-3. On ap n gian ch co chan th 3 (thng la at) la v. oi vi cong suat tieu tan 15W th dang TO-220 la pho bien nhat TO-39 cho on ap 2W TO-92 cho on ap 0.5W va cho cac tham khao(chuan) ien ap. Cac mach khuech ai cong suat oi khi dang vo 1 ng ra SIP (Sigle In line Package) VD: SIP-9. 1

1.3 Nhan dang cac vi mach tuyen tnh 1. Ten hang san xuat Da vao cac tiep au ng (prefix). VD: A741. Bang 1 cho biet cac tiep au ng thong thng cho IC tuyen tnh dung bi cac hang san xuat chnh. Bang 1: Hang san xuat Analog Devices Exar Coporation Fauchild Linear Division Intersil, Inc Linear Technology Corp Motorola Semiconductor National Semiconductor Corp Precision Monolithics, Inc RCA Corporation Signetics Corporation Silicon general Texas Instruments Tiep au ng AD XR A, UA ICL LT MC LF, LH, LM, TBA OP CA NE,SE SG TL

So linh kien theo sau tiep au ng hang san xuat. Theo sau so linh kien thng la 1 hay nhieu ch. V du: C: cap thng mai (Commercial) M: Cap quan i (Military) I: cap cong nghiep (Industrial) Va ch th hai tiep theo loai vo tuy theo hang. V du: P: vo DIP Plastic oi vi Motorola N: vo DIP Plastic oi vi National Semi 2. Ngay xuat xng Thng ta phan biet no vi so linh kien nh vao so linh kien co tiep au ng ch ten hang san xuat. Ta se thay so to hp ch va so (thng la 4 so dang YYWW) YY: ch nam san xuat WW: ch so tuan trong nam 2

V du:

JG9102 cho biet So 91: san xuat nam 1991 So 02: so tuan th 2 trong nam 1991.

CHNG 2: KHUECH AI THUAT TOAN (OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER OP-AMP)

Mot trong nhng dung cu c ban nhat trong cac mach ien t analog la mach khuech ai (amplifier). No la nen tang cho s phat trien nhng mach phc tap hn. Cac mach khuech ai transistor n gian thng bao gom cac tu e ngan cac dong phan cc DC. Cac tu kho a vao IC; t o co 1 loai khuech ai ac biet- khuech ai vi sai (differential amplifier) c dung trong vi mach e tranh dung tu va van e troi(drift) v cac mach khuech ai vi sai a tng c dung mo phong cac phep toan nen chung thng c goi la op-amp. Op-amp la 1 loai dung cu rat linh ong, co the dung no lam mach khuech ai n gian, khuech ai o lng hay khuech ai dong. No co the dung e lay tong, tch, hieu, bnh phng hay lay logarithm cac tn hieu analog. No la phan t chnh cua nhieu mach loc, dao ong va on ap. 2.1 ac tnh mach khuech ai Mot mach khuech ai la mot mach lay tn hieu vao va cho ra cung tn hieu, khong thay oi dang, nhng tang ien ap hoac dong ien va cong suat. Cac mach khuech ai c s dung rong rai trong cac he thong am thanh (audio), cac bo thu radio va ti vi, thiet b thong tin, thiet b th ien t va cac ng dung o lng qua trnh. 2.1.1 Phan loai mach khuech ai: Thong thng cac mach khuech ai c phan loai theo ng dung cu the. Co hai lp mach khuech ai chnh: mach khuech ai tan so vo tuyen (RF=Radio Frequency) (hoat ong tan so >100 KHz) va mach khuech ai am tan (AF=AudioFrequency) (hoat ong tan so <100KHz). Cac mach khuech ai RF c chia nho thanh mach khuech ai dai rong (broad band amplifier) va mach khuech ai di hep hay ieu hp. Cac mach khuech ai RF di rong oi khi c goi la mach khuech ai video. Cac mach khuech ai am tan c chia nho thanh khuech ai audio, op-amp va khuech ai o lng (instrumentation amplifier).
Mach khuech ai

Mach khuech ai RF

Mach khuech ai AF

Mach K dai rong

Mach K dai hep

Mach K audio

Op-amp

Mach K o lng

Hnh 2-1: Phan loai cac kieu mach khuech ai 4

Cac mach khuech ai cung c mo ta theo cau tao cua no. Cac mach khuech ai linh kien ri thng c ghep AC ngha la chung c thiet ke e ch cho tn hieu AC. Cac mach khuech ai AF thng c ghep qua tu, tn hieu vao c ghep vao mach khuech ai qua tu, no c ghep t tang nay qua tang khac qua tu va no cung c ghep en tai qua tu. Tn hieu AC cung co the c ghep t tang nay sang tang ke dung cac bien ap (transformer). Cac mach khuech ai AF thng khong dung bien ap v oi vi tan so thap cac bien ap ln, nang va at tien. Tuy nhien cac mach khuech ai RF thng dung ghep bien ap bi v tan so cao cac bien ap nho ch mot t vong day va khong at tien. Quan trong hn la cac bien ap co the c ieu hp e cho qua ch mot dai hep tan so ma ly tng cho s chon kenh, ai. Ghep tu hay bien ap can e ngan cac tn hieu phan cc DC cua mot tang, khoi anh hng en cac tang ke. Co hai bat li oi vi ghep AC: cac mach khuech ai ghep AC khong the dung c e khuech ai cac tn hieu AC tan thap hay DC, va cac mach khuech ai ghep AC kho thc hien bang IC v cac tu va bien ap ghep kho che tao trong cac chip IC. Chung thng la cac phan t mach ngoai lam cho toan bo mach cong kenh va phc tap. Cac mach khuech ai (c tao tren cac chip IC) c ghep trc tiep (direct-coupled). Chung s dung mot mach phc tap hn bao gom toan bo cac ien tr, diode va transistor e giai quyet cac van e phan cc ma s dung tu hay bien ap la can thiet trong cac mach khuech ai linh kien ri. Mach phc tap hn nay thng qua at tien khi dung mach linh kien ri nhng de dang va khong at tien khi che tao nen chip IC v khong co tu va bien ap e ngan cac mc tn hieu DC, cac mach khuech ai ghep trc tiep co the cho qua tat ca cac tn hieu tan so thap va DC. 2.1.2 Ky hieu s o (Schematic Symbol)
Vcc

Input .

. Output

Input .

. Output

a) ky hieu khuech ai ay u
Vcc

-Vee

b) ky hieu khuech ai n gian

Ngo vao ao
Ngo vao khong ao

Ngo vao khong ao

-Vee

c) ky hieu kvs ay u

d) ky hieu kvs n gian

Hnh 2-2: Ky hieu s o cho K n gian va vi sai 5

Ngo vao ao

Output

Output

2.1.3 o li mach khuech ai Chc nang c ban cua mot mach khuech ai la tao ra mot gia tr ra ln hn so vi gia tr vao cho trc. ay c goi la s khuech ai (amplification). Lng ma gia tr vao c khuech ai c goi la o li (gain) cua mach khuech ai. T o mach khuech ai co the khuech ai ien ap, dong ien hay cong suat. Co 3 cach e nh ngha o li cu the la o li ap, o li dong va o li cong suat. Moi o li c nh ngha mot cach tng t nhau. o li AV c nh ngha la t so cua bien o tn hieu ien ap ra tren bien o ien ap vao. AV = o li ap =
Vout Vin
I out I in

(2-1)

Tng t cho o li dong va o li cong suat: AI = o li dong = AP = o li cong suat = Chu y: AV = o li cong suat =
Vout I out = AV AI Vin I in Pout Pin

(2-2) (2-1)

(2-4)

Cac o li oi khi bieu dien theo decibel(dB). nh ngha o li di dang decibel: o li ap (dB) = 20log
Vout Vin

(2-5) (2-6)
Pout Pin

o li dong (dB) = 20log

I out I in

o li cong suat (dB) = 10log

(2-7).

Khong phai luon luon nh ngha c o li xac nh cho 1 mach khuech ai. Th du mot mach khuech ai MOSFET hau nh khong keo dong t nguon, tuy nhien cung cap dong cho tai. T o o li dong va o li cong suat la vo han trong trng hp nay. Mot khuech ai nh vay c mo ta nh mach khuech ai ap vi o li dong va cong suat khong c nh ngha. oi khi o li ap nho hn 1. V du mot mach khuech ai collector chung luon luon co o li ap <1. No co o li dong va cong suat ang ke. Mach khuech ai nh vay c mo ta nh mach khuech ai cong suat. Ngay ca khi o li co the <1, no van c goi la o li. 2.1.4 Tong tr vao va ra: Neu mot mach khuech ai bat ky nang lng nao t nguon th no co tong tr vao (input impedance) hu han Zin. Nguon cap dong ien en tong tr nay nh co 1 ien tr 6

gia ngo vao va at nh hnh (2-3a). Tong tr nay hoac rat ln hn tong tr nguon e no khong lay tai nguon hoac phoi hp vi tong tr nguon e truyen cong suat cc ai va ket thuc nguon ung. Neu tong tr vao hu han, ta co the o no bang cach at 1 ien tr nguon ngoai Rs noi tiep vi nguon va ngo vao mach khuech ai nh hnh (2-3b). o cac ien ap Vs va Vin ta tnh c sut ap tren Rs la Vs Vin v dong qua no Iin = (Vs Vin)/Rs. T o tnh c tong tr vao:
ZL = R L AI = VoutNL - VoutL VoutL

I out Vout R L Z in Vout Z in = = = AV I in Vin R in R L Vin RL Z in 2 AV RL

AP = AI AV =
Z in =

Vin R s V R Z in = in s Vs Vin Vs Vin

(2-8)

Ngo ra cua mot mach K ly tng hoat ong nh mot nguon ap vi Vout AV.Vin. Thc te th khong co mach K ly tng, va luon luon co ien tr noi tiep ngo ra. ien tr nay c goi la tong tr ra Zout (Output Impedance). Mach ra gom nguon va tong tr ra nh hnh 2-4(a). Thng th mach K lai tai RL nh hnh 2-4(b).
K Vin Input
Zin

Vout Output

Vin Input Zout AvVin

Vout Output RL

Iout

AvVin

(a) Tng ng ngo ra

(b) Xac nh tong tr ra Zout Hnh 2-4: Tong tr ra

Tong tr ra phai hoac rat nho hn nhieu tong tr tai e cong saut tieu tan trong tong tr ra khong lam giam ang ke ien ap ra cua mach K en tai hoac phoi hp vi tong tai e truyen cong suat cc ai hoac ket thuc mach K ung. Tong tr ra khac khong (zero) ta co the o no bang cach sau. o VoutL, ien ap ra cua mach K co tai. Sau o lay tai ra va o ien ap ra khong tai. Vout NL (NL No Load = khong tai). T o xac nh c tong tr ra:

ZL = R L

VoutNL - VoutL VoutL

(2-9)

Ta co the ket hp hnh 2-3 va 2-4 e co c mach tng c cua mach K nh sau:
K

Vin
Input
Zin

Vout

Output
Zin

AvVin

Hnh 2-5: Mach tng ng cua 1 mach K Vi nh ngha cua tong tr vao va tong tr ra, bay gi co the xac nh quan he gia o li ap va o li dong. Dong vao th bang ien ap vao chia cho Zin. Dong ra th bang ien ap ra chia cho ien tr tai RL. T o co the viet lai o li dong nh sau:
AI = I out Vout R L Z in Vout Z in = = = AV I in Vin R in R L Vin RL Z in 2 AV RL

(2-10)

Va o li cong suat:
AP = AI AV =

(2-11)

Ta ch can biet o li ap, tong tr tai vao tong tr vao th co the suy ra o li dong va cong suat. T ay en cuoi giao trnh khi noi en o li th xem nh ham y noi en o li ap. Th du 2-1: Xac nh ac tnh lam viec cua 1 mach tien khuech ai qua audio. Mach th hnh 26. Bo tao ham at tan so 1000Hz c noi vao ngo vao cua mach K qua 1 ien tr 10K W. ien ap o c ngo vao ien tr mach K la 95.2mVRMS, ngo vao mach K la 58.3 mVRMS. Ngo ra co tai 3.3K W. ien ap ra o c la 4.27VRMS. Khi lay tai ra, o c ien ap ra la 7.35VRMS. Hay tnh: (a) o li ap (b) tong tr vao (c) tong tr ra (d) o li dong (e) o li cong suat Giai: 8

Rs

Vin 58.3mV
Input
Zin

Vout

4.27V

10K

Zout

Output

Nguon 1000Hz

Vs

Vout NL 7.35V
AvVin

Tai RL
3.3K

95.2mV

Hnh 2-6: S o mach th du 2-1 Mach th hnh 2-6 va o c minh hoa 1 cach thc ien hnh e xac nh ac tnh cua 1 mach K audio. a) Tnh o li ap dung phng trnh (2-1):
AV = Vout 4.27 V = = 73.24 0.0583V Vin Vin 58.3mV = 10K = 15.8K 95.2mV - 58.3mV Vs - Vin VoutNL - VoutL = 2.38K VoutL

b) Tnh tong tr vao Zin dung phng trnh (2-8):

Z in = R s

c) Tnh tong tr ra Zout, dung phng trnh (2-9):

Z out = R L

d) Tnh o li dong, dung phng trnh (2-10):

AI = Z in 15.8K AV = 73.24 = 350.7 2.38K RL

e) Tnh o li cong suat, dung (2-11) hay (2-4) AP = AV.AI = 73.24 x 350.7 = 25680

2.1.5. ap ng tan so manh khuyech ai

o l i BW 3 dB o l i 3dB

o l i n v

BW o l i n v

Ta n so

o l i BW 3 dB o l i 3dB

o l i n v

BW o l i n v

Ta n so

Hnh 2-7 ap ng tan so cho mach K ghep DC Mot ac tnh quan trong ke la ap ng tan so mach K (amplifier frequency response). ap ng tan so la mo ta o li thay oi nh the nao vi tan so tn hieu vao, ly tng th mach K phai co cung o li cho tat ca cac tan so. Tuy nhien, trong bat c mach K thc te nao th o li luon luon giam vi tan so cao do mat mat tn hieu qua ien dung ky sinh. oi vi mach K ghep AC, o li cung se giam vi cac tan so rat thap do dung khang. Cac ng cong ap ng tan so tieu bieu cho ca 2 mach K ghep AC va trc tiep nh H.2-7. ap ng tan so cua mach K tong quat c mo ta bang bang thong (BandWidth) (BW). BW la lng o dai tan so ma ien o mach K se co o li ln hn mot gia tr xac nh nao o. Tong quat th ap ng tan so mach K c mo ta bang BW 3dB, ngha la o li ap ln hn 0,707 o li dai gia. Neu t so ien ap 0,707 c oi sang decibel, ket qua gan vi 3dB, t o iem ma o o li bang 0,707 o li gia dai c goi la iem 3dB. No cung con c goi la iem na cong suat (half Power point) v t so cong suat 0,5 cung oi sang la 3dB. oi khi ap ng tan so mach K c mo ta bang BW o li n v (unity gain bandwith) thay v BW(3dB). BW o li n v la dai tan so ma o li ln hn 1. Neu mach K c ghep trc tiep, no co the K tat ca tan so giam ti zero (ngha la DC), va t o BW n gian la tan so 3dB tren hay tan so o li n v tren, phu thuoc vao dung nh ngha nao. Neu mach K ghep AC th BW la tan so tren tr tan so di.

10

oi vi cac tan so ln hn tan so 3dB tren (va thap hn tan so, tan so -3dB di oi vi mach K ghep AC) tong quat th o li giam eu. T roll-off c dung e mo ta s sut o li nay. oi vi mach K AC mot transistor, o li tan cao giam 100 lan khi tan so tang 10 lan. Tnh theo dB th giam 40dB/decade vi 1 decade la t so tan so la 10. oi vi op-amp th roll-off la 20dB/decade, va o li giam theo tha so 10 khi tan so tang 10 lan. Th du 2-2: ap ng tan so cua mach K c th th du 2-1 c xac nh bang cach o ien ap vao Vin va ien ap ra Vout cho dai tan so. Mach th nh H.2-6. Cac gia tr o c ch bang 2-1. T nhng so lieu o nay : (a) Tnh o li ap moi tan so (b) Tnh o li ap bang dB moi tanso (c) Ve ap ng tan so logarithm, ngha la o li dB theo tan so tren giay semilog. (d) Xac nh BW 3dB t hnh ve (e) Xac nh BW o li n v t hnh ve. Bang 2-1: D lieu thc nghiem cho th du 2-2. Tan so (Hz) 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 1.000 2.000 3.000 5.000 10.000 20.000 30.000 50.000 100.000 Bai giai: (a) o li ap c tnh bang (2-1) cho moi tan so. Th du tan so 1000Hz : 11 Vin (Volts) 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 Vout (Volts) 0.031 0.074 0.195 0.806 3.12 5.18 6.68 7.33 7.33 7.33 6.72 3.51 0.880 0.389 0.141 0.034

AV =

Vout 7.330V = = 73.3 . 0.100V Vin

Ta ghi ket qua bang 2-2 (b) o li ap dB c nh ngha bang (2-5) Th du o li dB 100Hz :
A V dB = 20 log Vout 0.806V = 20 log = 18.1dB 0.100V Vin

Ta ghi ket qua bang 2-2 (c) Ta co ap ng tan so H.2-8 (d) e tm BW 3dB, ta oc t o th cac tan so ma o li 3dB di o li cc ai hay gia dai. V o li gia dai la 37,3dB, cac tan so 3dB xay ra khi o li la 37,3 3 = 34,3dB. Tan so di la 300Hz va tan so tren la 7000Hz. Bang 2-2 : Tom tat cac tnh toan th du 2-2 Tanso (Hz) 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 1.000 2.000 3.000 5.000 10.000 20.000 30.000 50.000 100.000 Vin (Volts) 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 Vout (Volts) 0.031 0.074 0.195 0.806 3.12 5.18 6.68 7.33 7.33 7.33 6.72 3.51 0.880 0.389 0.141 0.034 o li ap 0.310 0.740 1.95 8.06 31.2 51.8 66.8 73.3 73.3 73.3 67.2 35.1 8.80 3.89 1.41 0.340 o li dB -10.2 -2.6 5.80 18.1 29.9 34.3 36.5 37.3 37.3 37.3 36.5 30.9 18.9 11.8 -2.98 -9.37

BW( 3dB) la 6300Hz. Trong th du nay, BW tieu bieu cua mach K telephone. Mach K stereo chat lng tot phai co BW t 50Hz en toi thieu 20KHz. (e) BW o li n v th thc hien tng t BW 3dB. o li n v co o li dB la 0 dB. Ta tm c tan so tren la 60KHz va tan so di la 36Hz. Vay BW o li n v xap x 60kHz. Chu y: Ngoai ra con co cac ac tnh khac t quan trong hn nh : ien ap ra nh nh cc ai, o nhay ngo vao, he so nhieu, toc o (slew rate) va t so triet nguon cap ien. 12

Con vi K vi sai co them cac ac tnh khac nh dong phan cc vao, dong offset vao, ien ap offset, o li cach chung, va t so triet cach chung. 2.2. MACH KHUECH AI VI SAI (Defferential amplifier) e thay nhng thuan li cua mach KVS (khuech ai vi sai), trc het ta xem lai cac mach K ghep AC roi xem lai chi tiet KVS. 2.2.1. Mach K ghep AC Mot mach K linh kien ri transistor cc phat (emitter) chung tieu bieu c cho H.2-8. Tat cac BJT can dong phan cc vao cc nen (base) e thiet lap iem lam viec.
Vcc
Rb1
Rc

Cout
Cin

Output

Input

Q1

Tai
Nguon
Rb2

Re

Ce

Hnh 2-8 Mach K AC ghep tu. Cac ien tr RB1 va RB2 tao thanh cau chia ap e phan cc base cua transistor, ien tr RE dung e lam on nh transistor chong cac bien oi trong , va ien tr RC la tong tr ma ien ap ra at len. Co 3 tu can dung: Tu Cin ngan cach ngo vao mach K vi nguon e bat c ien ap DC nao nguon (hoac ngo ra cua tang trc) se khong anh hng viec phan cc. Tu Cout cach ly ngo ra mach K e ien ap collector t mach K se khong anh hng tai. o li cua mach K xap x RC/RE. Thng th RE co gia tr tng t RC va o li nho. Tu CE c dung e cho qua (bypass) tat ca hay 1 phan cua RE ve mat AC e co c cac o li ln hn. Kieu mach K nay kho che tao trong IC v cac tu Cin va Cout co gia tr ien hnh la 0,1 F, trong khi CE co the ln en 100 F. Co the thiet ke mach K nay lai e kh cac tu. Khi lay tu CE i th o li hoan toan nho. Ta co the khac phuc bang cach dung nhieu tang K. Co the kh tu vao va ra bang cach dung nguon am rieng e phan cc. Nhng lai b khuyet iem la troi DC. Khi co thay oi bat ky ien ap DC, nh s thay oi VBE cua transistor va co the xuat hien offset DC ln va thay oi ngo ra. 2.2.2. Mach KVS: e tranh van e troi, ngi ta dung mach KVS (H.2-10) KVS gom 2 transistor ong nhat Q1 va Q2 c noi song song. Dong phan cc chay qua 2 ien tr base RB. iem lam viec c thiet lap bang mot ien tr emitter RE va nguon ien am -VEE. Tn hieu ra 13

c lay RC. Bat c troi DC trong mach anh hng ca 2 transistor, tuy nhien no b triet ngo ra.
Vcc

Rc

Ic
Q1

Ic

Output . Ngo vao ao

. Ngo vao khong ao

Rb

Rb

Ib

Ie

Re

Ib

Hnh 2-9 : Mach n gian hoa cua KVS. Chu y la KVS can nguon cap ien lng cc gom +VCC va -VEE. ieu nay la can thiet e cho phep cac ien ap phan cc ca ngo vao va ngo ra se c at xap x khong volt (OV). Neu ngo vao va ra mach K khong ien the OV, th phai at cac tu ngo vao va ngo ra e ngan dong DC chay t mach K vao nguon va tai. Khi them cac tu vao th ta lai gap cac gii han nh mach K ghep AC. 2.2.3. Hoat ong cua KVS: KVS n gian H.2-10 co nhieu ac tnh chung vi op-amp ma ta se s dung sau, va nghien cu KVS nay lam cho hieu op-amp de dang hn. KVS trong H.2-10 co 2 mach K gan nh nhau (chu y la K ben phai co ien tr collector, trai lai ben trai th khong). K ben phai hoat ong nh 1 K transistor emitter chung chuan va tao ra tn hieu ra lenh pha 1800 so vi tn hieu vao. K ben trai hoat ong nh K collector chung lai 1 mach K base chung, va tao ra tn hieu ra ong pha vi tn hieu vao. T o, trong KVS co 2 ngo vao, mot ngo vao luon luon la ao va ngo vao con lai luon luon la khong ao. o li cua 2 K xap x nh nhau. Tn hieu ra tren RC la tong cua 2 gia tr vao c khuech ai, nhng v mot gia tr vao b ao so vi cai khac, ngo ra hieu dung la hieu so cua 2 ngo vao c K. o la tai sao mach nay c goi la KVS. Bat c troi DC nao, ma xuat hien bang nhau ca 2 pha cua mach K, th b triet tieu ngo ra, nh la bat c ien ap phan cc DC nao, hay bat c tn hieu nhieu nao co mat bang nhau ca 2 ngo vao. Chu y la o li cua 2 K nay rat gan nhau, nhng chnh xac la khong bang nhau. Mot tn hieu chung cho ca 2 ngo vao se tao ra tn hieu ra nho. Hieu so o li gia 2 mach K c goi la o li cach chung (common mode gain). S o kha nang KVS e K mot tn hieu mong muon mot ngo vao gl t so triet cach chung CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio) va c nh ngha nh sau : 14

-Vee

CMRR = 20 log

o li mot ngo vao o li cach chung

(2-12)

o li cach chung la hieu so o li gia 2 ngo vao K. o li mot ngo vao la o li trung bnh oi vi 1 tn hieu c a vao mot trong 2 ngo vao va thng c goi la o li vi sai (differential gain). Do KVS se K bat c sai biet nao gia 2 ngo vao, ta phai can than khong a bat c sai biet nao khi ta at cac mc phan cc DC. Trong KVS cac dong collector trong moi transistor (la) bang nhau. e dong collector chay, dong base phai chay vao moi transistor qua ien tr RB c noi vao gia base va at. Do emitter c phan cc am so vi at bang VEE, noi at base qua RB phan cc base dng so vi emitter va thiet lap phan cc transistor ung. Nh lai rang dong collector cua transistor bang lan dong base. Neu 2 transistor nay co cung gia tr th dong phan cc cho moi transistor bang nhau v dong collecter bang nhau. Dong phan cc base cho moi transistor tao ra mot ien ap am nho base do sut ap tren RB tao bi dong base. Neu cac ien tr base bang nhau, ien ap base cua 2 transistor bang nhau. Cac ien ap base c K mot cach vi sai va b triet tieu mot cach hu hieu. Neu 2 ien tr base khac nhau, ien ap base cua moi transistor se khac nhau. ien ap sai biet nay se c K cho ien ap offset ra (output offset voltage). Do o s dung cac ien tr base bang nhau la ieu quan trong e toi thieu hoa offset Ngay ca neu cac ien tr base nh nhau, tuy nhieu ve tong quat se khong bang nhau oi vi 2 transistor, t o cac dong phan cc se khong bang nhau. Ta se nh ngha dong phan cc trung bnh bang mot ai lng goi la dong phan cc vao (input bias current). Dong phan cc vao=
I Binv + I Bnoninv 2

(2-21)

Hieu so cua 2 dong phan cc c goi la dong offset vao (input offset current) va c nh ngha la : Dong offset vao = IBinV - IBnoiinV (2-22) Dong offset vao c nhan cho ien tr base (c gia s la nh nhau cho 2 ngo vao) tao mot ien ap offset vao, hieu so ien ap gia 2 ngo vao c K va tao ra ien ap offset ra. e kh bat ky ien ap offset ra nao, cac KVS thng cha mot mach bo chnh offset. 2.2.4 IC khuech ai vi sai Mot bat li cua KVS so vi K ghep AC la mach phc tap hn. Hnh 2-10 la KVS n gian, khao sat ky H.2-9 se thay ngo ra mach K co xuat hien ien ap phan cc DC dng. Trong KVS that, cac mc phan cc ngo vao va ra phai ien the at e khong co dong chay t mach K en nguon hay tai. ieu nay oi hoi mach phc tap hn nh H.2-10

15

Vcc

Re1 Rb2 Rc Q4 Q3 Rs

Ngo vao khong ao

Q1 Q2

.
Rb

. Ngo vao ao
Rb

Output
D1 Rb1 D2 Q5 Rs

Re Rc1

-Vee

Hnh 2-10 : Mach KVS ay u Mach nay co bo lai 3 transistor e bao am ien ap phan cc zero ngo ra. Trong nhieu trng hp, cac KVS dung nhieu transistor hn e lam tot tnh nang nay. ta thay ro rang KVS ay u phc tap hn nhieu so vi K ghep AC H.2-8 Nhng may man la ngi ta giai quyet c tnh phc tap o trong IC. 2.3. CAC AC TNH CUA KHUECH AI THUAT TOAN Dang pho bien nhat cua mach KIC la khuech ai thuat toan (Operational Amplifier) hay n gian hn dung t Op-amp. Mach Op-amp c tch hp ve c ban gom 1 KVS c lam tot hn e cho Op-amp co tong tr vao rat cao, tong tr ra rat thap, o li vi sai rat cao, va t so triet cach chung rat cao. Giong nh 1 KVS that, Op-amp co 2 ngo vao: ao va khong ao va mot ngo ra. Cac Op-amp thng hoat ong tren 1 tam nguon cap ien rat rong. Bang thong o li n v tieu bieu cho mot Op-amp la t 1MHz tr len. T Op-amp co t thi cac may tnh analog, do chu yeu luc o no c dung e lam cac phep toan nh cong, bnh phng, vi phan hay tch phan. 2.3.1.Hoat ong Op-amp Hau het cac thiet ke mach dung op-amp co the c hieu bang cach ghi nhan 3 ac tnh chnh. Cac ac tnh nay quan trong. 1. Ca 2 ngo vao ao va khong ao co tong tr rat cao va t o no se hoat ong nh mach h oi vi bat c tn hieu nao vao. 2. Ngo vao ao se luon luon th la cung ien ap nh ngo vao khong ao. Vi hoi tiep am, ngo ra se luon luon sao cho bao am ieu kien nay. 3. Neu ngo vao khong ao c noi at, ngo vao ao se hoat ong nh at gia (virtual ground).

16

Chung ta se s dung cac ac tnh nay e phat trien cac cong thc e thiet ke va phan tch cac mach op-amp 2.3.2. Cac kieu Op-amp, ky hieu s o cho op-amp Co 2 kieu (loai) op-amp chnh : 1. Op-amp lng cc (bipolar) : c xay dng t cong nghe lng cc, tieu bieu la A741C. Mach ben trong th hoan toan tng t nh H.2-11. 2. Op-amp ngo vao FET hay BiFET op-amp : mach ve c ban la KVS nhng ngo vao dung FET e cho tong tr vao rat cao, tieu bieu nh TL081C. Ky hieu s o cho op-amp:

(a)

Chan ra cua 1 op-amp trong DIP-8

Vcc Ngo vao ao Ngo vao khong ao

7

-Vee

(b) Ky hieu Op-amp. Hnh 2-11 : Ve va ky hieu Op-amp chuan 2.3.4. Gii han nguon cap ien Mot ac tnh rat quan trong cua Op-amp la no co kha nang hoat ong tren mot dai rong nguon cap ien. Giong nh cac KVS, hau het op-amp can 2 nguon cap ien. Cac Op-amp thng lam viec t bat c nguon cap kep nao trong tam t 3V en 20V. Mac du thng dung nguon cap can bang, cac ien ap khong can giong nhau cho 2 nguon cap.

Output

17

Op-amp c thiet ke se khong nhay vi nhng thay oi trong nguon cap ien. ac tnh nay trong so tay goi la t so triet nguon cap ien (supply voltage rejection ratio) bang logarithm c so 10 cua s thay oi ien ap ra chia cho s thay oi nguon cap. Mac du Op-amp khong nhay vi nhng thay oi trong nguon cap, nhng ien ap nguon cap anh hng en bien o toi a cua ien ap ra. ien ap toi a ma op-amp co the cho ra th tieu bieu la nho hn nguon cap ien 1V. Th du: Op-amp lam viec vi nguon 15V th ien ap cc ai se xap x +14V hay 14V hay 28Vp-p. Cac ien ap ra ln hn se b xen 14V. Cac ien ap ra cc ai c goi la cac ien ap bao hoa (saturation voltage) cua op-amp va c ky hieu la Vsat+ va Vsat2.3.4. S gii han bang thong: V Op-amp c ghep trc tiep, nen ap ng tan so se tng t vi H.2-7(b). ap ng tan so thc cua 1 op-amp ien hnh c cho H.2-13. e y la tan so 3dB ch vao khoang 5Hz. nhng tan so ln hn 5Hz, o li giam toc o 20dB/decade, at en n v xap x 1MHz. BW(3dB) 5Hz th khong hu dung, nhng ta co the cai thien BW 3dB bang cach dung hoi tiep. S giam 20dB trong o li trong hau het cac op-amp la o 1 tu nho (tieu bieu gia 15 va 30pF tao thanh mot phan cua vi mach). Tu nay c goi la tu bo chnh no c bao gom vao e lam on nh Op-amp tranh tien ti dao ong. Neu bo tu th mach K co BW( 3dB) rong hn, nhng se khong on nh, de dao ong. Mot so Op-amp c che tao khong co tu ben trong nay, nhng cho bo chnh ben ngoai. Bang cach dung bo chnh ben ngoai, oi khi co the at c BW rong hn.
o l i (t h an g l o g )
100000 10000 1000 100 10 1

-2 0 d B /d e ca d e

B W o l i n v

T a n so (t h an g l o g )

Hnh 2-12: ap ng tan so op-amp tieu bieu c ve tren thang logarithm.

100 1 M H z 1H z 10H z 100H z 1K H z 10 KHz KHz

18

2.4.Hoi tiep trong Op-amp Ta thay mot Op-amp ien hnh co o li 200.000, rat t khi ta dung mot mach K co o li 200.000. phan ln cac mach K ien hnh co o li gia 10 va 100. Ngi ta xay dng op-amp co o li rat cao e cho phep at bat c o li lam viec nao bang hoi tiep(Feedback). Hoi tiep xay ra khi mot phan cua tn hieu ngo ra c a ngc ve ngo vao. 2.4.1. Hoi tiep dng (Positive Feedback) Neu tn hieu hoi tiep ong pha vi tn hieu vao, ta co hoi tiep dng. Tn hieu hoi tiep cong them vao tn hieu vao, lam cho tn hieu ngo vao ln hn va c K bi op-amp cho gia tr ra ln hn. Va lai lap lai, chu ky nay lap lai cho en khi at c mc ra on nh hay cho en khi mach bat au dao ong. Hieu ng cua hoi tiep dng c xet cac mach dao ong. Ngoai tr viec tao dao ong, mot cach tong quat th ta khong mong muon hoi tiep dng. Hoi tiep dng co khuynh hng tang o meo trong mach K, giam BW hieu dung, va lam cho mach de b dao ong. 2.4.2. Hoi tiep am (Negative Feedback) Neu tn hieu hoi tiep lech pha 1800 so vi ngo vao th ta co hoi tiep am. Tn hieu nay c tr vao ngo vao, cho gia tr vao nho hn ma c K bi op-amp cho gia tr ra nho hn. Mot lan na, hien nhien at c mc ra on nh. o li K b giam, nhng o meo b giam, BW tang va o on nh mach tang.
Rf
Ri
Ri

Vin

Rf

Vin

(a) K ao Hnh 2-13 Cac mach hoi tiep cho Op-amp

(b) K khongao

Hoi tiep am c thc hien trong mach Op-amp bang cach noi ngo ra tr ve ngo vao ao, thng la qua cau chia ap dung ien tr gom ien tr hoi tiep RF c noi t ngo ra ve ngo vao ao, va mot ien tr vao RI c noi hoac gia ngo vao ao va nguon (oi vi K ao) hoac gia ngo vao ao va at (vi K khong ao) (xem H.2-13) Cau chia ap hoi tiep ve mot phan cua tn hieu ra ve vao. Ta goi phan hoi tiep nay la B (hay ) B khac nhau oi vi K ao va khong ao. Mach K co 2 o li: o li vong h (open loop gain) la o li khong co hoi tiep, AVOL, va o li vong kn (closed loop gain) la o li khi co hoi tiep AVF. Tn hieu ra Vout la AVOL x VE vi tn hieu vao hieu dung VE = Vin VF = Vin - BVout o li vi hoi tiep c cho bi:
19

Vout
2
6

Vout

A VF =

Vout A VOL (Vin - BVout ) = Vin Vin =A VOL A VOL .B.Vout Vin

(2-15)

Thay AVF cho Vout / Vin ta c: AVF = AVOL BAVOLAVF Hay AVF + BAVOLAVF = AVOL Suy ra:
A VF = A VOL 1 + BA VOL

(2-16)

Neu o li vong h AVOL u ln, o li hoi tiep AVF xap x 1/B va ch phu thuoc vao ac tnh cua vong hoi tiep. ieu nay minh hoa tai sao ngi ta thiet ke cac op-amp co o li rat cao.
Vin VE=Vin -VF Vout =AV0L=AVFVin

Mach K AV0L

VF=BVout

Hoi tiep B

Hnh 2-14: S o khoi minh hoa s hoi tiep Th du 2-3: Mot Op-amp co he so hoi tiep 0.1 (a) Gia s o li vong h la 200,00. Tnh o li. (b) Gia s o li vong h la 100,000. Tnh lai o li. Bai giai: a) Ta se dung phng trnh (2-16) e tnh AVF :
A VF = A VOL 200, 000 = = 9.9995 1 + BA VOL 1 + 0.1 200, 000

b) Lap lai vi AVOL = 100,000 ta c:

A VF =

100, 000 = 9.9990 1 + 0.1 100, 000

Mot lan na, o li nay, gan nh chnh xac bang 10 va khac khong ang ke so vi gia tr trc. ieu nay minh hoa mot thuan li cua hoi tiep am s on nh hoa cua o li. 20

2.4.3. Anh hng cua hoi tiep am tren o meo Hoi tiep am cung giam o meo. Tn hieu ra vi bat ky meo nao c tao bi mach K c hoi tiep ve ngo vao ao pha 1800, tao ra meo am ngo vao ma khi c K co khuynh hng triet tieu bat c meo t mach K. He so giam meo xap x.
He so giam meo= o li vong kn o li vong h

(2-17)

T o, neu K co meo 5% vi o li vong h 200,000 no se co o meo 0,0005% vi o li 20. 2.4.4. Hieu ng cua hoi tiep am tren bang khong: Hoi tiep am lam tang BW(3dB) cua mach K. Ta a thay trong H.2-13 mot Op-amp ien hnh co BW( 3dB) ch khoang 5Hz. Neu ta giam o li bang hoi tiep ta se lam tang BW( 3dB). Trong bat ky mach K nao tch so cua o li va BW( 3dB) la hang so va xap x bang BW o li n v: BW(o li n v) = o li x BW( 3dB) Hay
BW(3dB) = BW (o li n v) o li

(2-18)

Th du 2-4: Mot mach K co BW(o li n v) la 1MHz. Tnh BW(3dB): (a) vi AVOL = 200,000 (b) vi o li vong kn 20. Bai giai: (a) AVOL = 200,000, AVF = 20

o l i (th an g lo g )
100000 10000 1000 100 10 1
B W o li n v

-20dB /deca de

T a n so (th an g lo g )

100 1 M H z 1H z 10H z 100H z 1K H z 10 KHz KHz

Hnh 2-15: 21

Chu y la BW tang ang ke khi co hoi tiep vao mach BW o li n v th khong b anh hng bi hoi tiep. 2.4.5. Hieu ng cua hoi tiep am tren tong tr vao va ra T phng trnh (2-16) hoi tiep am lam giam ien ap vao hieu dung mot tha so 1+BAVOL. Ket qua la no lam tang tong tr vao cung mot tha so. Tong tr vao hieu dung c cho bi : Zin* = Zin (1+ BAVOL) (2-19) Chu y la trong (2-19) lien he ti tong tr vao cua chnh Opamp, khong lien he en tong tr vao cua bat c mach K nao dung op-amp. Trong chng ke, ta se xet thiet ke mach K dung Op-amp va ta se thay rang tong tr vao cua mach K c xac nh bang cac ien tr ngoai, khong phai bang hoi tiep. Hieu ng cua hoi tiep am len tong tr ra c xac nh tng t. Tong tr ra b giam bi he so 1+BAVOL, va tong tr ra hieu dung la :
Z* = Z out out 1 1 + BA VOL

(2-20)

Phng trnh (2-20) cung lien he en tong tr ra cua chnh op-amp. Vi hau het cac mach K, tong tr ra mach K se bang tong tr ra op-amp. Trong phan ln cac thiet ke mach thc te, ta se khong quan tam en hoi tiep am len tong tr vao hoac ra. Tong tr vao cua Op-amp a rat ln. Hoi tiep am lam no ln hn nhieu, va no co the c xem nh vo han trong cac tnh toan mach. Tong tr ra cua Opamp rat thap, va vi hoi tiep am thng th co the xem no bang zero. Th du 2-5: Mot Op-amp co o li vong h 200,000 va c dung trong mach co he so hoi tiep 0,1 nh trong th du trc. Neu tong tr vao op-amp la 4M va tong tr ra la 50 , Tnh: (a) Tong tr vao hieu dung (b) Tong tr ra hieu dung Bai giai: a) Ap dung cong thc (2-19): Zin* = Zin (1+ BAVOL) =4M.(1+0,1.200000)=80G b) Ap dung cong thc(2-20):
Z* = Z out out 1 =0.0025 . 1 + BA VOL

Co the bo qua c

Z *out 0 .

22

2.5. OP-AMP VI MACH LNG CC Op-amp lng cc pho bien nhat la A741 (LM741) Ta co so lieu ve LM741 hnh 2-17 t so tay cua National Semiconductor Hnh 2-16: D lieu ve Op-amp LM741 LM741/LM741A/LM741C/LM741E operational Amplifier Mo ta tong quat: Series ML741 la loai op-amp a dung ma cho hieu suat cai tien hn loai LM709. Co the thay trc tiep hay theo chan gan cho 709C, LM201, MC1439 va 748 trong hau het cac ng dung. Co bao ve qua tai ngo vao va ra, khong b chot (latch up) khi qua tam cach chung, cung nh khong b dao ong. LM741C/LM741E hoan toan giong nh LM741/LM741A ngoai tr LM741C/LM741E hoan toan giong nh LM741/LM741A ngoai tr LM741C/LM741E co tam nhiet o 00C +700C thay v tam 550C en + 1250C Cac nh mc cc ai tuyet oi: LM741A Nguon cap Tieu tan cong suat Ap vao vi sai Ap vao Thi khoang ngan mach ngo ra 22V 500mW 30V 15V LM741E LM741 22V 22V 500mW 500mW 30V 30V 15V 15V Tat ca eu khong xac nh LM741C 18V 500mW 30V 15V

LM741A
-551250C Dai nhiet o lam viec -651500C Dai nhiet o lu tr 0 Nhiet o au noi (han 10 300 C giay)

LM741E
0700C -651500C 3000C

LM741
-551250C -651500C 3000C

LM741C
0700C -651500C 3000C

ac tnh ien Cac ieu kien LM741A/E LM741 Min Typ Max Min Ty p
1.0 0.8 3.0

Tham so ien ap offset vao

TA-250C RS 10k

Ma x
5.0

n LM741C Mi Typ Ma v n x 2.0 6.0 mV mV

23

RS 50 TaminTATama
x

4.0 6.0 15 7.5

mV mV V/0 C

RS 50 Troi ap offset va trung bnh Ap vao offset (tam chnh) Dong vao offset RS 10k

TA = 250C VS = 20V TA = 250C TAmin TATAmax

10

15

15

mV

3.0

30 70 0.5

20 85

200 500

20

200 nA 300 nA nA/0C

Troi trung bnh dong vao offset Dong TA = 250C phan cc vao TAmin TATAmax ien TA=250C, tr vao VS=20V TAmin TATAmax Tam ien ap TAmin vao TATAmax o li TA=250C, ien ap RL2k VS = 20V TA = 250C

30

80 0.21 0

80

500 1.5

80

500 nA 0.8 A M M

1.0 0.5

6.0

0.3

2.0

0.3

2.0

12

13

1 2

13

V V V/mV

24

tn hieu VS=20V, ln V0=15V VS=15V, V0=10V TAmin TATAmax RL2k VS=20V, V0=15V VS=15V, V0=10V VS=5V, V0=2V *** VS=15V ien ap RL10k ra RL2k VS=15V RL10k RL2k TA=250C TAmin TATAmax TAmin TATAmax RS10K, VCM=+12V RS50K, VCM=+12V

50 50 200 20 20 0

V/mV

32 25 10 15

V/mV V/mV V/mV

16 15 12 10 14 13 1 2 1 0 14 13

V V V V

Dong ngan mach nga ra CMRR

10 10

25

35 40

25

25

mA mA

80

95

70

90

70

90

dB dB

Ta se khao sat 1 so ac tnh de hieu hoat ong cua 741 2.5.1 Yeu cau nguon cap ien 25

LM741C co the lam viec vi bat c nguon cap t 3V en 18V (mac du tieu bieu hoat ong vi 15V hay 12V). LM741C khong nhay vi nhng thay oi trong ien ap nguon cap. Trong so tay cho triet nguon cap la 96dB, ngha la nguon cap ien thay oi 1V se lam ngo thay oi t hn 96dB (hay he so 0.000016) (16V khi nguon cap ien thay oi 1V) 2.5.2 . Tong tr vao va ra Tong tr vao cua ca 2 ngo vao cua LM741C tieu bieu la 2M. Tong tr ra tieu bieu gia 50 va 100 2.5.3. o li vong h o li ien ap vi sai vong h c cho trong so tay nh o li ien ap tn hieu ln (large signal voltage gain) va co gia tr tieu bieu la 200V/mV hay 200,00. 2.5.4. T so triet tn hieu cach chung (CMRR) LM741C co CMRR tieu bieu la 90dB, v no co o li vi sai tieu bieu la 200,000 ta co o li cach chung :
90 = 20 log 200, 000 o li cach chung(A CM )

ACM = 200,000 x 10-90/20 = 6,325 2.5.5. Dong phan cc vao / dong offset vao : Xem H.2-17 ben trong cua CM741C ta thay ca 2 ngo vao c noi vao base transistor Darlington. Theo nh ngha
dong phan cc vao= I Binv + I Bnoninv 2

(2-13)

Dong phan cc vao tieu bieu cua LM741C la 80nA. Mac du gia tr nay rat nho, neu co chay qua cac ien tr khac nhau vao moi ngo vao, no co the gay ra mot sai biet nho ve ien ap ma co the c khuech ai len 200,000 lan va co the tao ra ien ap offset ra ln. Theo nh ngha ta co dong offset vao: Dong offset vao = IBinV IBnoninV Gia tr tieu bieu la 20nA oi vi LM741C . Tng t nh dong phan cc vao no cung co the gay ien ap offset ra ang ke. e kh hieu ng cua dong offset nay, ta co the noi mot bien tr gia chan 1 va 5 cua DIP-8. au ra chnh bien tr a vao nguon am. Bang cach chnh bien tr, ta co the chnh ien ap offset ra bang khong. H.2-18 ch 1 mach K n gian co bien tr chnh offset. Tieu bieu ngi ta dung bien tr ieu chuan (trim pot) 10k. Nhieu ng dung co the chap nhan sai biet offset DC nho v vay ieu chnh offset ngoai hiem dung. (2-14)

26

Rf

+Vcc
Vin
Ri
2
3

LM741C 6
+

Vout

-Vee
10K

Chnh offset

Hnh 2-18: Mach ch chnh offset ngoai vi Op-amp LM741C ap ng tan so: Giong nh ap ng tan so H.2-13 Slew rate: LM741C la 0,5V/s. Neu ien ap vao mach K ot ngot tang, ien ap ra se ch thay oi toc o 0,5V/s 2.6. OP-AMP IC BIFET. Bifet thay the cho Bipolar Field Effect Transistor. No ket hp 2 cong nghe lng cc va JFET, no dung FET ngo vao e cho tong tr vao rat cao va dung BJT e K va ngo ra. V FET la linh kien hoat ong bang ap nen dong phan cc va offset ve c ban co the bo qua. So vi Op-amp lng cc th Op-amp BiFET co BW rong hn, slew rate cao hn, va cong suat ra ln hn. Co nhieu loai Op-amp BiFET kha dung, th du: Cac series TL 060 cong suat thap, TL070 nhieu thap, va TL080 a dung cua Texas Instrument, MC34000 va MC35000 cua Motorala, LF350 va LF440 cua National Semiconductor. Ta co bang 2-3 tom tat mot so op-amp co ngo vao JFET. Bang 2-3: Tom tat mot so op-amp ngo vao FET
Dung cu Nha san xuat Dong o li phan cc (pA) BW (MHz) Slew Rate (V/s) Nguon (V)

LF351 LF355 LF356 LF411 LF441

National Nt Nt Nt Nt

50 30 30 50 50 50 50 30

100.000 200.000 200.000 200.000 100.000 200.000 150.000 6.000

4.0 2.5 4.5 3.0 1.0 4.0 4.0 1.0

13 5 12 10 1 13 13 4

LF451 Nt MC34001 Motorala TL061 Texas Inst

5 18 5 22 5 18 6 18 6 18 (nhieu thap 6 - 18 5 - 18 5 - 18 27

TL071 TL081

Texas Inst Texas Inst

30 30

200.000 200.000

3.0 3.0

13 13

5 18 (nhieu thap) 5 18

Trong giao trnh nay ta se dung seties TL080 cua Op-amp BiFET. Hnh 2-19 : D lieu ve op-amp series TL080 (ngo vao JFET) Cac loai t TL080 en TL085, TL080A en TL084A, TL081B, TL082B, TL084B. ac tnh: Tieu tan cong suat thap Tam ien ap vi sai va cach chung rong Dong phan cc vao va offset vao thap Bao ve ngan mach ngo ra Tong tr vao cao Tang vao JFET Bo chnh tan so ben trong (ngoai tr TL080, TL080A) Lam viec khong b Latch up Slew rate cao 13V//s

2.6.1 Yeu cau ve nguon: Tl081C can nguon kep va co the hoat ong vi nguon t 3V 18V. Tng t 741, thng dung la 15V hay 12V. T so triet nguon cua TL081C la 86dB hi nho hn LM741C. 2.6.2 Tong tr vao va ra: Do FET ngo vao, tong tr vao cua ca 2 ngo vao, cua TL081C tieu bieu la 1012, ln hn LM741 gap 6 lan. Tong tr ra tng t nh LM741C th nam trong dai t 50 en 100. 2.6.3 o li vong h: o li ap tn hieu ln hay o li ap vi sai vong h th giong nh LM741C vi gia tr tieu bieu 200V/mV hay 200,000 nh c nh ngha phng trnh (2-1) 2.6.4 CMRR : Cua TL081C la 86dB (con LM741C la 90dB) 2.6.5 Dong phan cc vao / dong offset vao : BJT can dong phan cc i vao base e hoat ong. Th du vi 741 dong phan cc vao tieu bieu la 80nA. Bat c s sai biet nao trong dong phan cc vao 2 ngo vao tao ra dong offset vao co the ln en 20nA. Hai ngo vao cua Op-amp BiFET TL081C la cac cong cua JFET. FET la linh kien hoat ong bi ien ap. Chung dung ien ap c vao cc gate e ieu kien dong drain. Trong linh kien FET ly tng khong co dong chay vao gate. Do linh kien FET ly thuyet khong 28

co dong phan cc op-amp BiFET. Tuy nhien thc te cac JFET c dung trong op-amp BiFET khong hoan chnh ma co dong ro nho. Dong ro nay c goi la dong phan cc vao (tieu bieu la 30pA) nho hn dong phan cc vao cua op-amp lng cc en 1000 lan. Hieu so gia 2 dong ro vao c goi la dong offset vao co gia tr 5pA, cung nho hn so vi lng cc la 1000 lan. Nhng dong nay ch la dong ro va khong can cho phan cc. Nh vay lam cho thiet ke mach K dung op-amp BiFET n gian hn. Khong can phai chnh offset ngoai vi op-amp BiFET, nhng neu co, co the dung chung cach chnh offset cho LM741C. Cac chan 1&5 trong TL081C c danh e hieu chnh offset. 2.7. CAC OP-AMP KHONG CO BO CHNH Khi ban ve ac tnh op-amp ta a thay rang hau het cac op-amp cha mot tu nho ben trong vi gia tr t 15 en 30pF. Tu nay c goi la tu bo chnh lam cho o li giam (roll off) toc o 20dB/decade oi vi tat ca cac tan so tren mot vai Hz. Khi tan so tang, dung khang giam (tu chu yeu cung cap hoi tiep am phu thuoc tan so) va hoi tiep tang, lam cho o li b giam. Neu khong co tu nay, o li cac tan so cao se tng oi cao. nhng tan so cao, ien dung ky sinh se tao mot so hoi tiep dng. Neu o li u cao, hoi tiep dng se c khuech ai en iem khong on nh, va Op-amp se dao ong. Tu bo chnh bao am cho o li tan so cao se khong bao gi u ln e gay dao ong. Chnh tu bo chnh xac nh dang ap ng tan so hnh 2-13, va xac nh BW(o li n v) cua Op-amp. Neu dung tu nho hn, ng cong ap ng se van co cung tng oi mot dang, nhng BW(o li n v) va t o tan so lam viec toi a cua op-amp se tang. Tuy nhien viec giam tu co the lam cho o li tan so cao u lam Op-amp dao ong. Cac nha thiet ke Op-amp luon luon cung cap u ien dung bo chnh e bao am op-amp on nh di tat ca cac ieu kien lam viec bnh thng. Tuy nhien co nhng ng dung ma can BW toi a. Thng op-amp chuan trng hp nh vay, cac nha san xuat tao ra mot so Op-amp khong co tu bo chnh ben trong, nhng cho phep them vao mot tu bo chnh ben ngoai. Cac Op-amp nay gl cac op-amp khong co bo chnh, th du: TL080C. No la op-amp TL081C chuan khong co tu 18pF ben trong. Cac chan 1 va 8 dung e noi tu bo chnh ben ngoai.

29

CHNG 3: CAC MACH KHUECH AI

3.1 Khuech ai ao 3.1.1 S o mach va thiet lap bieu thc Khuech ai ao: tn hieu ra ngc pha 1800 so vi tn hieu vao. Mach khuech ai ao.
Rf

Ri

If

Vin
Ii

Vout
+

Hnh 3.1: Mach khuech ai ao c ban Chu y: Do ngo vao khong ao noi at va hieu ien ap gia hai ngo vao Op-amp la zero, khi o ngo vao ao xem nh at ao (virtual ground) (V- = V+ = 0V). Dong vao thc s vao Op- amp rat nho do tong tr vao cua Op amp rat cao, nen co the bo qua. Do o xem nh dong chay qua RI cung phai chay qua RF. Ta co: Dong quan RI la:
I= I= Vin V Vin V+ Vin 0V Vin = = = RI RI RI RI V Vout V+ Vout = RF RF Vout RF

Dong qua RF la:

I=

Hay:

Vout R F = Vin R I
RF RI

Do o he so khuech ai vi hoi tiep AVF la:

A VF =

(3-1)

Chu y la o li hoan toan c xac nh bang cac ien tr ngoai RI va RF. Trong (3-1) ta gia s la nguon co ien tr zero, neu khong ta phai cong them vao RI. -Do ngo vao cua Opamp la at ao, do o khi nhn vao bi tn hieu nhap ch thay co ien tr RI. 30

Nh vay: Zin = RI - Phng trnh cho BW la:

BW = BW o li n v A VF + 1

(3-2)

(3-3)

3.1.2 Khuech ai ao dung Op-amp lng cc

Rf

Ri Vin LM741C + Rk Vout

Hnh 3-2: khuech ai ao dung Op-amp lng cc LM741C can dong phan cc cho moi ngo vao (tieu bieu cho LM741C la 80nA). Dong nay chay vao ngo vao ao qua RI va RF tao ra mot ien ap DC am ngo vao ao (va bang dong phan cc nhan cho RI//RF). Vay e loai bo sai so nay, ta them RK = RI//RF ngo vao khong ao.
RK = R I .R F RI + RF

(3-4)

e thiet ke mach nay, ngi ta chon RI trong tam t 10k en 100 k va RF c tnh theo (1-3) RK tnh theo (3-4). Th du 3.1: Thiet ke mot mach khuech ai ao op amp LM741C vi o li -25 va tong tr vao 300 . Dung nguon 15V. a. b. c. Giai:
Rf +15V

Ve mach khuech ai ao va chuan b danh sach linh kien. Tnh cac gia tr cho RI, RF va RK. Tnh BW

Ri Vin 2 3 Rk

RF = 75 K RI = 3.0 K RK = 3.0 K
6 Vout

LM741C +

-15V

7 -

Hnh 3.3

31

b. Tong tr vao = KI => RI = 3000 = 3K

R F = (A VF xR I ) = (+25x3.0K) RK = RIRF 3.0Kx75K = = 2885 R I + R F 3.0K + 75K

=> Chon Rk = 3.0 K c. BW cua LM741C la 1MHZ => BW cua khuech ai ao la:
BW = BW1 1MHZ = = 38.5KHz A CF + 1 25 + 1

Th du 3.2:

Giai tch mach H.3-4 e xac nh o li, tong tr vao, BW.

150K +12V

3.0K Vin 2 3 3.0K

LM741C +

Vout

BW1=1MHz RF=150K RI=3K

-12V

Hnh 3.4 Giai: Ta co: Zin = RI = 3.0 K

A VF = RF 150k = = 5 0 RI 3.0k

BW =

BW1 1mHZ = = 19.6Khz A VF + 1 50 + 1

3.2.3 Khuech ai ao dung Op-amp BiFET

Rf

Vin

Ri
2

7 -

TL081C
3

Vout

Hnh 3.5 K ao dung op-amp BIFET TL081C

TL081C co dong vao rat nho, tieu bieu khoang 30pA. 32

Do o khong can ien tr RK chan vao khong ao.

Th du 3.3:Thiet ke mot khuech ai dung TL081C cho o li 25 va ien tr 300 . Dung nguon 15V. a. b. c. Giai: b. RI = Zin = 3.0 K RF = -AVF x RI = 25 x 3.0 = 75 K c. BW n v cua TL 081C la 3MHZ.
BW = BW1 3mHZ = = 1156Khz A VF + 1 25 + 1

Ve mach khuech ai ao va chuan b danh sach linh kien. Tnh cac gia tr cua RI va RF Tnh BW

BW cua mach khuech ai nay ln gap 3 lan TD 3 -1 v TL081C co BW o li n v la 3 MHZ. 3.2 KHUECH AI KHONG AO 3.2.1 S o mach va thiet lap bieu thc
Ri
Rf

Vout

Vin

Hnh 3.7: Mach K khong ao c ban Ta co: V = Vout x Va: V+ = Vin = VSuy ra: Vin = Vout x Hay
Vout R F = +1 Vin RI

RI RI + RF

RI RI + RF

33

Hay: AVF = 1+
RF RI

(3-5)

Tng t khuech ai ao, he so khuech ai cung c xac nh bang linh kien ngoai. Bi v ngo vao khong ao co ien tr vao rat ln, do o co the xem Zin = . Cac ien tr noi tiep gia Input va ngo vao khong ao se khong anh hng tong tr vao. Tuy nhien neu co ien tr at t ngo vao khong ao xuong at, th tong tr vao se la ien tr nay cong bat ky ien tr noi tiep nao ( ta se xet van e nay sau). Tr ra xem (tng t khuech ai ao) Va BW la:
BW = BW o li n v A VF

(3-6)

(Chu y: Khac vi BW cua khuech ai ao) 3.2.2 Khuech ai khong ao dung op- amp lng cc
RI RF

LM741C Rk

Vin Input

Vout Output

Hnh 3.8 K khong ao dung LM741C Vi :

R k = R I // R F = R I xR F RI + RF

(3-4)

(neu tong tr tr nguon Vin << RK) Neu tong tr nguon ln nhng < Rk th phai tr vao RK c tnh mot gia tr cua tong tr nguon e co Rk that. Neu tong tr nguon > Rk hay neu nguon c ghep tu th phai at Rk gia ngo vao khong ao va at th ien tr RK hoat ong nh tong tr vao cua mach khuech ai. Trong cac TD ta phai luon luon gi rang nguon co tong tr thap va ghep DC. Th du 3.4: Thiet ke 1 khuech ai ao dung LM 741C vi o li 25. Chon RI = 300 . Dung nguon 15v . a. b. c. Giai: 34 Ve mach khuech ai ao va chuan b danh sach linh kien. Tnh cac gia tr cua RF va RK Tnh BW

150K +12V

3.0K Vin 2 3 3.0K

LM741C +

Vout

RF=75K RI=3K RK=3K

-12V

7 -

Hnh 3.9 b. A vF = 1 +
RF RI

=> RF = (AVF -1)RI = (25-1) x 3.0 K = 72 K Chon gia tr ien tr chuan gan nhat, ta co RR = 75 K Rk = RI//RF = 2.88 K , chon RK = 3.0 K c. BW =
BW1 1MHZ = = 40kHz A VF 25

3.2.3 Khuech ai khong ao dung op -amp BiFET

Ri Rf

TL081C 6 Vout

Vin

Hnh 3.10 Neu nguon co tong tr rat cao, nen them mot ien tr gia ngo vao khong ao va at. Do tong tr rat ln cong (gate) cua FET, co khuynh hng tch dien. Thong thng, no se qua mot nguon tong tr thap. oi vi 1 nguon tong tr rat cao (hay ngo vao c ghep tu), viec xa ien khong the xay ra, va mot ien tr gia tr cao nen at gia ngo vao khong ao va at e cho phep xa xuong at. ien tr nay neu dung, no cung xac nh tong tr vao. Mot so ngi thiet ke t ong at ien tr 1M gia ngo vao khong ao va at. Th du 3.5: Thiet ke 1 khuech ai khong ao dung TL081C cho o li 40. Chon RF = 100 K. Dung nguon 15V . a. b. c. Ve mach khuech ai ao va chuan b danh sach linh kien. Tnh RI Tnh BW cua mach khuech ai 35

Giai:
Ri Rf +15V

RF=100K RI=2.4K

TL081C Vin + 3

b)Ta co:
A VF = RF +1 RI

-15V

=> R I =

RF 100k = = 2.56k A VF 1 40 1

Chon gan gia tr chuan => RI = 2.4 k c) BW(o li n v) cua TL081C la 3 MHZ: Suy ra:
BW = BW1 3MHZ = = 75kHz A VF 40

3.3 Khuech ai em (Buffer Amplifier) Khuech ai em n thuan la mot khuech ai o li n v dung e bao ve tai hay e nang cong suat a en tai. Chung thng thng la khong ao nhng rat quan trong v tong tr vao cao va bi v khong co oi pha t input en output. Mach khuech ai em khong ao oi khi con c goi la khuech ai theo (Follower amplifier) 3.3.1. Khuech ai em khong ao

Vin

Cau hnh nay luon luon co o li n v. Tong tr vao la maximum va tong tr ra la minimum va rat gan vi zero. BW la BW(o li n v) ay u (1MHz vi LM741C, va 3MHz vi TL081C). ay la mach K rat n gian va c s dung rong rai.

Vout

6 + Vout

Hnh 3-12. K em

36

Do o li la n v va K la khong ao, tn hieu ien ap ra ong nhat vi tn hieu ien ap vao. Mach K hoat ong nh K dong. Do tr vao rat cao, no hau nh khong keo dong t nguon, nhng no co the cap dong ra ang ke. No em hu hieu t nguon en tai. 3.3.2 K em ao oi khi can mot K em ao, ta dung K ao vi o li la -1.
Rf

Rf
Vin

Ri

LM741C

Vout

Vin

Ri
2
-

Vout
6

Rk=1/2Rf=1/2Ri

Rf=Ri

a)K em ao dung LM741C V AVF = -1, do o Rf phai bang RI.

b)K em ao dung LM741C

Hnh 3 -13 K em ao Thng th can tong tr nhap ln cho K em, ien hnh la RI = 1M. Do la K em ao nen BW la luon luon la BW cua o li n v . 3.4 KHUYECH AI MOT NGUON (Single Supply Amplifier) KVS dung trong Op-amp c phan cc e cac mc khong tn hieu cua input va output la OV. Mot tn hieu vao AC co the bien oi am va dng so vi zero. oi khi can s dung K vi nguon n, nh trong cac thiet b o sach tay dung pin. Co nhieu cach thc hien mach K 1 nguon. Cach giai quyet thong thng la dung Opamp thong dung nh TL081C hay LM741 va at mot cau chia ap qua nguon e tao at noi. VD:Mach K ao sau:
Vcc

Rf Rd1 Vin Cin Ri 2 3 Rd2 Cd

7

Cout 6

Vout

Hnh 3-14 K ao dung 1 nguon

37

Ngo vao khong ao c noi vao tam cua cau chia ap c dung nh at noi. Chan 4 (chan nguon am) c noi vao at nguon that. Bi v at hieu dung cua op-amp lech so vi at that. T o, ca nguon tn hieu va tai phai c ghep bang tu vao mach K. ay la gia phai tra khi dung 1 nguon. Cac ien tr RI va RF c tnh nh oi vi dung nguon kep. Thng ien ap at noi chon bang ien ap nguon a cho phep ien ap ra thay oi cc ai, do o chon RD1 = RD2. oi vi opamp lng cc nh LM741C th cau chia ap cung phai dung nh Rk e ieu khien lech phan cc. Tuy nhien oi vi mach 1 nguon th RK = RF ch khong bang Ri//RF. Ly do la ngo vao c ghep tu qua RI; t o khong co dong phan cc chay qua RI. Moi ien tr cau chia ap phai bang 2RF e RD1 // RD2 = RF. oi vi op-amp BiFET khong can RF, nen chon cac gia tr ien tr tng oi ln cho RD1. RD2. e tnh Cin, ta phai xac nh tang so cat di FL. Theo nh ngha la f o dung khang bang tong tr nguon RS cong vi ien tr vao RI. (Thng th RS<< RI).
Xc = 1 = Rs + R I 2 fL Cin

Cin =

1 2 fL ( R s + R I )

(3-7)

Luon luon chon 1 gia tr tu ln hn gia tr tnh toan c cho Cin. Ngo ra cua K cung nen c ghep tu v se luon luon co ien ap lech DC ngo ra. Tu ra Cout c xac nh tng t nh Cin.
X Cout = 1 = Z out + R L 2 fL Cout

(Thng Zout << RL) Cout =

1 2 fL ( Zout + R L )

(3-8)

Tu that s c chon phai ln hn gia tr nay. at noi la 1 at AC hieu dung. ieu nay at c bang cach noi tu CD gia iem at noi cua cau chia ap va at tn hieu. Dung khang cua CD tan so cat di phai nho hn nhieu ien tr RD1//RD2.
X CD = R D1R D2 1 << 2 fL C D R D1 + R D2

Giai cho CD, ta c.

CD >> 1 2fL R D1R D2 / ( R D1 + R D2 )

(3-9)

ien hnh, ta se chon CD t nhat 100 lan ln hn gia tr ma ta tnh c. Mach K nay se lam viec nh 1K nguon kep bnh thng vi khac biet la no ch co the dung cho cac t/h AC. No khong the c dung nh K DC. 38

Th du 3.6: Thiet ke 1 mach K ghep AC dung TL081C e chay vi mot nguon 12V. Mach K co o li 20, ien tr vao 2000 vi tan so cat di 75Hz. Gia s rang ngo vao c lai bang nguon 50 va ngo ra lai 1 ng truyen 50 (i,o. RL = 50 ). Phan cc K cho mot swing AC toi a. Giai:
Vcc

Rf Rd1 Vin Cin Ri 2 3 Rd2 Cd 7 Cout 6 Vout

TL081C + 4

RI=2K RF=39K RD1=RD2=10K Cin=1.2 F Cout=50 F CD=50 F

Hnh 3-15: V Zin = RI RI = 2000 = 2K RF = -AVF x RI = 20x 2K = 40K Chon RF = 39K e trung gia tri chuan. V ta muon swing ien ap toi a, nen ta at at noi la Vcc = 6V Ta se chon RD1= RD2 = 10K o Chon tu Cin sao cho XCin RS +Zin 75Hz. Ta biet rang RS=50 va RI=Zin=2000. Do
Cin = 1 2 fL ( R S + R I ) =

1 = 1.035 F 2 x75Hzx ( 50 + 2000 )

Ta se chon gia tr chuan gan nhat la 1.2F. Tnh Cout sao cho XCout RL 75Hz. Ta se gia s rang Zout = 0 cho mach K ao co hoi tiep.
Cout = 1 2 fL ( Zout + R L )
= 1 = 42, 44 F 2 x75 Hzx50

Ta se chon tu hoa Cout = 50F 39

Cuoi cung tnh CD sao cho XCD<<RD1//RD2 (RD1//RD2 = 10K//10K = 5000)

CD >> 1 1 = = 0.42 F 2 fL ( R D1//R D2 ) 2 x75x5000

Ta se chon CD bang 100 lan gia tr nay, chon tu hoa 50F. 3-5. OP-AMP DUNG NGUON N TL321C Mot so Op-amp c thiet ke at biet e hoat ong vi nguon n. Chung thuan li Op-amp thong thng v co the ghep trc tiep, do o co the dung e K thc hien DC. Nh Op-amp TL321C. TL321C ac tnh lam viec cua Opamp lng cc chuan nh LM741C, nhng no c thiet ke e lam viec vi nguon n t 3 en 30V (no cung co the lam viec vi nguon kep neu nh hieu ien ap t nhat la 3V va nho hn 30V) Dong phan cc vao IB 45nA (tieu bieu) Avol 100.000 Dung offset vao: 3nA(Typ) Ap offset: 2mV (Typ) CMRR=85lB (Typ)

Giong nh Opamp chuan, TL321C co the c dung e tao K ao va khong ao. Hai kieu K hoan toan khac, va ch co K khong ao co kha nang c ghep trc tiep. V K khong ao n gian hn, ta se set no trc. 3-5.1 K khong ao dung Opamp nguon n TL321C
Ri Rf +15V

Rk Vin 3

TL321C +

Hnh 2-17: K khong ao dung TL321C ien tr RK dung e hieu chnh offset (RK = RI RF) - S khac biet duy nhat ay la ch co cac tn hieu vao dng se tao ra output. Vi input = zero, output = zero. Vi tn hieu vao dng, tn hieu ra dng la s K dng cua tn hieu vao. oi vi tn hieu vao am, v output khong the xuong am nen output= zero. oi vi nhieu ng dung, hoat ong nay hoan toan thoa. Phan ln cac tn hieu t cac bo chuyen oi (cam bien) cong nghiep ch co mot cc tnh. Nh 1 cam bien nhiet o chuan se tao ra ien ap dng t le vi nhiet o. 40

Vout

e khuech ai tn hieu AC thuan, nh tn hieu am thanh, can them vao mot offset dng e tn hieu vao khong bao gi xuong am. Offset nay se xuat hien khuech ai ngo ra. Khuech ai khong ao khong thch hp lam cho ng dung nh vay. Tuy nhien K ao th c. Th du 3.7: Thiet ke mot K khong ao c ghep DC vi o li 50 va ngo vao tong tr cao. Dung TL321C vi nguon 24V. Chon RI = 2k. Giai:
Ri Rf +15V

Rk Vin 3

TL321C +

Hnh 3-18 Ta co: RF = (AVF 1)RI = (20-1)2.k. = 98k. Chon gia tr chuan gan nhat: RF = 100k ien tr phan cc RK = RI// RF = 1.96k Chon gia tr chuan gan nhat => RK = 2k 3-5.2. K ao dung Opamp nguon n TL321C
Vcc

Rd1

Vin

Cin

Ri
2
3
Rd2

Cd

Hnh 3-19: Mach K ao dung TL321C Cau chia ap RD1 va RD2 hoat ong khac vi Opamp chuan dung nguon n. Trong trng hp nay, can chia ap cung cap mot ien ap offset DC c cong them vao tn hieu a vao ngo vao ao. Ca 2 ien an offset ngo vao khong ao va tn hieu ngo vao ao c K. Gia tr toi u cua offset DC ngo ra la VCC, e cho phep swing toi a trong ien ap tn hieu c K. e cho offset ra nay, ien ap ngo vao khong ao phai la VCC /AV

Vout

RI=2K RF=100K RK=2K

Rf

Cout
6

Vout

41

R D2 1 VCC VCC = R D1 + R D2 2 AV

Nh vay:

R D2 1 = R D1 + R D2 2A V

(3-10)

oi vi offset phan cc nh trong bat ky Opamp lng cc nao, can co ien tr RK. Trong mach nay RK gom RD1//RD2 va phai bang ien tr ma qua o dong phan cc chay vao ngo vao ao. ien tr vao ngo vao ao n thuan la RF do ngo vao c ghep tu en RI; t o khong co dong phan cc chay qua RI. Vay: Hay T (3-10) va (3-11) ta suy ra: RD1 = 2AVRF
R D2 = R F R D1 R D1 R F

RD1//RD2 = RF
R D1x R D2 = RF R D1 + R D2

(3-11)

(3-12) (3-13)

Ta se co offset DC ngo vao va ra, v vay ta phai dung ghep AC. Cac tu ghep c thiet ke chch xac bang cac phng trnh cho op amp chuan dung (3-7) va (3-8) , nh vay:
Cin = 1 2 fL ( R 3 + R I ) 1 2fL ( Zout + R L )

(3-7) (3-8)

Cout =

Thiet ke cau chia ap phc tap hn. Thuan li that s cua TL321C la co the dung no lam K khong ao DC mot nguon. Th du 3.8: Thiet ke mot K ao dung TL321C vi o li 8 va dung nguon 12V. Mach K co tong tr vao 3000. Phan cc mach K e co swing ngo ra toi a. Gia s tong tr nguon 0, tong tr 10k va tan so cat fL=60Hz. Giai:
Vcc

Rf Rd1 Vin Cin Ri 2 3 Rd2 Cd 7 Cout 6 Vout

RI=3K RF=24K RD1=390K RD2=27K Cin=1 F Cout=0.33 F 42

V tong tr vao la 3000 => RI = 3000 = 3k Tnh RF:

AV = RF RI

RF = RIAV

RF = 3000 x 8 = 24000 = 24k. V muon swing ien ap ra max, ta phan cc ngo vao khong ao Vcc/2AV Dung RD1 va RD2. RD1 = 2AVRF = 2x8x24k = 384k
R D1 = R F R D1 = 256K R D1 R F

=> Do gia tr chuan cua R Tu ghep:

Cin =

RD1 = 390K RD2 = 27K

1 1 = = 0.884F 2 fL ( R s + R I ) 2 60Hz 3k 1 1 = = 0.265F 2fL ( Zout + R L ) 2 60Hz 10k

Cout =

Do gia tr chuan Bai tap chng 3 3.1) K ao c ban.

-> Chon Cin = 1F,

Cout = 0.33F.

a) Thiet ke mot mach K ao dung LM 741C vi o li 20 va tong tr vao 2000. Dung nguon 15V. a. b. Tnh RI, RF va RK. Tnh BW.

b) Thiet ke mach K ao dung TL081C vi o li 100 va tong tr vao 1000. Dung nguon 15V. Tnh RI, va RF. c) Vi mach hnh ben, hay xac nh: Kieu mach K o li Tong tr BW 43
Vin 3.3K 20K +15V 2 3 7 TL081C + 4 -15V -

Vout

3.2) K khong ao c ban. a) Thiet ke mot mach K khong ao dung LM741C vi o li 10. Dung nguon 15V. tnh Tnh RI, RF va RK. b) Thiet ke mot mach K khong ao dung TL081C vi o li 20. Dung nguon 15V. tnh Tnh RI va RF.
c)Vi mach hnh ben hay xac nh: 3.3) K em: Kieu mach K o li Tong tr BW
2 Vin 3 2.2M

3K

15K
+15V

Vin

2.7K

LM741C

Tong tr BW

TL081C +

a) Vi mach hnh ben, hay xac nh:

+15V

-15V

o li

Kieu mach K

Vout

-15V

Vout

44

CHNG 4: CAC NG DUNG CUA OP-AMP

4.1 Khuech ai tong Khuech ai tong la khuech ai cong hay ket hp hai hay nhieu tn hieu bao gom audio mixer va nhng mach e cong ien ap offset DC. Co the s dung ca hai: khuech ai tong ao va khong ao. Nhng khuech ai tong ao th thc te hn. 4.1.1 Khuech ai tong ao: S o mach:
RF
RA

VA
VB

RB
2 RC

VC

6
3 +
BiFET

Vout

Hnh 4-1: Khuech ai tong ao dung BIFET Theo ly thuyet th bat c bao nhieu input cung co the lay tong. Vi mach lay tong trc tiep, ta thc hien RA=RB=RC =RF=R. Xet mot mnh nguon A, v ngo vao khong ao noi at, ngo vao ao nh la at gia va ien tr vao nhn t nguon A la RA. ien tr hoi tiep la RF. v ca hai RA va RF co gia tr R, do o vi khuech ai ao o li la: -RF/RA=-1. Tng t cho hai ngo vao kia, ta co output la tong cua 3 ien ap vao rieng le nay: Vout = VA + VB + VC Bi v at ao ngo vao ao: - Moi ngo vao nguon xem co cung ien tr vao. - Khong co crosstalk (nhieu xuyen kenh) gia cac input. Mach nay khong b gii han lay tong n gian. Neu ta co RA=RB=RC=3RF, Ta se tao ra mach lay trung bnh. Trong trng hp nay, moi ngo vao co o li 1/3. T o: Vout = 1/3VA+1/3VB+1/3VC= (VA +VB +VC)/3 Th du 4.1: Thiet ke khuech ai tong ao 3 input dung TL081C. Dung ien tr RF=10K. Tnh tat ca cac gia tr ien tr. Giai:

45

RF

RA

Vcc +15v

VA

VB

RB

U7
6

RC

0
Vcc -15v

H4-2

V ta muon khuech ai tong n gian, o li cua moi input phai la n v. Ngha la: RF/RI= 1. Do RF=10K Th du 4.2: Thiet ke mot mach tron hai ngo vao dung khuech ai tong ao vi TL081C. Tn hieu vao A co o li la 0.5 va tn hieu co o li la 3. Dung RF =10 K. Tnh tat ca cac gia tr ien tr.
RF

RA=RB=RC=RF=10K

Vcc +15v

RA

VA

RB

U7
6

H4-3

Ta co :

AVA = - RF/RA = -0.5 AVB= - RF/ RB = -3 RA=(1/2)1RF= 2.RF =20K RB= - RF/3 =10K /3 = 3.3K

4.1.2 Khuech ai tong khong ao Chu y la ay ch thiet ke khuech ai tong khong ao vi cac ien tr vao bang nhau: RA=RB=RC=R (dung cac ien tr khong bang nhau lam cho thiet ke phc tap hn) 46

VB

TL 081C

Vcc -15v

RF= 10K RA= 20K RB= 3.3K

VC

V OUT

TL 081C

V OUT

RT

RF

0
2 RA VA RB VB RC VC 3 + BiFET 6 V OUT

Hnh 4-4: Mach khuech ai tong khong ao dung Op-amp BiFET ay la mach khuech ai tong khong ao dung Op-amp BiFET. Xac nh ien ap moi ngo vao khong ao cho moi nguon. Gia s ch co nguon A va 2 nguon kia noi at. Do khong co dong vao, ngo vao khong oi => dong t A chay vao RA va ra RB//RC. V RB=RC=R => RB//RC= R ien ap ngo vao khong ao do nguon A la: VNIA =VA.{1/2R/ (R+ R)}= 1/3VA Tng t cho nguon B va C, ta co ien ap ngo vao khong ao: VNI= 1/3VA+1/3VB+1/3VC= (VA + VB +VC)/3 Neu o li cua mach K la mot th co trung bnh cua 3 ngo vao. e lay tong cua ba ngo vao, ta phai thiet ke mach K vi o li bang 3. Dung(3-4) nh ngha o li la: AV =(RF / RI)+1 => RF/RI=2 hay RI= RF Tong quat khi thiet ke K tong khong ao vi cac ien tr bang nhau, ta phai chon o li bang so ngo vao. Neu o li la 1 th ngo ra la trung bnh cua cac gia tr vao (ieu nay ch ap dung cho cac ien tr vao bang nhau). Mach nay t hu dung hn K tong ao, v: Xac nh o li phc tap hn. Ngo vao khong ao, khong la at ao va co ien tr vao rat cao, do o crosstalk va ganh tai gia cac ngo vao khac nhau

Th du 4.3: Thiet ke mot K tong khong ao 3 ngo vao dung TL081C. Dung cac ien tr 10K cho ien tr hoi tiep RF va ien tr vao. Tnh o li va gia tr RI Giai:

47

RT

RF

+15V
U8

0
RA
VA
RB

VB
RC

VC

H4-5

RF, RA, RB, RC= 10K RI = 5,1K Vi 3 ngo vao AVF =3 => (RF/RI)+1= 3 hay RF/RI= 2 RI=RF/2= 10/2= 5K Chon gia tr chuan gan nhat => RI= 5.1K 4.2 Khuech ai tr -Dung e K hieu so gia 2 tn hieu vao
RF

Ri
VB

Rin

RFN

H4-6

-Xet ngo vao ao trc: a tn hieu VA vao ngo vao ao va tn hieu zero vao ngo vao khong ao. (at ngo vao khong ao the at). Khi o AV = RF/ RI hay VOUT = (RF /RI) x VA -Xet ngo vao khong ao: a tn hieu VD vao ngo vao khong ao va zero vao ngo vao ao. Khi o AV= RF /RI +1 => VOUT=
RF + 1VNI RI

vi VNI =

R FN .VB R FN + R NI

VA

-15V

107

6
TL 081C

V OUT

V OUT

BiFET

Tn hieu ra

48

 VOUT = Neu RFN=RF va RIN=RI th

R FN R + RI . F .VB R FN + R IN RI

Vout= RF/RI x VB Nh vay ket hp 2 cau lai. VOUT =

RF (VB VA ) RI

(That ra neu RFN/RF= RIN/RI th ieu kien o li cung thoa) AVdiff= RF/RI Xac nh ien tr moi ngo vao gia s RFN = RF va RIN = RI Tong tr vao cua ngo vao khong ao: ZIN la ZinNI = RI + RF -Tong tr vao cua ngo vao ao th phc tap hn: Ta co: VI = VNI =

RF .VB RF + RI

-Dong vao ngo vao ao cua khuech ai la dong qua ien tr RI ien ap qua RI la VRI=VAVIN va:
VRI = VA RF V R + VA R I VB R F .VB = A F RF + RI RF + RI

Dong vao Iin =dong qua RI va bang VRI/RI => Tong tr vao cua ngo vao ao ZinIN- la: ZinIN- = =
VA R = VA i I in v ri

VA R I VA R I (R F + R I ) = VA R F + VA R I VB R F VA R F + VA R I VB R F RF + RI

(4-7)

Co 2 cach n gian. neu VB=0 neu VA=0 * Khuyech ai hieu n gian Khi RF=RI=RFN=RIN => Vout=VBVA 49 => => Zin = RI (khuech ai ao chuan) Zin = RI + RF (khuech ai khong ao)

Tong quat th tong tr cua 2 ngo vao cua K hieu la khac nhau

* Khuech ai hieu nhan RF=RFN va RI=RIN va chon o li hay he so nhan la RF/RI: VOUT= * Khuech ai hieu va nhan Moi ngo vao c nhan vi mot hang so khac nhau. Tn hieu A vao ngo vao ao luon luon c nhan vi o li ao: VoutA = RF VA RI RF (VB VA ) RI

(4-8)

Tn hieu B vao ngo vao khong ao se c nhan vao o li khong ao va tha so chia ap cho: VoutB=
RF R FN + 1 R + R IN RI FN VB

(4-9)

Kieu K nay e lam viec phai luon luon chon o li ao ln hn o li khong ao. Th du 4.4: Thiet ke mot K hieu e tao mot hieu n gian gia 2 ngo vao. Dung TL081C vi nguon 15V. Thc hien e tong tr vao cua ngo vao khong ao= 200K Giai:
RF

Ri
VB

Ri

RF

H4-7

Vout =VBVA V RI=RF= 100K Th du 4.5:

=> RF/RI= 1

Zin = RI+RF = 200K = 2 RI

Thiet ke mot khuech ai hieu e tr 10 lan ien ap vao A vi 5 lan ien ap B. Dung TL081C lam viec 15 V. Cho RF = RFN = 100 K Giai:

+ TL081C

VA

V OUT

Ri = 100 k

RF =100 k

50

RF

Ri

Rin
RFn

H4-8

Ta co: V

VoutA = -

RF VA RI

Vout/VA= -10 => RF /RI=10 => RI =RF/10= 100/10 = 10K RI= 10 K, RF = RFN= 100K, RIN= 120K

Do yeu cau VoutB/VB= 5, dung(4-9) VoutB= 5= => Vay

RF R FN + 1 R + R IN RI FN VB

RIN = 11x100/ 5 100 = 120K

R I = 10k R IN = 120k
; R F = 100k ; R FN = 100k

4-3. Khuech ai tch phan (mach tch phan) VD: ien ap qua tu bat k thi iem nao bang ien tch c tch tu do dong chay V(t) = 1/C Song vuong
to to

+v 0 -v +v 0 -v

o cao cua ng thang t le vi dien tch phan gach cheo cua song vuong
to t1

+ TL081C

VB

VA

V OUT

100 100k + 1 10 100k + R IN

o I(t)dt
Tch phan

(4-10)

to,

t1

51

+v 0 -v +v 0 -v +v 0 -v +v 0 -v +v 0 -v

to

t2

to t1 t2

to

t3

to

t1 t2

t3

t4

t0

t4

t4

t5

t0

t5

t6

t0

t0

Hnh 4-9: Minh hoa tch phan dung song vuong

Hnh 4-10: mach tch phan n gian Q = Iint, Neu Vin khong la const va Vin= Vi(t) => Vout= -1/CFRI Vi(t)dt
t 0

Q = CF = Vout (4-11)

Vout = Q CF = Iin/CF = -Vint/ RICF

(4-12)

Thng dung mach tch phan e tao dang song nh hnh 4-10 khi o ta can mot phng trnh tong quat e thiet ke RI hay CF. Ta se dung phng trnh: Vout= -Vin/4fRICF (4-13) Vi Vin la bien o cua dang song vao, Vout la bien o cua dang song ra va f la tan so (xuat hien 1/4f thay cho t v ay la cong thc thc nghiem e thiet ke) 52

Hnh 4-11: K tch phan thc te vi cac dang song tuan hoan Dung cong thc (4-13) vi RI = (Vin/Vout) x 1/4fCF Neu ta thc hien Vout = Vin th RI = 1/4fCF Van e vi mach Hnh 4-11 e tch phan cac song tuan hoan la o li ap cua K AV f va dang song( chnh xac oi vi song vuong) AV =XCF/RI= 1/2fCFRI (4-15) Vi nhng f<<, o li co the tr nen >> dan en meo dang song ra. e gii han o li f thap, ta at RF//CF. Vi nhng f thap, RF<<XCF. T o, o li c xac nh ch bang RF. e hoat ong tot nhat, gii han o li la 25 vi tam thap bang cach chon RF=25RI Th du 4.6: Thiet ke K tch phan dung TL081C e tch phan song vuong 4000hz. ien ap ra nh nh bang ien ap vao nh nh. Dung tu hoi tiep 0,01F . Tnh cac ien tr Giai: Dung mach Hnh 4-11 cho song tuan hoan => RI = Vin/Vout x4fCF = 1/4fCF Chon tr chuan: RI = 6,2K Chon RF = 25RI => RF = 156K, Chon tr chuan RF =160 K neu Vin=Vout = 1/(4x4KHz x 0,01x10-6)= 6,25K (4-14)

53

Hnh 4-12: 4-4. Khuech ai Vi Phan Ta co quan he V(t) va I(t) trong cuon day la V(t)= LdI(t)/dt Ta co the thc hien phep toan dI(t)/dt bang cach dung khuech ai vi phan. Ta a thay hieu ng cua mach tch phan tren song vuong la oi no sang song tam giac.Neu ta vi phan song tam giac ta se c song vuong. Ta co mach vi phan n gian sau dung op-amp BIFET (4-16)

Hnh 4-13: Mach K vi phan n gian dung Op-amp BiFET Q= CI Vin Ta co: Vin= Q/CI=It/C I = CI.dVI(t)/dt= -Vout/RF => Vout = -CIRF dVI(t)/dt => I=Vin.CI/t = -Vout/RF ( 4-18) Phan ln ta dung mach K vi phan e tao dang song cac song tuan hoan. Mach vi phan n gian hnh 4-13 khong u cho kieu ng dung nay, v nhng tan so cao, tu CI co tong tr rat thap va o li, cho bi (4-19) tr nen rat ln gay meo AV = -RF /XC = -2fRFCI (4-19) e vt qua van e nay, ta at 1 ien tr RI noi tiep vi tu vao CI nh hnh 1-14 viec nay se gii han o li toi a RF/RI cac tan so cao va kh meo 54 (4-17)

Hnh 4-14: K vi phan thc te oi vi cac dang song tuan hoan Ta se can mot phng trnh lam viec tong quat co the dung e thiet ke RF (hay CI) trong mach nay. Dung phng trnh (4-20) sau: Vout = -Vin.CI.RF Thay t bang f e co c: Vout = -4f.CI.RF.Vin (4-21) Vi Vin la bien o song vao va Vout la bien o song ra va f la tan so. Thng khi dung (4-21), ta chon gia tr cua CI va roi tnh RF. Ta co the giai (4-21) cho RF e c phng trnh thiet ke RF= Vout/(Vin.4fCI) Neu ta gia s bien o cua dang song vi phan giong nh bien o vao th: RF = 1/4fCI? Cuoi cung ta phai chon o li tan cao e xac nh RI. ien hnh la o li 25 cho ket qua tot, v vay ta chon RI = RF/25. Th du 4.7: Thiet ke K vi phan dung Op-amp TL081C e vi phan song tam giac 7000Hz. ien ap ra nh-nh gan bang ien ap vao nh-nh, dung tu vao 0,0022F . Tnh tat ca cac gia tr ien tr. Giai: (4-22) (4-20)

RF =16 K RI =680 CI =0.0022MF

Hnh 4-15: 55

V cho trc CI va f, ta co the tnh RF t (4-21): RF =Vout/Vin.4fCI = 1/4fCI v Vout=Vin = 1 /(4.7.103.0,0022.10-6) = 16.2k Chon gia tr chuan 16,2K. V ta vi phan tn hieu tuan hoan, ta can ien tr gii han o li RI at noi tiep vi CI. Tnh RI=RF/25=16,2.103/25 hay RI=650. Chon gia tr chuan gan nhat la RI=680 4-5 Khuech ai Logarithm K log n gian: K loga c xac nh bang at 1 BJT trong vong hoi tiep cua Opamp nh ch hnh 4-16. oi vi BJT, quan he gia dong IC va ien ap VBE c cho bi phng trnh Shockley:
I C = I EO e qVBE / kT 1

(4-23)

k: hang so Boltzman (1,38.10-23J/K) T: nhiet o Kelvin (0K) q: ien tch e- (1,602.10 19 C) IEO: dong bao hoa cua diode base-emitter (dong diode E- B c phan cc nho khi C-B ngan: IEO gan bang IS, IS: dong r di phan cc thap cua diode) IC: dong collector VBE : ien ap base-emitter Thc te so hang ham mu >>1, do o (4-23) gan bang
I C = I EO e qVBE / kT

(4-24) (4-25)

=> VBE =

kT I C ln q I EO

Phng trnh nay chng to rang bien oi cua VBE chnh xac bang loga cua dong collector IC. Ta co the oi loge(ln) sang lg(c so 10) bang cach nhan cho he so 0.4343:
VBE = 0.4343 kT I C lg q I EO

(4-26)

56

Hnh 4-16: K logarithm n gian T hnh 4-16, ta thay: IC= Vin/RI thay vao (4-26) ta co: => -Vout = 0.4343 Khuech ai loga thc te Co mot van e chnh vi mach hnh 4-16 cac phng trnh cha dong, bao hoa ngc IEO ma thay oi manh vi nhiet o. e kh yeu to nay, ta phai dung mach hnh 4-17.
Vin kT lg q R I I EO

va

Vout=-VBE

(4-27)

Hnh.4-17: K loga thc te dung cac op-amp BiFet Mach dung mot cap transistor phoi hp Q1 va Q2 e loai bo IEO khong mong muon. Q1 hoat ong nh phan t hoi tiep loga, vi hoi tiep c a vao emitter cua Q1 qua cac ien tr chia ap R1 va R2 va tiep xuc base-emitter cua Q2. Dong qua collector cua Q1 chnh xac bang dong vao qua RI(=Vin/RI). Dong collector trong Q2 bang dong qua ien tr vao R3 en op-amp th hai. Neu VCC = const, th dong colletor trong Q2 khong oi th VBE

57

cua Q1 se thay oi vi ien ap vao theo(4-26) . ien ap ra t le vi hieu so gia cac ien ap base-emitter cua 2 transistor:
Vout = R1 + R 2 (VBE 2 VBE1 ) R2

(4-28)

V1=VBE2VVBE1 Neu dung (4-26) ta tm c VBE2 VBE1 = -0,4343

I kT log C1 q I C2

(4-29)

Chu y rang so hang IEO a c loai i. Hai phng trnh nay co the c ket hp e cho bieu thc cuoi cung cho ien ap ra la:
Vout = 0.4343. kT R 1 + R 2 q R2

V R log in 3 VCC R I

(4-30)

He so nhan so hang loga phai bang 1 neu output la loga trc tiep cua input, khi o:
kT R 1 + R 2 =1 q R2

(4-31)

Chu y rang phng trnh nay cha t0 tuyet oi T. Neu mach K hoat ong tren 1 day nhiet o, can cung cap bo chnh nhiet. Viec nay c thc hien bang cach dung mot ien tr ac biet bo chnh nhiet cho R2 trong o ien tr cung thay oi vi nhiet o tuyet oi. Tong quat th ien tr R2 cho biet, va t o ta can tnh R1 t (4-31). Suy ra: R1 = (q.R2) / (kT0.4343) R2 (4-32) iem zero cua chuyen oi loga c xac nh bang nhan dang so hang log trong (430). Ngha la: VinR3/VCC RI =1 (4-33) Ve vat ly, zero c xac nh bang dong qua R3, v vay ta phai giai phng trnh nay cho R3: R3=VCC.RI/Vin Tong tr vao RI cua mach K thng se c gi. Th du 4.8: Thiet ke mot K loga e co output la 1V vi tn hieu input la 0.1, output la 2V vi input =1V, output = 3V, vi input = 10V. Dung Op-amp TL081C va 2 trans, 2N4401. Chon ien tr vao 1000. Dung ien tr bo chnh nhiet 1.0k (R2). Dung nguon +15V nh ien ap chuan. Gi t0 thiet ke la 20 0C Giai: Ta thay: input = 0.1V cho output = 1V =1.0 V cho output =2V 58 (4-34)

= 10 V cho output = 3V th Vay: R3 =VCC.RI /Vin = 15V 1.0k / 0.01V = 1.5M T (4-32) suy ra R1: R1= (q/kT).(R2/0.4343)R2 = (1.60210-191.0k)/(1.38110 23 293 0.4343 1.0k = 90.2k chon R1= 91k Con lai R4 la ta cha xac nh. ien tr nay n thuan la ien tr bao ve e gii han dong base cua moi transiotor e bao ve transistor khoi nhng ien ap ngc ln 4-6. Khuech ai Ham Mu (Exponential Amplifier) 1. K ham mu n gian: input = 0.01 V se cho output = 0V So hang loga cua (4-30) phai = rong, vi input Vin=0.01V

Hnh 4-18: K ham mu n gian Ta co quan he gia dong IC va VBE

I C = I EO e qVBE / kT

Ngoai ra: Vin= -VBE

va

IC =Vout /RF Vout = R F .I EO . exp q

Vin kT

Vout = 0.4343.

kT R 1 + R 2 q R2

V R log in 3 VCC. R I

(4-35)

He so nhan so hang loga phai bang 1 neu output la loga trc tiep cua input. Khi o: 0.4343
kT R 1 + R 2 q R2

=1

(4-36)

Chu y rang phng trnh nay cha nhiet o tuyet oi T. Neu mach K hoat ong tren 1 day nhiet o, can cung cap bo chnh nhiet. Viec nay c thc hien bang cach dung 1

59

ien tr ac biet bo chnh nhiet cho R2 trong o ien tr cung thay oi vi nhiet o tuyet oi. Tong quat th ien tr R2 cho biet , va t o ta can tnh R1 t (4- 36). Suy ra:
R1 = R2 q R2 kT 0.4343

(4-37)

iem zero cua chuyen oi loga c xac nh bang nd cua so trong lng trong (435). Ngha la Vin.R3/Vcc.RI = 1 (4- 38 ) Ve vat ly, zero c xac nh bang dong qua R3 ,v vay ta phai giai phng trnh nay cho R3. R3 = Vcc.RI/Vin Tong tr vao cua mach K thng c gia s . Th du 4.9: Thiet ke 1 K loga e co output la 1V vi tn hieu input la 0.1V, output=2V voi input=1V, va output=3V vi input=10V. Dung Op-amp TL081C va transistor 2N4401, chon ien tr vao 1000, dung ien tr bo chnh nhiet 1.0K(R2). Dung nguon +15V nh ien ap chuan. Ga s nhiet o thiet ke la 20C . Giai: Ta thay: input =0.1V cho output= 1V 1.0V cho output= 2V 10V cho output= 3V R2=R4=R5=R8=2R6 (4- 39)

Hnh 4-19:

60

Chu y con co mach khac, hnh 4-20:

Hnh 4-20: 2) K ham mu thc te: Ta co the kh tha so Ieo bien oi bang cach dung mot cap transistor phoi hp (matched) trong mach hnh 4-21. Mach nay rat gan giong mach hnh 4-17 khac biet chnh la ay Q2 la trans tao ap ng ham mu, trai lai Q1 la trans chuan c phan cc bang Vcc qua R3. Ngo vao loga a vao cac ien tr R1 va R2, c noi vao cc bass cua Q1 .ay la mach xuat cho K loga. Thiet ke cua K ham mu hau nh ong nhat vi K loga.

Hnh 4-21:

61

4-7 Chnh Lu Chnh Xac (Precision Rectifiers) Vi cac diode ri chuan, luon luon co mot sut ap thuan 0,7V (0,35V vi diode Germanium) khi diode dan. ieu nay co ngha la ien ap ra luon luon la Vin0,7V. trong mot so ng dung th sut ap nay gay ra van e. Cho th du, mot chnh lu diode n gian c dung trong volt ke e oi AC ra DC lam cho phan cuoi cua thang AC toi thieu co the oc c xap x la 0,7V. Do o ay can mot chnh lu co sut ap thuan la zero. Chnh lu nay c goi la chnh lu chnh xac 4.7-1 Mach chnh lu chnh xac n gian

Hnh 4-22: mach chnh lu n gian ay la mach chnh lu ban song vi mat mat 0V khi dan thuan. Neu 1 ien ap dng >0,7V c a vao input, th output dng va bang input. ieu kien ma ca 2 ngo vao Op-amp cung ien ap c thoa. Tuy nhien neu ien ap input <0,7V, luc au diode khong dan va ien ap ngo vao ao la zero. Hai input se khac nhau, Op-amp se tang ien ap ra cua no cho en khi diode dan va ngo vao ao thay (at c) ien ap bang ngo vao khong ao. Output cua mach se lap lai chnh xac input oi vi moi mc ien ap dng. Khi ien ap vao am, output cua Op-amp se co lai diode am e at ngo vao ao vao cung ien ap vi ngo vao khong ao. Tuy nhien diode bo phan cc ngc. ien ap ra Op-amp tien ti bao hoa am Vsat e lan diode dan, nhng diode van khong dan va output zero. Mach cho chnh lu ban song neu Op-amp co u o li e lam diode dan Vinmin e ieu nay xay ra la: Vin = 0.7/(o li vong h cua K) (4- 40) tam thap, o li vong h cua Op-amp gan bang 200,000 he thong se ap ng bat c tn hieu vao ln hn 3.5V (tieu bieu). nhng tan so cao hn, gain nho, nhng ngay ca 300Khz, o o li la 10, mach nay van co the lam viec vi ap vao >0,07V. That ra mach nay ch lam viec en f max, c vao tram Hz. Tai sao? Bi v khi vao ap am, Opamp b lai en ien ap bao hoa am Vsat. Khi tn hieu vao i len dng lan na, output cua Op-amp phai thay oi t ien ap am ln nay en ien ap dng. ieu nay mat mot so thi gian, va no c xac nh bang toc o quet (slew- rate) cua Op-amp. 4.7-2 Mach chnh lu chnh xac tan so cao

62

(a) Chnh lu chnh xac ao dung TL081C

(b) Chnh lu chnh xac ao dung TL080C vi bo chnh feed-forword Hnh 4-23: cac mach chnh lu chnh xac tan cao e cai thien ap ng tan so cua chnh lu chnh xac H.4-22 can ngan ngo ra cua opamp khoi i vao, bao hoa am. Ta dung mach H.4-23(a), chu y la ta ang dung mach K ao va chnh lu na am cua tn hieu vao. ien tr vao RI = ien tr hoi tiep RF e cho o li bang 1 khi D1 c phan cc thuan. ien ap ra Vout se luon luon = - Vin e bao am ngo vao ao c gi 0V. Khi tn hieu vao Vin len dng, D1 b phan cc ngc khong co gia tr ra. Tuy nhien diode D2 cung cap 1 ng hoi tiep bat c luc nao, gia tr ngan ngo ra khoi xuong bao hoa am Vsat.

Bang cach dung bo chnh thuan (feed forword) vi 1 op-amp khong co bo chnh nh TL080, co the at c BW rong hn. Mach chnh lu nhanh vi BW => 1MHz c ch H.4.4-23b. mach nay tng nh H.4-23a Th du 4.10: Thiet ke chnh lu chnh xac dung TL080C. Tong tr nhap can la 100k. Tnh cac gia tr ien tr, re mach. Giai: 63

C2

RF
D2

+15V

D1

1
C1

Hnh 4-24 RI = RF =100k C1 =150pF C2 = 3pF D1,D2 = 1N914.

+
-15V

RF

V IN

V OUT

64

CHNG 5: BO SO SANH (COMPARATORS)

Comparator la mot mach so sanh 1 ien ap vao vi mot ien ap chuan (Reference) va chuyen gia gia tr ra dng va am (hay zero), phu thuoc vao mc gia tr vao tng oi. Ve c ban, comparator la mot khoa c ieu khien bang ap, trang thai giao hoan ap ng vi mc ien ap vao. 5-1 Dung Op-amp lam comparator

Hnh 5.1 Op-amp c dung lam comparator c ban Khong co hoi tiep, op-amp co the c xem nh la 1 K vi phan n gian vi gain bang gain vong h. Th du: ap chuan la 5V, cap nguon 15V, ADL =200,000 Neu tn hieu vao la 5,1V => ien ap vi sai la 0.1V, dng tng ng vi ngo vao ao. Opamp se khuech ai ap nay len 200,000 lan => ap ra that gan bang 14V=Vsat (vi nguon cap 15V, noi cach khac vi bat k ien ap nao >ap chuan => bao hoa am Vsat va ngc lai cho bao hoa dng). Chu y: mien tuyen tnh khi ap vi sai =50F =>100F (dung Op-amp, tieu bieu la 70V) th ap ra khac Vsat+, va khac Vsat-. Vout VVS(v+v) 50V100 * Toc o quet (slew rate): - Op-amp khong phai la dung cu giao hoan hoan hao. - Slew rate cua LM741C la 0,5 V/ F. Do ap ra cua op-amp dung nh comparator phai chuyen t Vsat - => Vsat+(typ = 28V) vi thi gian giao hoan gan bang 60s. Neu mot comparator dung LM741C c kch khi on va off vi song vuong 10KHz th ngo ra se la song tam giac do slew rate thap. TL081C tot hn nhieu vi slew rate : 13 V/s, nhng cung phai mat 2s e chuyen.

65

Ket thuc giao hoan Vsat+ ien ap Vsatgiao hoan bat au Time(S)

Hnh 5-2: ng cong giao hoan cua TL081C. * Giao hoan tai (Load switching) 1/Vi Led:
V1 2 6 3 + V2 R led
V2

V sat+

V1 2 6 3 + R led V sat-

a) ap ra dng

b) ap ra am.

Hnh 5-3: Led c lai bi mot mach so sanh Mot Led tieu bieu keo 20mA vi sut ap 2V => ien tr han dong: Rled=(Vsat 2,0V)/20 mA Vi output cua comparator la Vsat+ Vi output la Vsat-: Rled = (Vsat +2,0V)/-20mA (5-2) Chu y rang ca Vsat va dong eu am, neu hoat ong nguon n th ch mach hnh 53(a) co the dung c. (5-1)

66

2/ Vi tai can dong ln: Nh alarm, ong c => lai tai qua 1 transistor, ta co mach hnh 5-4.
V CC

V-

ta i
V1
2 -

ta i
V1 2 3 + V2

Vsat+
6

RB

Q1

Vsat6

RB

3 +
V2

E
0

a/ ap ra dng lai BJT NPN Xet hnh 5-4(a) Sut ap qua RB se la Vsat+ - VBE

b/ ap ra am lai BJT PNP

Hnh 5-4: Comparator lai transiotor va tai ngoai

=> RB=(Vsat - + VBE)/IB Xet hnh 5-4(b) RB=(Vsat- +VBE)/IB Vi ca hai Vsat- va IB eu am va IB> IC.

vi IB>IC

(5-3) (5-4)

5-2. Mach so sanh qua ZERO( zero crossing comparator) Dang n gian nhat cua cac comparator la comparator qua zero. Khi o ap chuan la 0V.
Input 2 6
Input 3 2 + -

Ref
0

3 +

V out

V out

Ref
0

a/ ngo ra am vi input dng Th du 5.1:

b/ ngo ra dng vi input am

Hnh 5-5: Comparator qua iem khong Thiet ke 1 mach phat hien cc tch dung TL081C vi nguon 15V. Detector phai m LED sang khi ap dng va LED khac sang khi ap am. Giai: Ta co: Rled=(Vsat+-2,0V)/20mA =(14V2V).20mA= 600 Chon Rled = 620 67

+15V

TL081C
V in 2 -

7 6

Ref
0

3 + R led R led 4

-15V

LED

LED

Hnh 5-6: Mach cua th du 5-1 5-3. Comparator Do Mc (Level Sensing comprator) ay la comparator hi phc tap hn, ngo Ref khong noi at ma noi vao 1 mc DC nao o. 1/ Chuan cau chia ap:
V cc
R1
V cc

Ref
R2

R1

a/ Positive voltage

Hnh 5-7: Comparator do mc vi cau chia ap la chuan e the cau chia ap, biet VCC hay VEE va ap chuan mong muon Vref Vred = R2.VCC/(R1+R2) (5-5) e thiet ke cac gia tr R1 va R2, t cong thc nay, gia s mot gia tr cho R2, th du 10k, va tnh R1 theo cong thc: R1=R2.(VCC/VRef 1) (5-6) Phng trnh nay dung VCC e cho chuan dng. Vi chuan am, n gian la dung VEE thay cho VCC. 2/ Chuan dung Zener:

V OUT

V ref
R2

VE
0

b/Negative voltage detetor

V in

Ref

VE

BiFET

V in

V OUT
6

68

Chuan dung Zener se khong thay oi ien ap so sanh (bang vi gia tr ghim ap Zener) khi nguon cap tang.
V cc

R1

V cc

Ref V ref
VE

R1

ZENER

ZENER

(a) Positive voltage Goi Vz: sut ap hang qua zener Goi IzT: dong phan cc zener

(b)Negative voltage detetor

Hnh 5-8: Comparator do mc vi chuan Zener

Goi RS: ien tr noi tiep e at dong phan cc Rs=(VCCVZ)/IZT thay VCC=VEE trong (5-7) Th du 5.2: Thiet ke 1 comparator n gian e m LED sang khi ien ap 12V sut xuong 10V. Dung TL081C lam viec vi nguon 15V, vi cau chia ap e phan cc. Giai:
V cc

vi hnh (a) vi hnh(b)

R1

V in 12 V

TL081C7
2 6

Output
R led

Ref

3 +
R2

4
LED
V ee

0
0

Trc het tnh cau chia ap 69

Ref V ref

V in

V OUT

V in

V OUT

VE

(5-7)

Gia s chon R2=10k, va tnh R1, vi VCC =15V va Vref la iem giao hoan mong muon la 10V. R1=R2.(Vcc/Vref 1) = 10k(15V/10V 1) =5,0k Ta chon gia tr gan nhat cho R1 la 5,1k Tnh Rled? Rled= (Vsat+ -2V)/20mA =(14V2V)/20mA = 600 Chon tr chuan Rled=620 Th du 5.2: Thiet ke comparator n gian dung TL081C e m Led sang khi ien ap 12V sut xuong 10V. Dung chuan zener, toan mach cap t nguon pin. Giai:
V cc 12V

R1

R3

TL081C
V OUT
6
R led

R2

ZENER

Ta chon Zener 6,2V (TD: 1N4735 vi dong phan cc 41mA). Dung Vcc=10V e giao hoan. Rs =(Vcc- Vz)/Izt =(10V 6,2V)/41mA = 92,7 Chon Rs = 91 (dung loai ien tr cong suat W la u). Thiet ke cau chia ap sao cho khi ap cua pin la ap a vao au khong ao la 6,2V: R1= R2.(Vcc/Vref 1) =10k(10V/6,2V 1) = 6,13k Chon R1 =6,2 k. Cuoi cung chon ien tr han dong Rled, v ap cap cho Op-amp la 16V iem ma LED on, gia tr cua Vsat+ se gan bang 9V. Tnh Rled: Rled=(Vsat+ -2V)/20mA =(9V-2V)/20mA =350. Chon Rled =360

V ref

LED

70

5-4.Comparator vi o tre (Hysteresis)

BiFET +

V in

2
3

V OUT
6

Ref
R2

R1

Hnh 5.11: Comparator qua zero ao vi hysteresis Mach tren la Schmitt trigger c dung rong rai trong cac trong cac ng dung so. Mach so sanh nay dung hoi tiep dng ve ngo vao khong ao e xac nh ien ap kch khi (trigger) Gia s output cao vi ap ra: Vsat+ Ap a vao ngo vao khong ao la: UTP= Vsat + UTP: Upper Trigger Point ay la ien ap o output cua comparator chuyen t dng sang am khi ien ap vao tang. Tng t ta co the xac nh ien ap kch di LTP (Lower Tigger Point) LTP= Vsat
R2 R1 + R 2 R2 R1 + R 2

(5-8)

(5-9)

e thiet ke comparator qua zero co hysteresis, au tien ta chon 1 trong 2 iem trigger, roi chon mot so tr thch hp cho R2 (typ gan bang 1000). Neu ta ch nh UTP, t (5-8) => R 1 = R 2 Mot cach khac, ta co the dung LTP: => R 1 = R 2
Vsat 1 LTP Vsat + 1 UTP

(5.10)

(5.11)

71

* Ta co the ket hp hysteresis vao comparator do mc nh hnh sau:

+Vcc

+Vcc

RD1

Input
R2

+ BiFET

Output
R1

RS

Input
R2

+ BiFET

Output
R1

Ref

Ref

RD2

D1 ZENER

-Vee

(a) Comparator dung chuan cau ap

(b)Comparator dung chuan zener

Hnh 5.13: Comparator ao do mc vi hysteresio Tng t dung vi nguon cap ien n Xet hnh (a): Chu y: Rd1+Rd2, phai hn nhieu R1+R2 e cau chia ap chuan khong b ganh tai bi cau chia ap hoi tiep. Gia s ta co nguon cap ien Vcc va VEE (-VEE <=0) Toan bo ien ap qua cau chia ap la: (Vcc+VEE) Th du: Vcc = 15V; -VEE =-15V =>Vcc +VEE =30V Gia s ta muon chuan VRef tren at. Ta phai thiet ke cau chia ap cua ta sao cho ien ap ra la VRef+VEE. Th du: neu muon chuan 5V vi VEE = -15V, cau chia cua ta phai c thiet ke cho 20V. Ta co:
Vref + Vee = (Vcc + Vee) R D2 R D1 + R D 2

(5-12)

Cach de nhat la chon gia tr thong dung cho Rd2 (=1k) => R D1 = R D 2 Xet hnh (b): Mach dung zener. ien ap chuan la Vz VEE, thay VRef vao phng trnh (5-7) Ta co: Rs = (Vcc+VEE Vz)/Izt (5-14) 72
Vcc + Vee 1 Vref + Vee

(5-13)

e xac nh phng trnh UTP va LTP mach hnh 5-13, gia s rang R1 va R2>>Rd1,Rd2 e ganh tai cau chia ap chuan ien ap t divider la VRef ien ap ra cua Op-amp:Vsat+ ien ap qua cau chia ap hoi tiep gom R1 va R2 la:Vsat+ -VRef Ta co sut ap qua R2 la: VR2= (Vsat + Vref ) Khi o: UTP = VR2+VRef =>UTP = (Vsat + Vref ) Tng t ta co: LTP = (Vsat Vref )
R2 +VRef R1 + R 2 R2 +VRef R1 + R 2 R2 R1 + R 2

(5-15)

e the comparator do mc am hay dng vi hysteresis chon UTP, chon gia tr thch hp cho R2, typ gan bang 10k, roi giai(5-15) e tm R1:
V Vref R 1 = R 2 sat + 1 UTP Vref

(5-17)

Hoac cach khac, chon UTP va giai (4-53) e tm R1:

V Vref R 1 = R 2 sat 1 LTP Vref
(ieu kien Vi Vsat- <= 0)

(5-18)

Th du 5.3: Thiet ke 1 mach comparator dung TL081C e m mot 1 ch th Led khi ap vao vt qua 3,3V. e tranh kha nang kch khi do nhieu, ket hp them hystereris vao mach e UTP = VRef + 0,2V. Tnh LTP. Dung Zener e phan cc. Comparator c cap bang nguon n +12V. Giai:

73

+V cc

12 V
V in

Rs

3.3 V
Zener

Ta co:

UTP = 0,2V+ 3,3V = 3,5V

V Vref R 1 = R 2 sat + 1 UTP Vref

Ta chon R2 = 10k

Vi

VRef =3,3V Vsat+ =11V UTP= 3,5V R1 =375k, chon gia tr gan chuan: R1 = 360 k.

Ta co

Vsat- =1V => LTP =(Vsat- - VRef).{R2(R1 + R2)}+VRef LTP =3,24V

Chu y rang: + LTP khac Vref 0.2V, v dung nguon cap ien n. + Neu dung nguon ien kep th cac ien ap kch khi se oi xng quanh VRef. Ke en ta chon zener thch hp va tnh gia tr, can chuan 3.3V => dung zener 1N4728, dong phan cc Izt =76 mA va neu ta bo qua dong nho qua R1 va R2, ay la dong qua Rs, ta suy ra Rs: Rs = (VCC Vz)/Izt = (12V 3.3V)/76mA = 114,5 Can Rs chu cong suat cho R nay : Cuoi cung tnh Rled, gia s led : Kiem tra cong suat cho R nay: 8,7V.0,076mA va Vled =0,6612W Iled =20mA va Vled =2.0V 9V.20mA=0.18W 74

6
R led

R1
R2

R1=360k R2 =10k Rs 120K D1 = 1N4728 D2 = Led

LED

Rled = (Vsat+-2V)/20mA = 450

Chon ien tr (470, 1/2W). 5-5.Mach so sanh ca so (window comparator circuits): Thng can phat hien khi 1 ien ap ben ngoai, hay trong 1 tam ien ap xac nh. Tam ien ap c goi la ca so window, va comparator cho 1 output khi ien ap trong window hay khong trong window => window comparator. Dang n gian nhat nh sau:
+ Vcc

R3

R1

V ref U
+

COMP -1
D1

3
R2

0
LED
7

V in

R4

COMP -2

- VEE

Hnh 5-14: Window comparator lam led sang tat khi ap vao trong window. Mach tren m en led sang khi ien ap vao ben ngoai window. No gom 2 comparator do mc. Comparator 1: comparator khong ao, ngo ra bao hoa dng Vsat+ khi ap vao >ien ap tren cua window. Comparator 2: Comparator ao, ngo ra bao hoa am Vsat- khi ap vao >ien ap window di. Neu input <ien ap window d, Comparator 2 co ngo ra dng, diode D2 dan va LED sang. Neu input trong window, ien ap window di<input<ien ap window tren. Ca 2 Comparator co ngo ra am => ca 2 diode phan cc ngc va led tat. Neu input>ien ap window tren, ComP1 co ngo ra dng va D1 dan lam led sang. Thiet ke nhng comparator rieng th nhng thiet ke cac bo phat hien ien ap am hay dng khong thng trc ay.

V ref L

R led

D2
6

75

Chu y: Hnh 5-14 dung cau chia ap e at cac mc chuan va ta cung co the dung cac zener. Phng trnh thiet ke ien tr han dong LED tng t (5-1), phai ke them sut ap diode thuan. Rled =( Vsat+ - Vdiode 2,0V) / 20mA (5-19) e ao ngc hoat ong e led sang khi ien ap trong th khong de. Mot cach n gian ao ngc chieu cua led va hay chieu cua cac diode khong lam viec. Can co li giai phc tap hn. Hnh 5-15 cho thay window comparator ma Led lam sang khi ien ap vao trong window. No co mach tng t hnh tren, ngoai tr co them transistor e ao tn hieu ra.
+ Vcc

R3

R1

R2

V in

R4

- VEE

Hnh 5-15: Window comparator lam led sang khi input trong window. ien tr RB phai chon sao cho trans bao hoa khi no c m. Sut ap tren ien tr nay la Vsat+ -Vdiode-VBE. Dong qua no la dong collector cc ai c chia bi min cua trans ICmax / min. Dong collector cc ai trong trng hp nay se la dong led. Cong thc e tnh ien tr base la:
RB = Vsat + Vdiode VBE I Cmax / min

ien tr collector n thuan la ien tr han dong cua led v led c lai trc tiep t nguon thay v t op-amp, dung Vsupply thay v Vsat+ 76

V ref L

V ref U

D1

6
R LED

RB

Q1

LED

D2
6

R B = min

Vsat + Vdiode VBE I C max

(5-20)

Rled=(Vsupply 2,0V)/20mA Bat c trans NPN tn hieu nho se thch hp cho mach nay. Chang han 2N4401 hay 2N2222 Th du 5.5:

(5-21)

Thiet ke 1 window comparator dung 2 op-amp TL081C e lam cho Led sang khi ien ap vao gia +3V va +4V. Dung cau chia ap phan cc. Dung nguon n +12V. Giai:
+ Vcc

R3

R1

D1
6

R2

V in

R4

- VEE

vi R1 =20k R2= 10k R3 = 30k R4 = 10k Rb = 47k Rled =510 D1,D2 = 1N4004 Q1 = 2N4401 Comparator tren phai switch on, khi ien ap >+4V. Chu y rang comparator nay khong ao. Thiet ke cau chia ap cho comparator nay bang (5-6), o ta se chon R2=10k. R1 = R2(Vcc/Vref 1) =10k.(12/4 1)= 20k Comparator di la ao, c thiet ke tng t: 77

V ref L

V ref U

R LED

RB
Q1
LED

D2

Chon R4 =10k R3 = R4(Vcc/VRef 1) =10k.(12/3 1) =30k Chon Q1 la 2N4401, va ta co Vsat+ = 11V Vdiode =VBE = 0,7V Icmax =20mA; min =100
R B = min Vsat + Vdiode VBE I C max

=100 RB=48 k. Chon RB=47 k Tnh Rled?

11V 0.7 V 0.7 V 20mA

Rled=(Vsupply 2V)/20mA =(12V2V)/20mA=500 Chon Rled=510

78

CHNG 6: CAC MACH DAO ONG

6-1. Cac bo dao ong tao song sin: 6-1.1 Dao ong cau Wien: Mot th du cua mach dao ong n gian c goi la mach dao ong Wien hnh sau. Mach nay gom K khong ao vi cac mang loc RC noi gia au ra, au V+ va at. Mang loc nay nham dch pha va suy giam Vout a vao au vao khong ao V+. Mach c thiet ke e co ngo ra t duy tr do o khong co au vao.
Z1
Z2

Rf

Rf
V+

Vout
V-

R2

R1

Hnh 6-1. Dao ong cau Wien Trong mien tan so, cac tong tr Z1 va Z2 c bieu dien
Z1 = R F // RF 1 = jwC 1 + jwR F C

Va Z 2 =

1 + jwR F C 1 + RF = jwC jwC

K(w)

Vong hoi tiep cua Z1 va Z2 Vout Vong bo khuech ai khong ao

Ao

Hnh 6-2: Bieu dien hoi tiep cua dao ong cau Wien hnh(6-1), ien ap Vx, bieu dien (V+- V-). Ham hoi tiep am bieu dien mot phan cua Vout c a vao V- bi R1 va R2:
V = Vout = R1 .Vout R1 + R 2

79

Tng t ham hoi tiep dng K bieu dien mot phan Vout c a vao chan V+, bi Z1 va Z2. Neu bieu dien Vout va V+ theo phasor ( vector pha ) th quan he nay c bieu dien:

V+ = K ( w)Vout =
Vi ham hoi tiep phu thuoc tan so K(w) la:
K (w ) =

Z1 Z1 + Z 2

Z1 jwR F C = Z1 + Z 2 1 (wR F C)2 + 3jwR F C

Ngi ta co the chng to rang tan so dao ong ch phu thuoc vao Z1 va Z2 ma khong phu thuoc vao cac ac tnh ap ng tan so ben trong cua op-amp, mien la BW cua K khong ao trong mach phai ln hn nhieu tan so dao ong. Goi A0 la o li vong h cua op-amp. Ta co: Vout = A0Vx, Suy ra: vi Vx = V+-V- = K(w)VoutVout Vout = A0{k(w) }.Vout

Phng trnh tren thoa vi A0 => ch neu {K(w) - } = 0, ngha la neu: Z1/(Z1 + Z2) = R1/(R1+R2) Bieu thc ben trai la phc, ben phai la thc. Do o phan ao cua Z1/(Z1+Z2) phai bang khong hay 1- ( RFC) 2 = 0
= F =1/RFC la tan so dao ong.

Gia tr ra nh vay se tng ng vi dao ong sin F . Co the chng minh rang neu chon R1 va R2 e <1/3 (o li bo K khong oi cao hn), tan so dao ong cua mach se van la F = 1/RFC, nhng bien o dao ong se tang theo thi gian. Thc te cac gii han bao hoa cua Op-amp se gii han o ln cua Vout dao ong, e gia tr ra tr thanh song sin co tan so va bien o co nh. 6-1.2 Dao ong dch pha (phase shilf oscillator) Mach dao ong dch pha hnh 6-3, mach gom K ao oc lap tan so A3, c thiet ke co o li K=- R4/R3. Ngo ra cua K nay c noi vi mach loc RC 3 tang, trong o cac tang trung gian c em bang cac bo theo op-amp o li n v. Mang 3 tang nay c dung e cong dch pha 1800 vao Vout trc khi a ve au vao bo K au V3

80

Dch pha 60
C1

Dch pha 60

+ Dch pha 60
R4

V1
+ -

C2

V2
+ -

C3

R3

R1

R2

Tang 1
0

Tang 2

Tang 3

Hnh 6-3: Dao ong dch pha op-amp vi cac bo em lien tang Chu y: la ien tr vao cua K ao bang R3 xuat hien nh ien tr noi at cho tu C3. Hai linh kien nay lam viec nh 1 tang cua cac tang dch pha Mach hnh 6-3 phc tap hn s can thiet phai co. Trong thc te cac bo em o li n v co the c bo qua. Tuy nhien them chung vao ay lam n gian hoa phan tch mach va lam ro vai tro cua mang dch pha trong duy tr dao ong. Neu co cac bo em o li n v th ganh tai moi tang cua mang dch pha bi i sau no phai c ke vao. + Input + (w) Hnh 6-4: Bieu dien hoi tiep cua bo dao ong dch pha. Mach hnh 6-3 c thiet ke e dao ong di bat k cc cao tan nao cua o li vong kn ben trong cua Op-amp. Co the mo hnh mach bang s o hoi tiep hnh 6-4 trong o mach K ao c bieu dien bang hang so K = -R4/R3. Ham hoi tiep phu thuoc tan so (w) cua mang dch pha co the c bieu dien bang:
( w ) = jwR 3C 3 jwR 1C1 jwR 2 C 2 1 + jwR 1C1 1 + jwR 2 C 2 1 + jwR 3 C 3

V3

Output

Vout

(la tch so cua cac ham truyen cua moi tang) Ta co: Vout = KV3 = K(w)Vout Phng trnh nay se cho Vout khac zero neu K(w) = 1, bi v K am, ieu kien nay ch at c neu (w) tao dch pha 1800, hay nhan K vi (-1) Neu C1 =C2 = C3 = C va R1 = R2 = R3 = R th k: K(w) = 1 tr thanh:

( R 4 / R 3 )(jwRC )3 (R 4 / R 3 )(jwRC )(wRC )2 = (1 + jwRC )3 (1 + jwRC )[1 + 2 jwRC (wRC )2 ] (R 4 / R 3 )(jwRC )(wRC )2 K ( w ) = [1 3(wRC )2 ]+ jwRC[3 (wRC )2 ]
K ( w ) =

V3

V out

81

Ta c K( ) = 1 th phan t ao cua phng trnh ch bang zero.T so la thuan ao. Do o toan bo phng trnh la thc neu mau cung thuan ao, ngha la : 1-3( RC)2 = 0 Hay = tan so nay: K(w) = R4/8R3
1 3RC 1 3RC

Neu R4/R3 = 8 th K(w) se bang 1 =

va se co dao ong tan so nay.

Chu y: neu K>8 dao ong van se la dao ong tan so = 1 3RC , nhng bien o dao ong se tang khong gii han cho en khi at en cac gii han bao hoa cua cac Op-amp th u cho muc ch nay. Cho trc ket qua = 1 3RC , vai tro cua mang dch pha 3 tang la hien nhien. tan so = 1 3RC , o RC=3-1/2 = 0,577, goc gia Vout va ngo ra cua tang (v1) la:

jwRC = 90 0 arctgwRC = 90 0 arctg0.577 = 60 0 1 + jwRC

Tng t cho cac tang khac, t o mang 3 tang lam dch pha 1800. Mach dao ong dch pha, thc te khong co cac bo em o li n v nh hnh (6-5)
R4 C1 C2 C3 R3 Vout R1 R2 +

Hnh 6-5: Mach dao ong dch pha op-amp thc te Vi mach nay ta co:
( w ) =

(jwRC)(jwRC)2 [1 6(wRC)2 ]+ jwRC[5 (wRC)2 ]

Dao ong xay ra = 1 6RC , o ( ) hoan toan thc. tan so nay, moi tang cua mang dch pha lam dch pha 600 , e: K( ) = R4/29R3 ieu kien: K( ) = 1 se at c neu R4/R3 = 29 6-1.3 Mach dao ong thach anh (Crystal oscillator) Mot mach dao ong, trong o co mach cong hng Colpitts cha mot phan t ap ien thach anh c goi la mach dao ong thach anh. Phan t ap ien nh c mo ta hnh 6-6a, c tao thanh bang cach at cac ien cc tu 2 ben vat lieu thach anh nh quartz. 82

S sap xep nay tao ra 1 phan t mach. Co mach ien tng hnh 6-6b vi Cp la ien dung c tao bi cac ien cc cua thach anh, Rs bao am mat mat trong thach anh va L va Cs phan anh ghep ien c gia cac ien cc va mang tinh the thach anh. Trong thach anh tieu bieu, Cs rat nho, L rat ln (c han chuc trieu en hang tram Henri) va Cp co gia tr va phai (c tam pF) bi v ien tr mat mat Rs rat ln, thach anh co tong tr cong hng vi Q rat cao.

Rs

Cp

Y1

L1

Cs

a
Hnh 6-6: a)Phan t ap ien thach anh Cac tham so cho cac thach anh thng s dung. 100khz 1Mhz 10Mhz
F0 Ls Cs Rs

b
b)Mach tng ng
Cp

52h 2h 0,01h

0,049pF 0,006pF 0,026pF

400 24 5

8pF 3,4pF 8,5pF

Tong tr cua thach anh Zcrys la: (gia s bo qua Rs)

Z crys = jwL + 1 jwC S 1 1 1 = // jwL + jwC . 1 jwC + jwL + 1 jwL jwC P jwC S P P S

Hay Vi

Z crys =

2 1 LC S w 2 1 1 wS w2 = jwC P (C S + C P ) / (LC S C P ) w 2 jwC P w 2 w 2 P

wS = 1

LC S

wP =

CS + C P LC S C P

(Chu y la: p luon luon> s vi Cs va Cp khac khong) Vi < s hoac > p, bieu thc Zcrys co phan trong ngoac{} dng, do o co dung khang va Zcrys co dang 1/jwC trong {} tr nen am va dung 1/j =j th khi o Zcrys tr thanh cam khang.

83

Z crys

2 1 wS w2 = jX crys (w ) = j wC P w 2 w 2 P

Hien tng nay c minh hoa hnh (6-6c) o ien khang Xcrys( ) c ve theo ham cua tan so. Neu thay thach anh vao cuon L cong hng trong dao ong Colpitts, dao ong co the xay ra ch cac tan so ma o Crystal co tnh cam. Vi thach anh c noi, cac ien dung Cp va Cs cung se tr thanh mot phan cua mach cong hng. Bi v Cs<<Cp hoac cac ien dung ben ngoai cua mach dao ong Colpitts va bi v cac ien dung nay cung cong hng noi tiep vi ien cam mach cong hng, mach cong hng se b anh hng chnh bi Cs va s dao ong se xay ra tan so oc lap cac phan t ben ngoai. Mot trong nhng thuan li chnh cua mach dao ong thach anh la ban chat co nh cua tan so cua no, khong the ieu chnh c. TD:
R2

R1

0
0
C2

6-2. Cac th du thiet ke bo tao dao ong sin Th du 6.1: Dao ong cau Wien Thiet ke mach dao ong cau Wien tao ra song sin tan so 2400Hz co bien o toi thieu 12Vp-p. Dung op-amp TL081C co cap nguon 15V.
D1
D2

C2

R2

Hnh 6-7: Dao ong cau Wien 84

RT

V out

V in

C1
X1

RF1

+15V

-15V

C1

R1

R = R1 = R2=6,8k; va D2 = 1N4734.

RI = 510; RF1 = 2,0k pot;

RF2=1,0k; C=0,01F;D1

Ta them RF1 va D1, D2 e chnh o li chnh xac. Tan so dao ong f0=1/(2RC) Trc het thiet ke mang hoi tiep dng. Chon C1=C2=C=0,01F Suy ra: R=1/2 f0C =1/2.2,4KHz.0,01F= 6,63k => R= 6,8k Gia tr chuan gan nhat cho R la 6,8k

Ke en tnh tang K. Ta se dung bien tr 2k cho RF1, nhng se gia s gia tr danh nh 1k cho RF1 e tnh RI o li mach K c xac nh bang vong hoi tiep am gom RF1, RF2 va mach bat au (khi ong) diode zener va RI. ay la mach K khong ao, RF1 phai c gi <=1k e cho qua dong phan cc u e cho cac diode zener co tong tr thap khi dan. Tnh RI cho K khong ao co o li 3( xem lai 6-1.1) RI=RF1/(AV1) =RF1/2 =1,0k/2 =500 Chon gia tri chuan gan nhat => RI =510 Gia tr cua RF2 c tnh e cho o li khi ong ln hn 3. o li khi ong Avstart la: Avstart={(RF1+RF2)/RI }+1 RF2 ={RI.(Avstart 1)}RF1 Gia tr Avstart c chon tuy y mien >3, gia s chon Avstart=4; RF2=RI.(Avstart 1)RF1 = 510.3 - 510 = 1,02k Vay ta dung ien tr 1,0 k cho RF2, (RF2 =1.0k) Cuoi cung ta chon cac diode zener thch hp. V ta muon gia tr nh nh toi thieu la 12 V, ta biet bien o nh cua song sin ra se gan bang (VZ + 0,7V), nh vay chon (Vz+0,7V)>= 6,0 hoac VZ >= 5,3V. Tra so tay ta dung 1N4734 la zener 5,6V. Th du 6.2: Dao ong dch pha Thiet ke mach dao ong dch pha e tao song sin tan so 300Hz, vi bien o toi thieu 10Vp-p, dung Op-amp TL081C cap nguon 15V. Giai:

85

D1

D2

+15V

RF1

+15V
7

RF2

RT

Chon C=0.1F Suy ra R=2 f0C 6 =2,2K (a chon gia tr chuan). Thiet ke tang khuech ai, dung bien tr RF1=2,0K nhng trong qua trnh tnh toan bien tr nay co gia tr danh nh la 1K nham e tnh gia tr RI. Vi AV=29 (xem lai 6-12) => RI = RF1/AV = 1000/29 = 34.5. Gia tr RF2 c tnh e cho o li khi ong >29. o li khi ong Avstart la:
Avstart = RF + RF
1 2

Suy ra:

Gia tr Avstart c chon tuy y mien >29. Gia s ta chon Avstart=32, suy ra: RF2 = 32RI-RF1 = 32x33-1000 = 56 Chon RF2 = 56 (trung vi gia tr chuan). Cuoi cung chon cac diode zener thch hp, v ta can bien o ra toi thieu 10Vp-p, ta muon VZ >= 4,3V. Tra so tay ta suy ra c zener 4.3V la 1N4731.

R
-15V

Hnh 6-8: Dao ong dch pha

RI

RF2 = RI.Avstart RF1

-15V

86

CHNG 7: CAC BO DAO ONG VI MACH

7.1 Bo dao ong c ieu khien ien ap LM566C (The LM566C Voltage-Controlled Ocillator [VCO]) Trong VCO, tan so ra t le vi ien ap vao ieu khien. Tai sao ieu khien tan so vi ien ap ngoai co the thay oi c? Mot VCO co the thay oi dung nh bo chuyen oi ien ap sang tan so (Voltage-to-frequency converter). Trong nhng ng dung nh bien ieu tan so (FM) ta co mot ien ap ma ta muon oi sang tan so. VCO th ly tng cho muc ch nay. Tuy nhien, neu can VCO van co the dung nh mot bo dao ong n gian, dung mot bien tr hay mot cau chia ap ien t e tao ra ien ap ieu khien t nguon DC. Ta co bang ac tnh hnh 1 va chan ra cung s o ky hieu hnh 2. 7.1.1 ac tnh: Tam ien ap cap rong: 10 en 24 ac tnh bien ieu rat tuyen tnh On nh nhiet o cao Triet nhieu nguon cap ien tot Tam tan so 10:1 vi tu ien co nh Tan so co the lap trnh c bang dong, ap, ien tr hay tu ien. 7.1.2 Cac ng dung: Bien ieu FM Tao tn hieu Tao ham Lam khoa dch tan so(Frequency shift keying-FSK) Tao am thanh(tone) 7.1.3 nh mc cc ai tuyet oi: ien ap nguon: 26V Tieu tan cong suat (chu y 1): 300mW Tam nhiet o ieu hanhLM566: -550C en +1250C M566C: 00C en 700C Nhiet o au noi(han, 10 giay) 7.1.4 ac tnh ien: VCC=12V, TA=250C, mach th AC

87

Tham so

Cac ieu kien

LM566

LM566

n v

MIN TYP MAX MIN TYP MAX 1 3/4VCC 100 VCC 3/4VCC 200 VCC ppm/C MHz

Tan so ieu hanh RO=2K cc ai CO=2.7pF Tam ien ap vao(chan 5) He so nhiet trung bnh cua tan so ieu hanh. S loai tr ien ap 10-20V nguon
Tong tr vao (chan 5)

0.1 1 0.5 1 6.4 6.6 6.8

0.1 2 0.5 1 6.0 6.6 7.2

%/V M KHz/V

Vi chan 5, t 810V, Meo FM f0=10KH Toc o quet cc z o lech ai 10% Tam quet Tong tr ra Chan 3 Chan 4 Mc ra song vuong Mc ra song tam RL1=10K RL2=10K giac Chu ky lam viec song vuong Thi gian len song vuong Thi gian xuong

o nhay VCO

0.2 0.75 800 1 10:1 50 50 5.0 5.4 2.0 2.4 45 50 20 50 55

0.2 1.5 500 1 10:1 50 50 5.0 5.4 2.0 2.4 40 50 20 50 60

% MHz

Vpp Vpp % ns ns

88

Chu y 1: Nhiet do tiep xuc cc ai cua LM566 la 1500C, trong khi o cua LM566C la 1000C. e ieu hanh nhiet o tiep xuc cao, dang T0-5 phai c giam nh mc bang ien tr nhiet 1500C/w. ien tr nhiet cua dang DIP la 1000C/W.
GND NC Song vuong Song tam giac
1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5

Vcc Tu nh th ien tr nh th Ap ieu khien

6 2

8 5 Vcc CTRL THRES TRIG

4 RESET Cout3

7 DISCH

LM555C GND 1

(a) Chan ra cua DIP 8 chan

(b) Ky hieu

Hnh 7-2: Chan ra va ky hieu cua VCO LM566C. Trong phan nay ta se xet LM566C, no lam viec vi nguon cap ien n t 10 en 24V hay vi nguon ien lng cc mien la he so ien ap khong vt qua 26V. No tao ra song tam giac va song vuong en tan so khoang 1MHz. Tan so trung tam hay tan so goc (center or base frequency) c at bang ien tr nh th R1va tu nh th C1. Tan so co the c thay oi bang ieu chnh ien ap ieu khien chan 5 tren dai t 0.75VCC en VCC. 7.2 Cac ng dung cua LM566C 7.1.1 Bo tao am thanh (Tone genertor) ng dung n gian nhat cua LM566C la bo dao ong tan so co nh hay bo tao am thanh (tone generator) (Hnh 3). Vi mach nay ta ch can noi tu nh th C1 gia chan 7 va at (chan 1), ien tr nh th R1 gia chan 6 va nguon (chan 8) va phan cc chan 5 7/8VCC, dung cau chia ap R2 va R3. Song vuong xuat hien chan 3, song tam giac chan 4.
Vcc

R1

VCC
8 Vcc SQU 3

Dang song ra

R2
10K
6 RT 5 IN 7
R3

Ra vuong
Ra tam giac

1/2VCC Thi gian

TRI 4 LM566C GND 1

CT

100K

C1

Hnh 7-3: Mach tao song vuong/tam giac dung VCO LM566C. Tan so lam viec cua bo dao ong fOSC c cho bi:
f OSC = 2(VCC Vchan 5 ) C1 R 1 VCC

(7-1) 89

V ieu kien ien ap chan 5 lam viec ch tren tam 3/4VCC en VCC. Phan cc nay c thc hien bang cau chia ap R2,R3 noi gia nguon cap ien dng va at. Tong tr vao tieu bieu cua chan 5 la 1M va ien tr hieu dung cua bo chia ap R2//R3 phai nho hn nhieu tong tr nay. ien ap phan cc chan 5 c cho bi cong thc chia ap n gian: Vbias = 0.875VCC = VCC Suy ra:
R2 = R3 1 Vbias VCC = 0.14286R 3 Vbias VCC R3 R2 + R3

(7-2)

(7-3)

Ta co the dung bat c ien tr nao thoa quan he nay, ta thay R3 = 110k va R2 = 16k cho t so 0.873 rat gan vi 7/8. Vi nhng ga tr nay, ien tr hieu dung cua bo chia ap la R2//R3=14k<<1M thoa yeu cau. Neu ta phan cc chan 5 7/8 VCC th phng trnh cho tan so dao ong n gian hoa thanh:
f OSC =
1 4R 1C1

(7-4)

Thng chon trc C1, roi giai e tm R1:

R1 =
1 4f OSC C1

(7-5)

ay la phng trnh thiet ke cua ta cho R1. Tu C1 phai chon e ien tr R1 co gia tr gia 2 va 20k. Ca hai dang song vuong va tam giac co o dch DC (DC offset). Song vuong chan 3 thay oi gan VCC va VCC va song tam giac chan 4 thay oi gia xap x 1/3VCC va VCC. Muon co dang song ra thuan AC khong (dch DC) th ngo ra phai c ghep tu. Th du 7.1: Thiet ke bo tao am thanh dung VCO LM566C lam viec vi nguon cap n 15V e tao ra tn hieu xuat 800Hz. Mo ta cac tn hieu ra c tao bi bo dao ong nay. Giai: Mach cho hnh 4 vi gia tr linh kien .

90

Vcc

R1

R2
10K
6 RT 5 IN 7
R3

8 Vcc SQU 3 TRI 4 LM566C GND 1

R1=3.0K R2=16K R1=110K Ra vuong C1=0.1F

Ra tam giac

CT

100K

C1

Hnh 7.4 Ta at iem phan cc cho chan 5 7/8VCC bang cau chia ap R2 va R3. Cac gia tr ien tr toi u c tnh t (7-3) la R2=16K va R3=110K. Muon co tan so 800Hz. Chon tu C1=0.1F va R1 tnh theo (7-5):
R1 =
1 4f OSC C1

1 = 3.13K 4 800Hz 0.1F

Chon R1=3K, co 2 tn hieu ra: song vuong chan 3 thay oi gia 7V va 14 V, song tam giac chan 4 thay oi gia 5V va 7V. Co 2 tn hieu d nhien co dch DC. e tranh DC offset phai ghep tu ngo ra en tai. 7.2.2 Bo tao c s thi gian(Time-Base generator) Phan ln cac he thong so can tn hieu ong ho vuong. Nhieu mc logic c dung trong cac he thong so, phan ln la TTL dung cho1 va 0V cho0. Cac mc that tieu bieu la 3.4V (1) va 0.2V (0). Bo tao c s thi gain hay mach tao nhp cho cac mach so TTL phai tao ra song vuong thay oi gia 2 mc nay. LM566C th ly tng cho ng dung nay va mach cua no tao c s thi gian dung LM566C hnh di. Co s khac biet gia mach tao am thanh c ban (H7.3) va (H7.5). Th nhat LM566C phai lam viec vi nguon cap lng cc (kep) 5V e song vuong ra thay oi gia 0V va 5V cho cac mc logic TTL. Nguon am c noi vao chan 1. Th 2, e giao tiep vi cac mach TTL, phai noi ien tr 4.7k (R4) t chan ra song vuong en nguon am (chan 1). Cau chia phan cc c noi vao nguon kep c thiet ke ung nh cho bo tao am thanh vi R2 thng c chon la 16k va R3 =110k.

91

Vcc

+5V
R1

Dang song ra

R2

6 RT 5

8 Vcc SQU 3

Xuat c s thi gian TTL

.

+5V

R3

IN TRI 4 7 LM566C CT GND 1 C1

0
R4

Thi gian

-5V

-5V

Vee

Hnh 7-5: Bo tao c s thi gian tng thch TTL dungVCO LM566C. Th du 7.2: Thiet ke 1 bo tao c s thi gian dung VCO LM566C e tao song vuong TTL vi tan so 100KHz. Dung nguon %V. (S: R1=25K, R2=16K, R3=110K. C1=100pF). 7.2.3 Bo tao ham n gian Ta se xet mot bo tao ham 1 chip trong chng nay nhng trc het ta xet bo tao ham n gian dung LM566C. Bo tao ham (function generator) n thuan la mot mach co the tao ra cac dang song khac nhau tren mot dai tan so. LM566C tao ngo ra song tam giac va song vuong. Ta co the thay oi tan so bang cach thay oi ien ap chan 5, va cac ham khac nhau co the chon bang thay oi tu C1. Hnh 6 ch mot mach tao ham n gian dung LM566C. Mach nay la bo tao am thanh c ban (hnh 3) hoat ong vi nguon kep, vi ien tr R2 cau chia ap phan cc c thay bang chiet ap e thay oi tan so. Nguon kep can cho op-amp ma c ghep vao mach nh ieu khien o li.
Vcc

Rf
R1

ieu khien o li
Vcc

6 RT 5
R2

LM566C 4 CT TRI GND 1 C11

C12

Song tam giac

Vee

R3

Tam
.

C13

Vee

Hnh 7-6. Mach tao ham n gian dung VCO LM566C 92

IN

Cc

Ham

8 Vcc SQU 3

Cc

Song vuong

Ri

Ngo ra bo tao ham

Ta phai dung 1 cach hi khac e thiet ke cac ien tr. Trc het, thiet ke R1 bang cach gia s rang ien ap chan 5 la VCC thay v 7/8VCC. Thay Vchan5 = 3/4VCC vao phng trnh (1) ta c:
f OSC =
1 2R 1C1

(7-6)
R1 =
1 2f OSC C1

Bieu thc nay cho tan so cc ai cua bo dao ong:

(7-7) T cong thc cau chia ap lien he gia R2 va R3 la: Vbias = 0.75VCC = VCC R3 = 3R2.
R3 R2 + R3

(7-8) (7-9)

e thiet ke bo tao ham chon chiet ap R2 va tnh R3 theo phng trnh (9) luon luon chon gia tr that cua R3 ln hn hoac bang gia tr c tnh e bao am Vchan5 toi thieu la 3/4VCC. Khi tnh R1 dung tan so cao nhat cua dai. T o ta thng at cac dai theo decade, ta co the at cac gia tr decade cho C1. Mot van e khi dung LM455 lam mach tao ham la cac song vuong va tam giac se co cac ien ap lech DC ngay ca khi lam viec vi nguon cap oi xng. e loai lech (offset) cach de nhat la ghep tu cac ngo ra. Ghep tu se gii han ap ng tan thap cua mach tao ham. Cac tu ghep CC ( hnh 6) phai c chon sao chon sao cho dung khang nho hn nhieu tong tr ra cua bo dao ong (Zout) cong vi tong tr vao cua mach khuech ai (RI) tan so thap nhat mong muon mach tao ham. Phng trnh e tnh CC: CC =
1 2f osc (z out + R I )

(7-10)

Mach (hnh 6) co 1 opamp. Opamp dung cho hai muc ch. Th nhat, no em ngo ra cua bo dao ong e ngan nga ganh tai. Th hai, bang cach dung bien tr cho RF ta co the lam thay oi o li. Mach nay co the c cai tien them, co the them mach tao dang song ngo ra song tam giac e tao ngo ra. Th du 7.3: Thiet ke mot mach tao ham dung LM566C e tao ra cac song vuong va tam giac vi cac tan so t 100Hz en 100Khz. Dung 3 tam tan so decade: cu the la 100 en 1000Hz, 1000Hz en 10Khz va 10Khz en 100kHz. Nguon cap la 12V. Giai:

93

Vcc
Rf

R1
Vcc
6 RT 5 8 Vcc SQU 3

ieu khien o li

Cc
Cc

Song vuong

Ri

Song tam giac

Vee

C12

R3

Tam
.

C13

Vee

R1=5.1K R2=10K pot R3=33K RI=5.1K RF=10K pot Hnh 7-7

Chon tu C1 va tnh R1 e at tan so cc ai tam thap nhat. V tam la: 100 en 1000Hz, tan so cc ai la 1000Hz. Chon C11 la 0.1F va dung (7-7) tnh R1:
R1 =
1 2f OSC C1

=5K.

Chon R1 = 5.1K. Chon chiet ap 10K cho R2 va tnh R3 t (7-9) ta c R3 = 30K. Ta chon R3 ln e bao am: Vchan5 3/4VCC. Do o chon R3 = 33K. oi vi cac tam khac, n thuan la chuyen en cac tr so khac nhau cho C11. Do tam tan so ln gap 10 lan tam thap nhat, tu C12 se bang C11/10. do o C12 = 0.01F va tng t chon C13 = 0.001F. Ta thiet ke mach khuech ai/chnh o li. V khong ch nh o li,ta se chon o li toi a la 2, bi v song vuong t bo dao ong co bien o nh nh xap x bang ien ap nguon cap. Chon RF la bien tr 10K va tnh RI c 5K. chon RI = 5.1K Cuoi cung thiet ke tu ghep e cho qua tan so thap nhat 100Hz; RI = 5.1K va Zout = 50. T (7-10): CC =
1 = 0.309F. 2f osc (z out + R I )

Chon gia tr CC ln hn e bao am cho tat ca cac tan so ln hn 100Hz i qua khong b suy giam. Chon CC=0.33F. 7.2.4 Mach ieu tan LM566C vi tan so dao ong cc ai ch la 1Mhz, khong thch hp cho he truyen thong FM. Cac tn hieu o lng AC thay oi cham thng c ieu tan e giam nhieu khi truyen i t cac cam bien t xa. Cac tnh hieu ieu khien co the c ieu tan va 94

R2

IN LM566C 4 CT TRI GND 1 C11

Ham

Ngo ra bo tao ham

C11=0.1F C11=0.01F C11=0.1F C11=0.001F C11=0.33F

c truyen doc theo cac ng day ien. Nhieu tn hieu o lng hay ieu khien co the c truyen theo 1 ng d lieu bang cach ieu tan moi tn hieu vi mot tan so mang khac nhau. Mach ieu tan chuyen bat c ien ap vao nao sang tan so ra tng ng. Thong thng mot tan so song mang c thiet lap cho gia tr vao la zero. Khi ien ap vao thay oi vi iem zero nay, tan so ra thay oi, vi s thay oi trong tan so t le vi s thay oi trong bien o cua tn hieu vao. Ta co mach ieu tan cho cac tn hieu AC nh sau:
Vcc
R1
R2

10K

6 RT
C1

8 Vcc SQU 3

Song vuong

5 IN TRI 4 LM566C CT GND 1 C1 7

. Tn hieu vao AC

R3
100K

Song tam giac

Hnh 7-8: VCO LM566C dung lam mach ieu tan cho cac tn hieu AC. Mach hnh 7-8 co tn hieu AC c ghep tu vao chan 5. tn hieu AC cong vao ien ap phan cc va tan so ra co the tnh bang phng trnh (7-1), ay Vchan=7/8VCC+VAC. ay VAc la ien ap AC tc thi va phai nho hn 1/8VCC. Khong may la mach nay ch lam viec vi tn hieu AC. Mot mach tot hn, lam viec vi ca tn hieu AC va DC Hnh 9. Mach lay tong dung opamp dung e con g tn hieu ieu che vao tn hieu phan cc. Cac ien tr RF va RIB c chon e khuech ai nguon cap am vi he so 7/8 e cho ien ap phan cc.
Vcc
R1

Rf

Ris

6 RT 5 IN 7 CT
C1

8 Vcc SQU 3 TRI 4 LM566C GND 1

Song vuong
Song tam giac

Rib

Vee

Hnh 7-9. Mach ieu tan a dung dung LM566C Dung phng trnh o li cho mach khuech ai ao, ta tm c RIB: RIB=8/7RF (7-11)

Tn hieu vao

95

T so gan nhat co c bang cach chon RF=13k va RIB=15k. chu y la nguon am c dung v ta co 1 mach khuech ai ao va can ien ap phan cc dng. Vi tn hieu vao, cho RIS=RF e co c o li la 1. Tan so song mang fosc1 c cho bi (1) : fosc1=
2(VCC Vchan5 ) C1 R 1 VCC

(7-11)

Khi ien ap tn hieu tang se lam tang tan so ra. Tang ien ap tn hieu mot lng V tan so tr thanh: fosc2= Hieu cua 2 tan so f: f= fosc2- fosc1=
2V C1 R 1 VCC

2(VCC Vchan 5 + V ) C1 R 1 VCC

(7-12)

(7-13)

Phng trnh (13) cho o lech tan (di tan frequency deviation), ngha la s thay oi theo tan so f oi vi s thay oi ien ap vao V. Ta co:
V = fC1 R 1 VCC 2

(7-14)

dang nay, (7/14) cho ien ap ra tng ng vi s thay oi cua tan so c truyen(phat) va hu dung e xac nh bien o cua tn hieu c giai ieu che. Th du 7.4: Thiet ke mach dung VCO LM566C e dieu che 1 tn hieu o lng vao song mang co tan so 20kHz. Nguon cap 15V. xac inh o di tan cc ai neu bien o cc ai cua tn hieu ieu che la 0.2V. Giai: Dung mach hnh 7-9. Chon RF=13k va RIB=15k e cho t so 7/8. Vi tn hieu vao co o li n v, Chon C1=0.001F va t (5) o di tan cc ai (dung (7-13))
f = 2V =2222Hz. Vi V=0.2V; C1=0.001F;R1=12k; VCC=15V. C1 R 1 VCC

chon RIS=RF=13k. R1=12.5k (chon 12k).

96

7.3 Bo dao ong/ nh th 555 (555 timer/oscillator): Bo nh th IC au tien 555 do Signetics a ra vao nam 1972. ta co s o khoi chc nang cua 555 hnh 7.10
8 5 Vcc CTRL THRES TRIG 7 DISCH GND 1 LM555C 4 RESET Cout3

6 2

Hnh 7.10: IC 555. 7.3.1 Cau tao va chc nang : Ve c ban, 555 gom 2 mach so sanh ieu khien trang thai cua F/F ma lai transistor xa (discharge) va tang ra. Bo so sanh II at trang thai ban au cua F/F. No c ieu khien bang tn hieu threshold(ngng) ben ngoai (so sanh vi 1/3VCC). F/F lai ieu khien trang thai ngo ra. Mot xung i xuong (<1/3VCC) a vao ngo vao trigger(kch khi) at comparator II va F/F. Chc nang cua cac chan c mo ta nh sau: -Chan 1: GROUND (at)- thng c noi vi at. ien ap nen la am nhat cua bat ky ien ap nao xuat hien ca chan khac. -Chan 2: TRIGGER(kch khi)- iem nhay mc vi 1/3VCC th F/F c at len 1 gay cho chan 3 tao 1 trang thai cao. ien ap a vao cho phep gia VCC(chan 8) va at(chan 1). -Chan 3: OUTPUT (ra)- ay thng la mc thap va i len cao trong khoang nh th. V tang ra tch cc ca hai chieu no co the cap hoac hut dong en 200mA. -Chan 4: RESET-khi ien ap chan nay nho hn 0.4V chu ky nh th b ngat, a timer ve trang thai khong kch. ay la chc nang u tien e timer khong the b kch tr khi reset c giai phong (chan 4>1.0V). ien ap cho phep name gia at (chan 1) va VCC(chan 8). Khi khong s dung noi no vao VCC. -Chan 5:CONTROL VOLTAGE(ien ap ieu khien)- ben trong la iem 2/3VCC. Mot ien tr noi at hoac mot ien ap ngoai co the c noi vao chan 5 e thay oi cac iem tham khao (chuan) cua comparator. Khi khong s dung cho muc ch nay nen gan 1 tu noi at 0.01F cho tat ca cac ng dung. Nham e loc cac xung nh nhieu nguon cap ien. ien ap a vao cho phep nam gia at (chan 1) va VCC (chan 8) cac chan tren. - Chan 6: THRESHOLD (ngng)- iem nhay mc vi 2/3VCC. Khi ien ap chan nay >2/3VCC, F/F reset lam cho chan 3 tao trang thai thap. ien ap a vao cho phep giong cac chan tren.

97

- Chan 7: DISCHARGE (xa)- cc thu cua transistor, no thng c dung e xa tu nh th. V dong collector b gii han no co the dung vi cac tu rat ln (>1000F) khong b hong. - Chan 8: VCC, ien ap cap nguon co the t 4.5V en 16V so vi mass. Viec nh th tng oi oc lap vi ien ap nay. Sai so nh th do thay oi nguon ien tieu bieu<0.05% . 7.3.2 Cac ac tnh Thay the trc tiep cho SE 555/NE 555. nh th t hang s en hang gi. Hoat ong ca hai che o bat on (astable) va n on (monostable) Ngo ra co the cap va hut dong 200mA. Ngo ra va nguon cap tng thch TTL. o on nh nhiet tot hn 0.005%/C. Ngo ra bnh thng dan (ON) va bnh thng tat(OFF) nh th chnh xac Tao xung nh th tuan t Tao tr hoan thi gian ieu che o rong xung (PWM) ieu che v tr xung(PPM) Bo tao song doc tuyen tnh (linear ramp generator)

7.4 Cac ng dung cua LM555C

7.4.1 Mach dao ong n gian dung LM555C Mach dung 555 lam dao ong n gian c cho hnh 7-11. tu nh th C1 c luan phien nap va xa qua cac iem kch cua bo so sanh ca so. Hai ngo vao cua bo so sanh ca so chan 2(trigger) va chan 6 (threshold) c noi lai vi nhau va noi vao tu ien. Tu c nap qua 2 ien tr R1 va R2 t nguon ien va c xa qua ien tr R2 en chan 7 va at. Vi dao ong t do (free-running) chan 4(reset) phai c noi vao VCC va chan 5 (control) nen ngan mach xuong at qua tru 0.01F. la: Khi hoat ong bnh thng, tu nap t 1/3VCC en 2/3VCC. Phng trnh nap cua tu C1 V(t)= VCC (1 e t (R + R
2 3
1 2

)C1

(7-15)

98

VCC R1 C2 R2 8 5 Vcc CTRL THRES TRIG C1 7 DISCH GND 1 LM555C 4 RESET OUT 3

6 2

Output

Hnh 7-11. Thay the 1/3VCC cho V(t) va giai tm tnap: tnap=0.693(R1+R2)C1 (7-16) Thi gian nap nay tng ng vi thi gian khi tn hieu ra t F/F la cao. Khi ien ap tu at en ien ap kch tren 2/3VCC, bo so sanh off, F/F reset ve 0 va ng xa c noi xuong at. Tu se xa qua R3 va transistor xa c noi en 1/3VCC.. Phng trnh xa tu C1 la: V(t)= VCC e t R C
2

2 3

(7-17)

Thay 1/3 VCC cho V(t) va giai tm txa: txa=0.693R2C1 (7-18) Thi gian xa tng ng vi thi gian khi tn hieu ra t F/F la thap. Khi ien ap tu at en iem kch di (1/3VCC) comparator kch F/F len 1 va khoa e xa (transistor) tat. Tu bat au nap cho chu ky ke. Chu ky dao ong n thuan ch la tong cua thi gian nap va xa: Chu ky = tnap+txa = 0.693(R1+2R2) C1 Tan so dao ong fOSC la: fOSC =
1 1 = T 0.693(R 1 + 2R 2 )C1

(7-19)

(7-20)

Chu ky lam viec D bang thi gian ON chia cho chu ky o D = tnap/chu ky hay D = R 1 + R 2
R 1 + 2R 2

(7-21)

e thiet ke cac gia tr linh kien cho mach dao ong dung LM555C ta thng chon tan so dao ong fOSC, chu ky lam viec D va gia tr thch hp cho C1. Giai cac phng trnh (720) va (7-21) trc het cho R2 roi cho R1 e co c cac phng trnh thiet ke sau: R2 =
1 D 0.693f OSC C1

(7-22)

99

R1 =

2D 1 0.693f OSC C1

(7-23)

Mach dao ong n gian nay la mach thng gap nhat vi LM555C. Khong may la no co han che nghiem trong-no ch co the c dung e tao ra cac song co cac chu ky lam viec ln hn 0.5. Th du 7.5: Thiet ke mot mach n gian dung LM555C vi tan so dao ong 1200Hz va chu ky lam viec 0.8. Dung nguon 12V. Giai: Chon C1 = 0.1F. R1 = R2 =
2D 1 =7.22k R1 = 7.5 k 0.693f OSC C1 1 D =2.41k R2 = 2.4 k 0.693f OSC C1

Tu C2 chon la 0.01F 7.4.2 Mach dao ong song vuong Neu ta muon tao 1 song vuong that s dung LM555C ta phai sa oi mach chut nh. at mot diode noi tiep R2 va 1 diode song song vi nhanh o(xem hnh 7-12). Trong khi tu nap, diode D1 c phan cc thuan do o ngan khong co dong qua R2.. Thi gian nap c xac nh: tnap=0.693R1C1.
VCC
R1

(7-24)

D2

D1
R2

C2

6 2

8 5 Vcc CTRL THRES TRIG

4 RESET OUT 3

Output

C1

7 DISCH

LM555C GND 1

Hnh 7-12. Mach dao ong song vuong dung LM555C. Khi tu xa, diode D2 c phan cc thuan va tu xa qua R2: Thi gian xa la: txa = 0.693R2C1 Tan so dao ong la: 100 (7-25)

fOSC = Chu ky lam viec D la: D=

1 0.693(R 1 + R 2 )C1

(7-26)

R1 R1 + R 2

(7-27)

Chu y la mach nay co thuan li la chu ky lam viec co co the bat c gia tr nao t 0 en 1. oi vi xung vuong, chu ky lam viec la 0.5, thi gian nap bang thi gian xa va R1 = R2. Trong trng hp nay tan so la: fOSC =
1 1.386 R 1C1

hoac fOSC =

1 1.386R 2 C1

(7-28)

e thiet ke mach ra xung vuong, ta ch can chon gia tr C1 va tnh R1(hoac R2) t phng trnh(7-28). R1 =
1 1.386f OSC C1

(7-29)

e thiet ke mach cho bat c chu ky lam viec nao khac, ta giai phng trnh 7-26 va 727 trc het cho R1 va roi cho R2 :
R1 = D 0.693f OSC C1

(7-30)

R2 =

1 D 0.693f OSC C1

(7-31)

So sanh LM555C vi LM566C. Mach LM555C hnh 7-12 co thuan li la chu ky lam viec co the c at bat c gia tr mong muon nao. Nhng mach nay phc tap hn LM566, no khong the tao ra song tam giac (dang song qua C1 xap x song tam giac nhng kem) va de thay oi dao ong, can hai bien tr va phai chnh ong thi ca hai. Co cac gii han khac vi mach dao ong LM555C: dang song tr nen b meo t 10kHz tr i va tan so hi thay oi khi ien ap nguon b thay oi. Tn hieu ra cua LM566 th tot en toi thieu 1MHz, va tan so ra c xac nh ch bang R1 va C1, khong bi ien ap nguon. Hieu suat kem hn cua LM555C la ng nhien v no c thiet ke e lam timer(bo nh th) ch khong phai la bo dao ong. 7.4.3 Bo nh th Mach 555 dung lam timer Hnh 7-13. Cac phan t chnh trong mach nh th la ien tr R1 noi t VCC en chan 6 va tu C1 noi t chan 7 xuong at. Khoang thi gian n thuan la thi gian e tu nap en 2/3 VCC qua ien tr. Phng trnh nap cua tu C1 la: V(t)=VCC(1-e-t/R1C1) Thay V(t) bang 2/3 VCC va giai tm t? T=1.1R1C1 (7-33) 101 (7-32)

Thong thng ta chon C1 va tnh R1. Giai (7-33) theo R=1 e co c phng trnh thiet ke: R1=t/1.1C1.

VCC R2

Reset

R1 8 5 Vcc CTRL THRES TRIG 4 RESET OUT 3 LM555C DISCH GND 1

C2

6 2

Output

Trigger input
C1

Hnh 7-13 Mach timer dung LM555C Phan con lai cua mach gom tu C2 c noi t chan ieu khien (chan 5) xuong at, va ien tr R2 c noi nh ien tr keo len t chan VCC en ngo vao trigger(chan 2). Cac gia tr tieu bieu la C2 = 0.001F va R2 = 10k. Timer c bat au bang cach noi at ng trigger(chan 2). Output t chan 3 tc thi i len cao trong khoang thi gian noi chan reset (chan 4) xuong at. ien ap ra trong khoang nh th (VCC-2V). Mach nay co kha nang tao ra cac xung nh th t vai s en nhieu phut. Han che chnh cho tr hoan thi gian rat dai la s ro r trong tu gia tr ln can cho C1. Th du 7.6: Thiet ke timer 10s dung LM555C. s dung nguon cap +12V. Giai: Dung hnh 7-13. VCC = +12V Ta can gia tr ln cho C1 bi v khoang nh th 10s tng oi dai. Chon C1=100F, va tnh R1 t phng trnh(7-34). R1 = t/1.1C1 = 10s/(1.1100F)=90.9k. chon R1 = 91k. Ta dung 10k cho ien tr keo len R2 va tu 0.001F cho tu C2. Mach dung 555 lam timer tren con goi la mach dao ong a hai n on hay gon hn la one-shot. Ta co mach one-shot hnh 7-14 khong dung reset va cac dang song lien quan.

102

Hinh 12

VCC

R1 10K
4 2 555 3 1 5 8 6 7

Ra=10K

Vi

Ci=0.001uF

C=0.1uF

Vo

0.01uF

VCC

Vi t

VCC

V2 VUT=2/3V VLT=2/3V t V6,7 t L H VO thigh=1.1RA t Hnh 7-14. 555 dung lam mach one-shot

VCC

VCC

trang thai ngh, chan 2 cao (VCC) va cac chan 6&7 thap(trang thai L). Cac ien ap ca 2 tu C va Ci eu bang 0. Khi chi Vi xuong thap (canh am) thi iem N. Viec nay keo chan kch (chan 2) xuong thap, o trang thai H* lam Vo len cao va h chan 7. V0 len cao lam co xung ra. Roi tu C nap en VUT, khi V6,7 at en VUT sau khoang thi gian thigh hoac T, th vao trang thai L at chan 6,7 xuong at va V0 xuong thap. ieu nay lam cham dt xung ra. 555 cung tr ve trang thai ngh L cua no. Thi hang RiCi phai luon nho hn thi hang RAC e D ngan chan 2 khoi b lai tren VCC. Nen chon thi hang RiCi bang 1/10 cua T (T=1.1RAC).

103

7.4.4 Bo phat hien mat xung (Missing-pulse detector)

+15V

10K
10K

Vo

3 5
0.1uF

4 555

8 7 6

Vi

C 0.1uF

Vc

VI va VC 15 10 5 0 0.2 VO 15V 0 t(ms) 1 1.2 2 3 VUT=2/3VCC VLT=1/3VCC t(ms)

Hnh 7-15. Mach phat hien cac xung mat Xet thi iem zero, Vi thap gi chan 2 thap va transistor on. Transistor tu C gi chan 6 thap. 555 trang thai H(cao) vi chan 3 cao va chan 7 h mach. thi iem 0.ms, Vi lean cao bat au xung. Trans off va VC nap lean en VUT. Trc khi VC at en VUT, xung ke 1ms lam bao hoa trans va xa tu C ve ON. Moi xung co thi gian cao la 0.8ms va c lap lai vi chu ky 1ms. Khi co 1 xung mat, ien ap tu at en VUT, o trang thai L lam ngo ra xuong thap. Xung ke thi iem 3.0ms lam VO moi khi co 1 xung mat ngo vao Vi. Vi mot so sa oi, mach nay co the phat hien nhp tim va lai mot bo em e cho tong cong bao nhieu nhp tim b mat xay ra trong 1 gi.

104

7.4.5 Mach Schmitt Trigger

+5V-->+15V

R1 100K

4 2 555 6

C1 1

R3 10K

.
3

. Vao song sin R2

Ra song vuong

100K

C2 0.01u

Hnh 7-16: oi cac song sin thanh song vuong, mach nay hu dung e tao cac xung nhp t cac tn hieu analog.
+12V

RV1 10K

R1 10K 4 6 555 2 5 1 3 8

RLA 12V >60R

D1 1N4001

LDR

C1 10n

Hnh 7-17: Cong tac relay tac ong bang bong toi dung e m en ng hoac en ngoai san. Mach tren hoat ong nh mot mach so sanh nhanh hn la mot mach kch khi Schmitt that s. Mach congo vao chan 6 cua mach so sanh tren ben trong keo len mc cao qua R1 va ien ap cua mach chia ap RV1-LDR nhay vi anh sang c at vao chan 2 cua mach so sanh. 7.4.6 Mach astable Hnh 7-18 ch bo dao ong thc tap ma morse vi tan so am thanh thay oi c t 300Hz en 3kHz qua ieu khien tone R4. co the chnh am lng bang R5 va headphone co the co bat ky tong tr nao t vai ohm tr len. Chu y la mach nay khong keo dong tnh khi phm morse h. Hnh 7-29 ch mot bien oi n gian cua mach tren. No hoat ong nh 1 chuong bao ma a tn hieu mot tone vao 1 loai nho (25 en 80) khi ong phm S1.

105

Phm Morse SW1

+5V to +12V
R1 1K
7 4 8 3 2 555

R2 10K
6
R4 100K

R3 56
5 1

TONE
C1 .022u

C2 .01u

R5 1K

Volume

Phones
_

Hnh 7-18 Mach dao ong thc hanh ma Morse

SW1

+9V

R1 1.5K
7 4 8

C4
3 2

R2 100K TONE

555 6 5 1

100u

C2 C1 .022u 47u

C3 0.01u

Loa 25-80

Hnh 7-19: Chuong ien t n gian khong tieu thu dong tnh. Mot khi an va nha S1, mach lay nguon t C1.

106

CHNG 8: MACH LOC CHU ONG (ACTIVE FILTER)

8.1 Cac ap ng cua cac bo loc c ban Cac bo loc c phan loai theo ien ap ra thay oi vi tan so cua ien ap vao. Co 4 loai mach loc chu ong la: thong thap (low-pass), thong cao (high-pass), thong dai(bandpass) va triet dai(band-stop). 8.1.1 ap ng mach loc thong thap
Vout( c chua n ho a la 1) 1

0 -20

o l i (dB) -20dB/decade -40dB/decade

BW 0 fC f

-40 -60 100f

Hnh 8-1: ap ng mach loc thong thap BW cua loc thong thap c nh ngha t 0 Hz (DC) en tan so cat fc (cut off frequency) (H.4-1a). ap ng ly tng cua loc thong thap la hnh ch nhat gach cheo co toc o i xuong tc thi tai fc .Nhng thc te th toc o i xuong (roll-off rate) la 20dB/decade hoac cao hn (H.8-1a). BW cua loc nay la : BW = fc Toc o 20dB/decade do mang RC gom 1 ien tr R va 1 tu C (co 1 cc (pole)). Tan so cat cua loc thong thap RC 1 cc xay ra khi Xc = R: fc = 8.1.2. ap ng mach loc thong cao
Vout( c chua n ho a la 1) 1

1 2 RC

(8-1)

o l i (dB)
40dB/decade 20dB/decade 60dB/decade

0 fC

00.1fC 0.1fC

fC

10fC

Hnh 8-2: ap ng loc thong cao Phan gach soc nay la ap ng ly tng. ap ng cua loc thong cao i t fc en tan so c xac nh do nhng gii han cua phan t tch cc s dung (transistor hay op-amp). 107

 ay ta cung co tan so cat fc xay ra khi ien ap ra bang 70.7% cua ien ap thong dai thong , oi vi mang RC 1 cc: fc = 8.1.3. ap ng mach loc thong dai
Vout( c chua n ho a la 1) 1 0.707 BW f f1 f f2

1 2 RC

Hnh 8-3: ap ng mach loc thong dai BW c nh ngha la hieu gia hai tan so cat tren ( f c ) va tan so cat di ( f c ):
2 1

BW = fc - fc
2

(8-2)

(Chu y cac tan so cat con goi la tan so 3dB). f0 = fc . fc

1 2

(8-3)

8.2

CAC AC TNH AP NG MACH LOC

Moi kieu ap ng bo loc (thong thap, thong cao,thong dai hay triet dai) co the c ket hp bi cac gia tr ling kien mach e co at tnh Butterworth, Chebyshev hay Bessel. Cac at tnh nay c at tien theo dang ng cong ap ng & moi cai co thuan li trong cac ng dung nhat nh.

Chebyshev Av Butterworth Bessel f

Khuech ai
Vin +

Mach RC chon loc tan so

Vout

Mach hoi tiep am

Hnh 8-5: Ba kieu ac tnh mach loc

Hnh 8-6: S o tong quat cua mach loc kieu ac tnh mach

R1 R2

108

8.2.1 ac tnh Butterworth Co ap ng bien o rat phang trong dai thong va toc o i xuong 20 dB/decade/1cc. Tuy nhien ap ng pha khong tuyen tnh va dch pha (nh vay tr hoan) cac tn hieu i qua bo loc thay oi phi tuyen theo tan so. Do o, khi do 1 xung a vao mach loc co ac tnh Butterworth se gay ra cac vot lo (overshoot) ngo ra, bi v moi canh len va xuong cua xung co tr hoan khac nhau. Cac bo loc vi ap ng Butterworth thng c biet en la ap ng phang toi a (maximally flat respose). 8.2.2 ac tnh Chebyshev Thng c s dung khi can co toc o i xuong rat nhanh bi v no cung cap toc o i xuong ln hn 20 dB/decade/1 cc . Toc o nay ln hn toc o cua Butterworth. Do o cac bo loc dung ap ng Chebyshev co t cc hn va mach t phc tap hn vi toc o i xuong cho trc . Kieu ap ng bo loc nay c ac trng bang cac gn trong dai thong (phu thuoc vao so cc ) va ap ng pha t tuyen tnh hn Butterworth. 8.2.3 ac tnh Bessel Cho ac tnh pha tuyen tnh, ngha la dch tang tuyen tnh vi tan so. Ket qua la hau nh khong co vot lo ngo ra vi gia tr vao la xung. Do nguyen nhan nay, cac bo loc vi ap ng Bessel c dung e loc cac dang song xung khong lam meo dang song. - Ta co 1 so sanh tong quat cua 3 ac tnh ap ng vi loc thong thap H.8-5. cac bo loc thong cao & dai thong cung co the c thiet ke e co bat c 1 trong cac ac tnh nay. 8.3. MACH LOC THONG THAP TCH CC Cac mach loc dung phan t tch cc la op-amp cho nhieu thuan li hn cac bo loc thu ong (bao gom cac phan t R, L va C). Op-amp cho o li, e tn hieu khong b suy giam khi i qua bo loc. Tong tr vao cao cua op-amp ngan viec ganh qua tai cua nguon lai, va tong tr ra thap cua Op-amp ngan cho bo loc khong b anh hng bi tai ma no lai. Cac mach loc tch cc cung de ieu chnh tren mot dai tan so rong khong thay oi ap ng mong muon. 8.3.1 Mach loc 1 cc
1 cc
Vin R C R1 + Vout R2

o l i (dB) 0 -3 -20 fC 10fC f

Hnh 8.9 Mach loc thong thap tch cc va ng cong ap ng.

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Tan so gii han

fc =

1 2 RC

Op-amp c noi nh khuyet ai khong ao co o li vong kn. Acl =R1/R2 +1

8.4.2 Mach loc thong so thap sallenkey Sallenkey la mot trong cac cau hnh thong dung nhat cua mach loc bac 2 (2 cc).ngi ta con goi la bo loc VCVS (voltage controlled Voltage Source = nguon ien ap c ieu khien bang iep ap). Mach loc thong thap Sallen Key c cho hnh 8.9. Chu y rang co 2 mang RC cung cap i xuong -40dB/decade tren tang so ti han ( gia s ac tnh Butterworth): mot mang RC gom RA va CA, va mang th hai gom RB va CB. at tnh duy nhat la tu CA cung cap hoi tiep e tao dang ap ng gan canh cua dai thong. Tan so ti han cua mach loc sallen key bac 2 la: fc =
1 2 R A R BCA CB

( 8-7)

e cho n gian, cac gia tr linh kien co the chon bang nhau e RA = RB = R va CA = CB = C. trong trng hp nay, bieu thc cua tan so ti han con fc= 1/2 RC. Nh trong mach loc 1 cc, op-amp trong bo loc sallen key bac 2 hoat ong nh mot K khong ao vi hoi tiep am bi mang R1/R2. nh ta a biet, he so giam dan DF c at bi cac gia tr cua R1 va R2 nh vay lam cho ap ng bo loc hoac Butterworth, hoac chebyshev hoac Bessel. Th du t bang 4-1, ty so R1/R2 phai la 0.586 e tao ra DF la 1.414 can cho ap ng Butterworth.
Mang thong thap 2 cc
Ca Vin Ra Rb + Vout C R1

R2

Hnh 8-10 Bo loc thong thap bac 2 c ban sallen-key Th du 8.1: Xac nh tan so ti han cua mach loc thong thap hnh 4-10 va chon gia tr R1 e co ap ng Butterworth xap x:

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Ca Vin Ra 1K Rb 1K C 0.02uF 0.02uF + Vout R1

Hnh 8-11: Giai: V RA=RB = 1 va CA=CB=0.02 F fc = vi ap ng Butterworth: suy ra: Cau hoi:

1K

R2

1 1 = = 7.958kHz 2 RC 2 (100).(0.02 F)

R1/R2 = 0.586

R1 = 0.586, R2 = 586

Xac nh fc cua hnh 8-11 neu RA=RB=R2 =2.2k va CA=CB=0.01 F. Tng t xac nh gia tr R1 e co ap ng Butterworth. 8.4 MACH LOC THONG CAO TCH CC Trong mach loc thong cao, cac vai tro cua tu va ien tr ao nhau trong mach RC. Ngoai ra cac van e c ban khac eu giong nh loc thong thap. 8.4.1 Mach loc 1 cc Mach loc thong cao tch cc vi toc o i xuong 20dB/decade c ch hnh 8.12 (a). Chu y la mach vao la 1 mang RC thong cao. Mach hoi tiep am giong nh cac mach loc thong thap a ban trc. ng cong ap ng thong cao c ch hnh 8.12(b) Ve ly tng, mach thong cao cho qua tac ca cac tan so tren fc khong co gii han nh hnh 8.12(a) nhng thc te th co gii han do tan so cat tren phan t tch cc.
C Vin + R R1 Vout

o l i (dB) 0 -3 f fC

R2

-20

Hnh 8-12: Mach loc thong cao 1 cc va ng cong ap ng cua no

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Av

f fC

(a) Ly tng
Av

f fC

(b) Khong ly tng Hnh 8-13: ap ng o loc thong cao. 8.4.2 Mach loc thong cao sallen key Cau hnh mach loc thong cao sallen-key bac hai c ch hnh 4-15. cac thanh phan RA, CA, RB, va CB lam thanh mang chon loc tan so 2 cc. Chu y la cac v tr cua cac ien tr va tu trong mang chon loc tan so la oi nghch vi cau hnh thong thap. Nh vi cac bo loc khac, ac tnh ap ng co the c toi u hoa bang cach la chon thch hp cac ien tr hoi tiep R1 va R2 .
Ra

Vin

Ca

Cb + Rb R1 Vout

Mang thong cao 2 cc

R2

Hnh 8-14: Mach loc thong cao sallen key c ban bac hai. Th du 8.2: Chon cac gia tr cho mach loc thong cao sallen-key hnh 8.14, e cai at mot ap ng Butterworth bac hai vi tan so ti han xap x 10KHz. Giai: Trc het chon mot gia tr cho RA va RB (R1 hoac R2 co cung bang gia tr RA va RB e cho n gian). R = RA =RB= R2 = 3.3k ( mot la chon tuy y) 112

Ke en tnh gia tr ien dung t C = CA= CB =

fc =1/2 Rc
1 1 = = 0.004 F 2 Rf C 2 (3.3k )(10kH z )

Vi ap ng Butterworth, he so DF la 1.414 va R1/R2 = 0.586 R1= 0.586x R2= 0.586x(3.3k )=1.93k Neu ta chon R1 = 3.3 k th R2 = Cau hoi: Chon tat ca cac gia tr cua cac linh kien trong mach loc thong cao hnh 8.14 e co c fc = 300Hz. s dung cac thanh phan co gia tr bang nhau va toi u hoa ap ng Butterworth. 8.4.3 Mach loc thong cao bac n Nh vi cau hnh thong thap, co the noi xau chuoi cac bo loc thong cao bac mot va bac hai e tao ra 3 cc hay nhieu hn e co c toc o i xuong nhanh hn. Hnh 8.15 ch mach loc thong cao bac 6 gom 3 tang 2 cc. Vi cau hnh nay c toi u hoa vi ap ng Butterworth at c toc o i xuong 120dB/ decade.
R2

R1 3.3k = = 5.63k 0.586 0.586

R6

R10

Vin

C1

C2

+
R1

C3

C4

C5

C6

Vout

R3

R5

R7

R9

R11

R4
R8

R12

Hnh 8-15. Mach loc thong cao bac 6 8. 5 Mach loc thong dai tch cc Nh a e cap, cac bo loc thong dai cho qua tac ca cac tan so b chan bi gii han tang so di va tren loai tr tat ca tan so nam ngoai dai nay. ap ng thong dai co the xem nh phu lap cua ap ng tan thap (thong thap) va ap ng tan cao (thong cao). * Noi xau chuoi cac mach thong thap va thong cao e co ap ng thong dai Mot cach e cai at mach loc thong dai la noi xau chuoi mach loc thong cao va thong thap, mien la cac tan so ti han u cach biet nhau. Moi bo loc c ch la cau hnh sallen key Butterworth 2 cc e co cac toc o i xuong + 40 dB/ decade, c ch trong ng cong ap ng ket hp. Tan so ti han cua moi bo loc c chon e cac ng cong ap ng u phu lap. Tan so ti han cua loc thong cao phai u thap hn tang thong thap.

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