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GENTOO LINUX

Gentoo Linux

!
Linux ,
... A Gentoo!
T K,
N P
O wannabe M, R&D VoIP
freelance system
administrator. E
ILUG blog
void.gr/kargig/.
O N M H/Y.
E cyberarch.gr . E
HELLUG
blog
autoverse.net.

TI A XPEIATOYME
n T CD
n M DSL
n T Gentoo Handbook
n M

64

LINUX FORMAT

Gentoo
/ . A
-,
.

, ' ,
,
.
H
,

,
: x86, amd64, ppc, ppc64,
alpha, arm, hppa, ia64, m68k, mips, s/390, sparc, x86freebsd.
T Gentoo Daniel Robbins,
1999,
hardware . E
GCC, Gentoo developers ,
compiler.
H rolling updates,
-

. Gentoo release,
.
releases hardware
install CD, configuration files
profiles. T (Portage Tree
Gentoo) , release
.
,

,
Portage Tree,
.

O Gentoo project. K' ,
Gentoo Foundation, , :
copyright , ..
Y Gentoo Council (
Star Wars :)),
developers . A Gentoo
,
"" , .

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GENTOO LINUX

T
E Gentoo ,
.
how-to Gentoo-Wiki,
forums . T wiki ( 8.500
), home server,
,
window managers.
T wiki, , , . T Gentoo
,
.

M , ,
; O ,
/etc/make.conf.
O ,
(flags)
GCC. O CFLAGS ( C) CXXFLAGS ( C++).
, Quad Core x86 (32bit) ,
CFLAGS :
-march=prescott -O2 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer
march , ' , O2
GCC.
64bit , :
-march=nocona -O2 -pipe
O, CHOST
32 64bit :
i686-pc-linux-gnu
x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
CFLAGS CHOST (
) wiki:
http://gentoo-wiki.com/Safe_Cflags.
T , , USE flags, , . T USE flags "",
./configure emerge
make. O compile ()
, .
, ,

CUPS. O, USE flag, "-cups",
. USE flags .

H Live
CD.

Package Manager
T Gentoo
Portage. A : Portage Tree
ebuilds emerge.
E ebuild

: ,
compilation,
. E (dependencies)
USE flags . T
Portage Tree Gentoo ebuilds
/usr/portage. O, ebuilds
dpkg rpm emerge
apt yum Debian
Redhat .
T emerge , . A
ebuilds . E, , emerge

IABATE PIN AO THN EKATATAH...

T Gentoo
. '
Gentoo
Handbook
. ,
Gentoo
, . ;)

( Gentoo
Installer),

handbook,

Gentoo.
(,
!),
.

n CD
. A
Internet ,

, links
handbook.

.
n M cfdisk partitions
, filesystem
.
n A handbook
stage3 portage root
partition. T stage3
,
(.., glibc, gcc).
n ,

/etc/make.conf, , ,
, chroot, ""
root partition. O, ,
, partition
.
n Portage Tree (emerge --sync)

. O ,

,
genkernel,
modules,
.
n , /etc/fstab
/etc/mtab, grub (boot loader).
n T, password root (
passwd) reboot .

LINUX FORMAT

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GENTOO LINUX

EZOYMIMA
Gentoo Users
"ricing"[0]. , ,

.
Gentoo
,
. :)
E
portage (/usr/portage),
partition [1]. K
compilation
/var/tmp/portage.
E I/O ,
RAM

ramdisk [2]. ... ricers,
,
RAM VGA [3]. A

, distcc,
compile
[4],
cache, caching objects
compile,
recompiles [5].

distros
, prelinking [6].
[0] http://ub0.cc/c/2G
[1] http://ub0.cc/0/3d
[2] http://ub0.cc/l/0b
[3] http://ub0.cc/l/09
[4] http://ub0.cc/b/t
[5] http://ub0.cc/6/1b
[6] http://ub0.cc/l/08

'
Gentoo, , paludis, developer Gentoo. E emerge
Python, paludis C++
. , , , ' . H
emerge
Gentoo. M package managers,
, Gentoo, . E,
, package manager
features. E emerge...
O
emerge /etc/make.conf, . H emerge compile.
, , FEATURES="parallel-fetch"
/etc/make.conf, emerge
.
, MAKEOPTS="-j3" .
O,

"" emerge . cores +1.

M PORTAGE_NICENESS="5" nice level
emerge . O ( 19) emerge
. M GENTOO_MIRRORS=
mirrors emerge
SYNC= rsync mirror. O
mirrorselect mirrors, .

/etc/make.conf.example.

USE flags,
ffmpeg:
media-video/ffmpeg-0.4.9_p20070616-r2 USE="X
a52 aac amr encode ipv6 mmx ogg theora threads
truetype vorbis xvid zlib (-altivec) -debug -doc ieee1394 -imlib -network -oss -sdl -test -v4l -x264"
E compile, ..,
aac, theora, xvid (doc) .. T USE flags (-)
, . T
USE flags
, /etc/portage/package.use. A
abiword:
echo "app-office/abiword spell xml -debug -gnome"
>> /etc/portage/package.use
M , abiword xml .
M USE flags (global use flags),
/etc/make.conf. A, , KDE
, USE=
/etc/make.conf "-gnome -gtk kde qt",
Gnome KDE,
compile KDE.

X emerge
A emerge.
, '
root .
T Gentoo o Portage Tree repositories
Gentoo :
# emerge --sync
T gentoo-netiquette (
Gentoo) 2
. A sync
, rsync mirror

# mirrorselect -i -r -o >> /etc/make.conf
USE flags ,
, -p
(pretend) -v (verbose):
# emerge -pv mplayer
,
, :
# emerge -v mplayer

66

LINUX FORMAT

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GENTOO LINUX

, -u (update):
# emerge -uv mplayer
E
,
-D (deep):
# emerge -uDv mplayer
,
-C:
# emerge -Cv mplayer
,
, -s (search) -S
(searchdesc). T
, . E, , emerge , eix
(emerge eix),
. O
emerge. , video, :
# eix -S video
K emerge,
world file
/var/lib/portage/world . A, , emerge
AAA BBB emerge
AAA, world file AAA. O
world file
emerge, . E "" , upgrade
BBB, emerge -u BBB. A
BBB world file. T
--oneshot,
world file.
# emerge --oneshot -v BBB
upgrade
world file, ,
:
# emerge -uavt world
H -a (ask) -p
(pretend) , ,
emerge , -t (tree)
.
upgrade ,
, world file,
, , :
# emerge -uDavt world
E Portage
reverse
dependencies. A AAA
(emerge -Cv AAA), emerge
BBB. A
CCC
BBB
BBB. Y, , emerge
unmerge.
:
# emerge --depclean -p

. T 100% , '
-p (pretend),

T ebuild script leafpad

editor.

. H ,
.
,
.

Stable unstable
Gentoo, stable branch unstable. T stable branches x86, amd64, ppc, sparc .., unstable
~x86, ~amd64, ~ppc, ~sparc .. E
stable
unstable branch.
unstable updates, , ,
, , stable. K
stable branch, .., appportage/porthole.
A stable unstable branch.
# eix himerge
* app-portage/himerge
Available versions: 0.15 ~0.16.1-r1 ~0.17 ~0.17.3
~0.17.9 ~0.18 ~0.20 ~0.21 ~0.21.9
B versions, 0.15,
"~". A
unstable branch, 0.15 stable. A stable
unstable
himerge, :
# echo "app-portage/himerge ~x86" >>

BASELAYOUT 2 & OPENRC

T baselayout 1

Gentoo, rc. H ,
baselayout 2
, rc
OpenRC. T OpenRC dependencybased rc ,
init . E rc
Bash, OpenRC C

50%! A Gentoo
boot 20
25sec!
O baselayout 2 - OpenRC
: http://ub0.cc/6/1c.

LINUX FORMAT

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GENTOO LINUX

emerge -pv moo...

M ,
/etc
._cfg_packagename. A
configuration files . configuration files,
etc-update dispatch-conf
. K
configuration files
.
, frontends emerge. T Kuroo (QTbased), porthole (GTK-based), himerge (GTK-based).
' emerge.
/etc/portage/package.keywords
A eix,
.
# eix himerge
* app-portage/himerge
Available versions: 0.15 (~)0.16.1-r1 (~)0.17
(~)0.17.3 (~)0.17.9 (~)0.18 (~)0.20 (~)0.21
(~)0.21.9
O
:
# emerge -avt himerge
A
unstable,
unstable, :
# echo "=app-portage/himerge-0.17.3 ~x86" >>
/etc/portage/package.keywords
# emerge -avt =app-portage/himerge-0.17.3
A :
# ACCEPT_KEYWORDS="~x86" emerge -avt
himerge
A unstable ,
keywording
/etc/portage/package.keywords, emerge himerge
world, downgrade
stable, , 0.15, .

M !

OMOPE
EKHEI
T Easter eggs
Gento.

FEATURES="candy"
/etc/make.conf
emerge .
E,
emerge moo. :)

68

LINUX FORMAT

stable unstable ,
masked! T
Portage Tree, masked, bug
testing. O, ,
developers Gentoo . E
masked
Gentoo
, unmask
:
# echo "sys-apps/test_package" >>
/etc/portage/package.unmask
, , ,
updates , mask! H test_package 1.2.3.
# echo ">foo-bar/test_package-1.2.3" >>
/etc/portage/package.mask

B
E eix ,
,
Gentoo User. M gentoolkit , , equery, glsa-check revdep-rebuild.
T equery Python
Gentoo.
, f (files):
# equery f app-shells/bash
M b (belongs)
:
# equery b /usr/bin/base64
X d (depends),
. A
.
# equery d xorg-server
M glsa-check
security
update
"".
H security updates
:
# glsa-check -l -c
E
,
,
:
# glsa-check -l -v -c affected
, :
# glsa-check -p affected
T revdep-rebuild ,
shared libraries. E ,
,
, . H -p (pretend) ,
emerge ,
:
# revdep-rebuild -p
A ,
portage-utils.
equery, C,
:
qfile -> equery b
qlist -> equery f

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GENTOO LINUX

qdepends -> equery d

qsize -> equery s
..
T, udept , , ,
,
reverse dependency tree :
# dep -T gpm
udept s
(springclean), ,
. E ( ) emerge-depclean.
# dep -p -s

T X
T runlevels init scripts Gentoo
System V , , . K' ,
runlevels /etc/runlevels
, :). E,
,
runlevels: boot default. M '
links
,
/etc/init.d.
M . A
, (.. S10mysql, S11apache), Gentoo
(dependencies). M' ,
,
after exotic_service
exotic_service,
10 11. O, (init),
(.
mount root partition /etc/fstab)
script /sbin/rc, " "
,
/etc/runlevels/boot /erc/runlevels/default.
A , , :
depend() {
need net
use mysql dns logger netmount postgresql
after sshd
}
T /etc/init.d/apache2,
apache web server. B net, , Apache . E, mysql, dns,
logger, netmount, postgresql, ,
, , sshd,
.
T
/etc/init.d,
/etc/conf.d. E
. E
(clock),
(hostname), (alsasound), (net)
, local.start,

, local.stop
shutdown.

K
H Gentoo Open Source ( )
developers.
A . K' ,
forum Gentoo, 110.000
4.200.000 . E
,
forum
Gentoo. , link
Gentoo, forum, developers.
forum ( 60), developers
Gentoo.
A IRC (
Freenode), 60
Gentoo, , , #gentoo,
, #gentoo-dev,
developers, #gentoo-devhelp,
Gentoo.
T blogs
,
"" ( ),
blogs developers
blogs .

E
, ,
Gentoo. T
IRC, #gentoo-el (
Freenode) #gentoo ( GrNet), forums,
forum Gentoo, forum Hellug.
A O,
E developers Gentoo,
, . A Gentoo, http://ub0.cc/k/2p :)
E
Gentoo. K ... If it moves, compile it! ;)
n

H Gentoo.

n T site Gentoo
http://gentoo.org/
n T forum
http://forums.gentoo.org/
n O developers
http://planet.gentoo.org/
n O
http://larrythecow.org/
n E
http://gentoo-wiki.org/
n T documentation project
http://www.gentoo.org/doc/
n RSS feed
http://packages.gentoo.org/
n USE Flags:
http://www.gentoo.org/dyn/useindex.xml

LINUX FORMAT

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