146 Chng 5

Cng ngh chuyn gen Thc vt

I. Khi nim chung

Trc y, to mt ging mi cc nh to ging thng s dng phng php truyn thng t hp li cc gen gia hai c th thc vt to ra con lai mang nhng tnh trng mong mun. Phng php ny c thc hin bng cch chuyn ht phn t cy ny sang nhy hoa ca cy khc. Tuy nhin, php lai cho ny b hn ch bi n ch c th thc hin c gia cc c th cng loi (lai gn), lai gia nhng cc th khc loi (lai xa) thng b bt th do khng th to ra con lai c. Tuy nhin, lai gn cng phi mt nhiu thi gian mi thu c nhng kt qu mong mun v thng thng nhng tnh trng quan tm li khng tn ti trong nhng loi c h hng gn nhau. Ngy nay, cng ngh chuyn gen cho php nh to ging cng lc a vo mt loi cy trng nhng gen mong mun c ngun gc t nhng c th sng khc nhau, khng ch gia cc loi c h gn nhau m cn nhng loi rt xa nhau. Phng php hu hiu ny cho php cc nh to ging thc vt thu c ging mi nhanh hn v vt qua nhng gii hn ca k thut to ging truyn thng. Cy chuyn gen (transgenic plant) l cy mang mt hoc nhiu gen c a vo bng phng thc nhn to thay v thng qua lai to nh trc y. Nhng gen c to a vo (gen chuyn) c th c phn lp t nhng loi thc vt c quan h h hng hoc t nhng loi khc bit hon ton. Thc vt to ra c gi l thc vt chuyn gen mc d trn thc t tt c thc vt u c chuyn gen t t tin hoang di ca chng bi qu trnh thun ha, chn lc v lai ging c kim sot trong mt thi gian di. Nhn chung, vic ng dng cy chuyn gen c nhng li ch r rt nh sau:

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- Tng sn lng. - Gim chi ph sn xut. - Tng li nhun nng nghip. - Ci thin mi trng. Nhng cy chuyn gen th h th nht gip gim chi ph sn xut. Ngy nay, cc nh khoa hc ang hng n vic to ra nhng cy chuyn gen th h th hai nhm tng cc gi tr dinh dng hoc c nhng c im thch hp cho cng nghip ch bin. Li ch ca nhng cy trng ny hng trc tip hn vo ngi tiu dng. Chng hn nh: - La go giu vitamin A v st. - Khoai ty tng hm lng tinh bt. - Vaccine thc phm (edible vaccine) ng v khoai ty. - Nhng ging ng c th trng c trong iu kin ngho dinh dng. - Du n c li cho sc kho hn t u nnh v ci du. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng u im cng c nhng nguy c tim n trong vic pht trin nhng k thut mi. Bao gm: - Mi nguy him trong vic v tnh a nhng cht gy d ng hoc lm gim dinh dng vo thc phm. - Kh nng pht tn nhng gen bin np trong cy trng sang h hng hoang di. - Su bnh c nguy c tng cng tnh khng vi cc cht c tit ra t cy chuyn gen. - Nguy c nhng cht c ny tc ng ti cc sinh vt khng phi l loi sinh vt cn dit, v th c th lm mt cn bng sinh thi. Nhn chung, mc d cn nhng im cn cha r rng v cy chuyn gen nhng vi kh nng to ra nhng ging cy trng mi c gi tr kinh t, cng ngh ny c vai tr khng th ph nhn c. Tuy vy, vn cn mt s vn ng lo ngi. gii quyt nhng vn ny th nhng kt lun thu c phi da trn nhng thng tin tin cy v c c s khoa hc.

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Cui cng, v tm quan trng ca lng thc thc phm cho con ngi, nn cc chnh sch lin quan ti cy chuyn gen s phi da trn nhng cuc tranh lun ci m v trung thc c s tham gia ca mi thnh phn trong x hi. 1. Khi nim v thc vt chuyn gen Mun to mt sinh vt bin i gen (genetically modified organism-GMO) cn phi c phng php thch hp a DNA ngoi lai (foreign DNA) vo trong t bo ca chng. vi khun, t bo c x l bng dung dch mui calcium chloride. t bo nm men, s tip nhn DNA tng ln khi t bo tip xc vi lithium chloride hoc lithium acetate. Tuy nhin, i vi phn ln sinh vt bc cao cn phi c cc phng php khc tinh vi hn. Chuyn gen thc vt pht trin cng vi s pht trin ca cc k thut nui cy m v t bo thc vt. N tr thnh phng tin quan trng nghin cu c bn trong sinh hc thc vt. Ngoi vic m ra trin vng chuyn cc gen c ngha kinh t vo cy trng, cc k thut ny cn cho php nghin cu cu trc v iu khin hot ng ca gen. Qu trnh a mt DNA ngoi lai vo genome (h gen) ca mt sinh vt c gi l qu trnh bin np (transformation). Nhng cy c bin np c gi l cy bin i gen (genetically modified plant-GMP). ng dng cng ngh gen trong cng tc ging cy trng hin i c rt nhiu u im, chng hn nh: - Bng vic bin np mt hoc mt s gen c th thu c cy mang mt c tnh mi xc nh. - Ro cn v loi khng cn c tc dng, v khng ch cc gen t thc vt m cn t vi khun, nm, ng vt hoc con ngi c chuyn thnh cng vo thc vt. V nguyn tc ch thay i vng iu khin gen, promoter1 v terminator2. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp i hi nhng thay i tip theo nh s ph hp codon.

1 2

Gen khi ng cho qu trnh phin m. Gen kt thc qu trnh phin m.

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- Nhng c im khng mong mun ca thc vt. Chng hn, s tng hp cc cht c hoc cht gy d ng c th c loi tr bng cng ngh gen. - Thc vt bin i gen c th l l phn ng sinh hc (bioreactor) sn xut hiu qu cc protein v cc cht cn thit dng trong dc phm v thc phm.. - M ra kh nng nghin cu chc nng ca gen trong qu trnh pht trin ca thc vt v cc qu trnh sinh hc khc. V vy, thc vt bin i gen c ngha trong nghin cu c bn. - Trong lai to ging hin i, cng ngh gen gip lm gim s mu thun gia kinh t v mi trng sinh thi. Bng vic s dng cy trng khng thuc dit c c th gim c lng thuc bo v thc vt. Mc ch ca nng nghip hin i khng ch l tng nng sut m cn hng n nhng lnh vc quan trng sau: + Duy tr v m rng a dng sinh hc (biodiversity). + Tng kh nng khng (sc khe cy trng v chng chu cc iu kin bt li). + Nng cao cht lng sn phm. + Ci thin kh nng tch ly dinh dng. + Tng cng tng hp cc hp cht c hot tnh sinh hc. + To ra sn phm khng gy hi mi trng. 2. Tm tt lch s pht trin ca cng ngh chuyn gen thc vt Lch s pht trin cng ngh gen ca thc vt chc chn c rt nhiu s kin quan trng. y ch nu ln nhng mc c ngha c bit nhm lm r s pht trin rt nhanh ca lnh vc ny: - Trc ht, vi khun t Agrobacterium tumefaciens c s dng lm phng tin vn chuyn DNA. Bnh thng vi khun ny to nn khi u thc vt. Mt phn nh ca Ti-plasmid c trong vi khun ny, c gi l T-DNA, c vn chuyn t Agrobacterium vo cy hai l mm. Nm 1980, ln u tin DNA ngoi lai (transposon Tn7) c chuyn vo thc vt nh A. tumefaciens, tuy nhin T-DNA vn cha c thay i. Nm 1983, nhiu nhm

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nghin cu bin i T-DNA v a DNA ngoi lai vo, to ra tnh khng mt s cht khng sinh. Ngoi ra, cc gen to khi u c ct ra. DNA ngoi lai cng vi phn cn li c chuyn vo thc vt v c bin np. Thnh cng ny nh nghin cu chnh xc con ng ly nhim ca A. tumefaciens trc v kh nng ca h thng chn lc i vi thc vt. T kt qu thnh cng u tin ny s lng cc loi c bin np ngy cng tng. Lc ny c thm nhiu phng php khc bin i gen: - Nm 1984, bin np bng t bo trn (protoplast) ng c thc hin. y thnh t bo c phn gii bng enzyme, xut hin t bo trn. Nh polyethylene glycol (PEG) hoc xung in (electroporation) m DNA c a vo t bo trn. - Nm 1985, ln u tin cy bin i gen c m t c tnh khng thuc dit c. Mt nm sau, ngi ta thnh cng trong vic to ra thc vt khng virus. Nm 1996, cc th nghim v cy bin i gen c php a ra ng rung. - Nm 1987, phng php bin np phi sinh hc c s dng. y t bo thc vt c bn ph bng cc ht vng hoc wolfram bc DNA ngoi lai. Nh phng php ny m s bin np thnh cng cc cy mt l mm quan trng nh la (1988), ng (1990) v la m (1992). Cng trong nm 1987, c chua v thuc l khng cn trng lm cho cng ngh gen t c mt bc pht trin quan trng hn. Mt thnh cng quan trng khc l iu khin c qu trnh chn c chua, sau ny c tn l FlavrSaver. Nm 1994, ln u tin c chua bin i gen c bn trn th trng. - Nm 1989, khng nhng thnh cng trong vic chuyn cc gen m ha cc khng th vo thc vt, m ngi ta cn to nn cc sn phm gen ny nh mong mun. Kt qu ny m ra mt kh nng hon ton mi m cho vic sn xut vaccine v c kh nng chng bnh thc vt. - Nm 1990, thnh cng trong vic to ra cy bin i gen bt dc c, khng c kh nng to ht phn. Loi cy trng ny c ngha ln trong vic sn xut ht ging.

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- T nm 1991, thnh phn carbohydrate ca thc vt c bin i v nm 1992 l cc acid bo. Cng nm , ln u tin thnh phn alkaloid mt loi c c ci thin, l mt bc quan trng i vi thc vt trong vic tng hp nhm hp cht ny. Nhng thc vt ny c ngha ln i vi vic thu nhn dc liu. Sau khi thc vt bin i gen ny xut hin, cht nhn to phn gii sinh hc c tng hp. iu ny cho php chng ta hy vng rng, trong tng lai s c nhng thc vt c c tnh mi, c s dng nh l cc bioreactor thc vt sn xut nguyn liu ti sinh. - Nm 1994, c chua Flavr SavrR l cy trng u tin bin i gen v qu ca n c a ra th trng. Nm 1998, trn th gii c 48 ging cy trng bin i gen v sn phm c th trng ha. Nm 1999, cy la bin i gen c a ra vi 7 gen c bin np. n u nm 1999, trn th gii c khong 9.000 th nghim ng rung cho php, trong khong 1.360 l EU. Cui cng, l mt s nhn xt v vic th trng ha cy bin i gen trong nng nghip. Cho n nm 1999, din tch gieo trng trn th gii t hn 40 triu ha. Trong 20% l ng, 50% l u tng v 1/3 din tch bng l M. Ngoi ra c hn 70% din tch ci du Canada c trng vi ging bin i gen. Khong 90% thc vt bin i gen chng chu thuc dit c hoc su bnh hi. Cn ch rng, M sn phm u tng c trong hn 20.000 loi thc phm khc nhau. iu ny cho thy rng, cng ngh gen nh hng n sn xut thc phm ca chng ta.

II. Mt s nguyn tc c bn ca vic chuyn gen

1. Mt s nguyn tc sinh hc Khi t ra mc ch v thc hin th nghim chuyn gen cn ch mt s vn sinh hc nh hng n qu trnh chuyn gen nh sau: - Khng phi ton b t bo u th hin tnh ton nng (totipotency). - Cc cy khc nhau c phn ng khng ging nhau vi s xm nhp ca mt gen ngoi lai.

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- Cy bin np ch c th ti sinh t cc t bo c kh nng ti sinh v kh nng thu nhn gen bin np vo genome. - M thc vt l hn hp cc qun th t bo c kh nng khc nhau. Cn xem xt mt s vn nh: ch c mt s t t bo c kh nng bin np v ti sinh cy. cc t bo khc c hai trng hp c th xy ra: mt s t bo nu c to iu kin ph hp th tr nn c kh nng, mt s khc hon ton khng c kh nng bin np v ti sinh cy. - Thnh phn ca cc qun th t bo c xc nh bi loi, kiu gen, tng c quan, tng giai on pht trin ca m v c quan. - Thnh t bo ngn cn s xm nhp ca DNA ngoi lai. V th, cho n nay ch c th chuyn gen vo t bo c thnh cellulose thng qua Agrobacterium, virus v bn gen hoc phi ph b thnh t bo chuyn gen bng phng php xung in, siu m v vi tim. - Kh nng xm nhp n nh ca gen vo genome khng t l vi s biu hin tm thi ca gen. - Cc DNA (tr virus) khi xm nhp vo genome ca t bo vt ch cha m bo l lin kt n nh vi genome. - Cc DNA (tr virus) khng chuyn t t bo ny sang t bo kia, n ch ni m n c a vo. - Trong khi , DNA ca virus khi xm nhp vo genom cy ch li khng lin kt vi genome m chuyn t t bo ny sang t bo khc ngoi tr m phn sinh (meristem). 2. Phn ng ca t bo vi qu trnh chuyn gen Mc ch chnh ca chuyn gen l a mt on DNA ngoi lai vo genome ca t bo vt ch c kh nng ti sinh cy v biu hin n nh tnh trng mi. Nu qu trnh bin np xy ra m t bo khng ti sinh c thnh cy, hoc s ti sinh din ra m khng km theo s bin np th th nghim bin np cha thnh cng. rt nhiu loi thc vt, iu kh khn l phi xc nh cho c kiu t bo no trong cy c kh nng tip nhn s bin np. Ht phn hay t bo non sau khi c bin np c th c dng to ra cy bin np hon ton, thng qua qu trnh th tinh bnh

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thng. Ht phn thng c coi l nguyn liu l tng gy bin np. Trong khi , vic bin np gen vo hp t in vivo hay in vitro li gp nhiu kh khn. Trong trng hp ny, ngi ta thng phi kt hp vi k thut cu phi. Vic bin np gen i vi cc t bo n ca cc m phc tp nh phi hay m phn sinh thng cho ra nhng cy khm. T nhiu thp k qua ngi ta bit rng, tnh ton th ca t bo thc vt to iu kin cho s ti sinh cy hon chnh in vitro qua qu trnh pht sinh c quan (hnh thnh chi) hay pht sinh phi. Cc chi bt nh hay phi c hnh thnh t cc t bo n c hot ha l nhng b phn d dng tip nhn s bin np v c kh nng cho nhng cy bin np hon chnh (khng c tnh khm). 3. Cc bc c bn ca chuyn gen T khi ngi ta khm ph ra rng cc th nghim chuyn gen c th thc hin nh mt loi vi khun t Agrobacterium tumefaciens, th cc nh khoa hc tin rng Agrobacterium c th chuyn gen vo tt c cc cy trng. Nhng sau kt qu thc t cho thy chuyn gen bng Agrobacterium khng th thc hin c trn cy ng cc (mt l mm) v th hng lot k thut chuyn gen khc c pht trin l cc k thut chuyn gen trc tip nh bn gen bng vi n (bombardement/gene gun), vi tim (microinjection), xung in (electroporation), silicon carbide, in di (electrophoresis), siu m (ultrasonic), chuyn gen qua ng phn (pollen tube)... n nay, nh ci tin cc vector chuyn gen nn k thut chuyn bng A. tumefaciens thnh cng c cy ng cc c bit l la. K thut ny tr nn mt k thut y trin vng i vi cy chuyn gen thc vt. Qu trnh chuyn gen c thc hin qua cc bc sau : - Xc nh gen lin quan n tnh trng cn quan tm. - Phn lp gen (PCR hoc sng lc t th vin cDNA hoc t th vin genomic DNA). - Gn gen vo vector biu hin (expression vector) bin np. - Bin np vo E. coli. - Tch chit DNA plasmid.

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- Bin np vo m hoc t bo thc vt bng mt trong cc phng php khc nhau k trn. - Chn lc cc th bin np trn mi trng chn lc. - Ti sinh cy bin np. - Phn tch xc nhn c th chuyn gen (PCR hoc Southern blot) v nh gi mc biu hin ca chng (Northern blot, Western blot, ELISA hoc cc th nghim in vivo khc...). Nguyn liu thc hin s bin np l cc t bo thc vt ring l, cc m hoc cy hon chnh. Cn tr ln nht ca s tip nhn DNA phn ln sinh vt l thnh t bo. Mun lm mt thnh t bo thc vt ngi ta thng s dng enzyme v di nhng iu kin thch hp ngi ta c th to ra t bo trn, t bo trn tip nhn DNA ni chung d dng. Chng hn s dng phng php xung in, y t bo c t trong mt xung in ngn, xung in ny c th lm xut hin nhng l tm thi trn mng t bo, nhng phn t DNA c th i vo bn trong t bo. Sau khi bin np ngi ta tch nhng enzyme phn gii v cho t bo pht trin, thnh t bo mi c to nn. Cc t bo bin np ny c nui cy trn cc mi trng nhn to thch hp cng vi cc cht kch thch sinh trng to nn cy hon chnh. Sau bng cc phng php phn tch genome nh PCR, Southern blot, Northern blot c thc hin tm ra chnh xc nhng cy bin i gen. Bn cnh cc phng php bin np Agrobacterium hoc xung in, hin nay c hai phng php khc cng thng c s dng a DNA vo trong t bo. Phng php th nht l vi tim: vi mt ci pipet rt nh ngi ta c th a cc phn t DNA trc tip vo nhn t bo m ngi ta mun bin np. Phng php ny u tin ch c s dng t bo ng vt, nhng sau ny ngi ta s dng cho t bo thc vt. Phng php th hai l bn vo t bo cc vi n (microprojectile), thng bng vng hoc wolfram, c bao bc bi DNA. Phng php ny c gi l phi sinh hc v c s dng thnh cng nhiu loi t bo khc nhau. ng-thc vt chuyn gen, sn phm cui cng thng khng phi l t bo bin np, m l mt c th bin np hon ton.

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Phn ln thc vt c ti sinh d dng bng nui cy m t bo. Tuy nhin, ti sinh cy mt l mm nh ng cc v cc loi c khc cng gp mt vi kh khn. T mt t bo bin np duy nht ngi ta c th to ra mt cy chuyn gen, trong mi t bo mang DNA ngoi lai v tip tc chuyn cho th h sau sau khi n hoa v to ht.

III. Cc hng nghin cu v mt s thnh tu trong lnh vc to thc vt chuyn gen

1. Cc hng nghin cu Trong nhng nm qua, cac phng phap bin nap gen thc vt a co rt nhiu tin b. Hin nay, cac phong thi nghim cng ngh gen ang bt tay vao vic cai thin cac c im di truyn cho mt s loai cy trng co gia tr nh cac cng cu cua sinh hoc t bao va sinh hoc phn t. Trong mt vai trng hp c bit (u tng, lua, ng va bng) cac phng phap bin nap gen b gii han bi genotype. Mt s cac cy trng quan trong khac, cn thit cho nhu cu s dung cua ngi dn cac nc ang phat trin hin cng it c chu y. Cng ngh di truyn thc vt la mt bc ngot quyt nh. Mt s cy trng quan trong a c bin nap gen; mc d mt vai vn ky thut vn ang con tn tai, nhng chung ang tng bc c giai quyt. co kt qua cn phai thay i dn dn sang mt pham vi khac, nh la phat hin va tao dong cac gen mang cac tinh trang a gen (multigenic traits). Mt iu khng th qun la vn nhn th c cua xa hi va d ba o ng uy c tac ng x u n mi trng do cac san phm co ngun gc t cng ngh DNA tai t hp (DNA recombinan t technolo gy) mang lai. Hin nay, cng ng h chuyn gen ang c quan tm hn thng qua cac quy tai tr cua cac c quan quc t nh la chng trinh Rockefeller Foundation (My), va vn ang c thao lun nhiu o la cn phi xac nh mt phng thc tt nht chuyn cac li ich do cng ngh bin nap gen mang lai n cac nc ang phat trin. Cy bin nap gen u tin thu c vao nm 1983. iu nay cho phep nhn xet rng mi chi hn hai thp nin, cac cng cu cua cng ngh DNA tai t hp va sinh hoc t bao a giup ich rt nhiu

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cho cac nha tao ging thc vt. Vic la chon phng thc s dung cac cy trng thu c t cng ngh DNA tai t hp co th cung cp thm ngun tai nguyn mi cho cng nghip va ngi tiu dng, nh vy co th m rng c s kinh t ca cac nc cng nghip ln cac nc ang phat trin. Sau y l mt s hng nghin cu chnh trong cng ngh chuyn gen thc vt. 1.1. Cy trng chuyn gen khng cc nm gy bnh Nm bnh l nhng tc nhn gy hi cy trng rt nng, nht l cc nc nhit i c m cao. Cc enzyme lm thoi ha cc thnh phn chnh ca v t bo nm chitin v -1,3 glucan l loi ang c ch . Khi chuyn gen chitinase vo cy thuc l tng hot tnh khng nm gy hi. S biu hin ng thi ca c hai gen chitinase v glucanase trong thuc l lm cho cy c tnh khng nm gy hi cao hn cy c mt gen c lp. Tng t, c chua cho tnh khng nm Fusarium cao hn hn sau khi c chuyn c hai gen ni trn. Protein c ch ribosome (ribosomal inhibition protein-RIP) cng biu hin tnh khng nm tt. Cy thuc l cho tnh khng nm rt cao, khi cy c chuyn giao ng thi gen RIP v chitinase. 1.2. Cy trng chuyn gen khng cc vi khun gy bnh i vi bnh vi khun, hng nghin cu to ging mi bng cng ngh gen ch mi bt u. V c bn c ba hng : - Dng gen m ha enzyme lm thoi ha thnh t bo vi khun. Chng hn, gen lysozyme t cc ngun t bo ng vt hoc t thc khun th T4 (bacteriophage T4) a vo cy thuc l v khoai ty. Cc gen ny biu hin hot tnh lysozyme mnh v cc t bo c kh nng phng tr vi khun Erwina carotovora rt tt. - Gen m ha -thionin-cystein c chuyn giao sang cy thuc l cng phng nga c vi khun Pseudomonas syringae. - Chuyn gen sn xut protein lm gim c t ca vi khun l hng c nhiu ha hn. Gen ny ch yu l gen sn xut cc loi

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enzyme phn hy c t ca vi khun, do vy v hiu ha tc hi ca chng. 1.3. Cy trng chuyn gen khng virus gy bnh Cc virus gy ra nhng thit hi ng k trong hu ht cc cy trng lng thc v cy cho si trn phm vi th gii. Phng php ch yu khc phc tnh trng trn l khai thc tnh khng xut pht t cc tc nhn gy bnh. Chng hn, s dng cc trnh t c ngun gc t virus c biu hin trong cc cy chuyn gen cung cp tnh khng i vi cc virus thc vt. Hng ny da trn c s cc nghin cu v s gy nhim (inoculation) hay xm nhim (infection) thc vt, khi u vi cc chng virus nh to ra phn ng bo v chng li s gy nhim tip theo vi cng loi virus hoc cc virus lin quan gn gi. 1.4. Cy trng chuyn gen khng cn trng ph hoi S dng ha cht phng tr su b cn trng va t tin va tc ng xu n mi trng. Cc cy trng nh bng, ng v khoai ty chuyn gen ang c sn xut thng mi biu hin c t ca Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) to ra tnh khng i vi cc cn trng loi nhai-nghin (chewing insects). Vi khun B. thuringensis tng hp cc protein -endotoxin tinh th c m ha bi cc gen Cry. Khi cn trng n vo bng, cc prototoxins b t gy trong d dy kim ca cn trng to thnh c t hot ng. Cc lin kt ny to ra cc receptor c trng trong cc t bo biu m rut lm thnh cc l chn lng v cui cng l gy cht cn trng. 1.5. Cy trng chuyn gen ci tin cc protein ht Hm lng protein v thnh phn amino acid thay i rt nhiu trong thc phm thc vt. Ngoi protein th cc amino acid khng thay th, phi c tip nhn cng thc n v con ngi v ng vt khng t tng hp c. c bit, trong thc n gia sc ch yu l u tng v ng, phi b sung cc amino acid c sn xut bng phng php ln men nh lysine, methionine, threonine v tryptophan. Trong tng lai, khng cn thit phi b sung cc amino

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acid ny theo phng thc nh vy. Phng thc c kh nng hn l to dng cc gen cy u tng hoc ng m cc gen ny m ha cho protein giu nhng amino acid ny. Ngi ta a gen m ha cho mt loi protein cha cc amino acid c lu hunh cao bt thng vo cy u lupin vi mc ch biu hin ht. Kt qu l tng 100% hm lng protein trong ht. Ht ny c dng nui cu, tng trng lng 7% v sn lng lng tng 8% so vi cu nui bng loi ht bnh thng. Thnh cng ny thc y cc nh nghin cu a gen ny vo biu hin l cy c, nhm ci tin cn bng amino acid khng thay th d c. 1.6. Cy trng chuyn gen sn xut nhng loi protein mi Thc ra vic sn xut protein trong thc vt d dng, nhng tinh sch protein ny t m thc vt l kh khn v trc ht l gi thnh cao. V vy, ngi ta hy vng vo mt phng php mi, c gii thiu bi Raskin v cs (1999). Nhng gen m ha cho protein c gn vi mt promoter v m bo cho protein ch c tng hp r. Tip theo protein to thnh c mt h thng tn hiu, m bo cho n c vn chuyn vo mt v tr xc nh trong t bo. Trong trng hp c bit protein c vn chuyn vo mng li ni cht (endoplasmatic reticulum: ER). Protein i vo ER c th c thi ra bn ngoi v ch vng r, v promoter ch c hiu cho vng ny. Ngi ta dng mt s dung dch mui tch protein mt cch d dng v vi gi thnh hp l. Mt v d in hnh ca hng ng dng ny: Ngi ta to ra c hai loi thuc l chuyn gen, mi loi c kh nng sn xut mt trong hai mch immunoglobin nh v nng. Th h con sinh ra t s lai hai loi cy trn biu hin c mt khng th hot ng gm hai loi mch vi hm lng cao (1,3% tng protein ca l) v c tt c cc c tnh ca mt khng th n dng sn sinh t hybridoma. Thaumatin l nhng protein c chit xut t tht qu ca cy Thaumatococus danielle, c ngt gp 1.000 ln ng

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saccharose. Ngi ta thnh cng trong vic chuyn mt gen m ha cho thaumatin (thaumatin II) vo cy khoai ty, to mt cy khoai ty c l, thn r, c u ngt. Kt qu ny m ra mt trin vng rt ln i vi cy n qu ngt. 1.7. Cy trng chuyn gen mang tnh bt dc c Cc cy hoa mu t nng sut cao hin nay u c trng t ht lai qua mt qu trnh chn lc kht khe. Cc ht ny c u th lai cao v l kt qu ca cc qu trnh lai xa. nhng cy t th phn nh ng, trc kia ngi ta rt tn cng lao ng loi b c bp (cm hoa c) nhm trnh hin tng t th phn. Tuy nhin, cng trnh th nghim mi chuyn mt phc hp gm gen rolC ca A. tumefaciens v promoter CaMV 35S (cauliflower mosaic virus: virus gy bnh khm sp-l) vo cy thuc l v thu c cy chuyn gen bt th. Kt qu ny ang c nghin cu v p dng trn nhng loi cy khc. 1.8. Thc vt bin i gen sn xut cc acid bo thit yu Nh chng ta bit, ngun cung cp ch yu v cc acid bo thit yu l du c v ti nguyn hi sn ang b cn kit v s gia tng c t cc loi hi sn khc nhau cng ang tr thnh mt nguy c tim tng. Do vy, vic nghin cu sn xut cc acid bo thit yu c tim nng to ln trong vic pht trin mt ngun cung cp thay th. Gn y, cc nh nghin cu ca i hc Bristol (Anh) thng bo v vic sn xut hai chui di acid bo khng sn sinh ra cholesterol vi s lng ln thc vt bc cao. Vic sn xut ra cc loi du thit yu cy Arabidopsis thaliana cho thy thc vt chuyn gen c th tr thnh ngun cung cp cc acid bo quan trng dng trong n ung m chng ta thng ch nhn c t c. Ngi ta cng p dng thnh cng k thut gen i vi cy Arabidopsis thaliana to ra cc acid bo thit yu khc nh arachidonic acid v eiconsapentaenoic acid. 1.9. Pht trin h thng marker chn lc

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Vic s dng cc marker khng khng sinh hoc chng chu thuc dit c cho cy chuyn gen thng l mi lo ngi chnh ca cng chng v l l do phn i cng ngh ny. Cc nh khoa hc ti Trung tm Khoa hc Thc vt Umeo (Thy in) xy dng mt h thng marker u vit xc nh cy trng bin i gen m khng ph thuc vo cc marker truyn thng bng cch pht trin mt bin php da trn gen dao1, gen ny m ha D amino acid oxidase (DAAO). DAAO l tc nhn lm mt qu trnh to nhm amin oxy ha ca mt dy D-amino acid, v phng thc chn lc ny da trn mc c tnh ca cc Damino acid khc nhau v s trao i ca chng i vi thc vt. Mc d nghin cu ny cn mi v c thc hin trn cy Arabidopsis thaliana, nhng ngi ta tin tng rng phng php chn lc ny s c th s dng trong cc loi cy nng nghip quan trng khc. 1.10 Lm sch t nhim Cy m tt n chuyn gen (GM) ht sch lng selen d tha trn mt cnh ng ti California. y l cuc th nghim u tin trn thc a i vi mt s loi cy GM chng nhim. Selen l mt nguyn t ha hc, gy c i vi thc vt nu hm lng ca chng qu cao trong t. t canh tc ti mt s vng ca bang California c ti tiu mnh v nc ha tan selen c trong phin st. Khi nc bc hi trn mt t, senlen s tch t ngy cng nhiu. Cy m tt n (Brassica juncea) vn c kh nng khng v hp th selen qua r. Tuy nhin, Terry v cs (i hc California) thc y thm kh nng trn ca cy m tt bng cch b sung mt s gen to enzyme i selen. Kt qu l loi thc vt GM ny c th hp th selen cao gp 4,3 ln so vi m tt n dng hoang di, v chng c thu hoch 45 ngy sau khi trng. Cuc th nghim thc a ni trn c tin hnh cn thn m bo khng c h hng no ca cy m tt n sinh trng xung quanh. Hoa m tt GM cng c hi ngay khi chng xut

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hin. M tt chuyn gen s c dng lm thc n cho tru b thiu selen trong ba n. Hin nay vic x l t nhim vn mang tnh th s, ch yu l o t v chn n mt ni khc hoc ra t. C hai phng php u tn km, lm gim cht lng t. Vic s dng thc vt loi b cht nhim khi t t tn km hn song c th mt nhiu nm. Chng hn, cy dng x Trung Quc (Pteris vittata) c s dng ht thch tn khi t. Nhng dng cy chuyn gen c th gip tng tc tin trnh dn nhim ny. Tuy nhin, kh nng cy GM s lai vi cc loi hoa mu khc l mt iu ng lo ngi. Theo Rugh (i hc Michigan) nu chuyn mt gen hp th nhiu kim loi vo cy dng x l nhim, th chng ta phi m bo rng gen khng xm nhp vo hoa mu. Nu khng, hoa mu cng s ht nhiu kim loi, nh hng ti sc khe ngi tiu dng. 1.11. Lm thc n chn nui Mt th h cy trng chuyn gen mi, c thit k c bit cho ngnh chn nui ang c pht trin. Nhng loi cy trng ny c thit k vi nhng thay i quan trng v hm lng cc thnh phn chnh (v d: protein v amino acid) hay cc thnh phn th yu (v d: cc loi vitamin v khong cht). V nhng loi cy trng chuyn gen ny c dng vi mc ch lm thc n chn nui nn s khc vi cc loi cy trng bnh thng, tin trnh chun y cc loi cy trng ny s cn c thm nhng nh gi v s an ton ca chng khi con ngi v vt nui tiu dng. Cc sn phm tim tng bao gm cc loi u tng v ng chuyn gen, c hm lng du cao hn cung cp nhiu nng lng hn cho b, ln v gia cm. Cc nh nghin cu cng to ra loi u tng v ng c hm lng cc loi amino acid khng thay th cao hn. Ngoi ra, cc nghin cu khc cng ang c tin hnh nhm lm tng hm lng phosphore trong thc n chn nui. 2. Mt s thnh tu trong lnh vc to thc vt chuyn gen

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Noi chung, hu ht cac loai thc vt u co th bin nap c gen. Thng thng, hiu qua bin nap gen khac nhau ty thuc vao tng loai cy trng, va di nhin qua trinh bin nap gen vn con b han ch nhiu loai. y chi gii thiu cac kt qua bin nap gen thanh cng cac ging cy trng quan trong. Bng 5.1. Mt s loi cy trng chuyn gen quan trng hin nay Sn phm Ci du Ng Bng Khoai ty u tng B C chua La u c im Chng chu cht dit c, hm lng laurate cao, hm lng oleic acid cao Chng chu cht dit c, khng cn trng Chng chu cht dit c, khng cn trng Khng cn trng, khng virus Chng chu cht dit c, hm lng oleic acid cao Khng virus Chn chm Chng chu cht dit c, sn xut vitamin A Khng virus

2.1. Cc cy trng quan trng c pht trin Cy ng Hin nay, cy ng c bin i gen mang cc tnh trng nh khng cn trng v chng chu thuc dit c. Dng phi ng trong nui cy dch huyn ph phat sinh phi tai sinh cac cy hu thu mang gen bar bin nap. S dung phng phap bn gen va chon loc bng thuc di t co bialaphos a cho kt qua la m callus phat sinh cac phi c bin nap gen. Cac cy bin nap gen hu thu a c tai sinh, n nh di truyn va biu hin gen

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bar cng v i hoat tinh ch c nng cua enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase quan sat c trong nhng th h sau. Gn y, cac k t qua bin nap ge n gian ti p ng nh Agrobacterium cng a c thng bao. Cac th bin nap gen cua dong ng lai gn (inbredline) A188 a c tai sinh sau khi ng nui cy (cocultivation) gia binary vector3 v i phi non. Tn s bin nap c thng bao dong A188 la khoang 5-30%. Cac th lai th h th nht gia dong A188 va 5 dong lai gn khac c bin nap vi tn s khoang 0,4-5,3% (tinh theo s cy bin nap gen c lp/phi). Cy lua Chuyn gen cy la ang c tp trung vo tnh trng chng chu thuc dit c v sn xut vitamin A. Kt qua tai sinh cua cy lua bin nap gen bng xung in hoc PEG thng qua nui cy protoplast c thng bao ln u tin cach y khong 10 nm. Cac nghin cu sau o cng a s dung hai ky thut nay bin nap gen vao protoplast va phuc hi cac cy bin nap gen hu thu. Tuy nhin, han ch cua hai phng phap nay la phai xy dng phng thc tai sinh cy t t bao n. Mc d cac phng thc nay ang dng cho mt s ging lua thuc loai phu japonica (v d: Taipei 309) nhng hu ht cac ging japonica u tu cng nh ph n l n cac gi ng ind ica u kho ta i sinh cy t protoplast. Phng phap bn gen cho phep thc hin bin nap gen hiu qua lua trong cac kiu gen c lp, va hin nay hn 40 ging a c bin nap gen thanh cng. Mu vt s dung la phi non va cac callus co ngun gc t hat trng thanh. Hygromycin B la marker chon loc thng c dng cho lua. Tn s bin nap co th cao ti 50% (tinh theo s cy bin nap gen co ngun gc c lp/s mu c bn gen). Gn y, ky thut bin nap gen lua thng qua
Binary vector: vector hai ngun, l vector trc ht c lp ghp vo trong t bo E. coli sau chuyn ton b vo t bo Agrobacterium bng phng thc giao phi b ba (triparental matting) n t nhn ln v tn ti trong Agrobacterium.
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Agrobacterium cng a co nhng cai tin quan trong co hiu qua tng ng vi ky thut bn gen. Cy la ch sn sinh ra hp cht caroteoid c chuyn thnh vitamin A trong nhng b phn c mu xanh ca cy, tuy nhin trong ht go m con ngi vn dng li khng c hp cht ny. Chnh v th s thiu ht vitamin A thng xy ra nhng ni s dng go lm lng thc chnh. Go vng TM l mt loi ng cc chuyn gen c kh nng nng cao hm lng vitamin A trong ba n hng ngy. Loi go ny c kh nng sn sinh v lu gi cht carotene. N c t tn l go vng TM bi v ni nh (cht bt bn trong ca ht go) ca n c mu vng nht, do cht -carotene to ra. Cy u tng u tng l mt loi cy trng lu i c trng ti Trung Quc t nm 3.000 trc cng nguyn. y l loi cy cha du em li li ch kinh t to ln nht trn th gii. Ht u tng c cha t l amino acid khng thay th nhiu hn c tht, do vy u tng l mt trong nhng loi cy trng lng thc quan trng nht trn th gii hin nay. u tng c bin i gen mang cc tnh trng nh kh nng chng chu thuc dit c v c hm lng oleic acid cao. Nhng c gng u tin cy u tng bin nap gen tp trung vic tai sinh cy t protoplast va nui cy dch huyn ph phat sinh phi. Mc d co nhng thanh cng ban u, tin trin cua cng vic nay vn con chm va vic thu hi cac cy chuyn gen vn ang con gp nhiu kho khn. Cng ngh chuyn gen u tng a co trin vong hn nh s phat trin va ti u hoa cua ky thut bn gen (vi n). Thc t, u tng a c dng nh mt cy m hinh phat trin ky thut cho nhiu loai cy trng kho ap dung cng ngh di truyn. Kt qua u tin u tng la thu hi thanh cng cy chuyn gen nh Agrobacterium. Phng thc nay da vao s phat sinh chi t l a mm cua gi ng Pekin g chon loc ch o tinh m n cam v i Agrobacterium. Cac m u la mm c xm nhi m v i

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Agrobacterium man g p lasmid khang kanamycin va c o hoa t tinh gusA, hoc khang kanamycin va chng chu glyphosate. Co th bin nap gen hiu qua vao protoplast u tng bng cac phng thc thng dung nhng rt kho tai sinh c cy. bin nap gen vao cac ging u tng khac nhau ngi ta a phi hp hai yu t: genotype n gian-phng thc tai sinh cy c lp (da trn c s s tng sinh cua cum chi t vng chung quanh m phn sinh cua tru phi) vi s tng gia tc cua vi an (particle) co phong in phn phi DNA ngoai lai. Hang trm cy u tng co ngun gc c lp a thu c va kt qua bin nap a cho nhiu phenotype khac nhau. Noi chung, cac dong u tng chuyn gen co nhiu ban sao cua gen bin nap (s ban sao khoang t 1-50 nhng thng thay i t 2-10). Phn tich Southern blot th h sau cua cac ban sao gen phc cho thy tt ca cac ban sao cng tach ri, nh th mi th bin nap s cp chi hin din mt kt qua bin nap c lp va co th s tai t hp thng nht a khng xut hin thng xuyn. Cy bng Cy bng l loi cy cung cp si ch yu, chim ti mt na s lng vi si trn th gii. Ngoi ra, mt lng nh ht bng c dng nh mt ngun thc phm, thc n gia sc v du n cho con ngi v vt nui. Du ht bng c tinh ch trc khi dng loi b cht gossypol c hi cho ngi v tiu ha ca ng vt. Phng th c bi n nap gian ti p thn g qu a Agrobacterium tumefaciens la ky thut u tin c s dung bin nap gen vao cy bng ging Coker 312 (Umbeck 1987). Cy bng bin nap gen cng cua ging trn a c thu hi sau khi bn gen vao dch huyn ph nui cy phat sinh phi (Finer va McMullen 1990). Hu ht cac ging bng co gia tr kinh t khac khng th tai sinh cy t giai oan callus. Mt s it cac ging o co th tai sinh cy nhng qua trinh nay thin v bin d dong v tinh (somaclonal variation). Phng thc phn phi gen ngoai lai trc tip vao trong m phn sinh cua tru

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phi da trn cng ngh ACCELL4 cng c phat trin va ngi ta a thu hi thnh cng cy bin nap gen. Cy ci du Cy ci du c bin i gen vi mc ch ci thin cht lng dinh dng, c bit l hm lng cht bo ha tan ca loi cy ny. Cy ci du c trng ch yu cc vng pha ty Canada v mt t Ontario v ty bc Thi Bnh Dng, trung tm pha bc v vng ng nam nc M. Ngoi ra, cy ci du cng c trng cc nc khc ca chu u v Australia. Cy ci du c bin i gen mang cc tnh trng chng chu thuc dit c, c hm lng laurate v oleic acid cao.

Khoai ty
Khoai ty c xem l cy lng thc quan trng th t trn th gii, vi sn lng hng nm ln n 300 triu tn v c trng trn hn 18 triu hecta. Hin nay, hn mt phn ba sn lng khoai ty trn th gii l ca cc nc ang pht trin. Sau khi Lin X tan r th Trung Quc tr thnh nc sn xut khoai ty ln nht th gii. n ng th t. Mc d sn lng khoai ty ti chu u gim xung t u nhng nm 1960, nhng b vo sn lng khoai ty chu v nam M li tng ln v th sn lng khoai ty trn th gii vn cng ngy cng tng. Khoai ty c bin i gen mang cc tnh trng nh kh nng khng cn trng v khng virus.

C chua
C chua c coi l loi qu vn ph bin nht hin nay. C chua thng rt d trng v mt s ging cho nhng v ma bi thu. Cht lng qu c chua chn cy vt xa tt c nhng loi qu khc c mt trn th trng thm ch trong c ma v. Cy c chua
ACCELL Technology: cng ngh phn phi gen da trn c s thay i cng phng in thng qua git nc nh v vy to ra mt s thay i p sut khng kh rt ln lm tng gia tc ca cc vin n vng bc DNA.
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rt mm v thch hp vi thi tit m p th nn n thng c trng vo v h. C chua c bin i gen mang cc tnh trng nh kh nng chu thuc dit c, khng vt k sinh v lm chm qu trnh chn ca qu.

Hnh 5.1: C chua chuyn gen khng vt k sinh (bn phi) v c chua i chng (bn tri)

Cy b B ma h l mt loi qu mm v hp vi kh hu m p, c trng nhiu ni trn th gii. B ma h khc b ma thu v ma ng ch n c chn thu hoch trc khi v qu cng v qu chn. Khng mc lan nh b v b ng ma thu v ma ng, b ma h mc thnh bi rm. Mt s cy khe v c sc khng tt cho sn lng kh cao. B c bin i gen khng virus c bit l virus khm da hu (WMV) v virus khm vng zucchini (ZYMV).

u
u l mt loi cy trng quan trng khu vc ng Nam , c dng lm thc n ph bin trong cc h nng dn sn xut

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nh v gia nh ca h. Hin nay, ging u chuyn gen khng virus c pht trin cc nc thuc khu vc ng Nam .

Hnh 5.2 : u chuyn gen khng virus (trn) v u i chng (di)

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2.2. Cc loi cy trng ang c pht trin To Trn th gii hin c hn 6.000 loi to. To l mt trong nhng loi tri cy c a thch nht khng ch bi hng v thm ngt m n cn rt tt cho sc khe. Cc cuc nghin cu cho thy n to c th gim c nguy c mc bnh ung th, cc bnh tim mch v bo ph. Hin nay, to ang c nghin cu bin i gen mang cc tnh trng nh lm chm qu trnh chn v khng su bnh.

Chui
Trong s cc loi cy trng nhit i, chui rt c a thch do hng v hp dn ca n. Ngoi ra, chui cn l mt loi tri cy a dng, v ngi ta c th ch bin thnh nhiu sn phm khc nhau. Hin nay c khong 1.000 loi chui khc nhau, loi tri cy giu dinh dng v khng c cht bo ny c cha hm lng kali v cht x rt cao, v l ngun cung cp vitamin C chng oxy ha. Chui ang c nghin cu bin i gen mang cc tnh trng nh khng virus, giun trn v nm v c kh nng lm chn chm. Chui cng l loi cy d kin c dng lm vaccine thc phm (edible vaccine) phng chng nhiu loi bnh dch khng khip cc nc ang pht trin.

Da
C ngun gc t Trung M v Nam M v c xem nh loi tri cy nhit i c bn rng ri nht, chim ti 44% tng kim ngch bun bn tri cy nhit i. Tnh ti thng 1/2001, ton th gii trng c khong 12 triu tn da. Trong vng 30 nm qua, sn lng da hng nm trn th gii tng ln gp ba ln. Hin nay, mt s t chc nghin cu ang tin hnh nghin cu s a dng di truyn ca cy da. Bn cnh , ngi ta ang bin i gen cy da tng kh nng khng su b v virus, v b sung tnh trng lm chm chn ca cy.

Khoai lang

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Khoai lang l mt loi cy lng thc d trng nhng c vai tr rt quan trng cc nc ang pht trin. Trong nhng iu kin v kh hu bt li v khng cn u t nhiu, sn lng khoai lang trn mt hecta c th em li ngun nng lng v dinh dng cao hn bt c cy trng no khc. Cy trng ny c th pht trin trong iu kin kh hn nhiu thng lin. Khoai lang ang c nghin cu bin i gen khng cc loi bnh virus ph hoi cy (SPVDsweetpotato viral diseases).

Da
Sn phm c gi tr nht ca cy chnh l du da chit xut t ci da. Hai nc sn xut ra nhiu du da nht l Indonesia v Philippin vi sn lng ci da kh thu c trong nm 1999 ln lt l 2,91 triu tn v 1,37 triu tn. Ngoi ra, cn c nhiu nc trng da chu , chu Phi, nam Thi Bnh Dng, n Dng, nam M v vng Carib. Cht lm cho du da tr nn hp dn nh vy chnh l hm lng lauric acid cao. Nhu cu v lng acid lauric cao v n c s dng lm mt, du n, m phm, cht ty, b thc vt, du gi u v x bng. Do vy, trn th gii nhu cu v du da lun lun cao. Ngnh cng nghip ch bin da hin nay ang b de da do s pht trin ca mt s loi cy trng bin i gen cho nhiu du, nh ht ci du. Vic nghin cu thc y pht trin sn xut du da c ngha v cng quan trng i vi ngnh cng nghip ch bin da. 3. Tnh hnh cy trng bin i gen c trng thng mi trn ton cu Cho n nay, din tch cy trng bin i gen (GM) trn ton cu vn tip tc gia tng mc 12-15%. Trong giai on 8 nm k t nm 1996 ti nm 2003, din tch trng cy GM trn ton cu tng gp 40 ln (t 1,7 triu ha/1996 ln 67,7 triu ha/2003), trong din tch trng cc nc ang pht trin tng ng k. Khong mt phn ba din tch trng cy GM trn ton cu trong nm 2004 (tng ng 20 triu ha) l din tch trng cc nc ang pht trin, ni c mc tng ln nht.

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Trong giai on 1996-2003, c tnh chng chu thuc dit c ca cy trng bin i gen vn lin tc gi v tr hng u, tip theo l c tnh khng su bnh. Nm 2003, c tnh chng chu thuc dit c c trin khai trn cy u tng, ng, ci du (canola) v bng, chim 73% (49,7/67,7 triu ha tng din tch trng cy bin i gen trn ton cu), trong khi 12,2 triu ha (18%) c dng cho cy trng Bt. Din tch trng bng v ng c cc gen chng chu thuc dit c v khng su bnh tip tc tng, chim 8% (5,8 triu ha) tng so vi 4,4 triu ha ca nm 2002. Hai cy trng gi v tr hng u trong nm 2003 l u tng chng chu thuc dit c, c trng vi din tch 41,4 triu ha chim 61% trong tng din tch ton cu v c trng ti 7 nc; v ng Bt vi din tch 9,1 triu ha, tng ng vi 13% din tch trng cy bin i gen trn th gii v c trng ti 9 nc. Din tch trng ng Bt tng mnh nht l M. ng ch l trong nm 2004 Nam Phi trng 84.000 ha ng trng Bt dng lm thc phm, tng 14 ln so vi ln u tin khi loi ng ny c gii thiu Nam Phi vo nm 2001. Din tch trng ng v bng Bt/chng chu thuc dit c cng tng mnh, cho thy xu hng cc gen bin i chim mt t l ln trong din tch trng cy bin i gen trn phm vi ton cu. 3.1. Tim nng ng gp ca cy trng bin i gen L do thuyt phc nht i vi cng ngh sinh hc m c th l cy trng bin i gen l kh nng ng gp ca chng trong cc lnh vc sau: - Nng cao sn lng cy trng v do vy gp phn m bo an ninh lng thc, thc n gia sc v cht x trn ton cu. - Bo ton s a dng sinh hc do y l mt cng ngh t tiu tn t c kh nng em li sn lng cao hn. - S dng mt cch c hiu qu hn cc yu t u vo p ng yu cu pht trin bn vng nng nghip v mi trng - Tng kh nng n nh sn xut lm gim nhng thit hi phi gnh chu trong cc iu kin kh khn.

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- Ci thin cc li ch kinh t v x hi v loi b tnh trng i ngho cc nc ang pht trin. Kinh nghim trong 8 nm u tin t 1996-2003, trong tng din tch trn 300 triu ha cy trng bin i gen c trng ti 21 nc trn ton cu, p ng s mong mi ca hng triu h nng dn ln v nh c cc nc cng nghip v ang pht trin. Nm 2003, c bng chng cho thy cy trng GM c trng thng mi ha tip tc em li cc li ch ng k v mt kinh t, mi trng v x hi cho cc h nng dn ln v nh cc nc ang pht trin, din tch trng cy bin i gen trn ton cu tip tc tng trn 10%, mc tng hng nm l hai con s. S h nng dn thu li t cy trng GM ngy cng nhiu v t 7 triu ngi nm 2003, tng so vi 6 triu ca nm 2002. ng ch l trong nm 2003, trn 85% trong tng s 7 triu ngi trng ny thu li t cy trng GM l cc nng dn ngho trng bng Bt, ch yu 9 tnh ca Trung Quc v nng dn ngho Makhathini Flats, thuc tnh KwaZulu Natal ca Nam Phi. 3.2. Tr gi cy trng bin i gen trn ton cu Nm 2003, tr gi th trng cy trng bin i gen trn ton cu c tnh t t 4,5 ti 4,75 t la, tng so vi con s 4 t la nm 2002, chim 15% trong tng tr gi 31 t la th trng bo v cy trng trn ton cu v chim 13% trong tng tr gi 30 t la th trng ht ging ton cu. Tr gi th trng cy trng GM trn ton cu da trn gi bn ht ging bin i gen cng vi bt c khon chi ph cng ngh p dng no khc. Gi tr th trng cy trng GM trn ton cu d kin t 5 t la hoc hn th na vo nm 2005. 3.3. Nhn nh v cy trng GM v trin vng ca chng trong tng lai Mc d nhng tranh ci v cy trng bin i gen hin ang tip tc din ra Lin minh chu u nhng ngi ta vn lc quan tin rng din tch v s ngi trng cy bin i gen trn ton cu s tip tc gia tng trong nhng nm sau . Vi tt c nhng yu t hin c th din tch trng cy GM trn ton cu trong vng 5 nm

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ti d kin s t khong 100 triu ha, v s ngi trng s tng ln 10 triu ngi 25 nc hoc hn na. S lng v t l cc h gia nh nh t cc nc ang pht trin trng cy GM so vi ton cu d kin s tng mnh. Cc nc trng cy trng GM s tip tc tng din tch trng v s lng cc sn phm cy trng GM trn th trng s a dng hn. Cc nc mi trng cy GM nam Bn cu nh n , Brazil tng din tch trng bng Bt v u tng chng chu thuc dit c. Mt s nc nh Uruguay cng chun y cc sn phm mi nh ng GM, loi ng ny cng c trin khai trng cc nc khc. Cc sn phm chuyn gen mang c tnh mi gp phn to ra s tng trng n nh, bao gm gen Bt (cry1Ac v cry1Ab) bng v hai c tnh mi c a vo ng Bc M l gen cry3Bb1 dng kim sot su c thn ng v gen cry1Fa2 dng kim sot tt hn cc su b cnh phn u c gii thiu M trong nm 2003. Ngoi ra, cc sn phm Bt mi v gen mi i vi ng khng cn trng d kin s c a ra trong vng 3 nm ti. Do vy, din tch trng ng bin i gen trn ton cu vi tnh trng khng cn trng v chng chu thuc dit c cng nh cc c tnh tng hp c th s tng ng k trong thi gian ngn ti y. Vi vic chun y trng u tng bin i gen Brazil trong v 2003/2004, din tch trng u tng bin i gen trn ton cu d kin s c mc tng trng cao mi trong thi gian ti. Nm 2003, ba nc ng dn nht chu l Trung Quc, n v Indonesia (tng dn s l 2,5 t ngi v GDP ca c ba nc l trn 1,5 nghn t la), ba nn kinh t ln chu M La-tinh l Argentine, Brazil v Mexico (dn s l 300 triu ngi v GDP l 1,5 nghn t la) v nn kinh t ln nht chu Phi l Nam Phi (dn s 45 triu ngi v GDP l 130 t la) tt c chnh thc trng cy trng bin i gen. Tng s dn ca nhng nc trn l 2,85 t ngi vi GDP l trn 3.000 t la, y l nhng ngi nhn c cc li ch ng k m cy trng bin i gen em li. Mi nc trng cy bin i gen ng u th gii, mi nc trng t nht 50.000 ha trong nm 2003, c tng dn s xp x 3 t ngi, gn bng mt na dn s th gii v GDP l 13 nghn t la, khong mt na mc GDP ca ton cu l 30 nghn t la. Trong

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nm 2003, cy trng bin i gen c trng 18 nc vi tng s dn l 3,4 t ngi, sng 6 chu lc min Bc v min Nam Bn cu l chu , chu Phi, M La-tinh, bc M, chu u v chu i Dng. Do vy, mc d vn cn nhng bt ng v cy trng bin i gen nhng din tch v s lng ngi trng loi cy ny mi nm vn tip tc tng hai con s hoc hn th k t khi chng c gii thiu vo nm 1996, v nm 2003 c 7 triu nng dn thu li t cng ngh ny.

Ti liu tham kho

Bains W. 2003. Biotechnology from A to Z. Oxford University Press, Inc. New York, USA. Birch RG. 1997. Plant Transformation: Problems and strategies for practical applications. Annual Review of Plant Physiology Plant Molecular Biology 48: 297-326. Chrispeels MJ and Sadava DE. 2003. Plants, Genes, and Crop Biotechnology.2nd Edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Massachusetts, USA Ratledge C and Kristiansen B. 2002. Basic Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, UK. Walker JM and Rapley R. 2002. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. 4th Edition. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. Website: http://www.biotechvn.com