Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn

MY NN V H THNG KH NN
1. GII THIU ..........................................................................................1 2. CC LOI MY NN ...........................................................................3 3. NH GI MY NN V H THNG KH NN .................................8 4. CC GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU .....................13 5. DANH SCH SNG LC GII PHP .................................................20 6. BNG TNH ........................................................................................21 7. TI LIU THAM KHO .....................................................................24

1. GII THIU
Cc nh my cng nghip s dng kh nn trong rt nhiu hot ng sn xut. Kh nn to ra t cc thit b nn kh c cng sut trong khong t 5 m lc (hp) cho ti hn 50.000 m lc. Bo co nm 2003 ca C quan Nng lng M cho thy, 70 90% kh nn b tn tht di dng nhit, ma st, ting n v do s dng khng ng (xem hnh 1). V vy, my nn v h thng kh nn l nhng khu vc quan trng nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng trong cc nh my cng nghip.

Hnh 1. Biu xng c ca h thng kh nn (McKane v Medaris, 2003)

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Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn Cn lu rng, chi ph vn hnh mt h thng kh nn t hn nhiu so vi chi ph mua my nn (xem hnh 2). Tit kim nng lng nh ci tin h thng chim khong t 20 n hn 50% tiu th in, c th mang li hng trm nghn USD. Qun l h thng kh nn hp l c th gip tit kim nng lng, gim khi lng bo dng, rt ngn thi gian ngng vn hnh, tng sn lng v nng cao cht lng sn phm.

Hnh 2. Cc khon chi ph trong mt h thng kh nn in hnh (eCompressedAir) H thng kh nn bao gm b phn cung cp- gm cc my nn v phn x l khng kh, v b phn tiu th- gm h thng lu tr, phn phi v cc thit b s dng cui cng. Qun l tt b phn cung cp s m bo c kh nn sch, kh v n nh p sut thch hp vi chi ph thp v ng tin cy. Qun l tt b phn tiu th s gip gim thiu lng ph v s dng kh nn mt cch hp l. ci thin v duy tr hot ng ca h thng kh nn hiu sut cao nht cn quan tm n c hai b phn cung v tiu th ca h thng cng nh cch thc kt hp gia hai b phn ny.

1.1 Cc phn chnh trong h thng kh nn

H thng kh nn bao gm hai phn chnh: b lc kh vo, thit b lm mt gia cc cp (lm mt trung gian), thit b lm mt sau (lm mt sau nn), thit b lm kh kh, by lc m, bnh cha, h thng ng ng, b lc, thit b iu tit v bi trn (xem hnh 3). B lc kh vo: Ngn khng cho bi vo my nn: bi vo gy tc ngn van, lm mn xi lanh v cc b phn khc, vv Thit b lm mt gia cc cp: Gim nhit kh trc khi i vo cp tip theo gim ti nn v tng hiu sut. Kh thng c lm mt bng nc. Thit b lm mt sau: loi b hi nc trong kh bng cch gim nhit trong b trao i nhit dng nc lm mt. B lm kh kh: Lng hi m cn st li sau khi qua thit b lm mt sau c loi b nh s dng b lm kh kh, v kh s dng cho cc thit b kh nn phi gn nh kh hon ton. Hi m b loi b nh s dng cc cht hp th nh gel silic oxit /than hot tnh, hoc gin lm kh c lm lnh, hay nhit t cc b sy ca my nn.
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Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn By lc m: Cc by lc m c s dng loi b m trong kh nn. Nhng by ny tng t nh by hi. Cc loi by thng c s dng gm c van x bng tay, cc van x t ng hoc x theo khong thi gian, v.v. Bnh tch: Cc bnh tch kh dng cha kh v gim cc xung kh nn - gim thay i p sut t my nn.

Hnh 3. Cc phn trong my nn (US DOE, 2003)

2. CC LOI MY NN
Nh cho trong hnh 4, c hai loi my nn c bn: my nn dng v my nn th tch. my nn th tch, mt lng kh b by trong bung nn vi th tch b gim c hc trong qu trnh nn, to ra s tng p sut tng ng trc ca y. tc khng i, lu lng kh khng i khi c cc bin ng ca p sut kh cp. My nn dng cung cp ng nng cho dng kh lin tc nh cc bnh cng tc quay vi tc rt cao. ng nng c chuyn thnh nng lng nn bi cc bnh cng tc v b khuych tn. my nn dng kiu ly tm, hnh dng cnh ca bnh cng tc quy nh mi quan h gia lu lng dng kh v p sut (hoc ct p) to ra.
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Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn

Hnh 4. Cc loi my nn (US DOE, 2003)

2.1 My nn th tch
Nhng my nn ny gm c hai loi: my nn pittng v my nn rto. 2.1.1 My nn pittng Trong doanh nghip, cc my nn pittng c s dng rng ri cho c nn kh v lm lnh (xem hnh 5). Cc my nn ny hot ng trn nguyn l ca bm xe p v c c trng bi s n nh ca lu lng khi p sut y thay i. Nng sut ca my nn t l thun vi tc . Tuy nhin, cng sut ca my nn li thay i.

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Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn

Hnh 5. Mt ct ca my nn pittng (King, Julie)

My nn pittng c rt nhiu cu to khc nhau, bn loi c s dng nhiu nht l thng ng, nm ngang, ni tip v nm ngang cn bng-i xng. My nn pittng trc ng c s dng trong khong cng sut t 50 150 cfm (foot khi/pht). My nn nm ngang cn bng-i xng c s dng trong khong cng sut t 200 5000 cfm vi thit k nhiu cp v ln ti 10.000 cfm vi cc thit k mt cp (Hi ng Nng sut quc gia, 1993). My nn kh pittng l my nn tc ng n nu qu trnh nn ch s dng mt pha ca pittng. Nu my nn s dng c hai pha pittng th l my nn tc ng kp. My nn mt cp l my nn c qu trnh nn c thc hin bng mt xy lanh n hoc mt s xy lanh song song. Rt nhiu ng dng yu cu vt qu kh nng thc t ca mt cp nn n l. T s nn qu cao (p sut y tuyt i/p sut ht tuyt i) c th lm nhit ca y cao qu mc hoc gy ra cc vn thit k khc. iu ny dn n nhu cu s dng my nn hai cp cho cc yu cu p sut cao vi nhit kh cp (ca y) thp hn (140 ti 160oC) so vi my nn mt cp (205 ti 240oC). Trong s dng thc t, hu ht cc nh my u dng my nn pittng trn

Hnh 6. My nn a cp (King, Julie)

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Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn 100 m lc nhiu cp, trong hai hoc nhiu bc nn c ghp ni tip nhau. Khng kh thng c lm mt gia cc cp gim nhit v th tch khi a vo cp k tip (Hi ng Nng sut quc gia, 1993). My nn kh pittng sn c c dng lm mt khng kh v lm mt nc, c bi trn hoc khng bi trn, c th bn di dng tng thnh trn gi, vi di p sut v cng sut rng. 2.1.2 My nn rto My nn rto c cc rto v tr pittng v v cung cp kh nn u ra n nh lin tc khng c xung. My nn loi ny vn hnh tc cao v thng c nng sut cao hn so vi my nn pittng. My nn loi ny c chi ph u t ban u thp, kch thc nh gn, trng lng nh v d bo dng. Nh vy chng rt ph bin trong cng nghip, thng c dng nhiu nht cng sut t khong 30 ti 200 hp hoc 22 - 150 kW. Cc loi my nn rto bao gm: My nn cam (qut root) My nn trc vt (rto trc xon vt, trong cc trc c v ci quay ngc chiu nhau to Hnh 7. My nn trc vt (Ngun tham kho cha xc nh) ra by kh, nn kh t ca vo n ca ra, xem hnh 7) Cnh gt/ cnh trt, vnh cht lng v kiu ln-trt My nn rto trc vt c th c lm mt bng kh hoc nc. V qu trnh lm mt din ra bn trong my nn, cc b phn hot ng khng bao gi chu nhit vn hnh qu cao. Do vy, my nn rto l b my nn lin tc lm mt bng nc hoc kh. Nh thit k n gin v t b mi mn, my nn kh rto trc vt d bo dng, vn hnh v lp t rt linh hot. C th lp my nn kh rto trn b mt bt k chu c trng lng tnh..

2.2 My nn dng
My nn kh ly tm (xem hnh 8) l my nn dng, thc hin truyn nng lng t bnh cng tc sang dng kh nn. Rto thc hin vic ny bng cch thay i ng lng v p sut ca khng kh. ng lng c chuyn thnh p sut hu dng bng cch lm gim tc dng kh trong b khuych tn tnh. Theo thit k, my nn kh ly tm l my khng dng du bi trn. Bnh rng bi trn du c cch ly khi khng kh bng cc vng lm kn v ng thng kh.

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Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn

My nn ly tm l my nn hot ng lin tc, c t b phn chuyn ng v rt thch hp vi cc ng dng yu cu lu lng ln, c bit khi cn kh khng b ln du. My nn ly tm l my lm mt bng nc, c th c cung cp theo tng thnh, thng gm c mt b lm mt sau v ton b phn iu khin. Nhng my loi ny c nhng im khc bit quan trng so vi nhng my nn pittng. Mi thay i ca t s nn u dn n nhng thay i ng k v nng sut v hiu sut ca my. My nn ly tm ph hp vi nhng ng dng cn cng sut ln, thng l trn 12.000 cfm. Cc tiu ch la chn ng dng ca cc loi my nn khc nhau cho trong bng di y.

Hnh 8. My nn ly tm (King, Julie)

Bng 1. Cc tiu ch la chn my nn chung (Confederation of Indian Industries) Nng sut (m3 /h) T n 100 30000 100 100 100 100 600 12000 12000 2400 2200 300000 p sut (bar) T n 0,1 1 0,8 12,0 0,8 0,8 0,1 12 700 13 24 450

Loi my nn My nn qut root Mt cp Pittng Mt cp/hai cp a cp Trc vt Mt cp Hai cp Ly tm

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Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn Bng 2. So snh gia cc loi my nn quan trng (Sustainable Energy Development Office, 2002) mc Pittng Rto cnh Rto trc vt trt Cao Cao Hiu sut mc y Trung bnh ti cao Hiu sut mc Thp: di Thp: di 60% Cao do phn cp khng y ti 60% y ti y ti Cao (10% - 25%) Trung bnh Cao-thp (25% Hiu sut mc (30% - 40%) 60%) khng ti (cng sut theo % y ti) n thp nu Mc n n Khng n c ng kn Kch thc Ln Gn nh Gn nh Lng du b cun Thp-trung Trung bnh Thp theo dng kh bnh Cao rung Hu nh khng Hu nh khng Bo dng Nhiu b phn b t b phn b t b phn b mi mi mn mi mn mn Nng sut p sut Thp-cao Trung bnh-rt cao Thp-trung bnh Thp-trung bnh Thp-cao Trung bnh -cao

Ly tm Cao Thp: di 60% y ti Cao-trung bnh (20% - 30%) Khng n Gn nh Thp Hu nh khng Nhy cm vi bi trong khng kh Trung bnh cao Trung bnh cao

3. NH GI MY NN V H THNG KH NN
3.1 Nng sut ca my nn
Nng sut ca my nn l lu lng nh mc ti a ca dng kh nn c cp di nhng iu kin nh mc v nhit , p sut v cc thnh phn ca kh u vo. Nhng i khi nng sut ca my nn c ngha l lu lng thc t thay v lu lng nh mc ca dng kh. Lu lng ny cn c gi l nng sut cp kh t do (FAD) tc l kh cc iu kin kh quyn ti bt c v tr no. Thut ng ny khng ni n kh cp nhng iu kin tiu chun hoc c trng v cao so vi mt bin, p sut khng kh v nhit c th thay i ti nhng v tr v thi im khc nhau. 3.1.1 nh gi nng sut ca my nn Do cc my nn b lo ho v hot ng ca cc thnh phn bn trong my vn khng th hiu qu ti a, lng kh cp- FAD- s t hn gi tr nh mc, d hot ng bo dng thc hin tt. i khi, nhng yu t khc nh bo dng km, b trao i nhit b tc v cch thc thc hin cng lm gim lng kh vo. p ng nhu cu kh nn, nhng my nn km hiu qu phi hot ng lu hn, tiu th nhiu in hn mc thng thng.

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Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn Lng in lng ph ph thuc vo % dao ng vi nng sut ca FAD. V d nh, mt van my nn b mn c th lm gim n 20% nng sut. Cn nh gi nh k nng sut ca FAD mi my nn kim tra nng sut thc t. Nu lch ln hn 10%, cn thc hin cc gii php khc phc. Mt phng php l tng nh gi nng sut my nn l thng qua vi kim tra bng vi c hiu chun. Vi ny c s dng nh mt ti kim tra x kh nn ra ngoi. Vic nh gi lu lng cng phi da trn nhit khng kh, p sut n nh, hng s ca vi phun, vv 3.1.2 Phng php nh gi nng sut n gin thc hin ngay ti ch Tch ring my nn v bnh tch cn kim tra khi h thng chnh bng cch ng cht van cch ly (van kha) hoc tch ring ra, ng ca ra ca bnh tch. M van x v x ht nc trong bnh tch v ng ng. m bo rng ng by thot nc c ng cht bt u tin hnh kim tra. Khi ng my nn v kch hot ng h bm gi. Ghi li thi gian cn t c p sut vn hnh bnh thng P2 (trong b cha) t p sut ban u P1. Tnh ton nng sut theo cng sut di y (Confederation of Indian Industries): Nng sut ca my Q= P2 P1 x V Nm3/ pht Po Trong P2 P1 Po V T = = = = = p sut cui (y) (kg/cm2) p sut u (ht) (kg/cm2) p sut kh quyn (kg/cm2) Th tch cha, m3 bao gm b cha sau lm mt v ng phn phi Thi gian s dng t p sut P2, pht T

Phng trnh trn ph hp khi nhit kh nn tng t nhit khng kh ngoi tri, tc l s nn ng nhit hon ho. Trong trng hp nhit khng kh nn thc t b phn y, tc l t2 oC cao hn nhit mi trng xung quanh, t10C, cn iu chnh FAD theo h s (273 + t1) / (273 + t2).

3.2 Hiu sut my nn

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Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn Cc cch o hiu sut my nn khc nhau thng c s dng bao gm: hiu sut th tch, hiu sut on nhit, hiu sut ng nhit v hiu sut c hc. Hiu sut on nhit v hiu sut ng nhit c tnh bng mc tiu th cng sut thc t chia cho cng sut on nhit v ng nhit. Kt qu t c l hiu sut ton phn ca my nn v ng c dn. 3.2.1 Hiu sut ng nhit Hiu sut ng nhit = Cng sut u vo o c trn thc t/Cng sut ng nhit Cng sut ng nhit (kW) = P1 x Q1 x loger/36.7 Trong P1 = p sut vo tuyt i kg/ cm2 Q1 = Nng sut cp kh ca my m3/h. r = T s nn P2/P1 Tnh ton cng sut ng nhit khng bao gm cng sut cn thng lc ma st v thng mang li hiu sut thp hn hiu sut on nhit. Gi tr hiu sut o c l hiu sut ng nhit. y l mt iu cn cn nhc khi la chn my nn da trn cc gi tr hiu sut ghi trng h s my. 3.2.2 Hiu sut th tch

Hiu sut th tch

Nng sut ca my nn m3/pht Th tch ca my nn

Th tch ca my nn = x D2/4 x L x S x x n Trong D = ng knh xy lanh, mt L = Hnh trnh ca xy lanh, mt S = Tc ca my nn vng/pht = 1 cho xy lanh tc ng n v 2 cho tc ng kp n = S lng xy lanh

Trn thc t, hiu qu nht trong so snh hiu sut ca my nn l dng mc tiu th in ring, tc l kW/lu lng th tch nh mc, vi nhng my nn khc nhau khi chy cng mc ti, s c cc s liu ring cho tng my.

3.3 nh gi mc tn tht phn phi trong h thng kh nn

3.3.1 Nhng b phn r r v hu qu ca vic r r
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Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn Mt h thng ng ng phn phi v tit lu dn kh nn t h thng my nn trung tm ti cc h tiu th. H thng ny bao gm cc van cch ly, by cht lng, cc bnh cha trung gian v phn tn nhit u trn ng trnh hin tng ngng t hoc ng lnh trn ng ng ngoi tri. Tn tht p sut trong qu trnh phn phi thng c b bng p sut cao hn b phn y ca my nn. Ti nhng im cp kh d kin c mt ng cp km theo van kha, b lc v b iu tit cp kh nn cho cc ng dn n cc h tiu th. R r c th gy ra tn tht rt ln h thng kh nn cng nghip, c khi ln ti 20- 30% nng sut ca my nn. Mt dy chuyn in hnh khng c bo dng tt c th c t l r r ln ti khong 20% tng cng sut sn xut kh nn. Ngc li, nu pht hin v khc phc tt, c th gim c r r xung khong 10 % sn lng kh nn. Ngoi cc tn tht v nng lng, r r cn gy ra cc tn tht vn hnh khc. R r lm st p sut h thng, lm cc thit b dng kh nn hot ng km hiu qu, nh hng n quy trnh sn xut. Hn na, r r khin h thng phi vn hnh lu hn, lm gim tui th ca hu ht tt c cc thit b trong h thng (bao gm c cm my nn kh). Tng thi gian vn hnh cng dn n vic phi bo dng b sung v tng thi gian ngng sn xut ngoi trong lch trnh. Cui cng, r r gy ra tng cng sut my nn khng cn thit. Cc r r c th xy ra mi v tr ca h thng, nhng khu vc hay b r r nht bao gm: Mi ni, ng cng, ng mm v cc khp ni Thit b iu chnh p sut Cc by ngng m v cc van ng Cc mi ni, im ngt, vng m. Lng r r l hm s ca p sut cp mt h thng khng c kim sot v tng khi p sut tng. T l r r c tnh bng feet3 / pht (cfm) v cng t l vi bnh phng ng knh ca l r. Xem bng sau Bng 3. T l r r vi nhng p sut cung cp v l r vi cc kch thc khc nhau (US DOE, 2004) Lng r r* (cfm) p sut ng knh ca l r (inches) (psig) 1/64 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4 3/8 70 0,29 1,16 4,66 18,62 74,40 167,80 80 0,32 1,26 5,24 20,76 83,10 187,20 90 0,36 1,46 5,72 23,10 92,00 206,60 100 0,40 1,55 6,31 25,22 100,90 227,00 125 0,48 1,94 7,66 30,65 122,20 275,50 * Cn nhn gi tr trn vi 0,97 cho nhng l r trn v vi 0,611 cho nhng vi phun dt. 3.2.2 nh lng r r

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Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn Vi nhng my nn c thit b iu khin tt/bt hoc ng/ngt ti, cch c tnh khi lng r r trong h thng rt d. Phng php ny lin quan n khi ng my nn khi khng ti (khi tt c cc thit b vn hnh bng kh nn, h tiu th kh nn c tt). Thc hin mt s o c xc nh thi gian vn hnh trung bnh ng v ngt ti trn nguyn l my nn bt v tt theo chu k do s r r gy st p h thng. Tng lng r r (%)c tnh nh sau:

R r (%) = [(Tx100)/(T+t)] Trong : T = thi gian ng ti (thi gian my chy, pht) t = thi gian ngng ti (thi gian my dng, pht)

Lng r r c xem nh l phn trm ca tn tht ca my nn. nhng h thng c bo dng tt, lng tn tht do r r t hn 10%. nhng h thng bo dng km con s ny c th ln ti 20-30% cng sut. 3.3.3 Cc bc nh lng r r ti ch n gin Cc bc n gin gip nh lng r r ti ch h thng kh nn nh sau: Ngt tt c cc thit b dng kh nn (hoc tin hnh kim tra khi khng c thit b no ang s dng kh nn). Chy my nn nng p sut h thng ln bng p sut vn hnh. Ghi li thi gian dng cho chu trnh ng ti v ngt ti ca my nn. chnh xc, ly thi gian BT & TT ca 8-10 chu trnh lin tc. Sau tnh ton tng Thi gian BT (T) v tng thi gian TT (t). S dng cch trn xc nh lng r r ca h thng. Nu Q l khng kh bn ngoi c cp vo trong thi gian kim tra (m3/pht), th lng r r ca h thng (m3/pht) s l: Mc r r ca h thng (m3/pht) = Q T / (T + t)

V d Di y l kt qu ca mt ln kim tra mc r r mt doanh nghip Cng sut my nn (m /pht) p sut khi ng li, kg/cm
2 2 3

= 35 = 6,8

= 7,5 p sut ngt, kg/cm Mc ti o c kW = 188 kW Mc khng ti ghi c kW = 54 kW Thi gian Ti trung bnh =1,5 pht Thi gian Khng ti trung bnh = 10,5 pht Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 12 Lng r r = [(1,5)/(1,5+10,5)] x 35 = 4,375 m3/pht UNEP

Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn

4. CC GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU

4.1 V tr t my nn
V tr t my nn v cht lng kh ht vo my nn c nh hng rt ln n mc nng lng tiu th. Hot ng ca my nn kh cng ging nh mt my th, s c ci thin nu s dng kh vo sch, kh v mt.

4.2 Nhit kh vo
Khng nn nh gi thp tc ng ca kh vo vi hiu qu hot ng ca my nn. Kh vo b nhim bn hoc nng c th lm gim hot ng ca my nn, lm tng chi ph nng lng v chi ph bo dng. Nu hi nc, bi v cc cht bn c nhiu trong kh vo, chng s gy ra bm bn cc b phn bn trong my nn nh cc van, bnh cng tc, rto, cnh gt. Nhng cn bm ny s gy mn sm v lm gim nng sut ca my nn. My nn to ra nhit do qu trnh hot ng lin tc. Lng nhit ny pht tn trong phng lp my nn lm nng dng kh vo dn n lm gim hiu sut th tch v tng tiu th in. Theo quy tc chung, C mi mc tng 4oC ca nhit kh vo, mc tiu th nng lng s tng thm 1% duy tr nng sut tng ng. V vy, nu kh cp vo l kh mt s nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng ca my nn (xem bng 4). Bng 4. nh hng ca nhit kh vo vi mc tiu th in ca my nn (Confederation of Indian Industries) Nhit vo (o C) 10,0 15,5 21,1 26,6 32,2 37,7 43,3 Chu chuyn khng kh tng ng 102,2 100,0 98,1 96,3 94,1 92,8 91,2 Tit kim in (%) + 1,4 Khng - 1,3 - 2,5 - 4,0 - 5,0 - 5,8

Khi lp b lc kh trn ng cp kh vo, cn gi nhit mi trng xung quanh mc ti thiu trnh gim lu lng. C th gim c nhit kh vo bng cch t ng ht kh vo bn ngoi bung hay nh t my nn. Khi b lc kh vo c lp bn ngoi nh, nht l trn mi, cn xem xt n cc yu t v mi trng xung quanh.

4.3 St p trong b lc kh
Vic lp t mt b lc kh vo my nn l cn thit, nu khng th phi ly kh vo t v tr sch v mt. Cc nh sn xut my nn thng cung cp hoc xut mt loi b lc chuyn dng cho kh vo bo v my nn. Vic lc khng kh vo my nn cng tt th khi lng bo dng cng gim. Tuy nhin, cn gim thiu s st p qua b lc kh vo (bng cch chn ng
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 13 UNEP

Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn cng sut b lc v bo dng tt b lc) ngn nga hiu ng tht hp lm gim cng sut my nn. Mt trong nhng cch tt nht l lp mt ng h o chnh p gim st tnh trng ca b lc kh vo. St p qua mt b lc kh vo cn mi khng c vt qu 3 pound/ inch2 (psi). Bng 5 nu r nh hng ca st p qua b lc kh vo i vi mc tiu th in. Bng 5. Tc ng ca s st p sut qua b lc kh vo i vi mc tiu th in. (Confederation of Indian Industries) St p sut qua b lc kh (mm ct nc) 0 200 400 600 800 Tng mc tiu th in (%) 0 1,6 3,2 4,7 7,0

Theo quy tc chung, C mi mc st p sut ht 250mm ct nc do tc b lc, vv... mc tiu th nng lng ca my nn s tng thm khong 2% vi cng mt nng sut V vy, nn nh k lm sch b lc kh vo gim thiu st p. C th s dng p k hoc ng h chnh p o mc st p qua b lc nhm phc v cho vic ln lch v sinh b lc.

4.4 cao
cao so vi mt bin c nh hng trc tip n hiu sut th tch ca my nn. Tc ng ca cao so vi mt bin i vi hiu sut th tch c cho trong bng 6. My nn t cao hn so vi mt bin s tiu th nhiu in hn vi cng mt mc p sut cp so vi my t cao bng mt bin, v t s nn cao hn. Bng 6. Tc ng ca cao so vi mt bin i vi hiu sut th tch (Confederation of Indian Industries)

4.5 B lm mt gia cc cp (trung gian) v lm mt sau

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Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn Phn ln cc my nn a cp u c b lm mt trung gian. l cc b trao i nhit thc hin vic loi b nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh nn gia cc cp nn. Lm mt trung gian nh hng n hiu sut ton phn ca my nn. Khi c nng c cp cho kh nn, nhit ca kh tng ln. B lm mt sau c lp t sau cp nn cui cng gim nhit kh cp. Khi nhit kh gim, hi nc trong khng kh ngng t li, c phn tch, thu hi v x ra khi h thng. Hu ht nc ngng t my nn c b lm mt trung gian c loi b ngay ti cc b lm mt trung gian, v phn cn li s c loi b trong b lm mt sau. phn ln cc h thng cng nghip, tr nhng h thng cung cp kh nn ti nhng thit b khng nhy cm nhit, u cn c qu trnh lm mt sau. mt s h thng nn, b lm mt sau c tch hp vi b my nn, trong khi mt s h thng khc, b lm mt sau l mt thit b ri. Mt vi h thng c c hai la chn. Mt cch l tng, nhit kh vo mi cp ca my nn a cp phi tng t nh nhit kh vo cp u tin. y c xem l lm mt hon ho hoc nn ng nhit. Nhng trn thc t, nhit kh vo cc cp tip theo thng cao hn cp u, dn ti mc tiu th in cao hn, v phi x l mt th tch ln hn cho cng mt tc v.(xem bng 7) Bng 7. Minh ho tc ng ca lm mt trung gian i vi mc tiu th in ca my nn (Confederation of Indian Industries) Chi tit Nhit vo cp 1 (o C) Nhit vo cp 2 (o C) Nng sut (nm3/min) Cng sut hu dng (kW) Tiu th nng lng c th (nm3/min) % thay i Lm mt khng hon ho 21,1 26,6 15,5 76,3 4,9 +2,1 Lm mt hon ho (gi tr c s) 21,1 21,1 15,6 75,3 4,8 Gi tr tham kho Nc lLm mt c lm lnh 21,1 15,5 15,7 74,2 4,7 -2,1

S dng nc nhit thp hn lm gim tiu th in. Tuy nhin, nhit nc lm mt qu thp s lm m trong khng kh ngng t, nu khng c x b, nc ngng s lm hng xy lanh. Tng t nh vy, nu lm mt b lm mt sau khng hiu qu (do cn bm, vv...), s lm khng kh m, nng i vo bnh tch, to thm nc ngng t trong cc bnh tch kh v ng ng phn phi, lm tng n mn, st p v r r trong ng ng cng nh trong cc thit b s dng cui cng. V vy, cn lm sch nh k v m bo lu lng nhit hp l c cc b lm mt trung gian ln b lm mt sau m bo duy tr kt qu hot ng mong mun.

4.6 t p sut lm vic

Vi cng mt nng sut, my nn tiu th nhiu in hn p sut cao hn. Khng nn vn hnh my nn mc p sut vt qu p sut vn hnh ti u v nh vy s khng ch lng ph
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 15 UNEP

Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn nng lng m cn dn n mn nhanh, t gy cc lng ph nng lng khc. Hiu sut th tch ca mt my nn cng gim khi p sut cp cao hn. 4.6.1 Gim p sut cp Kh nng gim (ti u ho) mc t p sut cp cn c thc hin thng qua cc nghin cu k v yu cu p sut nhng thit b khc nhau v v st p trn ng phn phi t ngun cp kh nn ti cc im s dng. Cc mc tit kim in hnh nh gim p sut cho trong bng 8. Nu mt h tiu th hoc mt nhm thiu s cc h tiu th cn p sut cao hn nhm cn li trong dy chuyn, nn xem xt vic lp ring mt h thng cho nhm hoc lp t thm my tng p sut kh nn ti cc h tiu th ny, nh c th duy tr nhm a s vn hnh p sut thp. Vn hnh h thng my nn nh hng mt phn n gi thnh ca kh nn. Chng hn nh, vn hnh my mc 120 PSIG thay v 100 PSIG s tiu tn hn 10% nng lng, cng nh tng t l r r. Cn n lc gim p sut t ca my nn v h thng xung mc thp nht c th. Bng 8: Tc ng ca vic gim p sut cp i vi mc tiu th in (Confederation of Indian Industries) Gim p sut T (bar) 6,8 6,8 xung n (bar) 6,1 5,5 Lm mt bng nc mt cp 4 9 Tit kim in (%) Lm mt bng nc hai cp 4 11 Lm mt bng kh hai cp 2,6 6,5

Ch : Gim p sut 1 bar trong my nn s gim tiu th in t 6 10 %.

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 16 UNEP

Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn 4.6.2 iu bin my nn thng qua thit lp p sut ti u cc doanh nghip, rt hay c trng hp cc my nn vi cu to, nng sut, chng loi khc nhau c kt ni vi nhau thnh mt mng li phn phi chung. Vi nhng tnh hung nh vy, vic la chn phng thc kt ni cc my nn ph hp v vic iu bin ti u cc my nn khc nhau s gip tit kim nng lng Khi c mt hoc nhiu hn my nn cp cho cho mt u phn phi chung, cn vn hnh my nn sao cho chi ph sn xut kh nn l nh nht. Nu tt c cc my nn ging nhau, c th iu chnh p sut t sao cho ch c mt my nn x l nhng bin ng v ti, cn nhng my khc hot ng iu kin gn y ti. Nu cc my nn c nng sut khc nhau, cn iu chnh p sut sao cho ch my nn nh nht thc hin iu bin (thay i lu lng). Nu cc my nn khc loi cng lm vic vi nhau, mc tiu th nng lng khng ti l rt quan trng. Cn dng my nn c cng sut khng ti thp nht iu bin. Nhn chung, nhng my nn c cng sut ti thp hn s phi thc hin iu bin. Cc my nn c th c phn loi theo mc tiu th nng lng ring, cc p sut khc nhau, vi cc my c hiu sut nng lng cao nht p ng phn ln nhu cu h thng. 4.6.3 Tch bit cc nhu cu p cao v p thp Nu nhu cu p sut thp nhiu, nn pht kh nn p sut cao v thp ring r v cp ring cho tng b phn thay v pht vi p sut cao ri dng van gim p gim p sut, sau cp cho cc h tiu th p sut thp s gy lng ph nng lng. 4.6.4 Thit k nhm gim thiu st p trn h thng ng ng phn phi St p l mt thut ng c s dng m t hin tng gim p sut kh nn t ca ra my nn ti h tiu th. St p xy ra khi kh nn i qua h thng phn phi v x l. Mt h thng thit k tt s c mc tn tht p sut t hn 10% p sut y ca my nn, o t u ra ca bnh tch ti h tiu th. ng cng di v ng knh cng nh th tn tht ma st cng nhiu. gim st p hiu qu, c th s dng mt h thng khp kn vi lu lng hai chiu. St p gy ra do mn v do bn thn cc thnh phn ca h thng l nhng yu t quan trng. St p qu mc do chn kch thc ng khng chun, b lc b tc, cc mi ni v ng mm kch thc khng chun s gy ra lng ph nng lng. Bng 9 m t mc tn tht nng lng nu ng c ng knh nh. Mc st p hp l in hnh cc ngnh cng nghip l 0,3 bar t b phn phi chnh ti im xa nht v 0,5 bar h thng phn phi.

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 17 UNEP

Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn Bng 9. St p in hnh trn ng phn phi kh nn vi ng cc kch thc khc nhau (Confederation of Indian Industries) ng knh ng danh ngha (mm) 40 50 65 80 100 St p (bar) trn 100 m 1,80 0,65 0,22 0,04 0,02 Tn tht in tng ng (kW) 9,5 3,4 1,2 0,2 0,1

4.7 Gim thiu r r

Nh gii thch phn trc, r r kh nn s gy lng ph in ng k. V rt kh thy cc r r khng kh, cn phi s dng cc bin php khc xc nh cc ch r. Cch tt nht tm ra vt r l s dng b d m thanh siu m (xem hnh 10), tm ra nhng m thanh x hi tn s cao do r kh. Pht hin r r bng siu m l phng php tm r r ph bin nht. C th s dng phng php ny cho nhiu dng pht hin r r khc nhau. R r thng hay xy ra cc mi ni. C th x l bng cch rt n gin l xit cht mi ni hoc rt phc tp nh l thay cc thit b hng, gm khp ni, ng ghp, cc an ng, ng mm, giong, cc im x ngng v by ngng. Trong rt nhiu trng hp, r r c th do lm sch cc on ren khng ng cch hoc lp vng m lm kn khng chun. Chn cc ng ghp, ng ngt, ng mm v ng cng c cht lng cao v lp t ng cch, s dng ren lm kn ph hp trnh r r v sau. Hnh 9. B pht hin r r siu m (Tashian, l)

4.8 X nc ngng
Sau khi kh nn ri bung nn, b lm mt sau ca my nn s gim nhit kh x xung di im sng (vi hu ht cc iu kin mi trng xung quanh) v do , mt lng hi nc ng k s ngng t. x nc ngng, cc my nn c lp sn b lm mt sau c trang b thm mt thit b tch nc ngng hoc by ngng. Trong trng hp trn, nn lp mt van kha gn ca y ca my nn. ng thi, nn ni mt ng x ngng vi l x ngng bnh tch. vn hnh tt, ng x ngng phi c dc t bnh cha ra ngoi. C th s c nc ngng thm nu ng ng phn phi lm kh lnh i v
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 18 UNEP

Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn do vy, ti nhng im thp trn ng ng phn phi nn c by ngng v ng x nc ngng. ng dn kh nn sau ca y phi c cng kch thc vi u ng ni trn ca y ca my nn sau b tiu m. Tt c ng ng v ng ni phi ph hp vi p sut kh nn. Cn xem xt k kch thc ng t u ng ni trn my nn. Nghin cu k chiu di, kch thc ng, s lng v kiu ca ng ni v van my nn c th t hiu sut ti u.

4.9 Kim sot s dng kh nn

Khi h thng kh nn sn c, cc k s ca nh my thng c xu hng mun s dng kh nn cung cp cho cc thit b cn p sut thp nh cnh khuy, vn ti bng kh nn hoc cp kh cho bung t. Tuy nhin, cc ng dng ny nn ly kh cp t qut thi, l thit b c thit k chuyn dng cho p sut thp. Nh vy s gim rt nhiu chi ph v nng lng so vi s dng kh nn.

4.10 iu khin my nn
My nn kh s khng hiu qu nu chng c vn hnh mc thp hn nhiu so vi sn lng cfm theo nh mc. trnh trng hp chy thm cc my nn khi khng cn thit, nn lp t mt b iu khin t ng bt v tt my nn, tu theo nhu cu. V nu gi p sut ca h thng kh nn c mc cng thp cng tt, hiu sut s c ci thin v gim c r r kh nn.

4.11 Thc hin bo dng

Vic thc hin bo dng hiu qu s ci thin rt nhiu hiu sut hot ng ca h thng my nn. Di y l mt s gi cho vic bo dng v vn hnh hiu qu h thng kh nn cng nghip: Bi trn: Cn kim tra p sut du ca my nn bng mt thng hng ngy, v thay b lc du hng thng. B lc kh: B lc kh vo d b tc nghn, nht l nhng mi trng nhiu bi. Cn nh k kim tra v thay th cc b lc. By ngng: Rt nhiu h thng c by ngng gom v (vi nhng by c van phao) x nc ngng ca h thng. Cn nh k m cc by ngng vn hnh bng tay x cht lng tch t sau ng li; cn kim tra nh k nhng by t ng m bo chng khng b r r kh. B lm kh kh: Lm kh kh s dng rt nhiu nng lng. Vi nhng b lm kh c lm lnh, thng xuyn kim tra v thay cc b lc s b v b lm kh kh thng c cc ng thng bn trong nh, cc ng ny c th b tc bi cc cht bn. Cc b lm kh hon lu cn c b lc tch du hiu qu b phn vo v cc thit b ny khng hot ng tt nu du bi trn t my nn ph trn cc cht lm kh. Nhit b lm kh phi c gi mc di 100F trnh tng tiu th cc cht lm kh, cc cht ny phi c np y li sau mi 3-4 thng, tu theo mc tiu th.

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 19 UNEP

Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn

5. DANH SCH SNG LC GII PHP

Tm v x l cc r r kh nn v ngn nga s lp li. Thng xuyn kim tra cc vt r v tn tht p sut ton b h thng (hng thng). Trnh s dng cc ng x ngng b nt m bo khng c m h tiu th iu chnh cc hot ng h tiu th ti p sut thp nht c th Khng nn s dng cc my nng dng kh nn v ng c kh nn. ng tt c ngun cp kh ti cc thit b khng vn hnh. Tch ring cc thit b n l s dng kh nn p sut cao. Gim mc st p trong h thng ng phn phi. nh gi nhu cu v iu bin my nn. S dng cc ng c hiu sut cao thay cho cc ng c tiu chun. Xem xt vic dng my nn a cp. Gim p sut ra cng thp cng tt. S dng nhit thi t my nn cho cc b phn khc trong dy chuyn tit kim nng lng. Trnh a kh nn p sut cao hn ti ton b dy chuyn ch p ng nhu cu ca mt thit b cao p. Nm vng cch iu khin h thng nhiu my nn. S dng b iu khin trung gian/b gin n/b iu tit p sut di cht lng cao. Nm r cc yu cu v sinh thit b. S dng cng ngh lm kh c im sng p sut cho php ti a. Chn cc sn phm c cht lng tt nht khi phi thay th cc b phn ca my nn. Gim st chnh p qua b lc kh. St p qu mc cc b lc gy lng ph nng lng. S dng khng kh mt bn ngoi cho u vo ca my nn. p dng chin lc bo dng phng nga mt cch h thng cho my nn. o to v nng cao nhn thc ca nhn vin vn hnh v bo dng hiu qu cho h thng my nn. m bo ton b h thng c qun l bng cc hot ng qun l ni vi tt. m bo rng nc ngng phi c loai b khi h thng phn phi ngay hoc khng c nc ngng. Kim tra cc xem kch thc bnh tch c th cha kh nn cho cc nhu cu ln trong thi gian ngn khng.

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 20 UNEP

Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn

6. BNG TNH Bng tnh 1. Cc thng s ca my nn

Tham kho v my nn kh Hnh dng Loi S cp Nng sut cp kh p sut cp Tc Dung tch ca bnh tch c tnh thit k ca ng c Cng sut Dng y ti in p H s cng sut Tc Tn s Mc tiu th in kW A V PF Vng/pht Hz kW/m3/pht n v ---Nm3/pht kg/cm2.g Vng/pht m3 1 2 3 4

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Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn

Bng tnh 2. Kim tra r r h thng kh nn

Particulars Thit b s dng kh nn Thi gian ng ti (t1) Thi gian ngng ti (t2) Nng sut my nn R r = [t1/(t1+t2)] x 100 Mc r r cfm = % R r x Nng sut ca my nn n v S. Giy Giy Nm3/pht % Nhn xt Khu vc trong dy chuyn o c o c Theo nh mc c tnh c tnh

Quy trnh: Tin hnh kim tra r r khi ton b dy chuyn ngng hot ng hoc khi tt c cc thit b s dng kh nn ang ngng hot ng. S rt tt nu c th tch ring cc b phn bng cc van cch ly. Bt mt my nn ln cung cp cho mng li kh nn. Do khng cn thit b s dng kh nn, my nn s tip tc chy khng ti, n thi im p sut ca h thng t mc t (chng hn, 8 kg/cm2.g). Nu h thng khng b r r, my nn s vn khng c ti. Tuy nhin, do c r r ca h thng, p sut trong bnh tch bt u gim dn, n khi xung n im thp nht t, ti , my nn kh li bt u ng ti (khi ng li) v cp kh nn. S dng ng h bm gi o thi gian ti v khng ti trong 5-6 chu k, ri tnh thi gian ti v khng ti trung bnh. nh gi mc r r kh nn (%) v lng r r.

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 22 UNEP

Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn

Bng tnh 3. Kim tra nng sut ca my nn

Tham kho v my nn kh Th tch ca bnh tch cng vi th tch ca ng ng gia bnh tch n my nn Nhit bnh tch p sut bnh tch ban u (P1) p sut bnh tch cui cng (P2) Thi gian cn a bnh tch t P1 ln ti P2 (t) p sut kh quyn (Po) Nng sut my nn (cung cp khng kh) Q Lu : Mi my nn phi c bnh cha ring.
Quy trnh:

n v m3 C kg/cm2.a kg/cm2.a pht kg/cm2.a Nm3/pht

1. Tch ring my nn kh cn kim tra nng sut khi h thng, bng cch ng van kha. 2. Tt ng c my nn. 3. X sch bnh tch ni vi my nn kh. 4. Khi ng li ng c. 5. p sut bnh tch bt u tng. Chng hn p sut ban u o c l 2 kg/cm2. Bt ng h bm gi. 6. Ngng ng h bm gi khi p sut bnh tch ln ti, chng hn, 9 kg/cm2. 7. Ghi li thi gian tri qua 8. Nng sut my nn c tnh nh sau:-

P P V 273 (Nm3/pht) = 2 1 R P o t 273 + T

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 23 UNEP

Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn

7. TI LIU THAM KHO

Confederation of Indian Industries. Manual on Compressors and Compressed Air Systems. http://greenbusinesscentre.com/documents/compressor.pdf ECompressedAir. Compressed Air Audits. http://ecompressedair.com/air.shtml http://superiorsignal.com/usndacr.pdf King, Julie. MichiganTech, Department of Chemical Engineering McKane, A. and Medaris, B. The Compressed Air Challenge Making a difference for US industry. 2003. http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/indpart/publications/lbnl_52771.pdf MT University. Compressors. www.chem.mtu.edu/chem_eng/current/new_courses/CM4120/315,30,Reference National Productivity Council, India. Compressors. In: Technology Menu for Efficient Energy Use, Motor Drive Systems (NPC). 1993 NPC Energy Audit Reports Sustainable Energy Development Office, Government of Western Australia. Compressed Air Systems. 2002. www1.sedo.energy.wa.gov.au/uploads Tashian, Paul. Successful Leak Detection Using Ultrasonics. US Department of Energy (US DOE), Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Improving Compressed Air System Performance. DEO/GO-102003-1822. 2003. www.oit.doe.gov/bestpractices/compressed_air US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Industrial Technologies Program. Energy Tips Compressed Air Tip Sheet 3. 2004. www.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/compressed_air.pdf
Copyright:
Copyright United Nations Environment Programme (year 2006) This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission from the United Nations Environment Programme.

Bn quyn
Copyright Chng trnh mi trng lin hp quc (nm 2006) n bn ny c th ti xut bn ton b hoc mt phn v cho bt k mc ch gio dc hay phi li nhun no m khng c s cho php c bit t ngi gi bn quyn vi iu kin phi nu ngun ca n bn. NEP mong rng s nhn dc bn sao ca bt k n bn no c s dng n bn ny nh ngun thng tin. Khng s dng n bn ny bn li hay cho bt k mc ch thng mi no khc m khng c s cho php trc t Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin hp quc

Disclaimer:
This energy equipment module was prepared as part of the project "Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific" (GERIAP) by the National Productivity Council, India. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication, including its translation into other languages than English. This is the translated version from the chapter in English, and does not constitute an official United Nations publication.

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

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Thit b in: My nn v h thng kh nn Khuyn co:

Mun thit b nng lng ny c thc hin l mt phn ca d n Gim Pht Thi Kh Nh Knh t Hot ng Cng Nghip Khu vc Chu v Thi Bnh Dng (GERIAP) bi y ban Nng sut Quc gia n . Mc d c gng nhiu m bo ni dung ca bo co ny l chnh xc v ph hp tham kho, UNEP khng c trch nhim v tnh chnh xc hay hon thin ca ni dung v s khng chu trch nhim v bt k mt mt hay thit hi m c th lin quan trc tip hay gin tip cho vic s dng hay da vo ni dung ca bo co ny gy ra, bao gm c bn dch sang cc th ting khc ngoi ting Anh. y l bn dch t chng bng ting Anh v khng l n bn chnh thc ca Lin hp quc.

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

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