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Chng 6

TRUYN HNH S
6.1 Khi nim chung v truyn hnh s
Cc h thng truyn hnh ph bin hin nay nh: NTSC, PAL, SECAM l cc h thng truyn hnh tng t. Tn hiu Video l hm lin tc theo thi gian. Tn hiu truyn hnh tng t (t khu to dng, truyn dn, pht sng n khu thu tn hiu u chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t (nhiu v can nhiu t ni b h thng v t bn ngoi) lm gim cht lng hnh nh. 6.1.1 c im ca truyn hnh s khc phc nhng hin tng ny ngi ta m ha tn hiu hnh dng s x l. Truyn hnh s c nhng u im sau: + C th tin hnh rt nhiu qu trnh x l trong Studio (trung tm truyn hnh) m t s S N khng gim (bin i cht lng cao). Trong truyn hnh tng t th vic ny gy ra mo tch ly(mi khu x l u gy mo). + Thun li cho qu trnh ghi c: c th ghi c v hn ln m cht lng khng b gim. + D s dng thit b t ng kim tra v iu khin nh my tnh. + C kh nng lu tn hiu s trong cc b nh c cu trc n gin v sau c n vi tc ty . + Kh nng truyn trn c ly ln: tnh chng nhiu cao (do vic ci m sa li, chng li, bo v...). + D to dng ly mu tn hiu, do d thc hin vic chuyn i h truyn hnh, ng b t nhiu ngun khc nhau, d thc hin nhng k xo trong truyn hnh. + Cc thit b s lm vic n nh, vn hnh d dng v khng cn iu chnh cc thit b trong khi khai thc. + C kh nng x l nhiu ln ng thi mt s tn hiu (nh ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian). + C kh nng thu tt trong truyn sng a ng. Hin tng bng ma thung xy ra trong h thng truyn hnh tng t do tn hiu truyn n my thu theo nhiu ng.Vic trnh nhiu ng knh trong h thng thng tin s cng lm gim i hin tng ny trong truyn hnh qung b. + Tit kim c ph tn nh s dng cc k thut nn bng tn, t l nn c th ln n 40 ln m hu nh ngi xem khng nhn bit c s suy gim cht lng. T c th truyn c nhiu chng trnh trn mt knh sng, trong khi truyn hnh tng t mi chng trnh phI dng mt knh sng ring. + C kh nng truyn hnh a phng tin, to ra loi hnh thng tin 2 chiu, dch v tng tc, thng tin giao dch gia im v im. Do s pht trin ca cng ngh truyn hnh s, cc dch v tng tc ngy cng phong ph a dng v ngy cng m rng. Trong c s kt hp gia my thu hnh v h thng my tnh, truyn hnh t phng tin thng tin I chng tr thnh phng tin thng tin c nhn. Tuy nhin truyn hnh s cng c nhng nhc im ng quan tm: +Di thng ca tn hiu tng do rng bng tn ca thit b v h thng truyn ln hn nhiu so vi tn hiu tng t.

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+ Vic kim tra cht lng tn hiu s mi im ca knh truyn thng phc tp hn (phi dng mch chuyn i s-tng t). 6.1.2 Hin trng v truyn hnh s S ha ton b h thng truyn hnh ngha l chuyn tn hiu tng t sang dng s t Camera truyn hnh, my pht hnh, knh truyn n my thu hnh.Vic s ha h thng truyn hnh hin nay (NTSC, PAL, SECAM) ch yu l khu phn tch nh cho n u vo ca my pht hnh (thit b Studio) mt phn cng on trong my pht hnh (iu ch, x l tn hiu) mt phn ln cng on trong my thu hnh. Trong thc t s ha hon ton c h thng truyn hnh l mt iu ht sc kh khn m ch thc hin s ha mt s khu quan trng m thi v truyn hnh tng t cn rt ph bin, ng thi phng tin k thut, trang thit b cn rt mi m v t tin.
+ S khi ca h thng truyn hnh s

T.hiu hnh t.t vo T.hiu Video t.t ra

M ha tn hiu hnh

M ha knh

Bin i tn hiu Knh truyn hnh

Gii m tn hiu hnh

Gii m knh

Bin i tn hiu

Hnh 6.1 S khi ca h thng truyn hnh s

6.2 C s bin i tn hiu truyn hnh

6.2.1 Bin i tn hiu Video Bin i tn hiu Video tng t thnh Video s l bin i thun, cn bin i tn hiu Video s thnh tng t l bin i ngc. Trong h thng truyn hnh s c rt nhiu b bin i thun v ngc. Khi bin i tn hiu Video mu tng t thnh tn hiu Video mu s ta c th dng 2 phng php sau: Phng php 1: Bin i trc tip tn hiu mu tng hp NTSC, PAL, SECAM ra tn hiu s Phng php 2: Bin i ring tng tn hiu thnh phn (tn hiu chi Y, tn hiu s R-Y v BY hoc cc tn hiu mu c bn R, G, B) ra tn hiu s v tryun ng thi theo thi gian hoc ghp knh theo thi gian. Phng php 2 Bin i ring cc tn hiu thnh phn (ca tn hiu mu) thnh tn hiu s s lm tc bit tng cao hn so vi vic bin i tn hiu mu Video tng hp. Cch ny c u im l khng ph thuc cc h thng truyn hnh tng t, thun tin cho vic trao i cc chng trnh truyn hnh. Cng c th gim tc bit nu s dng m thch hp. Do m ring cc thnh phn tn hiu mu, nn c th kh c nhiu qua li (nhiu ca tn hiu ly mu vi cc hi ca ti tn mu).

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V nhng nguyn nhn trn cho nn cch bin i s cc tn hiu thnh phn (ca tn hiu Video mu tng hp) u vit hn cch bin i trc tip tn hiu Video mu tng hp. Do , t chc truyn thanh truyn hnh quc t khuyn co nn dng loi ny cho trung tm truyn hnh (studio), truyn dn, pht sng v ghi hnh. 6.2.2 Chn tn s ly mu Cng on u tin ca qu trnh bin i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s l ly mu (c ngha l ri rc tn hiu tng t theo thi gian). Do tn s ly mu l mt trong nhng thng s c bn ca h thng k thut s. C nhiu yu t quyt nh vic la chn tn s ly mu. Tn s ly mu cn c xc nh sao cho hnh nh nhn c c cht lng cao nht, tn hiu truyn i vi tc bit nh nht, rng bng tn nh nht v mch n gin. a. Ly mu tn hiu Video : cho vic ly mu khng gy mo, ta phi chn tn s ly mu tho mn cng thc Kachenhicop sa 2max (max = 5,5MHz i vi h PAL) ngha l sa 11MHz. Trng hp sa < 2max s xy ra hin thng chng ph lm xut hin cc thnh phn ph (alias components) v xut hin mo, v d nh hiu ng li trn mn hnh (do cc tn hiu v ch nm trong bng tn video), mo sn xung tn hiu, lm nho bin nh (do hiu ng bc thang), cc im sng ti nhp nhy trn mn hnh. Tr s sa ti u s khc nhau cho cc trng hp: tn hiu chi (trng en), tn hiu mu c bn (R, G, B). cc tn hiu s mu, tn hiu Video mu tng hp. Cui cng vic chn tn s ly mu ph thuc vo h thng truyn hnh mu. Trong trng hp ly mu tn hiu Video mu tng hp phi ch n tn s sng mang ph sc, khi chn sa c th xut hin cc trng hp sau y: + sa gp nhiu ln sc, v d sa = 3sc hoc 4sc (h PAL, NTSC ch dng mt tn s sc). H SECAM dng hai sng mang ph mu nn khng dng c mt tn s sa cho cc tn hiu hiu s mu. +sa khng c quan h trc tip vi sc. Trong trng hp ny ngoi cc thnh phn tn hiu c ch s xut hin cc thnh phn tn hiu ph do lin hp gia sa v sc hoc hi ca sc trong ph tn hiu ly mu. c bit thnh phn tn hiu (sa -2sc) s gy mo tn hiu Video (tng t) c khi phc li gi l mo iu ch cho (Intermodulation). Mo ny s khng xut hin trong trng hp ly mu v m ha ring tn hiu chi v cc tn hiu s mu. Trong trng hp ly mu tn hiu Video mu tng hp cho h NTSC, PAL thng th ngi ta chn bng hi bc 3 tn s ti mu sc : sa =3sc. saPAL = 13,3 MHz > 2maxPAL = 2x5=10MHz hoc 2x5,5=11MHz. saNTSC = 10,7 MHz > 2maxNTSC = 2x4,2=8,4MHz. Nu chn sa= 4sc th cho cht lng khi phc rt tt. Tuy nhin, n s lm tng tc bit tn hiu s + Nu tn hiu truyn i tng thnh phn cht lng hnh nh thu c m bo tt hn do nh hng ca sng mang ph khi ly mu khng c. + Tn s ly mu ca tn hiu chi saY 2maxY v bng bi s ca tn s dng. + Tn s ly mu cc tn hiu mu sa(R-Y)(B-Y) 2max (R-Y)(B-Y) v bng bi s ca tn s dng. Kt hp iu ny vi thc t ngi ta chn:

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saY= 13,5 MHz sa(R-Y)(B-Y)= sc= 6,75MHz cho c 2 tiu chun: 625 50 v 525 60. Tuy nhin, s la chn sa theo nh l Kachenhicop th cha m phi tha thm cc iu kin sau: - Tn s sa phi ng b vi tn s qut dng fH. - Tn s sa phi ng b vi tn s qut mnh V. - Tn s sa phi ng b vi tn s nh fP, fP= 2V. 6.2.3 Lng t ha tn hiu Video Qa trnh lng t ha tn hiu ri rc (sau khi ly mu) bao gm vic chia bin thnh nhiu mc (nhiu khong) v sp xp mi tr ca mu bng mt mc. Cc khong chia (khong lng t) c th u nhau v cng c th khng u nhau v ta gi l lng t tuyn tnh v lng t phi tuyn. Trong qu trnh lng t ha bin ca cc mu nm trong cng mt khong lng t (Q) s c bin bng nhau, bin ny c th l nm bc trn hay nm bc di ca mc lng t. Mi bc tng ng vi mt m s nht nh. Nu ta lm trn vi bc trn ca thang lng t th gi l lng t ha trn bc. Nu lm trn vi bc di th gi l lng t ha di bc. Hai phng php ny gi chung l lng t ha c thang na bc. Nu lm trn vi mc gia khong lng t th gi l lng t ha c thang na bc. Loi c thang na bc cho chnh xc cao hn (sai s lng t nh hn) so vi lng t ha khng c thang na bc. Tuy nhin n c nhc im l nhiu knh trng. 6.2.4 M ha tn hiu Video M ha tn hiu Video l bin i tn hiu lng t ha thnh tn hiu s bng cch sp xp s nh phn cho cc mc lng t ha v nh x ca cc mc ny thnh tn hiu c 2 mc logic 0 v 1. Theo l thuyt v thc nghim ta c th dng m 8 bit (tc 28 =256 mc lng t) m ha tn hiu Video. Nu s bit tng chnh xc ca b chuyn i tng nhng tc bit tng i hi knh truyn rng ng thi p ng ca b chuyn i thp. Cc m s dng trong truyn hnh s c th c chia thnh 4 nhm nh sau: + Cc m m ho tn hiu truyn hnh + Cc m truyn c hiu qu cao theo knh thng tin + Cc m thun tin cho vic gii m v ng b bn thu + Cc m x l s tn hiu trong cc b phn khc nhau ca h thng truyn hnh s M s cp to tn hiu s trung tm truyn hnh, c dng tn hiu nh phn lin tc, cc bit 0 v 1 c th c biu din bng cc phng php khc nhau, c phn bit bng thi gian tn ti, cc tnh, mc pha chng hn NRZ, RZ, Biphase (hai pha) M s cp l m c s hnh thnh m bo v. M bo v dng tng cng kh nng chu ng nhiu cho tn hiu truyn trong knh thng tin. Ty theo cch sp xp s nh phn m ta c cc loi PCM (Pulse Code Modulation:iu ch xung m) tuyn tnh hay DPCM (Diffirent PCM: PCM vi sai). PCM tuyn tnh truyn s mc lng t (m nh phn) cn DPCM truyn tn hiu s bng lin hp cc ga tr lng t ca mt vi mu.

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Phng php iu ch PCM tuyn tnh 8 bit cho kt qu hnh nh thu c rt tt. Cc hin tng mo lng t gim ng k. Do vy i vi cc hnh nh yu cu cht lng cao ngi ta thng dng loi ny (Studio) nhng n c nhc im l tc bit ln, knh truyn phi c bng tn rng. Tn s ly mu ca ca tn hiu Video mu tng hp l 13,5MHz. Vi m ha ring tng thnh phn tn hiu chi c tn s ly mu l 13,5MHz v cc tn hiu mu c tn s ly mu l 6,75MHz Gi C l tc bit n v l b s. Ta c C = sa.m Vy CVID tnghp = 13,5.8 = 108 Mb s CTPC = 13,5.8 = 108 Mb s (TPC: thnh phn cc tn hiu chi) CTPM = 6,75.8= 54 Mb s (TPM: thnh phn cc tn hiu mu) C= (108 + 2.54) = 216Mb s rng bng tn ca knh truyn phi l: W 3C 4 WVID tng hp 108.3 4= 81MHz Wcc thtp 216.3/4 = 162 MHz (thtp: tn hiu thnh phn) Ta thy bng tn ca knh truyn rt ln so vi knh truyn ca tn hiu tng t (6,5MHz). Mun truyn i xa i vi tn hiu truyn hnh s ngi ta phi gim tc bit.

6.3 Gim tc bit trong truyn hnh

Nu s dng dng PCM tuyn tnh bin i s tn hiu Video tng t th tc bit s tng rt cao v do thit b Video s cng nh thit b truyn dn s cn phi c di thng rt ln so vi trng hp tn hiu Video tng t. Trong truyn hnh s ngi ta thng ly t l tn s ly mu tn hiu chi v tn s ly mu tn hiu cc tn hiu s mu nh gi cht lng hnh nh. sY : sc:R-Y : sc:B-Y 4 : 4 : 4 cht lng cao nht 4 : 2 : 2 cht lng cao 4 : 1 : 1 cht lng trung bnh 2 : 1 : 1 (dng cho thoi truyn hnh ) Vic gim tc bit da vo cc yu t sau: + Ngun tn hiu Video c xem nh ngun c nh. Cc thng tin c truyn trn 2 dng k nhau ch khc nhau rt t v c xem l ging nhau. N cng ng cho c hai mnh (na nh) v 2 nh k nhau. Hay ni cch khc : Mt s thng tin nht nh trong tn hiu Video c th c khi phc li u thu m khng cn truyn i n. + Da vo nhng c im sinh l ca mt ngi : nhy ca mt, cc c im v ph ca mt, kh nng phn bit ca mt, lu nh ca vng mc nn khng cn truyn i ton b thng tin cha trong cc dng v cc mnh hoc cc nh lin tc, cc tn hiu khng truyn i gi l tn hiu d tha (Redundanced Video Signal) + gim tc bit truyn hnh s cn thc hin chn m thch hp c th thc hin theo cc nhm sau: + DPCM: PCM phi tuyn, PCM c d bo, PCM vi sai. + M chuyn v (chuyn i). + M ni suy v ngoi suy.

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Trong : PCM i hi tc bit cao. DPCM s dng c trng thng k nh v tn hiu Video v cng nh c im ca mt ngi cho php lm gim tc bit nn trong truyn hnh s ngi ta thng dng phng php iu ch xung m vi sai hn c.

6.4 S ha tn hiu Studio

6.4.1. S khi ca knh hnh ca Trung tm truyn hnh
Cam e ra Telecine ADC ADC

ng truyn Trn s B.i m T.hiu ng b

VTR

Tg hp nh
VTR

B.i m .b

ng truyn

Xung ng h v .b ly mu

Hnh 6.2 S khi ca knh hnh ca Trung tm truyn hnh Mc ch : S ha ton b khu sn xut chng trnh truyn hnh. Cc tn hiu Video (ra t Camera, Telecine...) qua b bin i DAC chuyn sang dng s, n thit b trn. Tn hiu ra t thit b trn c th c ghi hnh VTR s, hoc truyn dn n cc Studio khc hoc my pht. Thit b ng b to tn hiu ng b,cc tn hiu ng h v xung ly mu cho cc thit b s. 6.4.2. Cc tn hiu s Studio Tiu chun NTSC : 525/60, Max = 4,2MHz ; H = 15750Hz ; TH= 63,555s Tiu chun PAL : 625/50, Max= 5,5MHz ; H= 15625Hz ; TH= 64s Tn hiu Video trong Studio bao gm : Tn hiu chi Y vi fS/Y = 13,5MHz, m PCM tuyn tnh, 8bit/1pixel Tn hiu hiu s mu C : fS/C = 6,75 MHz, m PCM tuyn tnh, 8bit /1 pixel Tn hiu s c to theo 3 cch : + Ni tip, ghp knh theo thi gian thnh mt dng : tc bit 216Mb/s, mt knh truyn, bng tn c 150 MHz, u im l ch c 1 mch chuyn i. + Song song 3 tn hiu (cho 1 knh hnh): tc bit 108Mb/s, 54Mb/s, 54Mb/ s; s knh l 3 knh hp; u im tng bng tn hp, nhc im l nhiu ng truyn + Ni tip song song (ghp knh theo thi gian v truyn song song) :kt hp gia 2 cch trn. 6.4.3. B nh nh s B nh nh s trong khu x l tn hiu s, cho php to c nhiu hiu ng c bit. Gi s s mu trn 1 dng l 720, s dng l 625 Nn 1 nh c : 720625 = 450.000 mu (im nh trn 1 nh) M 1 mu tng ng vi 8 bit nn dung lng b nh 1 nh cn khong 81/2triu 4Mbit

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Hin nay ngi ta s dng ring b nh hnh nh s cho tng tn hiu Y : dng b nh 4Mbit C : dng b nh 2Mbit C 2 phng php : + B nh nh s theo nguyn tc lm tr tn hiu (nguyn l ghi dch)

....
H

vo

Mch X l

ra

Hnh 6.3 B nh nh s theo nguyn tc lm tr tn hiu B nh ng thi c cc mu ca tn hiu Video tr 1 khong thi gian : 1, 2, 3...im nh ( ) 1, 2, 3...dng hnh (H) tp hp cc mu ny c th c dng hn ch 1, 2, 3...mnh (T) d tha thng tin trong tn hiu Video + B nh theo nguyn tc ghi c ty

Vo (Video s)

B nh

ra (Video s)

To a ch ghi

To a ch c

iu khin

Xung chun

Hnh 6.4 B nh nh s theo nguyn tc ghi c tu Tn hiu Video s c ghi vo b nh theo a ch nh mch iu khin (theo xung nhp ng h, ng b vi tn hiu ghi) Vic c ra c iu khin bng b to a ch, c theo phng php dch chuyn (nh mch iu khin theo xung nhp ng h ng b vi tn hiu chun) B nh ny c dng nhiu trong x l tn hiu Video, to hiu ng c bit, sa li thi gian, bin i tiu chun truyn hnh, gim nhiu ng b nh...

6.5 Cc h thng truyn hnh s qung b

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Truyn hnh qung b l truyn hnh s kt hp vi cng ngh nn s cho u im ni bt l tit kim c b nh v tit kim knh truyn. Mt knh truyn hnh qung b truyn thng khi truyn tn hiu truyn hnh s c th truyn trn 6 chng trnh v mi chng trnh c th km theo 2 n 4 ng ting. ng dng k thut truyn hnh s c nn c th truyn mt chng trnh truyn hnh phn gii cao HDTV trn mt knh thng thng c bng thng (6-8)MHz, iu m k thut tng t khng th gii quyt c. Truyn hnh s c nn c s dng rng ri cho nhiu cp cht lng khc nhau. T SDTV c cht lng tiu chun n HDTV c cht lng cao vi tc bt t 5-24Mb/s, c truyn dn v pht sng qua cp, qua v tinh v trn mt t. C rt nhiu tiu chun nn dng cho truyn hnh s: MPEG-1, 2, 3, 4, 7(Moving Picture Experts Group). Vic pht chng trnh qung b truyn hnh s (digital video broadcasting DVB) ch yu s dng tiu chun nn MPEG 2, n c phng thc sa m sai; cn c vo cc chng trnh multimedia, s chn la cc phng thc iu ch tng ng v bin m ca cc ng thng tin. Hin nay c ba tiu chun truyn hnh s c nn dng trong truyn dn v pht sng l DVB (chu u), ATSC (M), ISDB-T (Nht), trong DVB t ra c nhiu u im v c khong 84% s nc trn th gii, trong c VN la chn s dng. M hnh h thng truyn dn DVB c m t nh hnh v di y:
Dng chg trnh 1 Truyn a chng trnh M ho u cui cp iu ch QAM n mng cp

Dng chg trnh 2

Ghp knh chng trnh

Truyn a chng trnh

M ho knh

iu ch QPSK

n v tinh

Dng chg trnh n Truy cp c iu kin

Truyn a chng trnh

M ho knh

iu ch COFDM

n my pht sng trm mt t

Hnh 6.5 M hnh h thng truyn dn DVB Sau khi xc nh cc tiu chun ca pht truyn hnh s DVB, do cc s truyn ti Multimedia khc nhau, lnh vc ng dng khc nhau nn DVB c t chc v phn chia thnh mt s h thng, c th l h thng qung b truyn hnh s v tinh DVBS (Satellite); h thng qung b truyn hnh s hu tuyn DVBC (Cable); h thng qung b truyn hnh s trn tri t DVBT (Terrestrial); h thng qung b truyn hnh s vi ba DVBM (Microwave); h thng qung b truyn hnh s theo mng tng tc DVBI (Interact); h thng truyn hnh s h thng cng ng DVBCS (Community System),v.v . 6.5.1 H thng qung b truyn hnh s hu tuyn DVB-C c im chung:

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DVB-C: H thng truyn dn qua cp s dng rng knh truyn 7-8MHz, iu ch QAM vi 64 trng thi (64-QAM), tc d liu cc i t lp truyn MPEG-2 l 38,1Mb/s. Trong mng truyn hnh hu tuyn do tn hiu hnh nh c truyn ti trn ng dy cp ng trc nn n t b can nhiu bn ngoi. Trong cc nguyn tc DVB qui nh s dng cc phng thc iu ch QAM, cn c vo trng thi mi trng truyn ti c th s dng cc tc iu ch khc nhau nh 16-QAM; 128QAM; 256-QAM .
Tn hiu t v tinh Tn hiu t v tinh Tn hiu t v tinh

My thu v tinh s My thu v tinh s My thu v tinh s

B gii iu ch s B gii iu ch s B gii iu ch s

B trn Mng hu tuyn My pht

Hnh 6.6 s khi h thng truyn hnh s hu tuyn Hnh 6.6 l s ca h thng qung b truyn hnh s hu tuyn . Nu tn hiu truyn hnh ly ngun t v tinh th cn mt my thu v tinh s IRD (Integrated Receiver Coder) thu cc chng trnh khc nhau v chuyn i thnh dng d liu MPEG-2, i vi tn hiu th tn m tn AV th cn b gii nn bin m s gii m tn hiu, to ra dng d liu MPEG-2. Ngun tn hiu khc nhau s to ra dng d liu MPEG-2 b trn nhiu ng s tin hnh trn v thu c dng tn hiu c tc cao hn . Sau tn hiu ny a vo b iu ch QAM, b bin tn t c di tn cn thit cho mng truyn hnh hu tuyn. 6.5.2 H thng qung b truyn hnh s v tinh DVBS c im chung: DVB-S: H thng truyn dn qua v tinh DVB-S c cc c trng nh sau: S dng bng tn bng C v KU, iu ch s QPSK, ti u ho cho tng ti ring cho tng b pht p (Transponder: thit b thu pht trn v tinh) v cng sut hiu dng, tc d liu cc i t lp truyn MPEG-2 l 38,1Mb/s. B m ha MPEG B m ha MPEG B m ha MPEG B trn nhiu ng B iu ch QPSK B i tn ln Pht ln v tinh

Hnh 6.7 S khi h thng qung b truyn hnh s v tinh Nguyn l qung b truyn hnh s v tinh trnh by hnh 6.7. Thng tin m tn v th tn v cc tn hiu s trc tin s i qua b nn bin m s MPEG 2 (ENC) tin hnh vic nn bin m , tn hiu truyn hnh s vi tc trn 200Mb/s c nn xung cn 6Mb/s, dng s liu MPEG-2 b nn nhiu ng s c a

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vo b trn nhiu ng s tin hnh vic trn, ng ra s nhn c dng m MPEG-2 c tc cng cao hn. Cn c vo yu cu, cc chng trnh truyn hnh cn truyn ti s c thc hin vic m ha, sau dng s liu MPEG-2 c a vo b iu ch s QPSK. Cui cng tin hnh bin tn, tn hiu QPSK c iu ch ti trung tn IF, t ti tn s vi ba cn thit ca di sng C hoc KU, thng qua anten pht tin hnh pht x ln truyn hnh v tinh. S khi ca h thng thu truyn hnh s v tinh nh hnh 6.8. Tn hiu v tinh qua b bin tn LNB, my thu v tinh s IRD (integrated receiver coder ) s tin hnh vic gii iu ch QPSK, gii m a ra tn hiu m tn v th tn, nu dng u ni thu CATV trc th mng truyn hnh hu tuyn c th c chia thnh phng thc truyn ti tng t v phng thc truyn ti s. Trong phng thc truyn ti tng t th s ng truyn t v s lng my thu bng nhau, do tn hiu u ra ca my thu v tinh s IRD l AV cho nn cn phi dng cc b iu ch tng t vi cc knh tn khc nhau truyn ti tn hiu ti h dng. Tn hiu t v tinh B bin tn My thu v tinh s A V Tivi thng thng

Hnh 6.8 S khi h thng thu truyn hnh s 6.5.3 H thng qung b truyn hnh s trn mt t DVB T c im chung: DVB-T: H thng pht sng s trn mt t DVB-T s dng rng knh 7-8MHz, tc d liu cc i t lp truyn MPEG-2 l 24Mb/s. Ngi ta s dng phng php iu ch s m ho ghp knh theo tn s trc giao COFDM do s truyn ti ca h thng qung b truyn hnh s trn mt t tng i c bit, c hin tng phn x tn hiu nhiu ln, can nhiu rt nghim trng.
Tn hiu t v tinh Tn hiu t v tinh

My thu v tinh s My thu v tinh s

B m ha MPEG - 2 B m ha MPEG - 2

B trn nhiu ng

B iu ch s B nng tn VHF UHF

A V A V

Hnh 6.9 S khi h thng DVB-T