Bi Tun Khang

Hm Bin Phc
Phng Trnh Vt L - Ton

i hc nng 2004

Li ni u
Gio trnh ny c bin son nhm trang b cc tri thc ton hc ct yu lm cng
c hc tp v nghin cu cc mn hc chuyn ngnh cho sinh vin cc ngnh k thut
thuc i hc nng. Ni dung gio trnh gm c 8 chng vi thi lng 60 tit (4
n v hc trnh) c chia lm hai chuyn nh.
Chuyn Hm bin phc gm 5 chng
Chng 1 Cc khi nim c bn v s phc, dAy tr phc, hm tr phc v cc
tp con ca tp s phc.
Chng 2 Cc khi nim c bn v hm tr phc, o hm phc, cc hm gii
tch s cp v php bin hnh bo gic.
Chng 3 Cc khi nim c bn v tch phn phc, nh l tch phn Cauchy v
cc h qu ca n.
Chng 4 Cc khi nim c bn v chui hm phc, khai trin Taylor, khai trin
Laurent, l thuyt thng d v cc ng dng ca n.
Chng 5 Cc khi nim c bn, cc tnh cht, cc phng php tm nh - gc v
cc ng dng ca bin i Fourier v bin i Laplace.
Chuyn Phng trnh vt l Ton gm c 3 chng
Chng 6 Cc khi nim c bn v l thuyt trng : Trng v hng, trng
vect, thng lng, hon lu v ton t vi phn cp 1.
Chng 7 Cc bi ton c bn ca phng trnh vt l - ton, bi ton Cauchy
v bi ton hn hp ca phng trnh truyn sng.
Chng 8 Bi ton Cauchy v bi ton hn hp ca phng trnh truyn nhit,
bi ton Dirichlet v bi ton Neumann ca phng trnh Laplace.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n cc bn ng nghip GVC. Nguyn Trinh, GVC. L Ph
Ngha v GVC. TS. L Hong Tr A dnh thi gian c bn tho v cho cc kin ng
gp hon thin gio trnh.
Gio trnh c bin son ln u chc cn c nhiu thiu st. Rt mong nhn c
kin ng gp ca bn c gn xa.
nng 2004
Tc gi

Chng 1

S phc

1. Trng s phc
K hiu = 3 3 = { (x, y) : x, y 3 }. Trn tp nh ngha php ton cng v php
ton nhn nh sau
(x, y), (x, y)
(x, y) + (x, y) = (x + x, y + y)
(1.1.1)
(x, y) (x, y) = (xx - yy, xy + xy)
V d (2, 1) + (-1, 1) = (1, 2) v (2, 1) (-1, 1) = (-3, 1)
nh l (, +, ) l mt trng s.
Chng minh
Kim tra trc tip cc cng thc (1.1.1)
Php ton cng c tnh giao hon, tnh kt hp, c phn t khng l (0, 0)
(x, y) , (x, y) + (0, 0) = (x, y)
Mi phn t c phn t i l -(x, y) = (-x, -y)
(x, y) , (x, y) + (-x, -y) = (0, 0)
Php ton nhn c tnh giao hon, tnh kt hp, c phn t n v l (1, 0)
(x, y) , (x, y) (1, 0) = (x, y)
y
Mi phn t khc khng c phn t nghch o l (x, y)-1 = ( 2 x 2 , 2
)
x + y x + y2
(x, y) - {(0, 0)}, (x, y) (

y
x
, 2
) = (1, 0)
2
x + y x + y2
2

Ngoi ra php nhn l phn phi vi php cng

Trng (, +, ) gi l trng s phc, mi phn t ca gi l mt s phc.

Theo nh ngha trn mi s phc l mt cp hai s thc vi cc php ton thc hin
theo cng thc (1.1.1). Trn trng s phc php tr, php chia v php lu tha nh
ngha nh sau.
(n, z, z) * vi * = - { (0, 0) }
z
z - z = z + (- z),
= z (z)-1 v z0 = 1, z1 = z v zn = zn-1 z
(1.1.2)
z'
Bng cch ng nht s thc x vi s phc (x, 0)
Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 5

Chng 1. S Phc
x (x, 0), 1 (1, 0) v 0 (0, 0)
tp s thc tr thnh tp con ca tp s phc. Php cng v php nhn cc s phc hn
ch ln tp s thc tr thnh php cng v php nhn cc s thc quen thuc.
x + x (x, 0) + (x, 0) = (x + x, 0) x + x, ...
Ngoi ra trong tp s phc cn c cc s khng phi l s thc. K hiu i = (0, 1) gi l
n v o. Ta c
i2 = (0, 1) (0, 1) = (-1, 0) -1
Suy ra phng trnh x2 + 1 = 0 c nghim phc l x = 1 3.
Nh vy trng s thc (3, +, ) l mt trng con thc s ca trng s phc (, +, ).

2. Dng i s ca s phc
Vi mi s phc z = (x, y) phn tch
(x, y) = (x, 0) + (0, y) = x(1, 0) + y(0, 1)
ng nht n v thc (1, 0) 1 v n v o (0, 1) i, ta c
z = x + iy
(1.2.1)
Dng vit (1.2.1) gi l dng i s ca s phc. S thc x = Rez gi l phn thc, s
thc y = Imz gi l phn o v s phc z = x - iy gi l lin hp phc ca s phc z.
Kt hp cc cng thc (1.1.1) - (1.2.1) suy ra dng i s ca cc php ton s phc.
(x + iy) + (x + iy) = (x + x) + i(y + y)
(x + iy) (x + iy) = (xx - yy) + i(xy + xy)
x + iy
xx + yy
x y xy
= 2
+
i
, ...
x + iy
x + y 2
x 2 + y 2

(1.2.2)

V d Cho z = 1 + 2i v z = 2 - i
z
1 + 2i
=
=i
z'
2i
z2 = (1 + 2i) (1 + 2i) = -3 + 5i, z3 = z2 z = (-3 + 5i) (1 + 2i) = -13 - i

z z = (2 + 2) + i(-1 + 4) = 4 + 3i,

T nh ngha suy ra
z =z z3
z = - z z i3
z=z
z + z = 2Rez
z - z = 2iImz
z z = Re2z + Im2z
Ngoi ra lin hp phc cn c cc tnh cht sau y.

nh l (n, z, z)

Trang 6

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(1.2.3)

Chng 1. S Phc
1.

z + z' = z + z'

2.

zz' = z z'

z n = (z ) n

3.

z 1 = ( z ) 1

z
z
=
z
z

Chng minh
1. Suy ra t nh ngha
2. Ta c

zz' = (x + iy) (x + iy ) = (xx - yy) - i(xy + xy)

z z' = (x - iy) (x - iy) = (xx - yy) + i(-xy -xy)

Qui np suy ra h thc th hai.
3. Ta c

zz 1 = z z 1 = 1 z 1 = ( z )-1

Suy ra

z / z = z(z ) 1 = z z 1

Vi mi s phc z = x + iy, s thc | z | =

x 2 + y 2 gi l module ca s phc z.

Nu z = x 3 th | z | = | x |. Nh vy module ca s phc l m rng t nhin ca khi

nim tr tuyt i ca s thc. T nh ngha suy ra
| Rez |, | Imz | | z |
| z | = | -z | = | z | = | - z |
z z = z z = | z |2
z
1
= z(z)-1 =
z z'
z-1 = 1 2 z
(1.2.4)
z'
|z|
| z' | 2
Ngoi ra module ca s phc cn c cc tnh cht sau y.

nh l (n, z, z)
1.
|z|0
|z|=0z=0
2.
| z z | = | z || z |
| zn | = | z |n
z
|z|
=
3.
| z-1 | = | z |-1
z
| z |
4.
| z + z | | z | + | z |
Chng minh
1. Suy ra t nh ngha

|| z | - | z|| | z - z |

2. Ta c
| zz |2 = zz zz' = (z z )(z z ) = (| z || z| )2
Qui np suy ra h thc th hai.
3. Ta c
| z z-1 | = | z || z-1| = 1 | z-1 | = 1 / | z |
Suy ra
| z / z | = | z (z)-1 | = | z | | (z)-1 |
4. Ta c

z z + z z = 2Re(z z ) | z z = | z || z|

Suy ra

| z + z 2 = (z + z)( z + z' ) = z 2 + 2Re(z z ) + | z|2 (| z | + | z|)2

3. Dng lng gic ca s phc

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 7

Chng 1. S Phc
Vi mi s phc z = x + iy * tn ti duy nht s thc (-, ] sao cho
y
x
cos =
v sin =
(1.3.1)
|z|
|z|
Tp s thc Argz = + k2, k 9 gi l argument, s thc argz = gi l argument
chnh ca s phc z. Chng ta qui c Arg(0) = 0.
K hiu r = | z | t cng thc (1.3.1) suy ra
x = rcos v y = rsin
Thay vo cng thc (1.2.1) nhn c
z = r(cos + isin)
(1.3.2)
Dng vit (1.3.2) gi l dng lng gic ca s phc.
T nh ngha suy ra
argz = arg(-z) = - , arg z = - v arg(- z ) = -
x > 0, argx = 0
x < 0, argx =
y > 0, arg(iy) = /2
y < 0, arg(iy) = -/2 ...
Ngoi ra argument ca s phc cn c cc tnh cht sau y.
nh l (n, z, z)
1.
arg(zz) = argz + argz [2]
arg(zn) = n argz [2]
2.
arg(z-1) = - argz [2]
arg(z / z) = argz - argz [2]
Chng minh
1. Gi s z = r(cos + isin) v z = r(cos + isin)
Suy ra
zz = rr[(coscos - sinsin) + i(sincos + cossin)]
= rr[cos( + ) + isin( + )]
Qui np suy ra h thc th hai.
2. Ta c
arg(zz-1) = arg(z) + arg(z-1) = 0 [2] arg(z-1) = - arg(z) [2]
Suy ra
arg(z / z) = arg(zz-1) = argz + arg(z-1)

(1.3.3)

V d Cho z = 1 + i v z = 1 + 3 i
Ta c
zz = [ 2 (cos + isin )][2(cos + isin )] = 2 2 (cos 5 + isin 5 )
4
4
6
6
12
12
z100 = ( 2 )100[cos(100 ) + isin(100 )] = -250
4
4

Vi mi s thc 3, k hiu
ei = cos + i sin

Trang 8

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(1.3.4)

Chng 1. S Phc
Theo cc kt qu trn chng ta c nh l sau y.
nh l (n, , ) 3 3
1.
ei 0
ei = 1 = k2
2.
ei(+) = eiei
(ei)-1 = e-i
Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (1.3.4) v cc kt qu trn

e i = e-i
(ei)n = ein

H qu (n, ) 3
1.
(cos + isin)n = cosn + isinn
(1.3.5)
1
1
2.
cos = (ei + e-i)
sin = (ei - e-i)
(1.3.6)
2
2i
Cng thc (1.3.5) gi l cng thc Moivre, cng thc (1.3.6) gi l cng thc Euler.
n

V d Tnh tng C =

cos k v S =
k =0
n

Ta c

C + iS =

e
k =0

Suy ra

C=

ik

sin k
k =0

i ( n +1)

1
e 1
i

1 cos( n + 1) cos n + cos 1

1 sin( n + 1) sin n sin
v S =
2
cos 1
2
cos 1

S phc w gi l cn bc n ca s phc z v k hiu l w = n z nu z = wn

Nu z = 0 th w = 0
Xt trng hp
z = rei 0 v w = ei
Theo nh ngha
wn = nein = rei
Suy ra
n = r v n = + m2

Hay
= n r v =
+ m 2 vi m 9
n
n
Phn tch m = nq + k vi 0 k < n v q 9. Ta c

+ m 2
+ k 2 [2]
n
n
n
n
T suy ra nh l sau y.

nh l Cn bc n ca s phc khc khng c ng n gi tr khc nhau

wk = n r [cos ( + k 2 ) + isin( + k 2 )] vi k = 0 ... (n - 1)

n
n
n
n

(1.3.7)

V d

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 9

Chng 1. S Phc

2 (cos + isin ) c cc cn bc 3 sau y

4
4
w0 = 6 2 (cos + isin ), w1 = 6 2 (cos 9 + isin 9 ), w2 = 6 2 (cos 17 + isin 17 )
12
12
12
12
12
12
2
2. Gii phng trnh x - x +1 = 0

1. S phc z = 1 + i =

Ta c = -3 < 0 phng trnh c nghim phc x1,2 =

H qu K hiu k = e
1.

ik

2
n

1 i 3
2

, k = 0...(n - 1) l cc cn bc n ca n v.

k = n-k

2.

k = (1)k

n 1

3.

k =0

V d Vi n = 3, k hiu j = e

2
3

=0

= 1 . Suy ra 2 = j2 = j v 1 + j + j2 = 0

4. Cc ng dng hnh hc phng

K hiu V l mt phng vect vi c s trc chun dng (i, j). Anh x
: V, z = x + iy v = xi + yj
(1.4.1)
l mt song nh gi l biu din vect ca s phc. Vect v gi l nh ca s phc z,
cn s phc z gi l to v phc ca vect v v k hiu l v(z).
K hiu P l mt phng im vi h to trc giao (Oxy). Anh x
: P, z = x + iy M(x, y)
(1.4.2)
l mt song nh gi l biu din hnh hc ca s phc. im M gi l nh ca s phc z
cn s phc z gi l to v phc ca im M v k hiu l M(z).
Nh hnh bn, M(z) vi z = x + iy, M1(- z ), M2(-z) v M3( z ).
M
M1
Nu z = x 3 th im M(z) (Ox), cn nu z = iy th im
M(z) (Oy). Do vy mt phng (Oxy) cn gi l mt phng
0
phc, trc (Ox) l trc thc v trc (Oy) l trc o. Sau ny
M2
M3
chng ta s ng nht mi s phc vi mt vect hay mt im
trong mt phng v ngc li.

nh l Cho cc vect u(a), v(b) V, s thc 3 v im M(z) P

1.
|u|=|a|
(i, u) = arg(a)
(a + b) = u + v
2.
| OM | = | z |
Chng minh

Trang 10

(i, OM ) = arg(z)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 1. S Phc
Suy ra t cc cng thc (1.4.1) v (1.4.2)

H qu 1 Trong mt phng cho cc im A(a), B(b), C(c) v D(d)

AB (b - a), AB = | b - a |, (i, AB ) = arg(b - a)

dc
2.
( AB , CD ) = (i, CD ) - (i, AB ) = arg
ba
Chng minh
Suy ra t nh l
1.

1
1
1
V d Cho z - {-1, 0, 1} v A(1), B(-1), M(z), N( ) v P( (z + )). Chng minh
z
z
2
rng ng thng (MN) l phn gic ca gc ( PA , PB ).
Ta c (i, AP ) = arg(

1
1
(z 1) 2
(z + ) - 1) = arg
2z
2
z

1
1
(z + 1) 2
(i, BP ) = arg( (z + ) + 1) = arg
2z
2
z
Suy ra
(i, AP ) + (i, BP ) = arg

M
P
B

A
N

(z 1) 2 (z + 1) 2
1
= 2arg(z - ) = 2(i, MN )
2z
2z
z

H qu 2 Vi cc k hiu nh trn
1. Hai ng thng (AB) // (CD)
2. Hai ng thng (AB) (CD)
3. Ba im A, B, C thng hng

dc
dc
= 0 []
3
ba
ba
dc

dc
arg
= []
i3
ba
2
ba
ca
ca
arg
= 0 []
3
ba
ba
arg

Chng minh
Suy ra t cc h thc h qu 1

V d Trong mt phng tm im A(z) sao cho ba im A(z), B(iz) v C(i) thng hng
K hiu z = x + iy, ta c
iz i
A, B, C thng hng
= k 3 -y + i(x - 1) = (kx) + ik(y - 1)
zi
1 k
k ( k 1)
y = kx
x= 2
,y= 2
vi k 3
x

1
=
k
(
y

1
)

k +1
k +1

nh x : P P, M N gi l mt php bin hnh

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 11

Chng 1. S Phc
Php bin hnh M N = M + v gi l php tnh tin theo vect v
Php bin hnh M N = A + k AM (k > 0) gi l php vi t tm A, h s k
Php bin hnh M N sao cho ( AM , AN ) = gi l php quay tm A, gc
Tch ca php tnh tin, php vi t v php quay gi l php ng dng.
nh l Cho php bin hnh : M N
z = z + b vi b
1. Php bin hnh l php tnh tin
2. Php bin hnh l php vi t
z = a + k(z - a) vi k 3+, a
3. Php bin hnh l php quay
z = a + ei(z - a) vi 3, a
4. Php bin hnh l php ng dng z = az + b vi a, b
Chng minh
Suy ra t nh ngha cc php bin hnh v to vi phc.

V d Cho A(a), B(b) v C(c). Tm iu kin cn v ABC l tam gic u

i

ABC l tam gic u thun (a - b) = e 3 (c - b)

(a - b) = - j2(c - b) a + jb + j2c = 0
Tng t, ACB l tam gic u nghch
B
(a - b) = - j(c - b) a + jc + j2b = 0
Suy ra ABC l tam gic u
(a + jb + j2c)(a + jc + j2b) = 0 a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca

A
+ 3

5. D~y tr phc
nh x
: , n zn = xn + iyn
(1.5.1)
gi l dAy s phc v k hiu l (zn)n.
D~y s thc (xn)n gi l phn thc, d~y s thc (yn)n l phn o, d~y s thc dng
(| zn |)n l module, d~y s phc ( z n )n l lin hp phc ca d~y s phc.
D~y s phc (zn)n gi l dn n gii hn a v k hiu l lim zn = a nu
n +

> 0, N : n > N | zn - a | <

D~y s phc (zn)n gi l dn ra v hn v k hiu l lim zn = nu
n +

M > 0, N : n > N | zn | > M

D~y c gii hn module hu hn gi l dAy hi t. D~y khng hi t gi l dAy phn k.

Trang 12

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 1. S Phc
nh l Cho d~y s phc (zn = xn + iyn)n v a = + i
lim zn = a lim xn = v lim yn =
n +

n +

(1.5.2)

n +

Chng minh
Gi s
lim zn = a > 0, N : n > N | zn - a | <
n +

n > N | xn - | < v | yn - | <

lim xn = v lim yn =

Suy ra

n +

n +

Ngc li
lim xn = v lim yn =
n +

n +

> 0, N : n > N | xn - | < /2 v | yn - | < /2

n > N | zn - a | <
lim zn = a

Suy ra

n +

H qu
1.
lim zn = a lim z n = a lim | zn | = | a |
n +

n +

n +

lim (zn + zn) = lim zn + lim zn

2.

n +

n +

n +

lim (zn zn) = lim zn lim zn v lim (zn / zn) = lim zn / lim zn

n +

n +

n +

n +

n +

n +

3. Cc tnh cht khc tng t gii hn d~y s thc

Cho d~y s phc (zn = xn + iyn)n . Tng v hn

+

z
n =0

= z0 + z1 + .... + zn + ...

(1.5.3)

gi l chui s phc.
+

x n gi l phn thc, chui s thc

Chui s thc

n =0

dng

| z n | l module, chui s phc

n =0

y
n =0

l phn o, chui s thc

z
n =0

l lin hp phc ca chui s phc.

K hiu Sn =

z
k =0

gi l tng ring th n ca chui s phc. Nu d~y tng ring Sn dn

n gii hn S c module hu hn th chui s phc gi l hi t n tng S v k hiu l

+

z
n =0

= S. Chui khng hi t gi l chui phn k.

V d Xt chui s phc

= 1 + z + ... + zn + ... ( | z | < 1)

n =0

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 13

Chng 1. S Phc
Sn = 1 + z + ... + zn =

Ta c

z n +1 1
1

+
z 1
1 z

Vy chui ~ cho hi t.
T nh ngha chui s phc v cc tnh cht ca d~y s phc, ca chui s thc suy ra
cc kt qu sau y.

nh l Cho chui s phc

(z
n =0

zn = S
n =0

= x n + iy n ) v S = + i

x n = v
n =0

y
n =0

(1.5.4)

Chng minh
Suy ra t cc nh ngha v cng thc (1.5.2)

H qu
+

1.

| zn | = | S |
n =0

zn = S
n =0

z
n =0

= S

2. Cc tnh cht khc tng t chui s thc

Chui s phc

z n gi l hi t tuyt i nu chui module

n =0

| z
n =0

| hi t. R rng

chui hi t tuyt i l chui hi t. Tuy nhin iu ngc li ni chung l khng

ng. Ngoi ra, c th chng minh rng ch khi chui s phc hi t tuyt i th tng
v hn (1.5.3) mi c cc tnh cht giao hon, kt hp, ... tng t nh tng hu hn.

6. Hm tr phc
Cho khong I 3, nh x
f : I , t f(t) = u(t) + iv(t)
gi l hm tr phc.

(1.6.1)

Hm u(t) = Ref(t) gi l phn thc, hm v(t) = Imf(t) l phn o, hm | f(t) | l module,

hm f (t ) l lin hp phc ca hm tr phc.
Trn tp f(I, ) cc hm tr phc xc nh trn khong I, chng ta nh ngha cc php
ton i s tng t nh trn tp f(I, 3) cc hm tr thc xc nh trn khongI.
Hm tr phc f(t) gi l b chn nu hm module | f(t) | b chn.
Cho hm f : I v I . Hm f gi l dn n gii hn L khi t dn n v k

Trang 14

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 1. S Phc
hiu l lim f(t) = l nu
t

> 0, > 0 : t I, 0 < | t - | < | f(t) - L | <

Hm f gi l dn ra v hn khi t dn n v k hiu l lim f(t) = nu
t

M > 0, > 0 : t I, 0 < | t - | < | f(t) | > M

Cc trng hp khc nh ngha tng t.
nh l Cho hm f : I , t f(t) = u(t) + iv(t), I v L = l + ik
lim f(t) = L lim u(t) = l v lim v(t) = k
t

Chng minh
Lp lun tng t nh chng minh cng thc (1.5.2)

(1.6.2)

H qu
1.

lim f(t) = L lim f (t ) = L lim | f(t) | = | L |

2.

lim [f(t) + g(t)] = lim f(t) + lim g(t)

lim [f(t)g(t)] = lim f(t) lim g(t), lim [f(t) / g(t)] = lim f(t) / lim g(t)
t

3. Cc tnh cht khc tng t gii hn hm tr thc

T cc kt qu trn thy rng, cc tnh cht ca hm tr thc c m rng t nhin

thng qua phn thc, phn o cho hm tr phc.
Hm f(t) = u(t) + iv(t) gi l kh tch (lin tc, c o hm, thuc lp Ck, ...) nu cc
hm u(t) v v(t) l kh tch (lin tc, c o hm, thuc lp Ck, ... ) v ta c

f (t )dt = u(t )dt

I
(k)

+ i v (t )dt

I
(k)

I
(k)

f (t) = u (t) + iv (t) , ...

(1.6.3)

Hm f(t) gi l kh tch tuyt i nu hm module | f(t) | kh tch. Trn tp s phc

khng nh ngha quan h th t v do vy cc tnh cht lin quan n th t ca f(t)
c chuyn qua cho module | f(t) |.
V d Cho hm tr phc f(t) = cost + isint c phn thc x(t) = cost phn o y(t) = sint l
hm thuc lp C suy ra hm f(t) thuc lp C
f(t) = - sint + icost, f(t) = - cost - isint, ...
/2

/2

/2

(cos t + i sin t)dt =

cos tdt + i

sin tdt

=1+i

nh x
: [, ] , t (t)

(1.6.4)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 15

Chng 1. S Phc
gi l mt tham s cung. Tp im = ([, ]) gi l qu o ca tham s cung hay
cn gi l mt ng cong phng. Phng trnh
(t) = x(t) + iy(t), t [, ]
gi l phng trnh tham s ca ng cong phng .
Tham s cung gi l kn nu im u v im cui trng nhau. Tc l () = ()
Tham s cung gi l n nu nh x : (, ) l mt n nh.
Tham s cung gi l lin tc (trn tng khc, thuc lp Ck, ...) nu hm (t) l lin tc
(c o hm lin tc tng khc, thuc lp Ck, ...) trn [, ]. Sau ny chng ta ch xt
cc tham s cung t lin tc tr ln.
nh x
: [, ] [1, 1], t s = (t)
(1.6.5)
c o hm lin tc v khc khng gi l mt php i tham s. Nu vi mi t (, )
o hm (t) > 0 th php i tham s gi l bo ton hng, tri li gi l i hng.
Hai tham s cung : [, ] v 1 : [1, 1] gi l tng ng nu c php i
tham s : [, ] [1, 1] sao cho
t [, ], (t) = 1o(t)
Nu bo ton hng th v 1 gi l cng hng, tri li gi l ngc hng.
C th thy rng qua h cng hng l mt quan h tng ng theo ngha tng qut.
N phn chia tp cc tham s cung c cng qu o thnh hai lp tng ng. Mt
lp cng hng vi cn lp kia ngc hng vi . ng cong phng = ([, ])
cng vi lp cc tham s cung cng hng gi l mt ng cong nh hng. Cng cn
lu rng cng mt tp im c th l qu o ca nhiu ng cong nh hng khc
nhau. Sau ny khi ni n ng cong chng ta hiu l ng cong nh hng.
V d Tham s cung x(t) = Rcost, y(t) = Rsint, t [0, 2] l n, trn, kn v c qu o
l ng trn tm ti gc to , bn knh R v nh hng ngc chiu kim ng h.
ng cong gi l n (kn, lin tc, trn tng khc, lp Ck, ... ) nu tham s cung
l n (kn, lin tc, trn tng khc, lp Ck, ...). ng cong gi l o c nu tham
s cung c o hm kh tch tuyt i trn [, ]. Khi k hiu

s() =

x 2 (t ) + y 2 (t )dt

(1.6.6)

v gi l di ca ng cong . C th chng minh rng ng cong n, trn tng

khc l o c.

7. Tp con ca tp s phc

Trang 16

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 1. S Phc
Cho a v > 0. Hnh trn B(a, ) = {z : | z - a | < } gi
l - ln cn ca im a. Cho tp D , im a gi l im trong
ca tp D nu > 0 sao cho B(a, ) D. im b gi l im bin
ca tp D nu > 0, B(b, ) D v B(b, ) ( - D) .
K hiu D0 l tp hp cc im trong, D l tp hp cc im bin

b
D

v D = D D l bao ng ca tp D. R rng ta c
D0 D D

(1.7.1)

Tp D gi l tp m nu D = D0, tp D gi l tp ng nu D = D . Tp A D gi l m
(ng) trong tp D nu tp A D l tp m (ng).
V d Hnh trn m B(a, ) = { z : | z - a | < } l tp m.
Hnh trn ng B (a, ) = { z : | z - a | } l tp ng
Tp D = { z = x + iy : x > 0, y 0 } l tp khng ng v cng khng m.
nh l Tp m, tp ng c cc tnh cht sau y.
1. Tp v l tp m
2. Tp D l tp m khi v ch khi a D, B(a, ) D
3. Nu cc tp D v E l tp m th cc tp D E v D E cng l tp m
4. Tp D l tp m khi v ch khi tp - D l tp ng
5. Tp D l tp ng khi v ch khi (zn)n D v lim zn = a th a D
n +

Chng minh
1. - 3. Suy ra t nh ngha tp m
4. Theo nh ngha im bin
D = ( - D)
Theo nh ngha tp m, tp ng
tp D m D D D - D tp - D ng
5. Gi s tp D l tp ng v d~y s phc zn hi t trong D n im a. Khi
> 0, zn B(a, ) B(a, ) D a D = D
Ngc li, vi mi a D theo nh ngha im bin
= 1/n, zn B(a, ) D zn a
Theo gi thit a D suy ra D D.

Tp D gi l gii ni nu R > 0 sao cho D B(O, R). Tp ng v gii ni gi l tp

compact. Cho cc tp D, E , k hiu
d(D, E) = Inf{ | a - b | : (a, b) D E }
(1.7.2)
gi l khong cch gia hai tp D v E.
nh l Cho cc tp D, E
1. Tp D l tp compact khi v ch khi (zn)n D, d~y con z(n) a D
Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 17

Chng 1. S Phc
2. Nu tp D l tp compact v tp E D l ng trong D th tp E l tp compact
3. Nu cc tp D, E l tp compact v D E = th d(D, E) > 0
4. Nu tp D l tp compact v n , Dn D ng, Dn+1 Dn th

n =0

Dn = a D

Chng minh
1. Gi s tp D l tp compact. Do tp D b chn nn d~y (zn)n l d~y c module b
chn. Suy ra d~y s thc (xn)n v (yn)n l d~y b chn. Theo tnh cht ca d~y s thc
x(n) v y(n) suy ra z(n) a = + i. Do tp D l tp ng nn a D.
Ngc li, do mi d~y zn a D nn tp D l tp ng. Nu D khng b chn th c
d~y zn khng c d~y con hi t. V vy tp D l tp ng v b chn.
2. - 4. Bn c t chng minh


Cho a, b , tp [a, b] = {(1 - t)a + tb : t [0, 1]} l on thng ni hai im a v b.
Hp ca cc on thng [a0, a1], [a1, a2], ..., [an-1, an] gi l ng gp khc qua n +1 nh
v k hiu l < a0, a1, ..., an >.
Tp D gi l tp li nu (a, b) D2, [a, b] D. Tp D gi l tp lin thng ng nu
(a, b) D2, c ng cong ni im a vi im b v nm gn trong tp D. Tt nhin
tp li l tp lin thng ng nhng ngc li khng ng.
Tp D gi l tp lin thng nu phn tch D = A B vi A B = v cc tp A, B va
m v va ng trong D th hoc A = D hoc B = D. Tp D m (hoc ng) v lin
thng gi l mt min.
nh l Trong tp s phc cc tnh cht sau y l tng ng.
1. Tp D l lin thng
2. (a, b) D2, c ng gp khc < a0 = a, a1, ..., an = b > D
3. Tp D l lin thng ng
Chng minh
1. 2. a D, t A = {z D : ng gp khc <a, ..., z > D}. Tp A va l tp
m va l tp ng trong tp D v A nn A = D
2. 3. Theo nh ngha lin thng ng
3. 1. Gi s ngc li tp D khng lin thng. Khi D = A B vi A B = v
cc tp A, B va m va ng trong D. Chn (a, b) A B, theo gi thit c ng
cong (a, b) nm gn trong D.
Chia i ng cong (a, b) bng im c. Nu c A xt ng cong (a1 = c, b1 = b), cn
nu c B xt ng cong (a1 = a, b1 = c). Tip tc chia i ng cong chng ta nhn
c d~y tht li an , bn c A B. Tri vi gi thit A B = .


Cho tp D bt k. Hai im a, b D gi l lin thng, k hiu l a ~ b nu c
ng cong ni a vi b v nm gn trong D. C th chng minh rng quan h lin thng
Trang 18

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 1. S Phc
l mt quan h tng ng theo ngha tng qut. Do n chia tp D thnh hp cc
lp tng ng khng rng v ri nhau. Mi lp tng ng
(1.7.3)
[a] = { b D : b ~ a }
gi l mt thnh phn lin thng cha im a. Tp D l tp lin thng khi v ch khi n
c ng mt thnh phn lin thng.
Min D gi l n lin nu bin D gm mt thnh phn lin thng, trng hp tri li
gi l min a lin.
Bin D gi l nh hng dng nu khi i theo hng th
min D nm pha bn tri. Sau nay chng ta ch xt min n
hoc a lin c bin gm hu hn ng cong n, trn tng
D
khc v nh hng dng. Nh vy nu min D l min n
lin th hoc l D = hoc l D+ l ng cong kn nh
hng ngc chiu kim ng h.
Trong gio trnh ny chng ta thng xt mt s min n lin v a lin c bin nh
hng dng nh sau.

|z|<R

0 < arg z <

Im z > 0

Re z > 0

a < Re z < b

a < Im z < b

|z|>R

r<|z|<R

- [-1, 1]

Bi tp chng 1

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 19

Chng 1. S Phc
1. Vit dng i s ca cc s phc
2
a. (2 - i)(1 + 2i)
b.
4 3i

4 + 5i
3 4i

c.

d. (1 + 2i)3

2. Cho cc s phc a, b . Chng minh rng

z + abz (a + b)
a. | a | = | b | = 1 z ,
i3
ab
a+b
b. | a | = | b | = 1 v 1 + ab 0
3
1 + ab
3. Vit dng lng gic ca cc s phc
b. ( 3 + i)10

a. -1 + i 3

4. Gii cc phng trnh

a.
z2 - (2 + 3i)z - 1 + 3i = 0
c.
(3z2 + z + 1)2 + (z2 + 2z + 2)2 = 0
3

e.

g.

c.

d.

1+ i

b.
d.

z4 - (5 - 14i)z2 - 2(12 + 5i) = 0

z + z + j(z + 1) + 2 = 0

f.

|z|=

h.

1 + 2z + 2z2 + ... + 2zn-1 + zn = 0

z+i
z+i z+i
+1=0

+
+
zi
zi zi
(z + i)n = (z - i)n

1
=|1-z|
z

5. Tnh cc tng sau y

a.

A = C 0n + C 3n + C 6n + ... , B = C 1n + C 4n + C 7n + ..., C = C 2n + C 5n + C 8n + ...

b.

C=

cos(a + kb) v S =
k =0

6. K hiu = e

2
n

sin(a + kb)
k =0

l cn bc n th k ca n v
n 1

n 1

( k + 1) k

a. Tnh cc tng

k =0

b. Chng minh rng

z ,

n 1

k =0

(z

n 1

) =

k =1

k
n

k
n 1

Suy ra

l =0

sin
k =1

7. Trong mt phng phc cho tm im M(z) sao cho

a. Cc im c to v l z, z2 v z3 lp nn tam gic c trc tm l gc O
b. Cc im c to v z, z2 v z3 thng hng
c. Cc im c to v z, z2 v z3 lp thnh tam gic vung
8. Kho st s hi t ca d~y s phc

Trang 20

u0 , n , un+1 =

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

1 + un
1 un

k
n
= n 1
n
2

Chng 1. S Phc

9. (n , zn) * v | argzn | . Chng minh rng chui

| z
n 0

| hi t

10. Cho tam gic ABC. K hiu M0 = A, M1 = B, M2 = C v n , Mn+3 l trng tm

ca tam gic MnMn+1Mn+2. Chng t rng d~y im (Mn)n l d~y hi t v tm gii
hn ca n?
11. Cho hm f : I sao cho f(t) 0. Chng minh rng hm | f | l n iu tng khi
v ch khi Re(f/ f) 0.
12. Cho f : 3+ lin tc v b chn. Tnh gii hn
a. lim x
x +0

f (t )
x t dt ( 1)

13. Kho st cc ng cong phng

a. z(t) = acost + ibsint
c. z(t) = (t - sint) + i(1 - cost)

b. lim

x +

f (t / x)

1+ t

dt

b. z(t) = acht + ibsht

ln t
d. z(t) = tlnt + i
t

14. Biu din trn mt phng cc tp con ca tp s phc

a. | z - 3 + 4i | = 2
b. | z - 1 | + | z + 1 | = 3

d. - < argz <

v | z | > 2
c. arg(z - i) =
4
3
4
e. 0 < Imz < 1 v | z | < 2
f. | z - 1 | + | z + 1 | > 3
g. | z | < 2 v Rez > -1
h. | z - i | > 1 v | z | < 2

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 21

Chng 2

Hm bin phc

1. Hm bin phc
Cho min D . nh x f : D , z w = f(z) gi l hm bin phc xc nh trn
min D v k hiu l w = f(z) vi z D.
Thay z = x + iy vo biu thc f(z) v thc hin cc php ton
f(x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) vi (x, y) D 32
(2.1.1)
Hm u(x, y) gi l phn thc, hm v(x, y) gi l phn o, hm | f(z) | =

u 2 + v 2 gi l

module, hm f (z) = u(x, y) - iv(x, y) gi l lin hp phc ca hm phc f(z).

Ngc li, vi x = 1 (z + z ) v y = 1 (z - z ), ta c
2
2
u(x, y) + iv(x, y) = f(z, z ) vi z, z D
(2.1.2)
Nh vy hm phc mt mt xem nh l hm mt bin phc, mt khc c xem nh
hm hai bin thc. iu ny lm cho hm phc va c cc tnh cht ging v va c cc
tnh cht khc vi hm hai bin thc. Sau ny tu theo tng trng hp c th, chng ta
c th cho hm phc dng (2.1.1) hoc dng (2.1.2)
V d Xt w = z2 . Thay z = x + iy suy ra w = (x + iy)2 = (x2 - y2) + i(2xy) = u + iv
biu din hnh hc hm phc, ta dng cp mt phng (z) = (Oxy) v (w) = (Ouv).

z0

z(t)
(z)

w0
w(t)

(w)

Qua nh x f
im
z0 = x0 + iy0
bin thnh im
w0 = u0 + iv0
ng cong
z(t) = x(t) + iy(t) bin thnh ng cong w(t) = u(t) + iv(t)
Min
D
bin thnh min
G
Chnh v vy mi hm phc xem nh l mt php bin hnh t mt phng (Oxy) vo mt
phng (Ouv). Nu nh x f l n nh th hm w = f(z) gi l n dip, tri li gi l a
dip. Hm a dip bin mt mt phng (z) thnh nhiu mt phng (w) trng ln nhau.
Nu nh x f l n tr th hm w = f(z) gi l hm n tr, tri li gi l a tr. Hm a

Trang 22

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
tr bin mt mt phng (z) thnh nhiu tp con ri nhau ca mt phng (w). Trong gio
trnh ny chng ta ch xt cc hm phc n tr xc nh trn min n dip ca n.
Trn tp F(D, ) cc hm phc xc nh trn min D, nh ngha cc php ton i s
tng t nh trn tp F(I, ) cc hm tr phc xc nh trn khong I.
Cho cc hm f : D , z = f(z) v g : G , w = g() sao cho f(D) G.
Hm
(2.1.3)
h : D , z w = g[f(z)]
gi l hm hp ca hm f v hm g, k hiu l h = gof.
Cho hm f : D , z w = f(z) v G = f(D).
Hm
g : G , w z = g(w) sao cho f(z) = w
(2.1.4)
-1
gi l hm ngc ca hm f, k hiu l g = f .
Hm ngc ca hm bin phc c th l hm a tr. Cc tnh cht php ton ca hm
phc tng t nh cc tnh cht ca hm thc.
V d Hm w = z2 l hm a dip trn v c hm ngc z =

w l hm a tr.

2. Gii hn v lin tc
Cho hm f : D , a D v L . Hm f gi l dn n gii hn L khi z dn n a
v k hiu l lim f(z) = L nu
z a

> 0, > 0 : z D, | z - a | < | f(z) - L | <

Hm f gi l dn n gii hn L khi z dn ra v hn v k hiu l lim f(z) = L nu
z

> 0, N > 0 : z D, | z | > N | f(z) - L | <

Hm f gi l dn ra v hn khi z dn n a v k hiu l lim f(z) = nu
z a

M > 0, > 0 : z D, | z - a | < | f(z) | > M

nh l Cho f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), a = + i v L = l + ik
lim f(z) = L lim u(x, y) = l v lim v(x, y) = k
z a

( x ,y )( , )

( x ,y )( , )

(2.2.1)

Chng minh
Gi s
lim f(z) = L > 0, > 0 : z D, | z - a | < | f(z) - L | <
z a

(x, y) D, | x - | < /2 v | y - | < /2

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 23

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

lim

Suy ra

( x ,y )( , )

Ngc li
lim

( x ,y )( , )

lim

u(x, y) = l v

u(x, y) = l v

( x ,y )( , )

lim

( x ,y )( , )

| u(x, y) - l | < v | v(x, y) - k | <

v(x, y) = k

v(x, y) = k

> 0, > 0 : (x, y) D, | x - | < v | y - | <

| u(x, y) - l | < /2 v | v(x, y) - k | < /2
z D, | z - a | < | f(z) - L | <
Suy ra lim f(z) = L


z a

H qu
1.

lim f(z) = L lim f (z) = L lim | f(z) | = | L |

2.

lim [f(z) + g(z)] = lim f(z) + lim g(z)

z a

z a

za

z a

z a

z a

lim [f(z)g(z)] = lim f(z) lim g(z), lim [f(z)/ g(z)] = lim f(z)/ lim g(z)
z a

z a

z a

z a

z a

z a

3. Cc tnh cht khc tng t gii hn hm bin thc

Hm f gi l lin tc ti im a D nu lim f(z) = f(a). Hm f gi l lin tc trn min

z a

D nu n lin tc ti mi im z D.
Hm f gi l lin tc u trn min D nu
> 0, > 0 : z, z D, | z - z | < | f(z) - f(z)| <
R rng hm f lin tc u trn min D th n lin tc trn min D. Tuy nhin iu
ngc li ni chung l khng ng.

nh l Cho hm f lin tc trn min D compact.

1. Hm | f(z) | b chn trn min D v z1 , z2 D sao cho
z D, | f(z1) | | f(z) | | f(z2) |
2. Tp f(D) l min compact
3. Hm f lin tc u trn min D
4. Cc tnh cht khc tng t hm bin thc lin tc
Chng minh
1. Do hm tr thc | f(z) | =

u 2 (x, y) + v 2 (x, y) lin tc trn min compact nn b chn

v t tr ln nht, tr b nht trn min .

2. Theo chng minh trn tp f(D) l tp gii ni.
Xt d~y wn = f(zn)
w0. Do min D compact nn c d~y con z(n)
z0 D.
+
+
Do hm f lin tc nn f(z(n))
w0 = f(z0) f(D). Suy ra tp f(D) l tp ng.
+
Xt cp hai im w1 = f(z1), w2 = f(z2) f(D) tu . Do tp D lin thng nn c tham s

Trang 24

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
cung (t) ni z1 vi z2 v nm gn trong D. Khi tham s cung fo(t) ni w1 vi w2 v
nm gn trong f(D). Suy ra tp f(D) l tp lin thng ng.
3. Gi s ngc li, hm f khng lin tc u trn tp D. Khi
> 0, = 1/ n, zn , zn D : | zn - zn | < 1/ n v | f(zn) - f(zn) |
Do min D compact nn c cc d~y con z(n)
a v z(n)
b.
+
+
Theo gi thit trn
N1 > 0 : n > N1, | a - b | < | a - z(n) | + | z(n) - z(n) | + | z(n) - b | < 1/ n
Suy ra a = b. Do hm f lin tc nn
N2 : n > N2, | f(z(n)) - f(z(n)) | <
Tri vi gi thit phn chng.

3. o hm phc
Cho hm f : D , z f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Hm f gi l R - kh vi nu phn thc
u = Ref v phn o v = Imf l cc hm kh vi. Khi i lng
df = du + idv
(2.3.1)
gi l vi phn ca hm phc f.
K hiu dz = dx + idy v d z = dx - idy. Bin i
u
v
u
v
f
f
df = (
+i
)dx + (
+ i )dy =
dx + i dy
x
x
y
y
x
y
=

1 f
f
1 f
f
f
f
- i )dz + (
+ i )d z =
dz +
dz
(
2 x
y
2 x
y
z
z

(2.3.2)

Hm f gi l C - kh vi nu n l R - kh vi v c cc o hm ring tho m~n iu kin

Cauchy - Riemann sau y
f
u
v
u
v
=0
=
v
=(C - R)
z
x
y
y
x
V d Cho w = z = x - iy
Ta c u = x v v = -y l cc hm kh vi nn hm w l R - kh vi
Tuy nhin u x = 1 v y = -1 nn hm w khng phi l C - kh vi
Cho hm f : D , a D v k hiu z = z - a, f = f(z) - f(a). Gii hn
f
lim
= f(a)
(2.3.3)
z 0 z
gi l o hm ca hm f ti im a.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 25

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

Gi s hm f l R - kh vi v z = | z |ei , z = | z |e-i. Theo cng thc (2.3.2)
f
f
f =
z +
z + o(z)
z
z
Chia hai v cho z
f
f
f -2i
=
+
e + (z) vi (z) 0
(2.3.4)
z
z
z
Suy ra iu kin cn v gii hn (2.3.3) tn ti khng ph thuc vo z l
f
=0
z
Tc l hm f l C - kh vi. T suy ra nh l sau y.
nh l Hm phc f c o hm khi v ch khi n l C - kh vi.
H qu Nu hm f l C - kh vi th
u
v
u
u
v
u
v
v
+i
=
-i
=
-i
=
+i
f(z) =
x
x
x
y
y
y
y
x
Chng minh
Gi s hm f l C - kh vi. Chuyn qua gii hn cng thc (2.3.4)
f
f(z) =
z
Kt hp vi cng thc (2.3.2) v iu kin (C - R) nhn c cng thc trn.

(2.3.5)

Nhn xt
1. Nu cc hm u v v thuc lp C1 th hm f l R - kh vi v nu cc o hm ring tho
m~n thm iu kin Cauchy - Riemann th n l C - kh vi. Tuy nhin iu ngc li ni
chung l khng ng.
2. T cng thc (2.3.5) suy ra cc qui tc tnh o hm phc tng t nh cc qui tc
tnh o hm thc.
V d Cho w = z2 = (x2 - y2) + i(2xy)
Ta c u = x2 - y2 v v = 2xy l cc hm kh vi v tho m~n iu kin (C - R)
u x = 2x = v y v u y = - 2y = - v x
Suy ra hm w l C - kh vi v theo cng thc (2.3.5)
w = u x + i v x = 2x + i2y = 2z

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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc

4. Hm gii tch
Cho hm f : D v a D0. Hm f gi l gii tch (chnh hnh) ti im a nu c s
dng R sao cho hm f c o hm trong hnh trn B(a, R). Hm f gi l gii tch trong
min m D nu n gii tch ti mi im trong min D. Trng hp D khng phi min
m, hm f gi l gii tch trong min D nu n gii tch trong min m G v D G. K
hiu H(D, ) l tp cc hm gii tch trn min D.
nh l Hm phc gii tch c cc tnh cht sau y.
1. Cho cc hm f, g H(D, ) v . Khi f + g, fg, f / g (g 0) H(D, )
[f(z) + g(z)] = f(z) + g(z)
[f(z)g(z)] = f(z)g(z) + f(z)g(z)

f (z)g(z) f (z)g (z)

f (z )
(2.4.1)
g( z ) =
g 2 (z)

2. Cho f H(D, ), g H(G, ) v f(D) G. Khi hm hp gof H(D, )

(gof)(z) = g()f(z) vi = f(z)
(2.4.2)
3. Cho f H(D, ) v f(z) 0. Khi hm ngc g H(G, ) vi G = f(D)
1
vi w = f(z)
(2.4.3)
g(w) =
f (z)

Chng minh
1. - 2. Lp lun tng t nh chng minh tnh cht ca o hm thc
3. Gi s f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y).
T gi thit suy ra cc hm u, v l kh vi v tho m~n iu kin (C - R). Kt hp vi
cng thc (2.3.5) ta c
u x u y
= (ux )2 + (vx )2 = | f(z) |2 0
J(x, y) =
v x v y
Suy ra nh x f : (x, y) (u, v) l mt vi phi (song nh v kh vi a phng). Do
n c nh x ngc g : (u, v) (x, y) cng l mt vi phi. T suy ra
g
f
w = f 0 z = g 0 v lim
= lim ( )-1 = (f(z))-1


w 0 w
z 0 z
Gi s hm w = f(z) gii tch ti im a v c o hm f(a) 0.
Gi L : z = z(t) l ng cong trn i qua im a v : w = f[z(t)] = w(t) l nh ca n
qua nh x f. Khi dz(t) l vi phn cung trn ng cong L v dw(t) l vi phn cung
trn ng cong . Theo cng thc o hm hm hp trong ln cn im a, ta c
dw = f(a)z(t)dt = f(a)dz
Suy ra
| dw | = | f(a) || dz | v arg(dw) = arg(dz) + argf(a) [2]
(2.4.4)

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Trang 27

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

Nh vy | f(a) | l h s co v argf(a) l gc quay ca ng cong L bt k trong ln
cn im a. Suy ra trong ln cn ca im a php bin hnh w = f(z) l php ng dng.
z(t)

w(t)

dz

dw
argdz

(z)

(w)

argdw

a
b
Php bin hnh bo ton gc gia hai ng cong gi l php bin hnh bo gic. Theo
kt qu trn th hm gii tch v c o hm khc khng l mt php bin hnh bo gic.
Ngc li gi s nh x f l R - kh vi v bo gic ti im a. Qua nh x f c s chnh

f f
tc (
,
) bin thnh cp vect tip xc (
,
).
x y
x y
Do tnh bo gic
f f

,
) = (
,
)=
(
x y
x y
2
Suy ra

i
f
u
v
f
u
v
f
=
+i
=e2
= i(
+i
)
=0
y
y
y
x
x
x
z

iu ny c ngha l hm R - kh vi v bin hnh bo gic l hm C - kh vi. Chng ta

s quay li vn bin hnh bo gic cui chng ny.

5. Hm lu tha
Hm lu tha phc
Hm lu tha phc
w = zn, z
l hm gii tch trn ton tp s phc, c o hm
w(z) = nzn-1
v c cc tnh cht tng t hm lu tha thc.

(2.5.1)
(2.5.2)

Hm lu tha phc l hm a dip

zn = z 1n | z | = | z1 | v argz = argz1 [ 2 ]
n
Suy ra min n dip l hnh qut < argz < + 2 .
n

Trang 28

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(2.5.3)

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
K hiu z = rei suy ra w = rnein.
argz= 2n
argw=2
argz=0
argz=0
Qua nh x lu tha phc
Tia
argz =
0 < argz < 2
n
Mt mt phng (z)

Gc

bin thnh tia

argw = n

bin thnh gc

0 < argw < 2

bin thnh

n - mt phng (w)

Hm cn phc
Hm cn phc
w = n z z = wn
(2.5.4)
l hm ngc ca hm lu tha phc. Do hm lu tha phc l n - dip nn hm cn
phc l hm n - tr. K hiu z = rei v w = ei , ta c

= n r , = + k 2 vi k = 0...(n-1)
(2.5.5)
n
n
1
w1

z0

w0

L
w2

Khi z chy trn ng cong L kn, khng bao gc to th w chy ng thi trn cc
ng cong k kn, khng bao gc to . Khi z chy trn ng cong L kn, bao gc
to th w chy ng thi trn cc cung wkwk+1 t im wk n im wk+1. Khi z chy
ht mt vng bao gc to th w nhy t nhnh n tr ny sang nhnh khc. Do vy
im gc gi l im r nhnh ca hm cn phc v tch cc nhnh n tr ngi ta
thng ct mt phng phc bng mt tia t 0 ra .
Min n tr ca hm cn phc l D = - (-, 0]. Vi k = 0, hm
n

w = re
l hm n dip, gii tch trn min D, c o hm
1
1
w(z) = 1 z n
n
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t hm cn thc.
Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(2.5.6)
(2.5.7)

Trang 29

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

6. Hm m
Hm m phc
Hm m phc
w = ez = ex(cosy + isiny), z
(2.6.1)
x
x
c phn thc u = e cosy v phn o v = e siny tho iu kin (C - R) nn gii tch trn
ton tp s phc, c o hm
w(z) = ez
(2.6.2)
Hm m phc tun hon chu k T = 2i
ez+i2 = ez
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t nh hm m thc.
Hm m phc l hm a dip
e z = e z1 Rez = Rez1 v Imz = Imz1 [2]
Suy ra min n dip l bng ng < Imz < + 2.
K hiu z = x + iy suy ra | w | = ex v Argw = y + k2.

(2.6.3)

Imz=2
argw=0
argw=2
Imz=0
Qua nh x m phc
ng thng
y=
Bng ngang
0 < Imz < 2
Mt mt phng (z)

bin thnh tia

bin thnh gc
bin thnh

argw =
0 < argw < 2
- mt phng (w)

Hm logarit phc
Hm logarit phc
w = Ln z z = ew
(2.6.4)
l hm ngc ca hm m phc. Do hm m phc l hm a dip nn hm logarit phc
l hm a tr.
Gi s w = u + iv, ta c
eu = | z | v v = argz + k2 vi k 9
Suy ra
w = ln| z | + i(argz + k2) vi k 9
(2.6.5)
Lp lun tng t nh hm cn phc, im gc l im r nhnh ca hm logarit v
tch nhnh n tr cn phi ct mt phng phc bng mt tia t 0 ra .

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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
Min n tr ca hm logarit phc l D = - (-, 0]. Vi k = 0, hm
w = ln| z | + iargz
l hm n tr, gii tch trn min D, c o hm
w(z) = 1
z
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t hm logarit thc.
V d Ln(-1) = ln| -1 | + iarg(-1) = i,

1
i

i =e

1
ln i
i

=e

(2.6.6)
(2.6.7)

7. Hm lng gic
Hm lng gic phc
K hiu
cosz = 1 (e iz + e iz )
sinz = 1 (e iz e iz ) tgz = sin z
(2.7.1)
2
2i
cos z
Cc hm bin phc w = cosz, w = sinz v w = tgz gi l cc hm lng gic phc.
Hm lng gic phc n tr, tun hon, gii tch, c o hm
(cosz) = - sinz
(sinz) = cosz, ...
(2.7.2)
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t hm lng gic thc.
Ch Vi z = x 3, cosz =

1 ix
1
(e + e-ix) cosx. Tuy nhin cos(i) = (e-1 + e) > 1
2
2

Hm hyperbole phc
K hiu
chz = 1 (e z + e z )
shz = 1 (e z e z )
thz = shz
(2.7.3)
2
2
chz
Cc hm bin phc w = chz, w = shz v w = thz gi l cc hm hyperbole phc.
Hm hyperbole phc n tr, tun hon, gii tch, c o hm
(chz) = shz
(shz) = chz, ...
(2.7.4)
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t hm hyperbole thc.
Ngoi ra, ta c cc lin h gia hm lng gic v hm hyperbole
chiz = cosz
cosiz = chz
shiz = isinz
siniz = ishz

(2.7.5)

V d Tm nh ca min - < Rez < qua nh x w = sinz

2
2

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 31

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

Ta c
Suy ra

w = sin(x + iy) = sinxcosiy + cosxsiniy = sinxchy + icosxshy

u = sinxchy v v = cosxshy

/2

/2

-1

Qua nh x w = sin z
x=
2
ng thng
x=
Min
- < Rez <
2
2
ng thng

bin thnh tia

u = chy, v = 0

bin thnh hyperbole

u = sinchy, v = cosshy

bin thnh min

(w) - (-, -1] [1, +)

Lp lun tng t tm nh cc hm lng gic, hm hyperbole khc.

8. Bin hnh bo gic

nh x f : D gi l bin hnh bo gic ti im a nu n bo ton gc nh hng
gia cc ng cong i qua im a. Anh x f gi l php bin hnh bo gic trn min D
nu n l n dip v bo gic ti mi im thuc D.

a
b
Theo cc kt qu trn hm gii tch v c o hm khc khng ti im a l mt song
nh, R - kh vi v bo gic trong ln cn im a, gi l mt vi phi bo gic. Ngc li
mt vi phi bo gic ti im a l hm gii tch v c o hm khc khng ti im a.
Bi ton Tm php bin hnh bo gic f bin min n lin D thnh min n lin G.
gii bi ton trn ngi ta thng s dng cc kt qu di y, gi l cc nguyn
l bin hnh bo gic. Vic chng minh cc nguyn l bin hnh bo gic l rt phc tp
v phi s dng nhiu kt qu khc. y chng ta ch trnh by s lc cc tng
ca cc php chng minh. Bn c quan tm n cc php chng minh chi tit c th
tm xem phn ti liu tham kho.

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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
Nguyn l tn ti Cho D v G l cc min n lin gii ni. Khi tn ti v s hm
gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D thnh min G. Php bin hnh c xc
nh duy nht nu c thm mt trong hai iu kin sau y.
1. Cho bit w0 = f(z0) v w1 = f(z1) vi z0 D0 v z1 D
2. Cho bit w0 = f(z0) v arg f(z0) = vi z0 D0
Chng minh
K hiu
U = { z : | z | < 1}, S = { g H(D, ) : z D, | g(z) | < 1} v a D
Ta cng nhn
fa S sao cho | fa(a) | = Max | g(a) |
gS

Khi hm gii tch fa l php bin hnh bo gic bin min D thnh min U.
C th tm c v s hm gii tch f : D U nh vy. Tuy nhin ta c lin h
za
f = fa o h vi h : U U, h(z) = ei
, h(a) = 0
1 az
T suy ra nu c thm cc iu kin b sung th c th xc nh duy nht hm f.
Gi s f : D U v g : G U l cc php bin hnh bo gic. Khi g-1of : D G l
php bin hnh bo gic bin min D thnh min G.


Nguyn l bo ton min Cho D l min n lin gii ni, hm f : D lin tc trn
D , gii tch trong D v khng phi l hm hng. Khi G = f(D) cng l min n lin.
Chng minh
Do hm f lin tc nn bo ton ng cong suy ra bo ton tnh lin thng
Vi mi b = f(a) G, do min D m v f const nn c hnh trn B(a, R) D sao cho
vi mi z B(a, R), f(z) b.
K hiu
= Min | f(z) - b | vi = B
z

NB[f(z) - b] l s khng im ca hm f(z) - b trong hnh trn B(a, R)

Vi w B(b, ) tu , ta c
f(z) - w = f(z) - b + b - w v | f(z) - b | > > | b - w| vi z B(a, R)
Theo nh l Rouch (8, chng 4)
NB[f(z) - w] = NB[f(z) - b] = 1
Do z B(a, R) sao cho w = f(z) G.
V im w tu nn B(b, ) G v suy ra tp G l tp m

Nguyn l tng ng bin Cho D, G l cc min n lin gii ni, hm f : D lin

tc trn D , gii tch trong D v bin hnh bo gic D+ thnh G+. Khi hm f bin
hnh bo gic min D thnh min G.
Chng minh

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

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Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

Vi mi b G, k hiu [f(z) - b] l s gia argument ca hm f(z) - b khi z chy trn
ng cong . Theo nguyn l argument (8, chng 4)
1
1
ND[f(z) - b] =
D[f(z) - b] =
G(w - b) = 1
2
2
Do a D sao cho b = f(a).
Lp lun tng t vi b G
1
1
ND[f(z) - b] =
D[f(z) - b] =
G(w - b) = 0
2
2
Suy ra hm f bin hnh bo gic min D thnh min G.

Nguyn l i xng Cho cc min n lin gii ni D1 i xng vi D2 qua on thng

hoc cung trn L D1 D2 v hm f1 : D1 lin tc trn D 1 , gii tch trong D1,
bin hnh bo gic min D1 thnh min G1 sao cho cung L+ thnh cung + G1. Khi
c hm gii tch f : D1 D2 bin hnh bo gic min D1 D2 thnh min G1 G2
vi G2 l min i xng vi G1 qua cung .
Chng minh
Xt trng hp L v l cc on thng nm trn trc thc. Khi hm
f2 : D2 , z f2(z) = f1 ( z ) v f2(z) = f1(z), z L
l hm gii tch bin hnh bo gic min D2 thnh min G2. Hm f xc nh nh sau
f : D1 D2 , f(z) = f1(z), z D1 L v f(z) = f2(z), z D2
l hm gii tch bin hnh bo gic min D1 D2 thnh min G1 G2.
Trng hp tng qut, chng ta dng hm gii tch bin cc cung L v thnh cc
on thng nm trn trc thc.

9. Hm tuyn tnh v hm nghch o

Hm tuyn tnh
Hm tuyn tnh
w = az + b (a 0)
l hm gii tch, c o hm
w(z) = a 0
v do bin hnh bo gic mt phng (z) ln mt phng (w).
K hiu = | a | v = arg(a). Phn tch
w = ei z + b
Suy ra php bin hnh tuyn tnh l tch ca cc php bin hnh sau y.

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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(2.9.1)

(2.9.2)

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
1. Php quay tm O gc
z = eiz
=
2. Php vi t tm O h s
3. Php tnh tin vect b
w=+b
Vy php bin hnh tuyn tnh l php ng dng.
Hm nghch o
Hm nghch o
w = 1 , z *
z
l hm gii tch, c o hm
1
w(z) = 2 0 vi z 0
z
v do bin hnh bo gic mt phng (z) - {0} ln mt phng (w).

(2.9.3)

K hiu z = rei , ta c
1
1
=
v argw = - argz = -
(2.9.4)
|w|=
r
|z|
Suy ra php bin hnh nghch o l tch ca cc php bin hnh sau y.

1. Php i xng qua ng trn n v z = 1 e i

r

2. Php i xng qua trc honh

w=

Vy php nghch o bo ton tnh i xng qua ng trn n v v qua trc honh.
Phng trnh ng trn suy rng trong mt phng (z) c dng
A(x2 + y2) + Bx + Cy + D = 0
(2.9.5)
K hiu z = x + iy v w = u + iv. Suy ra
x + iy = 1
x = 2 u 2 v y = 2 v 2
u + iv
u +v
u +v
Thay vo phng trnh ng trn (2.9.5) nhn c
D(u2 + v2) + Bu - Cv + A = 0
Qua php bin hnh nghch o
1. ng thng
i qua gc
A=D=0
bin thnh ng thng qua gc
khng qua gc A = 0 v D 0 bin thnh ng trn qua gc
2. ng trn
i qua gc
A 0 v D = 0 bin thnh ng thng khng qua gc
khng qua gc A 0 v D 0 bin thnh ng trn khng qua gc
Vy php bin hnh nghch o bin ng trn suy rng thnh ng trn suy rng.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 35

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

10. Hm phn tuyn tnh v hm Jucop

Hm phn tuyn tnh
Hm phn tuyn tnh
w = az + b (c 0, ad - bc 0)
cz + d
l hm gii tch, c o hm
w(z) = ad bc2 0 vi z - d
c
(cz d )

(2.10.1)

v do bin hnh bo gic mt phng (z) - {- d } ln mt phng (w).

c
Phn tch
w = bc ad 1 + a
(2.10.2)
c cz + d c
Suy ra php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh l tch ca cc php bin hnh sau y.
1. Php ng dng
z = cz + d
2. Php nghch o
= 1

w = a1 + b1 vi a1 = bc ad v b1 = a
c
c
Vy php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh bo ton ng trn suy rng v tnh i xng qua
ng trn suy rng.
Bin i
a z + b1
a
b
d
w= 1
vi a1 = , b1 = v d1 =
z + d1
c
c
c
3. Php ng dng

Suy ra nu bit c nh ca ba im khc nhau

w1 = w(z1), w2 = w(z2), w3 = w(z3),
th c th xc nh c php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh.
w w1 w 2 w1
z z1 z 2 z1
=
w w3 w2 w3
z z3 z2 z3

(2.10.3)

Hm Jucop
Hm Jucop
1
w = 1 (z + ), z *
z
2
l hm gii tch, c o hm
w(z) = 1 (1 - 12 ) 0 vi z 0, 1
2

v do bin hnh bo gic mt phng (z) - {0, 1} ln mt phng (w).

Trang 36

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(2.10.4)

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
Hm Jucop l hm a dip
1
(z + 1 ) = 1 (z 1 + 1 ) (z - z1)(1 - zz1) = 0
2
z
2
z1

(2.10.5)

Suy ra min n dip l bn trong hoc bn ngoi ng trn n v.

K hiu z = rei, ta c
1
1
1
1
w = (r + )cos + i (r - )sin
r
r
2
2

-1
(z)

-1

(2.10.6)

(w)

Qua php bin hnh Jucop

bin thnh on thng u = cos, v = 0
ng trn | z | = 1
1
1
1
1
|z|=r
bin thnh ellipse
u = (r + )cos, v = (r - )sin
r
r
2
2
Min
|z|>1
bin thnh
(w) - [-1, 1]
|z|<1
(w) - [-1, 1] ngc hng

11. Cc v d bin hnh bo gic

V d 1 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic na mt phng D = { Imz > 0 }
thnh phn trong hnh trn n v G = { | w | < 1 } sao cho f(a) = 0.

a
a

Do D v G u l ng trn nn chng ta chn php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh

az + b
w=
cz + d
Do hm phn tuyn tnh bo ton tnh i xng qua bin v f(a) = 0 suy ra f( a ) =
Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

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Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

za
vi k
za
Do tnh tng ng bin : z D w = f(z) G suy ra

w=k

z = x | w | = | k | x a = 1 v do x a = 1 nn | k | = 1
xa
xa
K hiu k = ei vi 3 suy ra
za
w = ei
za
xc nh gc cn bit thm nh ca mt im th hai.

(2.11.1)

V d 2 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D = { | z | < 1 } thnh min
G = { | w | < 1 } sao cho f(a) = 0.
1/ a
a
0

Do D v G u l ng trn nn chng ta chn php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh

w = az + b
cz + d
Do hm phn tuyn tnh bo ton tnh i xng qua bin v f(a) = 0 suy ra f(1/ a ) =
za
w= k
= k z a vi k
az 1
z 1/ a
Do tnh tng ng bin : z D w = f(z) G suy ra
| z | = 1 | w | = | k | z a = 1 v do z a = 1 vi | z | = 1 nn | k | = 1
az 1
az 1
K hiu k = ei vi 3 suy ra
za
w = ei
az 1
xc nh gc cn bit thm nh ca mt im th hai.

(2.11.2)

V d 3 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D = { 0 < argz < } thnh
3
i

min G = {| w | < 1} sao cho f( e 6 ) = 0 v f(0) = i.

Trc ht bin gc nhn thnh na mt phng trn bng php lu tha. Sau dng
php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh (2.11.1) bin na mt phng trn thnh phn trong ca
hnh trn n v.

Trang 38

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc

i
6

i
0

0
= z3
i 6

w= k

(0) = 0, ( e ) = i

i
, w(0) = - k = i
+i

3
Ly tch cc php bin hnh w = i z 3 i
z +i

V d 4 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D = { | z | < 1 v Imz > 0 }
thnh min G = { Imw > 0 }.
Trc ht bin na hnh trn thnh gc vung bng cch bin im -1 thnh v
im 1 thnh im 0 bng php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh. Sau quay v bin gc
vung thnh na mt phng trn.
i
-1

= z 1
z +1
(0) = -1, (i) = i

-1

= -i
(-1) = i, (i) = 1

Ly tch cc php bin hnh w = 2 = z 1

z +1

V d 5 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D = {| z | < 1, | z - i | > 1 }

2
2
thnh min G = { -1 < Rew < 1 }.
i

-i

= 1 , (i) =
zi
(0) = i, (-i) = i/2

i
i/2

-1

3
i) = 4 - 3i
4
(i) = i, (i/2) = -i
= 4( -

Ly tch cc php bin hnh w = i = 4i + 3

zi

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Trang 39

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

Trc ht bin hai ng trn lng nhau hai ng thng song song bng cch bin
im i thnh im . Sau dng php tnh tin v php vi t iu chnh bng ngang
thnh bng ngang i xng v c rng thch hp. Cui cng dng php quay nhn
c bng ng.
V d 6 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D = {| z | < 1} - [1/3, 1]
thnh min G = {| w | < 1}.
Trc ht bin hnh trn vi lt ct [1/3, 1] thnh mt phng vi lt ct [-1, 5/3] bng
php bin hnh Jucop. Sau thu gn lt ct thnh on [-1, 1] bng php tnh tin v
php vi t. Cui cng dng php bin hnh Jucop ngc.

1/3

1
1
(z + )
2
z
(1) = 1, (1/3) = 5/3
=

-1

1
-1

5/3
= 1 (w + 1 )
2
w
(-1) = -1, (5/3) = 1

= 3 ( 1 )
4
3

Ly tch cc php bin hnh w = + 2 1 = 3 (z + 1 ) 1 + [ 3 (z + 1 ) 1 ]2 1

8
2 4
8
2 4

Bi tp chng 2
1. Xc nh phn thc, phn o, module v argument ca cc hm sau y.
z+i
1
a. w = z3
b. w = 3 z
c. w =
d. w = z z 1
z

2. Biu din qua z v z cc hm sau y.

a. w = x2 - 1

b. w = x2 + y2 + iy

c. w =

2xy
x + y2
2

3. Kho st tnh lin tc, lin tc u ca cc hm sau y.

Re z
z +1
a. w =
b. w = lnx + iy
c. w =
z
z 1

Trang 40

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

8. w = x3 + iy3

d. w =

z
|z|

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc

4. Kho st iu kin (C - R) v tnh gii tch ca cc hm sau y.

1
b. w = zRez
c. w = 2
a. w = z3
z +1

d. w = z z

5. iu kin Cauchy - Riemann

a. Tm a, b, c 3 hm f(z) = x + ay + i(bx + cy) gii tch trn
b. Chng t rng hm f(z) =

| xy | tho iu kin (C - R) nhng khng kh vi ti z = 0

c. Cho f(z) = u(r, ) + iv(r, ) vi z = rei. Vit dng lng gic ca iu kin (C - R)
w
u
v
d. Cho w = u(x, y) + i v(x, y). Chng minh rng nu lim Re
th
=
z 0
x
z
x
6. Tm gc quay v h s co ca php bin hnh w = f(z) ti im z D.
1
b. w = 2
vi z = 1 - i, z = 1 + i
a. w = z2 vi z = 1 + i , z = -3 + 4i
z +1
7. Vit dng i s ca cc s phc sau y.
a. e1 + i
b. Ln(1 + i)

c. cos(2 + i)

d. sin(2i)

g. (1 - i)3 - 3i

h. (1)

e. tg(2 - i)

f. i i

8. Chng minh cc cng thc sau y.

a. cos(z + z) = coszcosz - sinzsinz
2tgz
c. tg(2z) =
1 + tg 2 z

b. sin2z = 2sinzcosz
d. ch(2z) = ch2z - sh2z

9. Tm nh ca min D qua php bin hnh w = f(z)

a. w = z2 v D = {-/2 < Imz < /2}
b. w = 2 + ez v D = {- < Rez < }
c. w = cosz v D = {-/2 < Imz < /2}
d. w = shz v D = {-/2 < Rez < /2}
10. Cho php bin hnh w = (1 + i)z - 1
a. Tm nh ca on thng ni hai im z1 = i v z2 = -i
b. Tm nh ca ng trn | z - (1 + i) | = 2
c. Tm nh ca tam gic c nh z0 = 0, z1 = 1 + i v z2 = 1 - i
1
z
d. (x - 1)2 + y2 = 1

11. Tm nh ca cc ng cong sau y qua cc php bin hnh w =

a. x2 + y2 = 4

b. x = 1

c. y = x

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Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

12. Tm php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh
a. Bin tam gic c cc nh 0, 1, i thnh tam gic ng dng c cc nh 0, 2, 1+ i
b. Bin cc im -1, +, i tng ng thnh cc im i, 1, 1 + i
c. Bin im i thnh -i v c im bt ng l 1 + 2i
d. Bin hnh trn | z | < 1 thnh na mt phng Rew > 0 sao cho w(0) = 1, w(1) = /2
e. Bin hnh trn | z | < 1 thnh hnh trn | w - 1 | < 1 sao cho w(0) = 1/2, w(1) = 0
13. Tm php bin hnh bin cc min sau y thnh na mt phng trn Imw > 0
a. Imz > 0, | z | < 2
b. Imz > 0, | z | < 2
d. | z | < 2, 0 < argz < /3
e. | z | > 2, 0 < argz < /4
f. | z | < 1, | z - i | <1
g. | z | > 1, | z - i | < 1
h. | z | > 2, | z - 3 | > 1
i. 1 < Rez < 2
j. Rez > 0, 0 < Imz < 2
k. | z | < 1, 0 < argz < 2
l. Mi trong bn min gii hn bi cc ng trn | z | = 1 v | z + 1 | = 1
m. (z) - [-1, 1]
n. (z) - (-, 1] [1, +)
o. (z) - [1 + i, 2 + 2i]
p. (z) - { y = x, x 0 }
q. {| z | > 1} - [i, +i)
r. {| z | < 1} - [1/2, 1]

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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 3

Tch Phn Phc

1. Tch phn phc

Cho min D , hm phc
f : D , z f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
v tham s cung trn tng khc
: [, ] D, t (t) = x(t) + iy(t)
Tch phn

f (z)dz = f[(t )] (t )dt

(3.1.1)

gi l tch phn ca hm phc f(z) dc theo tham s cung .

Gi s
1 : [1, 1] D, s 1(s)
l tham s cung cng hng vi . Tc l c php i tham s bo ton hng
: [, ] [1, 1] vi (t) > 0 v 1(s) = o(t)
Khi ta c

f[ (t )] (t )dt =

f[

(s)] 1 (s)ds

Suy ra tch phn ca hm phc khng ph thuc vo lp cc tham s cung cng hng.
K hiu = ([, ]) l ng cong nh hng. Tch phn

f (z)dz = f (z)dz

(3.1.2)

gi l tch phn ca hm phc f(z) trn ng cong . Nu tch phn (3.1.1) tn ti hu

hn th hm f gi l kh tch trn ng cong .

nh l Hm phc f lin tc trn ng cong trn tng khc th kh tch.

Chng minh
Gi s f : D lin tc v = ([, ]) vi : [, ] D l tham s cung trn tng
khc. Khi hm fo(t)(t) lin tc tng khc nn kh tch trn on [, ].


tnh tch phn phc, thay
(t) = x(t) + iy(t) v fo(t) = u[x(t), y(t)] + iv[x(t), y(t)] = u(t) + iv(t)
vo cng thc (3.1.1) ri tch phn thc, phn o suy ra cng thc sau y.

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Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

f (z)dz = [u(t )x (t ) v(t )y(t )]dt + i [u(t )y(t ) + v(t )x (t)]dt

(3.1.3)

V d
1. Tnh tch phn I = z Re zdz vi l on thng [1, 2i]

2i

Tham s ho on thng [1, 2i]

x = t, y = -2t + 2 vi t [1, 0]
Suy ra
(t) = 1 - 2i, fo (t) = t2 + i(-2t2 + 2t)

I = [t 2 + i(-2t 2 + 2 t )](1 - 2i )dt = (3t 2 4 t )dt + i (4 t 2 2 t )dt =

2. Tnh tch phn I =

-3+ i
3

dz vi l ng trn | z | = R nh hng dng

n

Tham s ho ng trn = (ab)

(t) = Reit, t [0, 2]
Suy ra
(t) = iReit, fo(t) = R-ne-int
2

I = iR 1 n e i (1 n ) t dt = 2 i
0
0

ab
n =1
n 1

2. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn phc

Trong mc ny n gin chng ta xem cc hm f, g, ... l lin tc trn min D, cn
= ([, ]) vi : [, ] D l ng cong nh hng, trn tng khc v nm gn
trong min D. Tch phn ca hm phc c cc tnh cht sau y.

1. Tuyn tnh Nu cc hm f v g kh tch trn ng cong th vi mi s phc

hm f + g kh tch trn ng cong .

[f (z) + g(z)]dz = f (z)dz + g(z)dz

Chng minh
T gi thit suy ra hm [fo(t) + go(t)](t) kh tch trn [, ]

[f (z) + g(z)]dz = [fo(t ) + go(t )] (t)dt

Trang 44

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(3.2.1)

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

= fo(t ) (t )dt +

go(t ) (t )dt = f (z)dz + g(z)dz

2. nh hng Nu hm f kh tch trn ng cong + = (ab) th hm f cng kh tch

trn ng cong - = (ba).

f (z)dz

f (z)dz

=-

ba

(3.2.2)

ab

Chng minh
Tham s ho
+ = -([, ]) vi - : [, ] D, -(t) = (-t + + )
T gi thit suy ra hm fo-(t)-(t) kh tch trn [, ].

fo(-t + + ) (-t + + )dt = - fo(s) (s)ds

f (z)dz =

3. H thc Chasles Nu hm f kh tch trn ng cong = (ab) th vi mi c hm

f kh tch trn cc ng cong 1 = (ac) v 2 = (cb).

f (z)dz + f (z)dz = f (z)dz

ac

cb

(3.2.3)

ab

Chng minh
Gi s c = () vi [, ]. Tham s ho
1 = 1([, ]) vi 1 : [, ] D, 1(t) = (t)
2 = 2([, ]) vi 2 : [, ] D, 2(t) = (t)
T gi thit suy ra hm fo1(t)1(t) kh tch trn [, ] v fo1(t)1(t) kh tch trn [, ].

fo

(t ) 1 (t )dt + fo 2 (t ) 2 (t )dt =

fo(t ) (t )dt

4. c lng tch phn K hiu s() l di ca ng cong . Nu hm f kh tch

trn ng cong th hm | f(z) | kh tch trn ng cong .

f (z)dz

f (z) ds sup | f(z) | s()

(3.2.4)

Chng minh
T gi thit suy ra hm fo(t)(t) kh tch trn [, ]. Kt hp cng thc (3.1.3) vi
cng thc tch phn ng loi 1 suy ra

f (z)dz

fo(t ) (t)dt

fo(t ) (t ) dt = f (z) ds

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Trang 45

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

5. Lin h tch phn ng Nu hm f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) kh tch trn ng cong
th cc hm u(x, y) v v(x, y) kh tch trn ng cong .

f (z)dz = u(x, y)dx v(x, y)dy + i v(x, y)dx + u(x, y)dy

(3.2.5)

Chng minh
T gi thit suy ra cc hm u(t) v v(t) kh tch trn [, ]. Kt hp cng thc (3.1.3) vi
cng thc tch phn ng loi 2 suy ra cng thc (3.2.5)


Cng thc Newton-Leibniz
Hm gii tch F(z) gi l nguyn hm ca hm f(z) trn min D nu z D, F(z) = f(z)
Cho hm f(z) c nguyn hm l F(z) v = (ab). Khi ta c

f (z)dz

= F(b) - F(a)

(3.2.6)

ab

Chng minh
T gi thit suy ra hm Fo(t) l nguyn hm ca fo(t) trn [, ]. Kt hp cng thc
(3.1.1) v cng thc Newton - Leibniz ca tch phn xc nh.

f (z)dz = f[(t )] (t )dt = Fo() - Fo()

ab

V d Tnh tch phn I =

dz vi l ng trn | z | = R nh hng dng

n

Ta c = (ab) vi a = Re , b = Rei2
Vi n 1 hm f(z) = 1n c nguyn hm F(z) = 1 z 1 n suy ra I = F(b) - F(a) = 0
1 n
z
Vi n = 1 hm f(z) = 1 c nguyn hm F(z) = Lnz. Tuy nhin hm logarit ch xc nh
z
n tr trn - (-, 0]. V vy I = Ln1(ei2) - Ln0(ei0) = 2i
i0

3. nh l Cauchy
nh l Cho hm f gii tch trn min D n lin v ng cong n, kn, trn tng
khc, nh hng dng v nm gn trong min D. Khi ta c

f (z)dz = 0

(3.3.1)

Chng minh
K hiu D D l min n lin c bin nh hng dng l ng cong . n
gin ta xem hm f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) vi cc hm u v v c o hm lin tc trn D.
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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

p dng cng thc (3.2.5), cng thc Green v iu kin Cauchy-Riemann.

f (z)dz = (udx vdy) + i (vdx + udy)

( x y )dxdy + i ( x y )dxdy = 0

Ch Hm f gii tch khng cc hm u v v c o hm ring lin tc. Do vic

chng minh nh l Cauchy thc ra phc tp hn rt nhiu. Bn c quan tm n php
chng minh y c th tm c cc ti liu tham kho.
H qu 1 Cho min D n lin c bin nh hng dng l ng cong n, kn, trn
tng khc v hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D.

f (z)dz = 0

(3.3.2)

Chng minh
Theo nh ngha tch phn, ta c th xem tch phn trn D nh l gii hn ca tch phn
trn ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng dng, nm gn trong min D
v dn n D.


H qu 2 Cho min D a lin c bin nh hng dng gm hu hn ng cong n,
kn, trn tng khc v hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D.

f (z)dz

(3.3.3)

Chng minh
Gi s min D a lin v chng ta ct min D bng
cc cung (ab) v (cd) nhn c min n lin D1 nh
c
hnh bn. Ta c
D1 = D + (ab) + (ba) + (cd) + (dc)
Kt hp h qu 2 v tnh nh hng, tnh cng tnh
ca tch phn
0=

f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz = f (z)dz

D

D 1

ab

ba

cd

dc

H qu 3 Cho min D a lin c bin nh hng dng gm hu hn ng cong n,

kn, trn tng khc D = L+0 + L1 + ... + Ln v hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D.

f (z)dz =
L0

f (z)dz

(3.3.4)

k =1 L k

Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (3.3.3) v tnh nh hng, tnh cng tnh ca tch phn.

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Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

H qu 4 Cho hm f gii tch trong min D n lin. Khi tch phn

f ()d vi a, z D

(3.3.5)

az

khng ph thuc ng cong n, trn tng khc, ni a vi z v nm gn trong min D.

Chng minh
Gi s (amb) v (anb) l hai ng cong n, trn tng
n
khc, ni a vi z v nm gn trong D. Khi (amzna) l
z
ng cong n, trn tng khc, kn v nm gn trong D.
a
m
T cng thc (3.3.1) v tnh cng tnh
0=

f ()d = f ()d
amzna

f ()d

amz

zna

Chuyn v v s dng tnh nh hng suy ra

f ()d
amz

f ()d

anz

H qu 5 Cho hm f gii tch trn min D n lin v a D. Khi hm

z

F(z) = f ( )d vi z D

(3.3.6)

l nguyn hm ca hm f trong min D v F(a) = 0.

Chng minh
Theo cng thc (3.3.5) hm F xc nh n tr trn min D v F(a) = 0.
Ngoi ra vi mi (z, h) D sao cho [z, z + h] D
F(z + h) F(z)
1
f (z) =
h
h

z+h

(f () f (z))d

sup{| f() - f(z) | : [z, z + h]}

0
h 0
Suy ra hm F gii tch trong D v F(z) = f(z).

4. Cng thc tch phn Cauchy

B Cho ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng dng v D = D.
Khi ta c
1
dz
a - , Ind(a) =
= 1 a D
(3.4.1)

2 i z a 0 a D

Hm Ind(a) gi l ch s ca im a i vi ng cong .
Chng minh

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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

1
lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D. Theo cng thc (3.3.2)
za
tch phn ca hm f trn ng cong kn bng khng.
S
Vi a D, k hiu B = B(a, ) D, S = B+ l ng trn tm a,
a
bn knh , nh hng dng v D1 = D - B. Hm f(z) lin tc
D

trn D 1 , gii tch trong D1 theo cng thc (3.3.4) v cc v d

Vi a D , hm f(z) =

trong 1.
dz
z a =

dz

za

= 2i

nh l Cho hm f gii tch trong min D v ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc,
nh hng dng sao cho D D. Khi ta c
1
f (z)
a D - , Ind(a)f(a) =
dz
(3.4.2)

2 i z a
Cng thc (3.4.2) gi l cng thc tch phn Cauchy.
Chng minh

f (z ) f (a )
T gi thit suy ra hm g(z) = z a
f (a )
S dng cng thc (3.3.1) ta c
f (z)
f (a )
0 = g(z )dz =
dz
dz

z a
z a

z a gii tch trong min D.

z=a

Kt hp vi cng thc (3.4.1) suy ra cng thc (3.4.2)

H qu 1 Cho min D c bin nh hng dng gm hu hn ng cong n, kn,

trn tng khc v hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D.
1
f ( )
z D, f(z) =
d

2i D z

(3.4.3)

Chng minh
Nu D l min n lin th bin D l ng cong nh hng dng, n, kn v trn
tng khc. Lp lun tng t nh trong chng minh nh l v s dng cng thc (3.3.2)
thay cho cng thc (3.3.1)
Nu D l min a lin bin i min D thnh min D1 n lin nh trong h qu 2, 3.
Sau s dng kt qu ~ bit cho min n lin, tnh cng tnh v tnh nh hng ca
tch phn.


Nhn xt Theo cc kt qu trn th gi tr ca hm gii tch trong min D c xc nh
bng cc gi tr ca n trn bin D.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 49

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

H qu 2 Cho ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng dng v hm f lin
tc trn D , gii tch trong D.
a D,

f (z)

z a dz

= 2if(a)

(3.4.4)

Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (3.4.3)
V d Tnh tch phn I =

hng dng | z | = 3.
Theo cng thc (3.3.4)
1
I = z 1 dz +
z +1
z +1 =1

dz
vi l ng trn nh
1

1
z + 1 dz = I + I
1
2

z 1
z 1 =1

-1

1
tho m~n cng thc (3.4.4) trong ng trn | z + 1 | = 1 suy ra
z 1
I1 = 2if(-1) = -i
1
tho m~n cng thc (3.4.4) trong ng trn | z - 1 | = 1 suy ra
Hm g(z) =
z +1
I2 = 2ig(1) = i
Vy I = -i + i = 0

Hm f(z) =

5. Tch phn Cauchy

Cho ng cong nh hng n, trn tng khc v hm f lin tc trn .
Tch phn
1
f ( )
F(z) =
d vi z D = -
(3.5.1)

2 i z
gi l tch phn Cauchy dc theo ng cong .

nh l Hm F(z) l gii tch v c o hm mi cp trn min D. Khi ta c

n!
f ( )
d
(3.5.2)
(n, z) D, F(n)(z) =

2 i ( z) n +1
Chng minh
Do hm f lin tc trn v z nn hm F xc nh n tr trn min D.

Trang 50

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

Vi mi a D tu
F (z) F(a )
1
f ( )
1
f ( )
=
d

d
z a

za
2 i ( a )( z )
2 i ( a ) 2
Suy ra hm F c o hm cp mt trong min D tnh theo cng thc (3.5.2) v do gii
tch trong min D.
Gi s hm F c o hm n cp n - 1 trong min D
Vi mi a D tu
n =1

( n 1)

(z) F
za

( n 1)

(a )

( a )

( z ) n 1 k

(n 1)!
f ( ) k = 0
2 i
( a ) n ( z ) n

z a

n!
f ( )
d

2 i ( a ) n +1

Suy ra hm F c o hm cp n trong min D tnh theo cng thc (3.5.2)

H qu 1 Cho min D c bin nh hng dng gm hu hn ng cong n, kn v

trn tng khc. Nu hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D th c o hm mi cp
trong min D.
n!
f ( )
(n, z) D, f(n)(z) =
d
(3.5.3)

2i D ( z) n +1

Chng minh
Nu D l min n lin th bin D l ng cong nh hng dng, n, kn v trn
tng khc. Theo cng thc (3.4.3) ta c
1
f ( )
z D, f(z) =
d F(z)

2i D z
Kt hp vi cng thc (3.5.2) suy ra cng thc (3.5.3)
Nu D l min a lin bin i min D thnh min D1 n lin nh trong h qu 2, 3.
Sau s dng kt qu ~ bit cho min n lin, tnh cng tnh v tnh nh hng ca
tch phn.

H qu 2 Cho ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng dng v hm f lin

tc trn D , gii tch trong D.
a D,

f (z)

(z a )

( n +1)

dz =

2i (n)
f (a)
n!

(3.5.4)

Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (3.5.3)

e z dz
vi l ng trn | z | = 2 nh hng dng
V d Tnh tch phn I =
3
( z + 1)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 51

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

Hm f(z) = ez lin tc trn hnh trn | z | 2, gii tch trong hnh trn | z | < 2. Tho m~n
cng thc (3.5.4) suy ra
2i
I=
f(-1) = ie-1
2!
H qu 3 (nh l Morera) Cho hm f lin tc trn min D v vi mi tam gic D

f (z)dz = 0

(3.5.5)

Khi hm f gii tch trn min D.

Chng minh
Vi a D tu , k hiu B = B(a, ) D. V hm f lin tc trn
B nn kh tch trn mi on thng [a, z] vi z B.
Do hm
z

z+h
B

F(z) = f ( )d vi z B

xc nh n tr trong hnh trn B v F(a) = 0.

Ngoi ra vi mi (z, h) D sao cho [z, z + h ] B
F(z + h) F(z)
1
f (z) =
h
h

z+h

(f () f (z))d

sup{| f() - f(z) | : [z, z + h]}

0
h

Suy ra hm F gii tch trong B v F(z) = f(z).

T nh l trn suy ra hm f c o hm trong B v do gii tch trong B.

6. nh l tr trung bnh
nh l (V tr trung bnh) Cho hm f gii tch trn min D. Khi ta c
n , R > 0 : B(a, R) D, f(n)(a) =

n!
2 R n

f (a + Re

it

)e int dt

(3.6.1)

Chng minh
Tham s ho ng trn S = B+(a, R)
(t) = a + Reit, dz = iReitdt vi t [0, 2]
Ap dng cng thc (3.5.4)
f(n)(a) =

Trang 52

n!
f (z)
dz = n! n

n +1
2 i S (z a )
2 R

f (a + Re
0

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

it

)e int dt

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

H qu 1 (Bt ng thc Cauchy) Cho hm f gii tch trn min D.
n! M
n , R > 0 : B(a, R) D, | f(n)(a) |
vi M = supB| f(z) |
Rn
Chng minh
Suy ra t c lng tch phn (3.6.1)
| f(n)(a) |

n!
2

f (a + Re

it

(3.6.2)

n! M
Rn

)e int dt

H qu 2 (nh l Liouville) Hm gii tch v b chn trn tp s phc l hm hng.

Chng minh
Gi s hm f gii tch v b chn trn tp . Khi
(a, R) 3+ , B(a, R)
Theo cng thc (3.6.2) vi n = 1
0 vi M = sup| f(z) |
| f(a) | M
R +
R
Suy ra a , f(a) = 0. Vy hm f l hm hng.


H qu 3 (nh l DAlembert - Gauss) Mi a thc h s phc bc n c ng n khng
im phc trong khng im bi k tnh l k khng im.
Chng minh
Gi s
Pn(z) = a0 + a1z + ... + zn v z , Pn(z) 0
Ta c
a
a
a
a
| Pn(z) | = | z |n 1 + n 1 + ... + 0n | z |n 1 n 1 + ... + 0n
z
z
z
z
Suy ra

z : | z | r = Max (n + 1)a k
k = 0.. n 1

K hiu

1
k

rn

| Pn(z) |
n +1

n
mr = min{| Pn(z) | : | z | r}, m = min{mr , r } v g(z) = 1 , z
n +1
Pn (z )

Khi

z , | Pn(z) | m hay | g(z) | =

1
1

| Pn ( z ) |
m

Nh vy hm g(z) l gii tch v b chn trn , theo nh l Liouville n l hm hng.

Suy ra hm Pn(z) l hm hng! iu ny l mu thun.
Vy z1 sao cho Pn(z1) = 0.
Phn tch Pn(z) = (z - z1)Pn-1(z) vi degPn-1 = n - 1.
Lp lun tng t phn tch Pn-1(z) v tip tc phn tch cho n khi


Pn(z) = (z - z1)(z - z2) ... (z - zn)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 53

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

H qu 4 (Nguyn l module cc i) Cho min D gii ni v hm f lin tc trn D ,

gii tch trong D. Khi hoc hm f(z) l hm hng hoc hm | f(z) | ch t tr ln nht,
tr b nht trn D.
Chng minh
Gi s hm f(z) khng phi l hm hng. Do hm | f(z) | lin tc trn min D ng v
gii ni nn t tr ln nht, tr b nht trn min D . Chng ta xt trng hp hm t tr
ln nht. Tc l
a D sao cho | f(a) | = MaxD | f(z) |
Nu a D0 th a l im cc i a phng v khi B(a, R) D sao cho
t [0, 2], | f(a) | > | f(a + Reit) |
c lng cng thc (3.6.1) vi n = 0
1
| f(a) |
2

f (a + Re

it

) dt < | f(a) |

iu ny l mu thun. Vy a D.
Lp lun tng t cho trng hp hm t tr b nht.

7. Hm iu ho
Hm thc u(x, y) lin tc trn D , thuc lp C2 trong D gi l hm iu ho trong nu
n tho m~n phng trnh Laplace. Tc l
2
2
(x, y) D, u = u2 + u2 = 0
x
y

(3.7.1)

nh l Phn thc, phn o ca hm gii tch l hm iu ho.

Chng minh
Cho hm f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) gii tch trn min D. Khi hm f(z) c o hm mi
cp suy ra cc hm u(x, y) v v(x, y) c cc o hm ring lin tc v tho m~n iu
kin Cauchy - Riemann
u x = v y v u y = v x
Suy ra
+ u yy
= v yx
v xy
= 0 v v = v xx
+ v yy
= u yx
+ u xy
=0
u = u xx

Sau ny chng ta gi cp hm iu ho v tho m~n iu kin Cauchy - Riemann l

cp hm iu ho lin hp.
nh l Cho hm thc u(x, y) iu ho trong min D n lin. Khi c hm phc f(z)

Trang 54

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

gii tch trong min D sao cho u = Ref hoc u = Imf.
Chng minh
Do hm u iu ho trong min D n lin nn dng vi phn
= u y dx + u x dy
l dng vi phn ng. Suy ra tch phn ca n khng ph thuc vo ng ly tch phn.
C nh a D vi mi z D, hm
z

v(x, y) = u y dx + u x dy

(3.7.2)

thuc lp C2 trong min D v tho m~n iu kin Cauchy - Riemann

v x = - u y v v y = u x
Suy ra hm phc f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) l gii tch trong min D v u = Ref.
Lp lun tng t tm hm f(z) sao cho u = Imf.

V d Cho hm u = x2 - y2 tm hm w = f(z) gii tch sao cho u = Ref

Kim tra trc tip hm u l hm iu ho
+ u yy
=0
u x = 2x = v y , u y = - 2y = - v x v u = u xx
Tm hm v iu ho lin hp vi hm u
v(x, y) = v x dx =

2ydx = 2xy + (y)

o hm theo bin y
v y = 2x + (y) 2x (y) = 0 (y) = C
Suy ra hm phc
f(z) = (x2 - y2) + i(2xy + C)
l hm gii tch cn tm.

H qu 1 Hm iu ho c o hm ring mi cp v cc o hm ring ca n cng l

hm iu ho.
Chng minh
Theo cc nh l trn u = Ref vi f l hm gii tch. Khi o hm cc cp ca hm f
cng l hm gii tch v c phn thc, phn o l cc o hm ring ca hm u.

H qu 2 Hm iu ho t tr trung bnh ti tm ca hnh trn nm gn trong min D.
2

1
R > 0 : B(a, R) D, u(a) =
u(a + Re it )dt

2 0

(3.7.3)

Chng minh
Tng t nh trn u = Ref vi f l hm gii tch. Theo cng thc (3.6.1) vi n = 0
2

1
u(a) = Ref(a) =
Re f (a + Re it )dt

2 0

H qu 3 Hm u iu ho t tr ln nht, tr b nht trn D.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 55

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

Chng minh
S dng cng thc (3.7.3) v lp lun tng t nh chng minh nguyn l cc i.

H qu 4 Hm iu ho v b chn trn ton tp s phc l hm hng.
Chng minh
Tng t nh trn u = Ref vi f l hm gii tch. T gi thit hm u b chn v cng thc
(3.7.4) di y suy ra hm f b chn. Theo nh l Liouville suy ra hm f l hm hng.
Suy ra hm u l hm hng.


Cng thc Schwartz Cho f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) gii tch trn min D v B(0, R) D.
i.t
1
+a
i.t Re
a B(0, R), f(a) =
u(Re
)
dt + iv(0)

i.t
2 0
Re a
2

(3.7.4)

Chng minh
Vi mi a B(0, R)
f(a) =

2
2
1
f(z)
1
Re i.t
1 f(Re i.t )dt
i.t
dz
=
f(Re
)
dt
v
f(0)
=
2 0
2 i B z - a
2 0
Re i.t a

Do a B(0, R) nn a1 =

R2
B(0, R) suy ra
a

2
1
f(z)
1
ae i.t
i.t
0=
dz =
dt
f(Re ) i.t
2 i B z - a 1
2 0
ae R

Bin i
2

1
ae i.t
1
i.t
i.t
f(0) =
f(Re )dt dt = 1 f(Re i.t ) i.t- R dt
f(Re ) i.t

2 0
2 0
2 0
ae R
ae R
2

2
i.t
1
-R
1
+R
i.t ae
dt +
f(Re i.t ) i.t
dt
0=
f(Re ) i.t

2 0
ae R
2 0
ae R

Suy ra
2

-i.t
i.t
f(0) = 1 f(Re i.t ) Re -i.t + a dt v f(0) = 1 f(Re i.t ) Re i.t + a dt
2 0
2 0
Re a
Re a
2

i.t
f(a) - iv(0) = f (a ) 1 [f (0) f (0)] = 1 u(Re i.t ) Re i.t + a dt
2
2 0
Re a

Hm
i.t
S(a, t) = Re i.t + a
Re a
gi l nhn Schwartz. Theo cng thc (3.7.4) nu bit gi tr trn bin ca phn thc u
v gi tr v(0) th suy ra c gi tr ca hm f bn trong hnh trn B(0, R).
Bin i

Trang 56

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

S(a, t) =

R 2 | a |2
2 R Im(ae it )
i
+
| Re it + a | 2
| Re it a | 2

Hm
2
2
P(a, t) = ReS(a, t) = R it | a | 2
| Re + a |
gi l nhn Poisson. T cng thc (3.7.4) suy ra

2
2
u(a) = Ref(a) = 1 u(Re it ) R it | a | 2 dt
2 0
| Re + a |

(3.7.5)

gi l cng thc Poisson. Sau ny chng ta c th dng cng thc (3.7.5) tm nghim
ca bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh trn.

Bi tp chng 3
Tham s ho ng cong tnh cc tch phn sau y.
1.

e dz
z

vi l cung parabole y = x3, 1 x 2

2.

tgzdz vi l cung parabole x = y , 0 y 1

2

3.

z Im zdz vi l ng gp khc ni cc im 1, i, -1 v -i

4.

(z

+ zz )dz vi l cung trn | z | = 1, 0 arg z

5.

z 1 dz vi l ng ellipse

x2 + 4y2 = 4

S dng nh l Cauchy tnh cc tch phn sau y.

6.

z sin zdz vi l ng cong bt k ni hai im 0 v i

7.

(z 1) cos zdz vi l ng cong bt k ni hai im , i

8.

dz

z 1 vi l ng cong bt k ni hai im -1 v 1 + i

9.

| z | zdz vi l bin nh hng ca min D = { | z | = 1, Im z 0 }

10.

| z | dz vi l bin nh hng ca min D = {1 < | z | < 2, Im z 0 }

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 57

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

11.

dz
vi l ng cong kn khng i qua im i
+1

S dng cng thc tch phn Cauchy tnh cc tch phn sau y.
12.

z 2 dz
z 2i vi l cc ng trn | z | = 1 v | z | = 3

13.

14.

15.

dz
vi l cc ng trn | z | = 1, | z - 2i | = 1 v | z + 2i | = 1
+4
dz
vi l cc ng trn | z | = 1, | z - 2 | = 1 v | z | = 3
+ 2z

zshzdz
vi l ng cong kn khng i qua im i
2
+
1

Tnh cc tch phn sau y.

cos zdz
vi l ng trn | z | = 2
16. 2
z 1
17.

sin zdz
vi l ng trn | z | = 3
2
2z

18.

ze z dz
(z + i) 3 vi l ng trn | z + i | = 1

19.

(z 1)

shzdz
vi l ng trn | z - 1 | = 1
2
(z + 3)

20.

21.

ln( z + 3 ) dz
( z 2 1) 3

vi l ng trn | z | = 2

z sin z
dz vi l ng ellipse 4x2 + y2 - 2y = 0
2
3
+ 1)

(z

Tm hm gii tch bit phn thc, phn o.

22.

u(x, y) = x3 - 3xy2

23.

u(x, y) = x2 - y2 + 5x + y -

24.

u(x, y) = arctg

25.

u(x, y) =

26.

v(x, y) = 2xy + 3

27.

v(x, y) = 2x2 - 2y2 + x

28.

v(x, y) = ln(x2 + y2) + x - 2y

29.

v(x, y) = 3 + x2 - y -

Trang 58

x
y

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

y
x + y2
2

x
- 2y
x + y2
2

y
x( x + y 2 )
2

Chng 4

CHUI hm PHC v Thng d

1. Chui hm phc
Cho d~y hm (un : D )n. Tng v hn
+

u
n =0

(z) = u0(z) + u1(z) + ... + un(z) + ...

(4.1.1)
+

gi l chui hm phc. S phc a gi l im hi t nu chui s phc

u
n =0

(a ) hi t.

Tp cc im hi t gi l min hi t v thng k hiu l D.

+

n =0

k =0

Trn min hi t hm S(z) = u n (z) gi l tng, hm Sn(z) = u k (z) gi l tng ring

th n v hm Rn(z) = S(z) - Sn(z) gi l phn d th n ca chui hm phc.
+

Chui hm phc gi l hi t u trn min D n hm S(z), k hiu

u
n =0

(z) = S (z) nu

> 0, N > 0 sao cho z D, n N | S(z) - Sn(z) | <

Tiu chun Weierstrass Nu c chui s dng

a
n =0

hi t sao cho

(n, z) D, | un(z) | an
(4.1.2)
th chui hm phc hi t u trn min D.
Sau ny chng ta xem cc chui hi t u cng tho m~n tiu chun Weierstrass.
Chui hm phc hi t u c cc tnh cht sau y.

1. Tnh lin tc Nu n , un(z) lin tc trn min D v

u n (z) = S(z) th hm
n =0

S(z) cng lin tc trn min D.

Chng minh
Vi mi a D v > 0 b tu
Do tnh hi t u
N > 0 : n > N , z D | S(z) - Sn(z) | < / 3 v | S(a) - Sn(a) | < / 3
Do tnh lin tc

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 59

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

> 0 : n N , z D, | z - a | | un(z) - un(a) | < / 3N
Suy ra
z D, | z - a |
| S(z) - S(a) | | S(z) - Sn(z) | +

| u
k =0

(z) u n (a ) | + | S(a) - Sn(a)| <

Vy hm S(z) lin tc trn min D.

2. Tch phn tng t Nu n , un(z) lin tc trn ng cong trn tng khc,
+

nm gn trong min D v

u n (z) = S(z) th hm S(z) cng kh tch trn ng cong .

n =0

u n (z)dz

=
u
(
z
)
dz
(4.1.3)

n =0
n =0

Chng minh
Theo tnh cht 1. hm S(z) lin tc v trn tng khc nn kh tch trn .
b

K hiu s() = | (t ) | dt . Do tnh hi t u

a

> 0, N > 0 : n > N , z | S(z) - Sn(z) | < / s()

Suy ra
n

S(z)dz u n (z)dz

k =0

S(z) S

(z) dz <

3. o hm tng t Nu n , un(z) gii tch trong min D v

u
n =0

(z) = S (z) th

hm S(z) cng gii tch trong min D.

k ,

u (nk ) (z) = S ( k ) (z)

(4.1.4)

n =0

Chng minh
Vi mi z D, B(z, R) D. K hiu = B+ v G = D - B(z, R/2) khi
+
u ( )
u ( ) G S ( )
n , n
gii tch trong G v n
=
z
z
n =0 z
S dng cng thc (3.4.3) v cng thc (4.1.3)
+
1 + u n ( )
1 S ( )
S(z) = u n (z) =
d =
d

2 i z
2i n =0 z
n =0
Theo nh l v tch phn Cauchy hm S(z) gii tch trong min D v do c o hm
mi cp trn min D. Kt hp cng thc (3.5.3) v cng thc (4.1.3)
+
+
u n ( )
k!
S ( )
k!
k , S(k)(z) =
d

=
d

=
u (nk ) (z)

k +1
k +1
2 i ( z)
n = 0 2 i ( z )
n =0

Trang 60

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

4. Xc nh trn bin Nu n , un(z) lin tc trn min D , gii tch trong min D
+

u n (z) = S(z) th
n =0

u
n =0

(z ) = S(z) .

Chng minh
Theo nguyn l cc i
z D, a D : | S(z) -

u
k =0

(z) | | S(a) -

k =0

(a ) | <

2. Chui lu tha phc

Chui hm phc
+

c
n =0

(z a ) n = c0 + c1(z - a) + ... + cn(z - a)n + ...

(4.2.1)

gi l chui lu tha tm ti im a.

nh l Abel Nu chui lu tha hi t ti im z0 a th n hi t tuyt i v u

trong mi hnh trn B(a, ) vi < | z0 - a |.
Chng minh
+

Do chui s phc c n (z 0 a ) n hi t nn lim cn(z0 - a)n = 0. Suy ra

n +

n =0

M > 0 sao cho n , | cn(z0 - a)n | M

Vi mi z B(a, ) t q = | z - a | / | z0 - a | < 1 ta c

za
n , z B(a, ), | cn(z - a) | = | cn(z0 - a) |
z0 a
n

Do chui s dng

Mqn

hi t, theo tiu chun Weierstrass suy ra chui lu tha hi t

n =0

tuyt i v u.

H qu 1 Nu chui lu tha phn k ti z1 th n phn k trn min | z - a | > | z1 - a |

Chng minh
Gi s tri li chui lu tha hi t ti z : | z - a | > | z1 - a |. T nh l suy ra chui lu
tha hi t ti z1. Mu thun vi gi thit.


H qu 2 Tn ti s R 0 sao cho chui lu tha hi t trong ng trn | z - a | = R v

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Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

phn k ngoi ng trn | z - a | = R.
Chng minh
R rng chui lu tha lun hi t ti z = 0 v phn k ti z = . K hiu
R1 = Max{ 3+ : chui lu tha hi t trong | z - a | < }
R2 = Min{ 3+ : chui lu tha phn k ngoi | z - a | < }
Ta c R1 = R2 = R

S R gi l bn knh hi t cn hnh trn B(a, R) gi l hnh trn hi t ca chui lu

tha. Nu D l min hi t ca chui lu tha th ta lun c
B(a, R) D B (a, R)
H qu 3 Bn knh hi t c tnh theo mt trong cc cng thc sau y
R = lim

n +

cn
= lim
n +
c n +1

1
n

(4.2.2)

| cn |

Chng minh
Lp lun tng t chui lu tha thc.

K hiu
+

S(z) =

c
n =0

(z a ) n vi z B(a, R)

(4.2.3)

Kt hp cc tnh cht ca hm lu tha vi cc tnh cht ca chui hi t u ta c cc

h qu sau y.

H qu 4 Hm S(z) lin tc trong hnh trn B(a, R)

Chng minh
Suy ra t tnh lin tc ca hm lu tha v chui hi t u.

H qu 5 Hm S(z) kh tch trn ng cong trn tng khc, nm gn trong B(a, R)

S(z)dz =

c (z a )
n =0

dz

(4.2.4)

Chng minh
Suy ra t tnh kh tch ca hm lu tha v cng thc tch phn tng t.

H qu 6 Hm S(z) gii tch trong hnh trn B(a, R)

k , S(k)(z) =

n(n 1)...(n k + 1)c

n=k

(z a ) n k

Chng minh
Suy ra t tnh gii tch ca hm lu tha v cng thc o hm tng t.

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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(4.2.5)

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

H qu 7 k , ck =

1 (k)
S (a)
k!

(4.2.6)

Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (4.2.5) vi z = a.
+

V d Chui lu tha

hi t u trong hnh trn B(0, 1) n hm S(z) =

n =0

1
.
1 z

Suy ra
+ z

n d =

z B(0, 1),

n =0 0

k ,

1 n +1
=
z

n =0 n + 1

n(n 1)...(n k + 1)z

nk

n=k

1 = - ln(1 - z)
0

1
=

1 z

(k)

k!
, ...
(1 z) k +1

3. Chui Taylor
nh l Cho D = B(a, R), = D+ v hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D.
z D, f(z) =

c
n =0

(z a ) n vi cn =

1
f ( )
d , n

2 i ( a ) n +1

(4.3.1)

Cng thc (4.3.1) gi l khai trin Taylor ca hm f ti im a.

Chng minh
Vi mi z D c nh. Theo cng thc tch phn Cauchy
1
f ( )
f(z) =
d

2 i z

(1)

Vi ta c q = | z - a | / | - a | < 1 suy ra khai trin

1
1
=
a
z

1
=
za
1
a

1 za
f ( )

v
=

z
n =0 a a
+

f ( ) z a

(2)

n =0 a a
+

Do hm f lin tc nn c module b chn trn min D suy ra

f ( ) z a
M > 0 : ,

a a

M n
q
R

Theo tiu chun Weierstrass chui (2) hi t u trn , do c th tch phn tng t
dc theo ng cong . Tch phn tng t cng thc (1) suy ra cng thc (4.3.1)

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Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

H qu Kt hp cng thc (4.2.6) v (4.3.1) ta c
1 (k)
k , ck =
f (a)
k!

(4.3.2)

Nhn xt Theo nh l Cauchy c th ly l ng cong bt k n, kn, trn tng

khc bao a v z, nh hng dng v nm gn trong B(a, R). Thng thng, chng ta
khai trin hm f(z) trong hnh trn B(0, R) chui nhn c gi l chui Maclorinh
tng t nh hm thc.
V d
1. ez = 1 +

1
zn
z++
+ =
1!
n!

zn
v e-z =

n
!
n =0

(1) n
n =0

zn
n!

1
i
( i )
1
1
1
2. cos z = (eiz + e-iz) = ( +
)z n = 1 - z2 + z4 + ... =
2
2!
4!
2
n!
n!
n

(1) n 2 n
z

n =0 (2 n )!
+

Tng t khai trin

1 iz -iz
1
1
(e - e ), ch z = (ez + e-z), sh z = (ez - e-z)
sin z =
2i
2
2
+
m ( m 1) 2
m(m 1)...( m n + 1) n
3. (1 + z)m = 1 + mz +
z + =
z
n!
2!
n =0

Vi m = 1
1

= 1 - z + z2 - =

(1)

n n
z
1+ z
n =0
Thay z bng z2
+
1
2
4
=
1
z
+
z

=
( 1) n z 2 n

2
1+ z
n =0
Suy ra

d
0 1 + =
z

ln(1 + z) =

n =0

(1) n n d =
z

+
d
(1) n 2 n d =
=
0 1 + 2
n =0
0
z

arctanz =

(1) n n +1
z

n =0 n + 1
+

(1) n 2 n +1
z

n =0 2 n + 1
+

4. Khng im ca hm gii tch

nh l Cho hm f gii tch trong min D v d~y s (zn)n hi t trn min D n im
a D. Nu n , f(zn) = 0 th R > 0 sao cho z B(a, R), f(z) = 0.

Trang 64

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

Chng minh
Khai trin Taylor hm f trong ln cn im a
z B(a, R), f(z) =

c
n =0

(z a ) n vi c0 = f(a) = lim f(zn) = 0

+

K hiu
m(a) = min{n : cn 0} 0
Nu m(a) = m th
f(z) =

n=m

k =0

(4.4.1)

c n (z a) n = (z - a)m c m + k (z a) k = (z - a)mg(z)

vi hm g(z) gii tch trong ln cn im a v g(a) = cm 0.

Do
> 0 : z B(a, ), g(z) 0
Suy ra
zn B(a, ), f(zn) = (zn - a)mg(zn) 0!
iu ny mu thun vi gi thit.
Vy m(a) = + . Tc l z B(a, R), f(z) = 0

H qu 1 Cho hm f gii tch trn min D. K hiu Z(f) = {z D : f(z) = 0}.

Khi Z(f) = D hoc Z(f) c khng qu m c phn t.
Chng minh
K hiu A l cc im t ca tp Z(f) ta c
A Z(f) D v tp A l tp ng
Theo nh ngha
Z(f )
a A, d~y zn
a v f(zn) = 0
Theo nh l trn
> 0 : z B(a, ), f(z) = 0 B(a, ) A tp A l tp m.
Do tp D lin thng v tp A D va ng v va m nn
Hoc A = suy ra Z(f) c khng qu m c phn t
Hoc A = D suy ra Z(f) = D

Nhn xt Theo kt qu trn th khng im ca hm gii tch khng ng nht bng

khng lun l khng im c lp. Tc l R > 0 : z B(a, R) - {a}, f(z) 0

H qu 2 Cho cc hm f, g gii tch trong min D v d~y s (zn)n hi t trn min D

n im a D. Nu n , f(zn) = g(zn) th z D, f(z) = g(z).
Chng minh
t h(z) = f(z) - g(z), theo gi thit Z(h) c m c phn t, suy ra Z(h) = D
Tc l
z D, h(z) = f(z) - g(z) = 0

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Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

H qu 3 Cho im a l khng im ca hm f gii tch v khng ng nht bng
khng trong min D. Khi
! m *, R > 0 : z B(a, R), f(z) = (z - a)m g(z)
(4.4.2)
vi g l hm gii tch trong hnh trn B(a, R) v g(a) 0. im a gi l khng im cp
m ca hm f.
Chng minh
Khai trin Taylor hm f trong ln cn im a
+

f(z) =

c
n =0

(z a ) n vi c0 = f(a) = 0

Theo cc kt qu trn im a l khng im c lp nn

R > 0 : z B(a, R) - {a}, f(z) 0
Theo cng thc (4.4.1) nu m(a) = + th z B(a, R), f(z) = 0 tri vi gi thit.
Suy ra m(a) = m *. Tc l
f(z) =

n=m

k =0

c n (z a) n = (z - a)m c m + k (z a) k = (z - a)mg(z)

vi g l hm gii tch trong hnh trn B(a, R) v g(a) = cm 0

5. Chui Laurent
nh l Cho min D = { r < | z - a | < R} v hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D.
Vi mi (r, R) k hiu B = B(a, ) D v = B+(a, ).
z B, f(z) =

f ( )
d , n 9 (4.5.1)
(z a ) n vi cn = 1
2 i ( a ) n +1

Cng thc (4.5.1) gi l khai trin Laurent ca hm f ti im a.

Chng minh
Vi mi z B c nh. Theo cng thc tch phn Cauchy
1
f ( )
1
f ( )
1
f ( )
f(z) =
d =
d +
d

2i D z
2 i 1 z
2 i 2 z

(1)

Vi mi 1 : | - a | = r, ta c q = | - a | / | z - a | < 1
suy ra khai trin

1
1
=
za
z
f ( )
v
=
z

Trang 66

1
=
a
1
za

z
2

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

n =0

f ( ) a

n =0 z a z a
+

1 a

z a z a

(2)

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

Vi mi 2 : | - a | = R, ta c q = | z - a | / | - a | < 1 suy ra khai trin
1
1
=
a
z

1
=
za
1
a

1 za
f ( )

v
=

z
n =0 a a
+

f ( ) z a

n =0 a a
+

(3)

Do hm f lin tc trn D nn c module b chn suy ra chui (2) hi t u trn 1 v

chui (3) hi t u trn 2. Ngoi ra theo nh l Cauchy
f ( )
f ( )
f ( )
( a) n d = ( a) n d = ( a ) n d
1
2
Tch phn tng t cng thc (1) suy ra cng thc (4.5.1)
Ngi ta thng vit chui Laurent di dng
+
+
+
c n
n
=
+
c
(
z

a
)
c n (z a ) n

n
n
n =1 ( z a )

n =0

(4.5.2)

Phn lu tha dng gi l phn u, phn lu tha m gi l phn chnh. Nu hm f

gii tch trong c hnh trn B(a, R) th n 1, c-n = 0. Khi chui Laurent (4.5.1) tr
thnh chui Taylor (4.3.1)
V d
1. Khai trin hm f(z) =
f(z) = -

1
2

1
1

z
2

1
trn min D ={ 1 < | z | < 2}
(z 1)(z 2)
1
z

1
1

1
z

=-

1
1
1
1
(1 + ... + n zn + ...) - (1 + ... + n + ...)
2
z
z
2

2. Khai trin hm f(z) = sin z thnh chui tm ti a = 1

z 1
f(z) = sin1cos 1 + cos1sin 1
z 1
z 1
1 + ... v
1 + ...
sin 1 = 1 1
cos 1 = 1 1
z 1 z 1 3! (z 1) 3
z 1
2! (z 1) 2

6. Phn loi im bt thng

im a gi l im bt thng nu hm f khng gii tch ti a. Nu > 0 sao cho
hm f gii tch trong B(a, ) - {a} th im a gi l im bt thng c lp. C th phn
loi cc im bt thng c lp nh sau. Nu lim f (z ) = L th im a gi l bt thng
za

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Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

b qua c. Nu lim f (z ) = th im a gi l cc im. Nu lim f (z ) khng tn ti th
za

za

im a gi l bt thng ct yu.
Gi s trong ln cn im a bt thng c lp, hm f c khai trin Laurent
+
+
c -n
f(z) =
+
c n (z a ) n

n
n =1 ( z a )
n =0

(4.6.1)

nh l K hiu m(a) = min{ n 9 : cn 0 }

1. im a l bt thng b qua c khi v ch khi m(a) 0
2. im a l cc im cp m khi v ch khi m(a) < 0
3. im a l bt thng ct yu khi v ch khi m(a) = -
Chng minh
1. m(a) = m 0 f(z) =

c
n =0

c0 = L
(z a ) n
z a

Ngc li, hm g(z) = f (z) z 0 gii tch trong B(a, ). Khai trin Taylor ti im a
z=0
L
+

g(z) =

c
n =0

(z a ) n vi c0 = L m(a) 0

2. m(a) = -m < 0 f(z) =

c -n

(z a )
n =1

c
n =1

(z a ) n
z a

za
Ngc li, hm g(z) = f (z)
gii tch trong B(a, ) v g(a) = 0.
0
z=a
Theo h qu 3, 4
g(z) = (z - a)mh(z) vi m * v h l hm gii tch trong B(a, ), h(a) 0
Suy ra
+
1
1
1
f(z) =
=
b (z a ) n vi c-m = b0 0 m(a) = -m
m
m n
( z a ) h( z )
( z a ) n =0
3. m(a) = - f(z) =

n =1

c n

(z a )

c
n =0

(z a ) n khng c gii hn khi z a

Ngc li, phn chng trn c s 1. v 2.

H qu 1 (nh l Sokhotsky) im a l im bt thng ct yu ca hm f khi v ch

khi vi mi s phc A c d~y s phc (zn)n hi t n a sao cho d~y s phc (f(zn))n
hi t n A. Tc l tp f(B(a, )) tr mt trong tp .
Hm f gii tch trn ton tp s phc gi l hm nguyn. Nh vy hm nguyn ch c
1
mt im bt thng duy nht l z = . i bin =
suy ra hm g() = f(z) c duy
z

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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

nht im bt thng c lp l = 0. Khai trin Laurent hm g() trong ln cn = 0
+
+
+
+
c
c
(4.6.2)
g() = nn + c0 + c n n = c n z n + c0 + nn
n =1
n =1
n =1
n =1 z
Do

f(z)

f(a) nn n 1, cn = 0
0

T suy ra kt qu sau y.

H qu 2 K hiu mf() = - mg(0)

1. Hm f l hm hng khi v chi khi m() = 0
2. Hm f l a thc bc n khi v chi khi m() = n
3. Hm f l hm siu vit khi v chi khi m() = +
Hm f(z) gi l hm phn hnh nu n ch c hu hn cc im trn tp

H qu 3 Hm f(z) l hm phn hnh khi v ch khi hm f(z) l phn thc hu t

Chng minh
P(z )
c hu hn cc im l cc khng im ca Q(z)
R rng hm hu t f(z) =
Q( z )
Ngc li, gi s hm f(z) c m cc im trn . Khi
h(z )
f(z) =
(z z 1 )..(z z m )
vi hm h gii tch trn ton v mh() = n suy ra h(z) = P(z)

7. Thng d
Cho hm f gii tch trong B(a, R) - {a}, lin tc trn = B(a, R). Tch phn
Resf(a) = 1 f (z)dz
(4.7.1)
2 i
gi l thng d ca hm f ti im a.
Theo nh l Cauchy, nu a l im thng ca hm f th Resf(a) = 0. Nu a l im bt
thng c lp th Resf(a) khng ph thuc vo ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc,
bao im a, nh hng dng v nm gn trong hnh trn B(a, R).
Cho hm f gii tch trong min R < | z | < , lin tc trn = B(0, R). Tch phn
1
Resf() =
f (z)dz
(4.7.2)
2i
gi l thng d ca hm f ti im .

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Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

nh l Thng d ca hm f ti im a l h s c-1 ca khai trin Laurent ti im .

Resf(a) = c-1
(4.7.3)
Chng minh
Khai trin Laurent hm f ti im a
+
+
c n
1
f ( )
+
d , n 9
f(z) =
c n (z a ) n vi cn =

n
2 i ( a ) n +1
n =1 ( z a )
n =0
So snh vi cng thc (4.7.1) suy ra cng thc (4.7.3)

H qu Cho im a l cc im cp m ca hm f
Resf(a) =

1 lim d ( m 1) [(z a ) m f (z)]

(m 1)! z a dz ( m 1)

(4.7.4)

Chng minh
Khai trin Laurent ti cc im a cp m
+
c m
c 1
+
...
+
+
f(z) =
c n (z a ) n

m
z

a
(z a )
n =0
Suy ra
(z - a)mf(z) = c-m + ... + c-1(z - a)m-1 + c0(z - a)m + ....
[(z - a)mf(z)](m-1) = (m - 1)!c-1 + m(m-1)..2c0(z - a) + ...
Chuyn qua gii hn hai v
lim [(z - a)mf(z)](m-1) = (m - 1)!c-1
z a

V d Hm f(z) =

ez
c hai cc im cp 3 l i
(z 2 + 1) 3

e2
1 ez
6e z
12e z
1 i
1

=
Resf(i) = lim

+
e (3 - 2i)
=
3
4
5
3

2! z i (z + i )
2 (z + i)
(z + i)
(z + i ) z = i 16

nh l Cho hm f c cc cc im hu hn l ak vi k = 1...n
n

Re sf (a
k =1

) + Resf() = 0

(4.7.5)

Chng minh
Gi k vi k = 1...n l cc ng trn | z - ak | = Rk b ch bao ring tng im ak
v l ng trn | z | = R ln bao ht tt c cc ng trn k. Theo cng thc
tch phn Cauchy

f (z)dz =

f (z)dz
k =1 k

=-

f (z)dz

Chuyn v sau chia hai v cho 2i suy ra cng thc (4.7.5)

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Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

H qu Cho ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng dng v hm f lin
tc trn , gii tch trong D ngoi tr hu hn cc im ak D vi k = 1...n
n

f (z)dz = 2i Re sf (a k )
V d Tnh I =

(4.7.6)

k =1

(z

sin zdz
vi l ng trn | z | = 2 nh hng dng
+ 1)(z + 3)

Hm f(z) c hai cc im z = i nm trong min D v mt cc im z = -3 nm ngoi

min D.
sin z
sin( i )
Resf(-i) = lim
=
z i ( z i )( z 3)
2 + 6i
i
Resf(i) = lim
z i

(z + i )(z 3)

I = 2i[Resf(-i) + Resf(i)] = -

sin(i )
2 6i

-3

-i

3
sin(i)
5

8. Thng d Loga
Cho hm f gii tch v khc khng trong B(a, R) - {a}, lin tc trn = B(a, R).
Tch phn
1 f (z )
ResLnf(a) =
dz
(4.8.1)
2 i f (z )
gi l thng d loga ca hm f ti im a. Theo nh ngha trn
f (z)
ResLnf(a) = Resg(a) trong g(z) = [Ln f(z)] =
vi z B(a, R) - {a}
f (z)

nh l Vi cc k hiu nh trn
1. Nu a l khng im cp n ca hm th ResLnf(a) = n
2. Nu b l cc im cp m ca hm f th ResLnf(b) = -m
Chng minh
1. Theo h qu 3, 4
z B(a, R), f(z) = (z - a)nh(z) vi h(z) l hm gii tch trong B(a, R) v h(a) 0
o hm hm f suy ra
f(z) = n(z - a)n-1h(z) + (z - a)nh(z)
h (z)
h (z)
n
g(z) =
+
vi
l hm gii tch trong B(a, R)
za
h( z )
h( z )
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Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

Suy ra
ResLnf(a) = c-1(g) = n
2. Theo h qu 3, 5
z B(a, R), f(z) =

h( z )
vi h(z) l hm gii tch trong B(a, R) v h(a) 0
(z a ) m

o hm hm f suy ra
m
1
f(z) =
h(z) +
h(z)
m +1
(z a )
(z a ) m
g(z) =

m
h (z)
h (z)
+
vi
l hm gii tch trong B(a, R)
za
h( z )
h( z )

Suy ra
ResLnf(a) = c-1(g) = -m

H qu 1 Cho ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng dng v hm f lin

tc trn , c cc khng im ak cp nk vi k = 1...p v gii tch trong D ngoi tr cc
cc im bj cp mj vi j = 1...q
1 f (z)
dz =
2 i f (z)

k =1

j =1

nk mj = N - M

(4.8.2)

Chng minh
Kt hp nh l trn, cng thc tch phn Cauchy v lp lun tng t h qu 1, 7


Ta xem mt khng im cp n l n khng im n trng nhau v mt cc im cp m
l m cc im n trng nhau. Theo cng thc Newtown - Leibniz v nh ngha hm
logarit phc
f (z)
f (z) dz = d[ln f (z)] = Lnf(z) = ln| f(z) | + iArgf(z) = iArgf(z)
Kt hp vi cng thc (4.8.2) suy ra h qu sau y.

H qu 2 (Nguyn l Argument) S gia ca argument ca hm f khi z chy ht mt

vng trn ng cong kn, trn tng khc v nh hng dng bng 2 nhn vi hiu
s ca s khng im tr i s cc im ca hm f nm trong min D. Tc l
Argf(z) = 2(N - M)
(4.8.3)
H qu 3 (nh l Rouch) Cho ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng
dng v cc hm f , g lin tc trn , gii tch trong D. K hiu N(f) l s khng im
ca hm f nm trong D. Khi nu z , | f(z) | > | g(z) | th N(f + g) = N(f).
Chng minh

Trang 72

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

Theo gi thit

z ,

g( z )
g( z )
< 1 Arg(1 +
)=0
f (z )
f (z)

Suy ra
N(f + g)

1+

1
Arg[f(z) + g(z)]
=
2
g( z )
1
=
Arg[f(z)(1 +
)]
2
f (z)
=

f (z)
g( z )

g( z )
1
1
Argf(z) +
Arg(1 +
) = N(f)
2
2
f (z)

H qu 4 (nh l DAlembert - Gauss) Mi a thc h s phc bc n c ng n khng

im phc trong khng im bi k tnh l k khng im.
Chng minh
Gi s
P(z) = a0 + a1z + ... + zn vi ak
K hiu
f(z) = zn, g(z) = a0 + ... + an-1zn-1, M = Max{| ak | , k = 0...(n-1)} v R = nM + 1
Trn ng trn : | z | = R
| g(z) | M(1 + ... + Rn-1) nMRn-1 < Rn = | f(z) |
Theo h qu 3
N(P) = N(f + g) = N(f) = n

9. Cc ng dng thng d
nh l (B Jordan) Cho ng cong R = {| z | = R, Imz } v hm f gii tch
trong na mt phng D = {Imz > } ngoi tr hu hn im bt thng. Khi ta c
1. Nu lim zf(z) = 0 th lim
z

R +

f (z)dz

2. Nu lim f(z) = 0 th > 0, lim

z

=0

(4.9.1)

R +

f (z)e

iz

dz = 0

(4.9.2)

Chng minh
1. T gi thit suy ra

z R, | zf(z) | M R
0 | f(z) |
+
Suy ra

M
R

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 73

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

f (z)dz

f (z) ds =

M
R( + 2) R
0
+
R

2. T gi thit suy ra
z R, | f(z) | M R
0
+
Suy ra

iz

f (z)dz

iz

f (z) ds +

iz

f (z) ds +

iz

f (z) ds

c lng tch phn, ta c

iz

iz

f (z) ds +

iz

0
f (z) ds 2Me-yR 2Me-||
R +

0 vi (0, )
f (z) ds = MR e R sin t dt = MRe-Rsin
R +

H qu 1 Cho f(z) l phn thc hu t sao cho bc ca mu s ln hn bc t s t nht

l hai n v, c cc cc im ak vi k = 1...p nm trong na mt phng trn v c cc
cc im n bj vi j = 1...q nm trn trc thc. Khi ta c
+

k =1

j =1

f (x)dx = 2i Re sf (a k ) + i Re sf (b j )

(4.9.3)

Chng minh
n gin, xt trng hp hm f c mt cc im a
thuc na mt phng trn v mt cc im n b thuc
trc thc. Trng hp tng qut chng minh tng t.
K hiu
R : | z | = R, Imz > 0, : | z | = , Imz > 0
= R [-R, b - ] [b + , R]
Theo cng thc (4.7.6)

f (z)dz

f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz

[ R,b ]

R
a

-R

f (z)dz = 2iResf(a)

[ b + ,R ]

Kt hp vi cng thc (4.9.1) suy ra

+

f (x)dx =

lim

R + , 0

f (z)dz +

[ R,b ]

= 2iResf(a) - lim
0

Do b l cc im n nn f(z) =

lim

R + , 0

f (z)dz

(1)

c 1
+ g(z) vi g(z) gii tch trong ln cn im b
zb

Suy ra hm g(z) b chn trn

Trang 74

f (z)dz

[ b + ,R ]

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

M > 0 : z , | g(z) | < M

g(z)dz

M
0
0

Tham s ho cung : z = b + eit vi t [, 0].

Tnh trc tip
c 1
z b dz = - iResf(b)

(3)

Thay (2) v (3) vo (1) suy ra cng thc (4.9.1)

+

V d Tnh tch phn I =

(x

(2)

x 1
dx
2
+ 1) 2

z 1
c cc im kp a = i thuc na mt phng trn
(z + 1) 2

z 1 1
1
2(z 1)
=
= i
Resf(i) = lim

2
3
z i ( z + i ) 2
(z + i ) z = i 4

(z + i)

Phn thc f(z) =

I = 2iResf(i) = -

Suy ra

H qu 2 Cho f(z) l phn thc hu sao cho bc ca mu s ln hn bc t s t nht l

mt n v, c cc cc im ak vi k = 1...p nm trong na mt phng trn v c cc cc
im n bj vi j = 1...q nm trn trc thc. K hiu g(z) = f(z)eiz ta c
+

f (x)e

ix

k =1

j=1

dx = 2i Re sg(a k ) + i Re sg(b j )

(4.9.4)

Chng minh
Lp lun tng t nh chng minh h qu 1.
+

sin x
1
e ix
V d Tnh tch phn I =
dx = Im
dx
x
2
0
x
1
c cc im n b = 0 thuc trc thc v Resg(0) = lim eiz = 1
z 0
z
1

I = Im(i) =
2
2

Phn thc f(z) =

Suy ra

H qu 3 Cho ng cong R = { | z | = R, Rez } v hm f gii tch trong na mt

phng D = { Rez < } ngoi tr hu hn im bt thng v lim f(z) = 0.
z

> 0, lim

R +

f (z)e

dz = 0

(4.9.5)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 75

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

Chng minh
Suy ra t nh l bng cch quay mt phng mt gc /2.

H qu 4 Vi cc gi thit nh h qu 3, k hiu g(z) = ezf(z)

> 0, I() =

+ i

1
e z f (z)dz =

2i i

Re sg(a

Re a k <

(4.9.6)

Chng minh
K hiu
= R [ - i, + i] vi R ln bao ht cc cc im ca hm f(z)
Theo cng thc (4.7.6)
1

1
e f (z)dz =

2 i
2 i
z

1
f (z)e dz + 2i
R
z

+ i

f (z )dz =

Re sg(a

Re a k <

Suy ra
+ i

1
e z f (z )dz =

2 i i

Re sg(a

Re a k <

)-

f (z)e

iz

dz

Cho + v s dng h qu 3 chng ta nhn c cng thc (4.9.6)

Bi tp chng 4
1. Tm min hi t v tng ca cc chui sau y.
2

a.

n
n = 0 (z 2)

b.

ni n 2 n

n +1
n =1 ( z + i )

c.

(n + 1)i

n +2

n =

2. Tm min hi t ca chui Marlaurin ca cc hm sau y.

z 2 2 z + 19
a.
(z 3) 2 (2 z + 5)
d. (1 - z)e-2z

z
4 + z2
e. sin3z

b.

3z + 1
( z 2) 3
f. ln(1 + z2)

c.

3. Tm min hi t ca chui Taylor ti im a ca cc hm sau y.

1
1
1
a.
,a=1
b. 2
, a = 3i
,a=3
c.
z2
1 z
z 6z + 5
2
1
d. sin(z2 + 4z), a = -2
e. 2 , a = 2
f. e z 4 z +1 , a = 2
z

Trang 76

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(z i ) n

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

4. Xc nh cp khng im ca cc hm s sau y.
a. (z2 + 9)(z2 + 4)5

b. (1 - ez)(z2 - 4)3

c.

sin 3 z
z

5. Tm hm f gii tch ti z = 0 v tho m~n

a. f(

1
1
)=
, n *
n
3n + 1

b. f(

n2 + 1
n
1
1
)=
, n * c. f( ) = sin
, n *
4
n
n
2
n

6. Tm min hi t ca chui Laurent ti im a ca cc hm sau y.

1
1
a.
, a = 0 v a =
b.
, a = 0, a = 1 v a =
z2
z(1 z)
1

c. z2 e z , a = 0 v a =

d. cos

z 2 4z
,a=2
( z 2) 2

7. Tm chui Laurent trong ca hm f trong cc min D sau y.

a.

z 2 2z + 5
, 1<|z|<2
(z 2)(z 2 + 1)

b.

1+ z
, 1<|z|<2
(z 1)(z 2)

d.

z
,1<|z|<3
(z + 1)(z 3)

d.

sin z
, | z | < 1 v | z | > 1
1 z

e.

z +1
, | z | < 1, 1 < | z | < 2 v | z | > 2
z +z2

8. Xc nh cp ca im bt thng (k c ) ca cc hm sau y.
z+2
z(z + 1)(z 1) 3

a.

z5
(1 z) 2

b.

e.

1
sin z

f. e-zcos

1
z

c. sinz +
g.

1
z2

1 cos z
z2

d. cos
h.

1
z+i

sin z
z4

9. Tnh thng d ca cc hm sau y.

z2 +1
a.
z2
e.

1
z(1 e 2 z )

cos z
i.
1 z2

z2
b.
(z 2 + 1) 2
f.

ez
z 2 ( z 2 + 4)

1
j. sin
z

z4
c.
(z + 1) 3
g.

cos z
z3

shz
k.
(z 1) 2 (z 2 + 1)

z 2n
d.
(z 1) n
h.

1
sin z 12

ez
l. 2 4
z ( z + 4)

10. Tnh tch phn hm f trn ng cong kn nh hng dng sau y.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 77

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

a.

zdz
(z 1)(z 2) , : | z - 2 | = 2

c.

e.

dz
, : x2 + y2 = 2x + 2y - 1
+1

dz

(z 3)(z

g.

sin z

+ 1)

b.

e z dz
z 2 + 4 , : | z | = 3

d.

(z 1)

,:|z|=2

f.

dz
, : |z|=2
+1

10

dz , : | z | = 1

h.

dz
, : x2 + y2 = 2x
2
2
(z + 1)

dz
, : 4x2 + 2y2 = 3
+1

11. Tnh cc tch phn xc nh sau y

2

d
b.
2
0 (1 + cos )

d
a.
1 + cos
0

c.

13 + 12 sin

12. Tm s nghim ca cc a thc trong min D sau y.

a.
z5 + 2z2 + 8z + 1, | z | < 1 v 1 | z | <2
b.
z3 - 5z + 1, | z | < 1, 1 | z | < 2 v 2 | z | < 3
c.
z4 + z3 + 3z2 + z + 2, Rez > 0
d.
2z4 - 3z3 + 3z2 - z + 1, Rez > 0 v Imz > 0
13. Tnh cc tch phn suy rng sau y.
+

x2 + 1
b. 4
dx
x + 1

dx
a. 2
2
( x + 9)
+

d.

dx
+ 1) n

(x

e.

sin x
g.
dx
x

1

j.

(1 x)(1 + x)

Trang 78

ln x
h.
dx
2
0 1+ x

dx
3

x cos dx
2
+ 4) 2

(x

k.

x(1 x )
dx
x +1

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

c.

(x
0

f.

dx
+ 1)(x 2 + 4)

x sin x
dx
2x + 10

x 2 ln x
i.
dx
2 2
0 (1 + x )

Chng 5

Bin i fourier v Bin i laplace

1. Tch phn suy rng

Trong chng ny chng ta k hiu
F(3, ) = { f : 3 } l i s cc hm bin thc, tr phc
|| f || = SupR| f(t) | v || f ||1 =

| f (t) | dt l cc chun trn F(3, )

L = { f F(3, ) : || f || + } l i s cc hm c module b chn

C0 = { f C(3, ) : lim f(t) = 0 } l i s cc hm lin tc, dn v khng ti
t

L = { f F(3, ) : || f ||1 + } l i s cc hm kh tch tuyt i trn 3

Chng ta ~ bit rng hm kh tch tuyt i l lin tc tng khc, dn v khng ti v
cng v b chn trn ton 3. Tc l
L1 CM0 L
1

Cho khong I 3 v hm F : I 3 , (x, t) F(x, t) kh tch trn 3 vi mi x I

c nh. Tch phn suy rng
+

f(f) =

F(x, t )dt

vi x I

(5.1.1)

gi l b chn u trn khong I nu c hm L1 sao cho

(x, t) I 3, F(x, t) | (t) |

nh l Tch phn suy rng b chn u c cc tnh cht sau y
1. Nu hm F(x, t) lin tc trn min I 3 th hm f(x) lin tc trn khong I
2. Nu cc hm F(x, t),

F
lin tc trn min I 3 v tch phn
x

x (x, t )dt

cng b

chn u trn khong I th hm f(x) c o hm trn khong I

x I,

d
F(x, t )dt =
dx

x (x, t )dt

3. Nu hm F(x, t) lin tc trn I 3 th hm f(x) kh tch a phng trn khong I

[a, b] I,

+ b

f (x)dx =

F(x, t )dx dt

K hiu

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 79

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

t 0 gi l hm nhy n v
t <0

(t) = 1
0
(t, h) =

1
h
0

1
[(t) - (t - h)] =
h

0<t h
t 0, t > h

gi l hm xung

(t) = lim (t, h) = + t = 0 gi l hm xung Dirac

t0
h 0
0

(5.1.2)

nh l Hm xung Dirac c cc tnh cht sau y.

+

1.

(t)dt

=1

f (t )(t )dt

2. Vi mi hm f lin tc ti 0

= f(0)

3. t 3, (t) =

()d

(t )d v (t) = (t)
0

Chng minh
+

1.

(t)dt

lim (t, h)dt

h 0

2.

= lim (t, h )dt = 1

h 0

1
(t, h )dt = lim f (t )dt = f(0)
f (t )(t )dt = f (t ) lim
h 0
h 0 h
0

0
t
(t, h) = (, h )d =

1h

3. Xt tch phn

Chuyn qua gii hn

t0
0<t<h
th

(t) = lim (t, h)

h 0

T suy ra cc h thc khc.

Cho cc hm f, g F(3, ). Tch phn

t 3, (fg)(t) =

f ()g(t )d

gi l tch chp ca hm f v hm g.

nh l Tch chp c cc tnh cht sau y.

1.
f, g L1
f g L1 v || f g ||1 || f ||1 || g ||1
2.
f, g L1
fg=gf
1
3.
f L C(3, )
f =f =f
1
4.
f, g, h L , (f + g) h = f h + g h
Chng minh
Trang 80

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(5.1.3)

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

1. Do hm g kh tch tuyt i nn b chn trn 3
(t, ) 32, | f()g(t - ) | || g || | f() |
Do f kh tch tuyt i nn tch phn suy rng (fg)(t) hi t tuyt i v b chn u
+ +

|| f g ||1 = f ()g(t )d dt | f () | | g(t ) | dt d = || f ||1 || g ||1

2.
3.

t 3, (fg)(t) =
t 3, (f)(t) =

f ()g(t )d =

f (t )g()d = (gf)(t)

f (t ) lim (, h)d = lim

h 0

h 0

1
f (t )d = f(t)
h 0

4. Suy ra t tnh tuyn tnh ca tch phn

2. Cc b Fourier
B 1 Cho hm f L1. Vi mi f 3 c nh k hiu fx(t) = f(t - x) vi mi t 3
Khi nh x : 3 L1, f fx l lin tc theo chun.
Chng minh
Ta chng minh rng
> 0, > 0 : x, y 3, | x - y | < || (x) - (y) ||1 <
Tht vy
Do hm f kh tch tuyt i nn
1
> 0, N > 0 : | f (t ) | dt <
4
| t |N
Trong khong [-N, N] hm f c hu hn im gin on loi mt
a1 = - N < a2 < ... < am = N vi = Max{| ak - ak-1 | : k = 1...m}
v trn mi khong con [ak-1, ak] hm c th thc trin thnh hm lin tc u

> 0, > 0 : | x - y | < | f(x) - f(y) | <

2 m
T suy ra c lng
|| (x) - (y) ||1 =

f (t x) f (t y) dt

f (t x) f (t y) dt +

|t| N

ak

f (t x) f (t y) dt

<

k =1 a k 1

Vi mi (, t, x) 3 *+ 3 3 k hiu

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 81

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

+

H(t) = e-|t| v h(x) =

1
H(t )e ixt dt

(5.2.1)

B 2 Cc hm H(t) v h(x) c cc tnh cht sau y

1.
t 3,
0 < H(t) 1
lim H(t) = 1
0

2.

1
h(x) =
2 + x 2

(, x) 3 3
*
+

lim H(t) = 0

(x)dx = 1

+ +

1
f (s)e ist ds H(t )e ixt dt

3.

f L1

(f h)(x) =

4.

g L lin tc ti x 3

lim (g h)(f) = g(x)

5.

fL

lim || f h - f ||1 = 0

Chng minh
1. Suy ra t nh ngha hm H(t)
2. Tnh trc tip tch phn (5.2.1)
h(x) =

0
+

1 ( + ix ) t
1 1
1 1
( + ix ) t
e
=
dt
+
e
dt

2
2

2
2

+
ix

+
ix

+x
0

3. Theo nh ngha tch chp v hm h

+

+ +

1
i (x y )t

H(t )e ixt dt
(f h)(x) = f (x y)h (y)dy =
f
(
x

y
)
e
dy

i bin s = x - y tch phn bn trong nhn c kt qu.

4. Theo nh ngha tch chp v hm h
(g h)(x) =

g(x y)h (y)dy =

g(x s)h (s)ds vi y = s

1

c lng trc tip

(x, s) 32, | g(x - s)h1(s) | || g || | h1(s) |
Suy ra tch phn trn b chn u. Do hm g lin tc nn c th chuyn gii hn qua du
tch phn.
(g h)(x)

g( x ) h

(s)ds = g(x)

5. K hiu
y 3, g(y) = || fy - f ||1 =

| f (x y) f (x) | dx 2|| f ||

Theo b 1. hm g lin tc ti y = 0 vi g(0) = 0 v b chn trn ton 3

T nh ngha chun, tch chp v hm h

Trang 82

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

|| fh - f ||1 =

| (f h

)(x) f (x) | dx =

+ +

(f (x y) f (x))h

(y)dy dx

+ +

| f (x y) f (x) | dx h

Suy ra t tnh cht 4. ca b 2.

g(0) = 0
(y)dy = (gh)(0)
0

3. Bin i Fourier
Cho cc hm f, F L1 k hiu
)
3, f () =

f (t )e

i t

dt

(5.3.1)

+
(
1
t 3, F (t) =
F()e it d

(5.3.2)

Ngoi ra hm f v hm g gi l bng nhau hu khp ni trn 3 nu

| f (x) g(x) | dx = 0
R

nh l Vi cc k hiu nh trn
)
)
1.
f L1
f C0 L1 v || f || || f ||1
(
(
2.
F L1 F C0 L1 v || F || || f ||1
)
( h. k .n
3.
Nu f = F th F = f
Chng minh
1. Theo gi thit hm f kh tch tuyt i v ta c
(, t) 32, | f(t)e-it | = | f(t) |

)
Suy ra tch phn (5.3.1) b chn u. Do hm f(t)e-it lin tc nn hm f () lin tc.
Bin i tch phn

+
+
)
i ( t + )

f () = f (t )e
dt = - f (t )e it dt

Cng hai v vi cng thc (5.3.1) suy ra

+
)

2| f () | | f (t ) f (t ) || e it | dt = || f - f ||1
0
+

Do nh x lin tc theo chun theo b 1.

Ngoi ra, ta c

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 83

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

+
)
)
|| f || = supR| f () | supR | f (t ) || e it | dt = || f ||1

2. K hiu F-(t) = F(- t) vi t 3. Bin i cng thc (5.3.2)

+
(
1 )
1
it
F(t ) =
F
(

)
e
d

=
F- (t ) vi = -
2
2

Do hm F L1 nn hm F- L1 v kt qu c suy ra t tnh cht 1. ca nh l.

3. Theo tnh cht 3. ca b 2 v tnh cht ca tch phn b chn u
+
+
(
1 )
1
it
(f h)(t) =
f
(

)
H
(

)
e
d

=
F()H()e it d

F(t )
0

2
2
Mt khc theo tnh cht 5. ca theo b 2
|| fh - f ||1

0
0
Do tnh cht ca s hi t theo chun
h. k . n

t 3, (fh)(t)

f(t)
0
Do tnh duy nht ca gii hn suy ra
( h. k .n
F = f

Cp nh x

)
(
F : L1 C0 , f f v F-1 : L1 C0 , F F
(5.3.3)
xc nh theo cp cng thc (5.3.1) v (5.3.2) gi l cp bin i Fourier thun nghch.
)
(
Do tnh cht 3. ca nh l sau ny chng ta ly F = f v ng nht f F . Hm f gi l
hm gc, hm F gi l hm nh v k hiu l f F.
V d
+
)
1. f(t) = e (t) f () = (t )e (a +i) t dt =

1
vi Re a > 0
a + i

-at

f(t) = e

-|t|

0
+
)
( i) t
( > 0) f () = e
dt + e ( + i) t dt =

2. (t) u() =

(t)e

it

0
+

dt = 1 v u(t) =

)
1 | t | T
3. f(t) =
f () =
0 | t | > T
F() = 2

()e

it

1
1
2
+
= 2
i + i + 2

d = 1 F() = 2()

it

dt = 2

sin T

+
(
sin T
1
sin T it
F (t) =
2
e d f(t) ngoi tr cc im t = T

T
(
sin Tt
1
1 )
1 | | T
it
F (t) =

F() =
e
d

=
f (t)
t
2 T
2
0 | | > T

Trang 84

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

4. Tnh cht ca bin i Fourier

Gi s cc hm m chng ta ni n sau y kh tch tuyt i v do lun c nh v
nghch nh Fourier. K hiu f F vi f(t) l hm gc v F() l hm nh tng ng.
1. Tuyn tnh Nu hm f v hm g kh tch tuyt i th vi mi s phc hm f + g
cng kh tch tuyt i.
, f(t) + g(t) F(z) + G(z)
(5.4.1)
Chng minh
+

(f (t ) + g(t ))e

it

dt = f (t )e

i t

dt +

g(t )e

i t

dt

2. Dch chuyn gc Nu hm f kh tch tuyt i th vi mi s thc hm f(t - )

cng kh tch tuyt i.
(5.4.2)
3, f(t - ) e-iF()
Chng minh
+

f (t )e

it

-i

dt = e

f (t )e

i( t )

d( t )

i bin = t -

3. ng dng Nu hm f kh tch tuyt i th vi mi s thc khc khng hm f(t)

cng kh tch tuyt i.
1

3*, f(t)
F( ) v f(-t) F(-)
(5.4.3)
||
Chng minh
+

i t
f (t )e dt =

i ( t )
sgn()

f
(

t
)
e
d( t )

i bin = t

sin
V d Cho f(t) = 1 | t | 1 F() = 2
0
|
t
|
>
1

1
sin( / 3)
sin
Ta c g(t) = f(3t + 3) - f(t + 3) G() = 2ei3
- e3
2

4. o hm gc Gi s hm f v cc o hm ca n kh tch tuyt i.
f(t) iF() v n , f(n)(t) (i)nF()
Chng minh
f(t)

it
it
f (t)e dt = f (t )e

(5.4.4)

+ (i) f (t )e it dt = (i) f (t )e it dt

Qui np suy ra cng thc th hai.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 85

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

5. Tch phn gc Gi s hm f v tch phn ca n kh tch tuyt i.
t

f ()d

1 F() + F(0)()
i

(5.4.5)

Chng minh
t

K hiu

g(t) =

f ()d G(), g(t) = f(t)

3, (i)G() = F()
1
G() =
F() vi 0 v G(0) = F(0)()
i

Theo tnh cht 4

Suy ra

6. nh ca tch chp Nu hm f v hm g kh tch tuyt i th tch chp ca chng

cng kh tch tuyt i.
(fg)(t) F()G()
(5.4.6)
Chng minh
(fg)(t)

+ +

it
f (t )g()d e dt =

+ +

f (t )e

i( t )

dt g()e i d

= F()G()

7. H thc Parseval Gi s hm f v hm nh F ca n kh tch tuyt i.

+

2
| f (t) | dt =

1
2

F()

(5.4.7)

Chng minh
+

2
| f (t) | dt =

*
f (t)f (t )dt =

1 + *

it
f
(
t
)
2 F ()e d dt

+ +

1
1
f (t )e it dt F * ()d =
=

2
2

F()

V d
t

d
1. (t) 1 (t) = ()d 1 + () v (t) =
i( 1 + ()) 1
i

dt
i

2. g(t) = f ()d = (f)(t) F()(

1
1
+ ()) =
F() + F(0)()
i
i
1
1
1
1
1
=
(

)
+ i + i + i + i

3. f(t) = [e-t(t)][e-t(t)] ( ) F() =

)
F (t) =

Trang 86

1
(e-t - e-t)(t) f(t)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

Cng thc i ngu
So snh cp cng thc Fourier (5.3.1) v (5.3.2)
f(t) F() F(t) 2
F() f(t) f()

+
(
1
f ()e i ( ) d = 2 F (-) 2f(-)

2
+

1
1
1
f ( ) e i ( t ) d =
f (-t)
f(-t)

2
2
2

(5.4.8)

T suy ra tnh i ngu ca cp bin i Fourier. Nu bin i Fourier thun c tnh

cht th bin i Fourier nghch cng c tnh cht ch sai khc mt hng s 2 v
bin s c du ngc li. Chng ta c cc cng thc sau y.
2. Dch chuyn nh
3. ng dng
4. o hm nh
5. Tch phn nh

eitf(t) F( - )
1
t
3*
f ( ) F()
||
- itf(t) F() v n , (-it)nf(t) F(n)()

- 1 f(t) + f(0)(t)
it

(5.4.2)
(5.4.3)
(5.4.4)

F()d

(5.4.5)

6. nh ca tch

1
1
(FG)()
f(t)g(t)
F()G( )d =

2
2

(5.5.6)

V d
1.
2.
3.

2
2
g(t) = 2 2 G() = 2e-||
2
+t
+
1
1 1
F() =
(Rea > 0) f(t) = e-at(t) G() = e-a() g(t) =
a + i
2 a it
it
u(t) =1 2() 3, e 2( - )
1
1 -it

f(t) = sint = eit e F() = ( - ) - ( + )

2i
2i
i
i
1

G() = sin g(t) =

( (-t - ) + (-t + ))
2 i
i
f(t) = e-|t| ( > 0) F() =

5. Tm nh, gc ca bin i Fourier

T cp cng thc i ngu (5.4.8) suy ra rng nu chng ta c c mt cng thc cho
hm nh th s c cng thc tng t cho hm gc v ngc li. V vy trong mc ny
chng ta ch a ra cng thc tm nh hoc cng thc tm gc.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 87

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

nh ca hm tun hon
Do hm m g() = e-it tun hon vi chu k T = 2 nn hm nh F() lun l hm tun
hon vi chu k T = 2. Ngc li, ta c
3, F1() = 2( - ) f1(t) =

1
2

2( )e

it

dt = eit

Nu hm f(t) l hm tun hon chu k T, khai trin Fourier

+

f(t) =

a k e ikt vi ak =
-

1
f (t )e ikt dt , k 9 v = 2
T
T 0

Do tnh tuyn tnh

f(t) F() =

a
-

2 ( k )

(5.5.1)

V d
+

(t nT ) tun hon chu k l T v k 9, a

1. Hm f(t) =

f(t) =

(t nT ) F() =

2. Ta c f(t) = cost =
f(t)g(t)

1
suy ra
T

2 +
2
( k )

T
T

1 -it 1 it
e + e F() = ( + ) + ( - ) suy ra
2
2

1
F()G( )d = 1 G( + ) + 1 G( - ) vi g(t) G()

2
2
2

nh ca hm tr thc
K hiu f*(t) l lin hp phc ca hm f(t). Khi nu hm f kh tch tuyt i th hm f*
cng kh tch tuyt i v ta c
*

i ( ) t
*
f (t )e dt = f (t )e dt = F (- )

T suy ra cng thc

f*(t) F*(-)
+

i t

(5.5.2)

Gi s
3, F() = R() + iI() = |F()| e()
Nu f(t) l hm tr thc
f*(t) = f(t) F*(-) = R(-) - iI(-) F() = R() + iI()
T suy ra
R(-) = R(), I(-) = - I() v |F(-)| = |F()|, (-) = - ()
(5.5.3)
Nu f(t) l hm tr thc v chn
f*(t) = f(t) v f(-t) = f(t) F*(-) = F(-) = F() l hm tr thc v chn
Nu f(t) l hm tr thc v l

Trang 88

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

f*(t) = f(t) v f(-t) = - f(t) F*(-) = - F(-) = F() l hm thun o v l
Nu f(t) l hm tr thc bt k, phn tch
1
1
f(t) = [(f(t) + f(-t)] + [f(t) - f(-t)] = Ef(t) + Of(t)
2
2
vi Ef l hm chn v Of l hm l. Dng tnh tuyn tnh v cc kt qu trn
f(t) R() + iI() = F()
(5.5.4)
V d f(t) = e-|t| = 2E{ e-t(t) } ( > 0) F() = 2Re{

1
2
}= 2
+ i
+ 2

Gc ca hm hu t
Ta ~ c
1
(Rea > 0) e-at(t)
a + i
S dng cng thc o hm nh v qui np suy ra

t n 1
1
(Rea
>
0)

e-at(t)
n
( n 1)!
(a + i)

(5.5.5)

(5.5.6)

Xt trng hp hm F() l mt phn thc hu t thc s. Do hm F() kh tch tuyt

i nn n khng c cc im thc. Trc ht chng ta phn tch F() thnh tng cc
phn thc n v phn thc bi. Sau s dng cc cng thc (5.4.1) - (5.4.7) a
v cc trng hp trn. Trong cc trng hp phc tp hn c th phi dng n cc
cng thc nh ca tch hoc nh ca tch chp tm gc.
V d Tm gc ca phn thc
B
(i) 2 + 3i + 2
C
1. F() =
=A+
+
2
3 + i (3 + i) 2
(i) + 6i + 9
=1-

2 1
2 1
A
B
=
=
+
2
4 + 5
(i) + 4i(i) + 5 1 + 2i i 1 2i + i

2. F() =
=

1
2
+
f(t) = (t) - e-3t(t) + 2te-3t(t)
2
3 + i (3 + i)

2+i
2+i
f(t) = (-2 + i)e-(1+2i)t(t) - (2 + i)e-(1-2i)t(t)
1 + 2 i i 1 2 i + i

Phng trnh vi phn h s hng

Cho phng trnh vi phn h s hng
N

a
k =0

y (t ) = b j x ( j) (t ) vi N M
(k)

(5.5.7)

j =0

Chuyn qua nh

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 89

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

N

a
k =0

(k)
Y() = b j (i) ( j) X()
k (i)
j= 0

Gii ra c
Y() =

b (i)
a (i)

X() = H()X() y(t) = h(t)x(t)

(5.5.8)

V d Gii phng trnh y(t) + 4y(t) + 3y(t) = x(t) + 2x(t)

Chuyn qua nh
[(i)2 + 4(i) + 3] Y() = [(i) + 2] X()
Gii ra c
1
2 + i
1
1
1
H() =
= (
+
) h(t) = (e-t + e-3t)(t)
(1 + i)(3 + i)
2 1 + i 3 + i
2
Theo cng thc (5.5.8)
t

x(t) = (t) y(t) = h(t) v x(t) = (t) y(t) =

h()d

Cho x(t) bng mt hm c th

x(t) = e-t(t) X() =

1
1 + i

Gii ra c nghim tng ng

1
1
1
1
2
Y() = (
+
) y(t) = (e-t + 2te-t - e-3)(t)
2
4 1 + i (1 + i)
3 + i
4

Bng gc nh Fourier
f(t)

Tt
1 (t)

F()
1

Tt
7

f(t)
+

2 (t)
3 (t - )
4 1
5
6

1 | t | < T
0 | t | > T

sin Wt
t

Trang 90

1
+ ()
i
i

e ikt , = 2
T

F()
+

2 a k ( k )

(t kT )

2 +
( k)
T

cost

[( - ) + ( + )]

2()
sin T
2

10 sint
11
t n 1

(n 1)!

e-at(t)

1 | | < W 12 1 | t | < T1
0 | | > W
0 T < | t | T/2

1
f(t + T) = f(t)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

-i[( - ) - ( + )]
1
, Rea > 0
(a + i) n
+

sin kT1
( k)
k

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

6. Bin i Laplace
Hm f F(3, ) gi l hm gc nu c cc tnh cht sau y
1.
f(t) lin tc tng khc trn 3
2.
t < 0, f(t) = 0
M > 0, s > 0 sao cho t > 0, | f(t) | < Mest
3.
S s0 b nht tho m~n iu kin 3. gi l ch s tng ca hm gc. K hiu G l tp hp
cc hm gc v P+(s0) = { z : Rez > s0 } l na mt phng phi. Nu f(t) l hm gc
ch s tng s0 ta s vit f G(s0).
nh l Cho f G(s0). Khi hm bin phc
+

F(z) =

f (t )e

zt

dt vi z P+(s0)

(5.6.1)

gii tch trn na mt phng P+(s0) v F(z) Re

z

0 u theo Argz.
+

Chng minh
Theo gi thit ta c c lng
= Rez > s0, t 3, | f(t)e-zt | M e ( s0 ) t
0
+
Suy ra tch phn (5.6.1) hi t u trn P+(s0) v dn u v khng khi dn ra +. Do
hm m g(z) = e-zt l hm gii tch nn hm F(z) gii tch trn P+(s0). Ngoi ra o hm
qua du tch phn chng ta nhn c cng thc
+

z P+(s0), F(z) = tf (t )e zt dt

nh x
L : G(s0) H(P+(s0)), f(t) F(z)
(5.6.2)
xc nh theo cng thc (5.6.1) gi l php bin i Laplace. Hm f(t) gi l hm gc,
hm F(z) gi l hm nh ca bin i Laplace v k hiu l f(t) F(z).
V d
1. (t) = +
0
2. (t) = 0
1

t = 0 u(z) =
t0
t < 0 F(z) =
t0
+

(t )e

dt 1

(t )e
0

3. f(t) = eat(t) F(z) = e ( a z ) t dt =

0

zt

zt

dt =

1
vi Rez > 0
z

1
vi Rez > Rea
za

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 91

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

Ch
1. Bin i Laplace khng phi l song nh v na mt phng P+(s0) thay i theo tng
+

hm gc f(t). Tc l f(t) G(s0) v F(z) = f (t )e zt dt l hm gii tch trn P+(s0).

0

2. Hm gc nh ngha nh trn gi l gc phi. Tng t c th nh ngha hm gc

tri, hm gc hai bn. Do vy c th ni n php bin i Laplace tri, phi v hai bn.
Trong gio trnh ny chng ta ch xt n bin i Laplace phi.
3. Nu f(t) l hm tr phc tho m~n cc iu kin 1. v 3. ca nh ngha hm gc th
f(t)(t) cng l hm gc. Sau nay chng ta s vit f(t) thay cho f(t)(t).

7. Bin i Laplace ngc

Hm F F(, ) gi l hm nh nu c cc tnh cht sau y
1.
F(z) gii tch trn na mt phng Rez > s
2.
F(z) Re
z

0 u theo Argz
+
3.

= Re z > s, tch phn

+ i

F(z)dz hi t tuyt i

S s0 b nht tho m~n iu kin 1. v 3. gi l ch s ca hm F(z). K hiu A l tp hp

cc hm nh. Nu F(z) l hm nh ch s s0 ta s vit F A(s0).

nh l Cho F(z) A(s0). Khi hm tr phc

1
t 3, f(t) =
2 i

+ i

F(z)e

zt

dz

(5.7.1)

l hm gc ch s s0 v f(t) F(z).
Chng minh
Theo gi thit 3. vi mi > s0 c nh hm F( + i) kh tch tuyt i. K hiu
+

1
t 3, g(t) =
F( + i)e it d
2
+ i

1
1
> s0, f(t) = g(t)e =
F( + i)e +it d =
F(z )e zt dz

2
2i i
t

Theo nh l v bin i Fourier ngc hm g C0 suy ra hm f CM. Ngoi ra do

gi thit 1., 2. v cng thc tnh tch phn suy rng (4.9.6)
+ i

1
t = - < 0, f(t) =
F(-z)e z dz =

2i i

Trang 92

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Re s[F(-z)e

Re a k > s 0

,ak ] = 0

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

c lng tch phn
> s0, | f(t) | = | g(t) | et < Met vi M = sup{ | g(t) |, > s0 }
T suy ra hm f(t) l hm gc v ta c
> s0 , F(z) =

(t )e

it

dt =

f (t )e

( + i ) t

dt = f (t )e zt dt

H qu 1 Cho hm F(z) A(s0) v c cc cc im ak vi k = 1...n

F(z) f(t) =

Re s[ f (z)e
k =1

zt

(5.7.2)

,a k ]

Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (5.7.1) v cng thc tnh tch phn suy rng (4.9.6)
H qu 2 Cho hm F(z) =

A( z )
l phn thc hu t thc s, c cc cc im n thc
B( z )

ak vi k = 1..n v cc cc im n phc bj = j j vi j = 1..m. Khi

n
m
A(a k ) a k t
t
f(t) =
e + 2 e j (M j cos j t N j sin j t )
k =1 B (a k )
j =1
trong Mj = Re

(5.7.3)

A( b j )
A( b j )
v Nj = Im
vi j = 1..m
B (b j )
B (b j )

Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (5.7.2) v cng thc tnh thng d ti cc im n.
V du Hm F(z) =

3z 2 + 3z + 2
c cc cc im n a = 2 v b = -2 2i
(z 2)(z 2 + 4 z + 8)

Ta c

A (2 )
A ( 2 + 2 i )
= 1,
= 1 + 1 i M = 1, N = 1
B (2 )
B (2 + 2i )
4
4

Suy ra

f(t) = e2t + 2e-2t(cos2t - 1 sin2t)

4

H qu 3 Cho F(z) A(s0) v c khai trin Laurent trn min | z | > R. Khi
+
+
a
an
F(z) = nn f(t) =
(5.7.4)
t n 1
(
n

1
)!
z
n =1
n =1
Chng minh
Vi Rez > R, chui v tri (5.7.4) hi t u. Tch phn tng t
+ i

+ i

1 +
e zt
1
e zt
e zt
t n 1
f(t) =
dz
vi
dz
=
Re
z
[
,
0
]
=

2i n =1 i z n
2i i z n
(n 1)!
zn

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 93

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

8. Tnh cht ca Bin i Laplace

Gi s cc hm m chng ta ni n l hm gc hoc l hm nh v do lun c nh
v nghch nh Laplace. K hiu f F vi f(t) l hm gc v F(z) l hm nh tng ng.
1. Tuyn tnh Nu hm f v hm g l cc hm gc th vi mi s phc hm f + g
cng l hm gc.
, f(t) + g(t) F(z) + G(z)
(5.8.1)
Chng minh
f(t) + g(t)

[f (t ) + g(t )]dt = F(z) + G(z)

2. Dch chuyn gc Nu hm f l hm gc th vi mi s dng hm f(t - ) cng l

hm gc.
3 *+ , f(t - ) e-z F(z)

(5.8.2)

Chng minh
+

f(t - ) e-z f (t )e z ( t ) d(t ) i bin = t -

3. ng dng Nu hm f l hm gc th vi mi s dng hm f(t) cng l hm gc.

3 *+ , f(t)

1 z
F

(5.8.3)

Chng minh
f(t)

f ( t )e

z
t

d( t )

i bin = t

4. Hm tun hon Nu hm f l T - tun hon sao cho t [0, T], f(t) = g(t) vi g l
hm gc th hm f cng l hm gc.
G( z )
vi g(t) G(z)
(5.8.4)
f(t) F(z) =
1 e Tz
Chng minh
+

F(z) =

nT

+ ( n 1) Tz
zt
g
(
t
)
e
dt
=
e
g()e z d

n =1 ( n 1) T
n =1
0

1 1
1

V d Ta c sint = 1 (eit - e-it)

vi Rez > 0

= 2
2i
2 i z i z + i z + 2
Tng t tm nh ca cost, sht, cos2t, ...

Trang 94

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

5. o hm gc Gi s hm f v cc o hm ca n l cc hm gc.
f(t) zF(z) - f(0) v n , f(n)(t) zn F(z) - zn-1f(0) - ... - f(n-1)(0) (5.8.5)
Chng minh
f(t)

f (t )e

zt

-zt

dt = e f(t)|

+
0

+ z f (t )e zt dt vi Rez > 0
0

Qui np suy ra cng thc th hai.

6. Tch phn gc Nu hm f l hm gc th tch phn ca n cng l hm gc.

t

f ()d
0

1
F(z)
z

(5.8.6)

Chng minh
t

Hm g(t) =

f ()d tho m~n cc iu kin hm gc v g(0) = 0. Theo cng thc 5.

0

g(t) G(z) g(t) = f(t) zG(z) - g(0) = F(z)

7. Anh ca tch chp Nu hm f v hm g l cc hm gc th tch chp ca n cng l

hm gc.
(5.8.7)
(fg)(t) F(z)G(z)
Chng minh
(fg)(t)

+ +

zt
+ z
+ z ( t )

e
=
f
(
)
g
(
t
)
d
e
dt
e
x
(
)
d
y(t )d

0 0

0
0

8. Cng thc Duhamel Gi s hm f, hm g v cc o hm ca chng l cc hm gc.

zF(z)G(z) f(0)g(t) + (fg)(t)
f(t)g(0) + (fg)(t)
(5.8.8)
Chng minh
zF(z)G(z) = f(0)G(z) + (zF(z) - f(0))G(z) f(0)g(t) + (fg)(t)


V du
t

1. Ta c

(t) 1 suy ra (t) =

()d
0

2. Ta c

t = ()d
0

1
v (t) = (t) 1
z

1
n!
qui np suy ra tn n +1 vi Rez > 0
2
z
z

Cng thc i ngu

Bng cch so snh cc cng thc nh v nghch nh ca bin i Laplace chng ta suy
ra cc cng thc i ngu ca cc cng thc (5.8.2) - (5.8.7)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 95

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

2. Dch chuyn nh
5. o hm nh

a , eatf(t) F(z - a)
tf(t) - F(z) v n , tnf(t) (-1)nF(n)(z)

6. Tch phn nh

1
f(t) F( )d
t
z

7. Anh ca tch

f(t)g(t) 1
2i

(5.8.2)
(5.8.5)

(5.8.6)

+ i

F()G(z )d

= 1 (FG)(z)
2i

(5.8.7)

V d
n!

1. Ta c

tn

2. Ta c

sint

3. Ta c

sin t
t

suy ra e-at tn

n +1

n!
vi Rez > - Rea
(z + a ) n +1

2 z

suy
ra
tsin

= 2

2
2
2
2
2 2
z +
z + (z + )

z 2 + 1 = 2 - arctgz suy ra sit =

sin
d 1 ( - arctgz)
z 2

0
t

9. Tm nh, gc ca bin i Laplace

Gc ca hm hu t
Bi ton tm nh ca hm gc thng n gin, c th gii c ngay bng cch s
dng cc cng thc (5.7.1) - (5.7.7). Bi ton tm gc phc tp hn nhiu, n gin
chng ta gii hn trong phm vi tm hm gc ca cc phn thc hu t. Trong cc v d
trn chng ta ~ c cc cng thc sau y.

1 eat
za

1
t n 1
at
e
(n 1)!
(z a ) n

(5.9.1)

z
cost
z + 2

sint
z + 2

(5.9.2)

Gi s
1
z
f(t) v
g(t)
2 n 1
2
(z + )
(z + 2 ) n 1
Bin i

z
1
1
1
=
2

tf(t) = (t)
2 n 1
2
2 n
2(n 1)
2(n 1) (z + )
(z + )
2

Trang 96

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(5.9.3)

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

1
2n 3
1
1
=
+
2
2 n
2
2
2 n 1
(z + )
2(n 1) (z + )
2(n 1) 2

z
2

2 n 1
(z + )

2n 3
1
f(t) tg(t) = (t)
2
2(n 1)
2(n 1) 2

(5.9.4)

Bin i
M( z + p )
N Mp
Mz + N
=
+
vi 2 = q - p2 > 0
n
2
2 n
2
2 n
(z + 2 pz + q )
((z + p ) + )
((z + p ) + )
2

Me-pt(t) + (N - Mp)e-pt(t)
(5.9.5)
Trng hp F(z) l phn thc bt k, ta phn tch F(z) thnh tng cc phn thc n gin
dng (5.9.1) - (5.9.5) Sau dng cc tnh cht tuyn tnh tm hm gc f(t).
V d Tm gc ca phn thc
1. F(z) =

3z 2 + 2z + 2
z+2
1
1
=
+2
2
2
z2
(z 2)(z + 4z + 8)
( z + 2) + 4 ( z + 2) 2 + 4
e2t + 2e-2tcos2t -

2. F(z) =

1 -2t
e sin2t = f(t)
2

3z 4
3(z 1) 1
=
f(t) = et g(t)
2
( z 2 z + 2)
((z 1) 2 + 1) 2
2

2 1 1 z 1 1
z
1
G(z) = 3 2
=- 2
-
3 z + 1 2 z2 +1 2 z2 +1
(z + 1) 2 (z 2 + 1) 2
1
3 tsin t + tcost - 1 sin t = g(t)
2
2
2

Phng trnh vi phn h s hng

Cho phng trnh vi phn h s hng
anx(n)(t) + ... + a1x(t) + a0x(t) = f(t)
x0 = x(0), x1 = x(0), ..., xn-1 = x(n-1)(0)

(5.9.6)

Gi s cc hm x(t), ..., x(n)(t) v f(t) l cc hm gc. Chuyn qua nh

x(t)
X(z)
x(t)
zX(z) - x0
...
x(n)(t)
znX(z) - zn-1x0 - ... - xn-1
f(t)
F(z)
(5.9.6)
A(z)X(z) = F(z) + B(z)
Gii ra c
F ( z ) + B( z )
X(z) =
x(t)
A( z )

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(5.9.7)

Trang 97

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

x (t) + 4x (t) + 4x(t) = t 3 e -2t
x(0) = 1, x (0) = 2

Gi s x(t) v cc o hm ca n u l hm gc.

V d Gii phng trnh

x(t) X(z), x(t) zX(z) - 1, x(t) z2X(z) - z - 2 v f(t) = t3e-2t

6
(z + 2) 4

Chuyn qua nh
(z2 + 4z + 4)X(z) =

6
+ (z + 6)
(z + 2) 4

Gii ra c
X(z) =

6
4
x(t) = e 2 t (1 + 4t + 1 t 5 )
+
+ 1
4
2
20
z
+
2
(z + 2)
(z + 2)

Phng php trn c th s dng gii mt s phng trnh vi phn h s bin thin,
h phng trnh vi phn, phng trnh o hm ring hoc phng trnh tch phn.
x + x y = e t

t
V d Gii h phng trinhg vi phn
y + 3x 2 y = 2e
x(0) = 1, y(0) = 1
Gi s x(t) v y(t) l cc hm gc, chuyn qua nh h phng trnh

(z + 1)X Y = 1 + 1

z 1

2 +1
3
X
+
(
z

2
)
Y
=

z 1
Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh suy ra
X(z) = 1 = Y(z) x(t) = et = y(t)
z 1

Bng gc nh Laplace
Tt
f(t)
1 (t)

F(z)
1

Tt
5

f(t)
n 1

F(z)

t
e-t
(n 1)!

1
, Rez > -
(z + ) n

(t)

1
, Rez > 0
z

e-tcost

z+
, Rez > 0
(z + ) 2 + 2

(t - )

e-z, z

e-tsint

, Rez > 0
(z + ) 2 + 2

n(t) = (n)(t)

zn, z

n(t) = (t)...(t)

1
, Rez > 0
zn

Trang 98

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

Bi tp chng 5
1. Tm nh Fourier ca cc hm gc sau y.
a. e-2(t-1)(t)
b. e-2|t-1|
c. (t +1) + (t -1)

d. sin(2t +

e. e-tcost(t), > 0 f. e-3|t|sin2t

g. te-2tsin4t(t)

h. sintsin2t

t | t | 1
k. 1 1 < | t | 2
0 | t | > 2

l.

2
i. 1 + cos t | t | 1 j. 1 t
| t |>1
0
0

sin t
m. t

n.

0 < t <1
t (0, 1)

4t
(1 + t 2 ) 2

o.

p. Bit f(t) 3+, F-1{(1 + i)F()} = Ae-2t(t) v

| t 2 n |

sin t sin 2 (t 1)
t
(t 1)
+

| F() |

d = 2

q. Bit f(t) 3, t 0, f(t) = 0 v

1
2

Re F()e

it

d = | t | e-|t|

2. Tm gc Fourier ca cc hm nh sau y.
2 sin 3( 2 )
a. e(-) - 2e-t() b.
c. () - ( - 2)
d. e2icos
2
-
e. e cos(4 + /3)
f. cos2sin(/2)
g. 2() + ( - 4) + ( + 4)
h. 2( - ) + 2( + ) + 3( - 2) + 3( + 2)
i. | F | = 2[( + 3) - ( - 3)], = - 23 +
3. Cho f F vi f(t) c th nh hnh bn.
a. Tm ()

2
1

b. Tm F(0)

c. Tnh

F()d

-1 0 1 2 3

d. Tnh F()

2 sin i 2
e d

e. Tnh

| F() |

f. Tm gc ca ReF()

4. Tnh tch chp (fg)(t) bng bin i Fourier ngc

a. f(t) = te-2t(t), g(t) = e-4t(t)
b. f(t) = te-2t(t), g(t) = te-4t(t)
sin t
c. f(t) = e-t(t), g(t) = et(-t)
d. f(t) = cos2t, g(t) =
t
5. Gii phng trnh vi phn h s hng bng bin i Fourier.
a.
y + 3y + 2y = x + 3x
b.
y + 5y + 6y = x + 4x
c.
e.

y + 2 y + y = 2x - 2x
d.
-t
y + 10y = xf - x vi f(t) = e (t) + 3(t)

y + 4y + 3y = x + 2x

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 99

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

6. Tm nh Laplace ca cc hm gc sau y.
b. (t) + (t)
c. cos2t
a. e-2t + e-3tsin3t
e. tet
f. tcos3t
g. e-2tch3t
i. ch2tcost
m.

1 cos t
te t

q.

sh
d

j. e-tsin2tcos4t

k.

sin 2 t cos 3t
t

o.

n.

r.

cos(t )e

d. sin3t
h. (t + 1)sin2t

sin 4 t
t

l.

sin 2 t
t

p.

1 e
0 d

( + 1) cos d

0
2

s.

( t )

cos 2 d

t. | sint |, | cost |

7. Tm gc Laplace ca cc hm nh sau y.
e 2 z
a. 2
z 9

b.

z +1
z + 2z

c.

1
z 4z + 8

d.

z+8
z + 4z + 5
z
z 5z 2 + 4

e.

z2
(z 1) 3

f.

z3
( z 2 + 4) 2

g.

3z
(z 1)(z 3) 2

h.

i.

1
2
z (z 1)

j.

z2
(z 2 + 4)(z 2 + 9)

k.

3z 2 1
(z 2 + 1) 3

l. sin

1 2
o. e z
z

1
1
n. cos
z
z

1
z

1 z 1
p.
e
z 1

8. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau y bng bin i Laplace.

x(0) = 1, x(0) = -2
a.
x - 3x + 2x = tet
2 t
b.
x + 2x + x = t e
x(0) = 0, x(0) = 0
t
c.
x - 2x + 2x = e sint
x(0) = 0, x(0) = 1
3t
d.
x - 3x + 2x = 12e
x(0) = 2, x(0) = 6
e.
x + 4x = 3sint + 10cos3t
x(0) = -2, x(0) = 3
f.
x - x = 4sint + 5cos2t
x(0) = -1, x(0) = -2
-t
g.
x + 3x + 3x + x = 6e
x(0) = x(0) = x(0) = 0
9. Gii cc h phng trnh vi phn sau y bng bin i Laplace.
x + 3x 4 y = 9e 2 t

a. 2x + y 3y = 3e 2 t
x(0) = 2, y(0) = 0

x 2x 4y = cos t
c. x + y + 2y = sin t
x(0) = 0, y(0) = 0

2x + x y = 3 sin t
b. x + y = sin t
x(0) = 0, x (0) = 1, y(0) = 0

x y = 0
d. x y = 2 sin t
x(0) = 1, x (0) = y(0) = y(0) = 1

Trang 100

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 6

L thuyt trng

1. Trng v hng
Min D 33 cng vi nh x
u : D 3, (x, y, z) u(x, y, z)
(6.1.1)
gi l mt trng v hng v k hiu l (D, u). Nh vy nu (D, u) l trng v hng
th u l mt hm s xc nh trn min D. S khc bit th hin ch khi ni v trng
v hng ngoi cc tnh cht ca hm u ngi ta cn quan tm hn n cu trc ca
min xc nh D. Trng v hng (D, u) gi l lin tc (c o hm ring, ...) nu nh
hm u l lin tc (c o hm ring, ... ) trn min D. Sau ny nu khng ni g thm
chng ta xem rng cc trng v hng l c o hm lin tc tng khc tr ln.
Cho im A D, mt cong c phng trnh
u(x, y, z) = u(A)
gi l mt mc (ng tr) i qua im A. Do tnh n tr ca
hm s, qua mi im A ch c duy nht mt mt mc. Hay
ni cch khc cc mt mc phn chia min D thnh cc lp
mt cong ri nhau.
V d Trng v hng u = x2 + y2 + z2 gi l trng bn
knh, cc mt mc l cc mt cu ng tm : x2 + y2 + z2 = R2
Cho im A D v vect n v e 33. Gii hn
u
u ( A + te ) u ( A )
(A) = lim
t 0
e
t
gi l o hm theo hng vect e ca trng v hng u ti im A.
nh l Cho vect e = {cos, cos, cos}. Khi
u
u
u
u
=
cos +
cos +
cos
e
x
y
z

(6.1.2)

(6.1.3)

Chng minh
Theo gi thit hm u c o hm ring lin tc
u
u
u
tcos +
tcos +
tcos+ o(te)
u(A + te) - u(A) =
x
y
z
Chia hai v cho t v chuyn qua gii hn nhn c cng thc trn.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 101

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

H qu

u
u
=
i
x

u
u
=
j
y

u
u
=
k
z

V d Tnh o hm theo hng vect e(1, 1, -1) ca trng v hng u = x2 + y2 - z2

ti im A(1, 1, -1).
Ta c
u
u
u
1
1
(A) =
(A) = 2,
(A) = -2 v cos = cos =
, cos = x
y
z
3
3
Suy ra
u
1
1
1
(A) = 2
+2
+2
=2 3
e
3
3
3

2. Gradient
Cho trng v hng (D, u). Vect
u
u
u
grad u =
i+
j+
k
x
y
z

(6.2.1)

gi l gradient ca trng v hng u.

V d Cho u = xy + yz - zx v A(1, 1, -1)
Ta c
grad u = {y - z, x + z, y - x} v grad u(A) = {2, 0, 0}
T nh ngha suy ra gradient c cc tnh cht sau y.
Cc qui tc tnh Cho u, v l cc trng v hng, f l hm c o hm v l s thc.
1.
grad (u + v) = grad u + grad v
2.
grad (uv) = v grad u + u grad v
3.
grad f(u) = f(u) grad u
(6.2.2)
Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (6.2.1) v tnh cht ca o hm ring.


Lin h vi o hm theo hng Cho u l trng v hng v e vect n v.
u
4.
= <grad u, e>
e
u
5.
Max|
| = || grad u || t c khi v ch khi e // grad u
e

Trang 102

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

u
| = 0 t c khi v ch khi e grad u
e
Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (6.1.2) v tnh cht ca tch v hng.

6.

Min|

(6.2.3)

Lin h vi mt mc
7. Gradient ca trng v hng u ti im A l php vect ca mt mc i qua im A
ti chnh im .
Chng minh
grad u
Cho S : u(x, y, z) = l mt mc i qua im A
T

v : x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t) l ng cong

A
trn tu i qua im A v nm gn trn mt
S
cong S. Khi vect T = {x(t), y(t), z(t)}
l vect tip xc ca ng cong ti im A.
Do S nn u[x(t), y(t), z(t)] = . o hm hai v theo t
u x x(t) + u y y(t) + u z z(t) = 0
Suy ra

grad u T

V d Xt phn b nhit trn vt rn hnh cu D, ng cht, truyn nhit ng hng,

ngun nhit t tm. Gi u(x, y, z) l nhit ti im M(x, x, y). Khi u l trng
v hng xc nh trn min D. Cc mt mc (ng nhit) l cc mt cu ng tm.
Hng truyn nhit cc i ng phng vi vect grad u, hng cc tiu vung gc vi
vect grad u.

3. Trng vect
Min D 33 cng vi nh x
F : D 33, (x, y, z) F = X(x, y, z)i + Y(x, y , z)j + Z(x, y, z)k (6.3.1)
gi l trng vect v k hiu (D, F ). Cc trng v hng X, Y v Z gi l cc thnh
phn to ca trg vect F. Trng vect (D, F ) l lin tc (c o hm ring, ...)
nu cc thnh phn to ca n l lin tc (c o hm ring, ...) trn min D. Sau ny
nu khng ni g thm chng ta xem rng cc trng vect l c o hm ring lin tc
tng khc trn min D.
V d F = {x, y, z} l trng vect bn knh, G = {X, Y, 0} l trng vect phng

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 103

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

H ng cong nm gn trong min D gi l h ng dng ca trng vect F nu
c cc tnh cht sau y.
1. Vi mi im A D c duy nht mt ng cong (A) i qua
2. Vect F(A) l vect tip xc ca ng cong (A) ti im A.
V d Nu trng F l trng cht lng th h ng dng
chnh l dng cht lng chy di tc ng ca trng F.

Gi s h ng dng c phng trnh tham s

x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t)
Theo nh ngha trn trng vect tip xc T = {x(t), y(t), z(t)} ng phng vi
trng vect F = {X, Y, Z}. Tc l
x(t) = X, y(t) = Y, z(t) = Z vi 3
T suy ra h phng trnh vi phn
dx
dy
dz
=
=
= dt
(6.3.2)
X
Y
Z
gi l h phng trnh vi phn ca h ng dng.
V d Tm ng dng ca trng vect F = {y, - x, 1} i qua im A(1, 1, 0)
dy
dx
Lp h phng trnh vi phn
== dz = dt
y
x
Gii ra phng trnh tham s ca h ng dng
x = Rcost, y = Rsint, z = - t + C vi (R, C) 32
ng dng i qua im A tho m~n
Rcost0 = 1, Rsint0 = 1, -t0 + C = 0
Suy ra
R = 2 , t0 = /4, C = /4
chnh l ng xon c u trong khng gian

2 cost, y =

x=

2 sint, z = - t + /4

4. Thng lng
Cho trng vect (D, F ) v mt cong S trn tng mnh, nm gn trong min D, nh
hng theo php vect l n. Tch phn mt loi hai
=

< F, n > dS = Xdydz + Ydzdx + Zdxdy

S

gi l thng lng ca trng vect F qua mt cong S.

Trang 104

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(6.4.1)

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

Nu F l trng cht lng th thng lng chnh l lng
cht lng i qua mt cong S theo hng php vect n
trong mt n v thi gian.

Cho trng vect (D, F ) vi F = {X, Y, Z}. Trng v hng

X Y Z
+
+
div F =
x y z

(6.4.2)

gi l divergence (ngun) ca trng vect F.

V d Cho trng vect F = {xy, yz, zx} v im A(1, 1, -1)
Ta c
div F = y + z + x v div F(A) = 1 + 1 - 1 = 2

nh l Cho F, G l cc trng vect v u l trng v hng. Divergence c cc tnh

cht sau y.
1.
div (F + G) = div F + div G
2.
div (u F) = u div F + <grad u, F>
Chng minh
Suy ra t nh ngha (6.4.2) v cc tnh cht ca o hm ring.


Gi s l min ng nm gn trong min D v c bin l mt cong kn S trn tng
mnh, nh hng theo php vect ngoi n. Khi cng thc Ostrogradski c vit li
dng vect nh sau.

< F, n > dS = divFdV

S

(6.4.3)

Chn l hnh cu ng tm A, bn knh . T cng thc (6.4.3) v nh l v tr trung

bnh ca tch phn bi ba suy ra.
1
div F(A) = lim < F, n > dS
(6.4.4)
0 V
S
Theo cng thc trn, ngun ca trng vect F ti im A l lng cht lng i ra t
im A theo hng ca trng vect F.
Cho trng vect (D, F ) v im A D. Nu div F(A) > 0 th im A gi l im
ngun. Nu div F(A) < 0 th im A gi l im thng.
V d Cho trng vect F = {xy, yz, zx}
Ta c
div F = y + z + x
div F(1, 0, 0) = 1 > 0
im (1, 0, 0) l im ngun
div F(-1, 0, 0) = -1 < 0
im (-1, 0, 0) l im thng

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Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

5. Hon lu
Cho trng vect (D, F ) v ng cong kn, trn tng khc, nm gn trong min D,
nh hng theo vect tip xc T. Tch phn ng loi hai
K = < F, T > ds =

Xdx + Ydy + Zdz

(3.5.1)

gi l hon lu ca trng vect F dc theo ng cong kn .

Nu F l trng cht lng th hon lu l cng
dch chuyn mt n v khi lng cht lng dc
theo ng cong theo hng vect T.

Cho trng vect (D, F ) vi F = {X, Y, Z}. Trng vect

Z Y
X Z
i +

rot F =

j +
z x
y z
gi l rotation (xoy) ca trng vect F.

Y X

x y

(6.5.2)

V d Cho trng vect F = {xy, yz, zx} v im A(1, 0, -1)

Ta c
rot F = {z, x, y} v rot F(A) = {-1, 1, 0}
nh l Cho F, G l cc trng vect v u l trng v hng. Rotation c cc tnh cht
sau y.
rot (F + G) = rot F + rot G
1.
2.
rot (u F) = u rot F + [grad u, F]
Chng minh
Suy ra t nh ngha (6.5.2) v cc tnh cht ca o hm ring.

Gi s S l mt cong trn tng mnh, nm gn trong min D, nh hng theo php

vect n v c bin l ng cong kn trn tng khc, nh hng theo vect tip xc T
ph hp vi hng php vect n. Khi cng thc Stokes vit li dng vect nh sau.

< F, T > ds = < rotF, n > dS

(6.5.3)

Chn S l na mt cu tm A, bn knh . T cng thc (6.5.3) v nh l v tr trung

bnh ca tch phn mt loi hai suy ra.
1
< rot F, n >(A) = lim < F, T > ds
(6.5.4)
0 S

Theo cng thc trn, cng ca trng vect rot F theo hng php vect n ti im
A l cng t quay ca im A theo hng trc quay n.

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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

Cho trng vect (D, F ) v im A D. Nu < rot F, n >(A) > 0 th im A gi l
im xoy thun. Nu < rot F, n >(A) < 0 th im A gi l im xoy nghch.
V d Cho trng vect F = {xy, yz, zx} v n = {x, y, z}
Ta c
rot F = {z, x, y} v < rot F, n > = zx + xy + yz
< rot F, n > (1, 0, 1) = 1 > 0
im (1, 0, 1) l im xoy thun
< rot F, n > (1, 0, -1) = -1 < 0
im (1, 0, -1) l im xoy nghch
nh l Cho trng vect <D, F > v im A D.
1.
Max | < rot F, n >(A) | = | rot F(A) |
t c khi v ch khi n // rot F
t c khi v ch khi n rot F
2.
Min | < rot F, n >(A) | = 0
Chng minh
Suy ra t tnh cht ca tch v hng.

Theo kt qu trn th cng xoy c tr tuyt i ln nht theo hng ng phng

vi vect rot F v c tr tuyt i b nht theo hng vung gc vi vect rot F.

6. Ton t Hamilton
Vect tng trng

=
i+
j+
k
x
y
z
vi

(6.6.1)

,
v
tng ng l php ly o hm ring theo cc bin x, y, v z gi l
x y
z

ton t Hamilton.
Tc ng ton t Hamilton mt ln chng ta nhn c cc trng grad, div v rot ~
ni cc mc trn nh sau.
1. Tch ca vect vi trng v hng u l trng vect grad u

u
u
u
u = (
i+
j+
k)u =
i+
j+
k
(6.6.2)
x
y
z
x
y
z
2. Tch v hng ca vect vi trng vect F l trng v hng div F

X
Y Z
F = (
i+
j+
k)(Xi + Yj + Zk) =
+
+
x
y
z
x
y z

(6.6.3)

3. Tch c hng ca vect vi trng vect F l trng vect rot F

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Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

F = (

i+
j+
k) (Xi + Yj + Zk)
x
y
z

Z Y
i +

=
y z

X Z

j +
z x

Y X

x y

(6.6.4)

Tc ng ton t Hamilton hai ln chng ta nhn c cc ton t vi phn cp hai.

4. Vi mi trng v hng (D, u) thuc lp C2
div (grad u) = div (

u
u
u
2u
2u
2u
+
= u
i+
j+
k) =
+
x
y
z
x 2
y 2
z 2

(6.6.5)

Ton t
=

2
x 2

i+

2
y 2

j+

2
z 2

gi l ton t Laplace.
Tc l
u = div (grad u) = (u) = 2u
5. Vi mi trng v hng (D, u) thuc lp C2
u
u
u
rot (grad u) = rot (
i+
j+
k) = 0
x
y
z

(6.6.6)

Tc l
rot (grad u) = u = 0
6. Vi mi trng vect (D, F ) thuc lp C2

Z Y
X Z
i +
div (rot F) = div

j +
z x
y z

Y X

k = 0 (6.6.7)

x y

Tc l
div (rot F) = ( F) = 0
7. Vi mi trng vect (D, F ) thuc lp C2
Z Y
X Z
i +
rot (rot F) = rot

j +
z x
y z
= grad (div F) - F

Y X

x y
(6.6.8)

7. Trng th
Trng vect (D, F ) vi F = {X, Y, Z} gi l trng th nu c trng v hng
(D, u) sao cho F = grad u. Tc l
u
u
u
X=
Y=
Z=
(6.7.1)
x
y
z
Hm u gi l hm th v ca trng vect F.

Trang 108

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

T nh ngha suy ra nu trng vect F l trng th th
rot F = rot (grad u) = 0
Chng ta s chng minh rng iu ngc li cng ng.

(6.7.2)

nh l Trng vect (D, F ) l trng th khi v ch khi rot F = 0

Chng minh
iu kin cn suy ra t cng thc (6.7.2). Chng ta chng minh iu kin
Gi s
rot F = 0
Khi vi mi ng cong kn, trn tng khc v nm gn trong min D.

Xdx + Ydy + Zdz = < rot F, n > dS = 0

vi S l mt cong trn tng mnh, nm gn trong min D v c bin nh hng theo

php vect n l ng cong .
Suy ra vi mi A, M D tch phn

Xdx + Ydy + Zdz

AM

khng ph thuc vo ng ly tch phn.

C nh im A D v t
u(M) =

Xdx + Ydy + Zdz vi M D

AM

Do cc hm X, Y, Z c o hm ring lin tc nn hm u c o hm ring lin tc trn

min D. Kim tra trc tip ta c
grad u = F
T suy ra trng vect F l trng th v hm u l hm th v ca n.


T cc kt qu trn suy ra ngha c hc ca trng th nh sau.
1. Trong trng th khng c im xoy
rot F = 0
2. Hon lu dc theo ng cong kn nm gn trong min D lun bng khng.
K=

< F, T > ds = < rot F, n > dS = 0

(6.7.3)

3. Cng dch chuyn bng th v im cui tr i th v im u.

< F, T > ds = Xdx + Ydy + Zdz = du = u(N) - u(M)

MN

MN

(6.7.4)

MN

u(M)
u(N)

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Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

8. Trng ng
Trng vect (D, F ) vi F = {X, Y, Z} gi l trng ng nu c trng vect (D, G )
vi G = {X1, Y1, Z1} sao cho F = rot G. Tc l
Z 1 Y1
X 1 Z 1
Y1 X 1
X=
Y=

Z=
(6.8.1)

z
x
y
z
x
y
Trng vect G gi l trng th v ca trng vect F.
T nh ngha suy ra nu F l trng ng th
div F = div (rot G) = 0
(6.8.2)
C th chng minh rng iu ngc li cng ng. Tc l chng ta c kt qu sau y.
nh l Trng vect (D, F ) l trng ng khi v ch khi div F = 0
T cc kt qu trn suy ra ngha c hc ca trng ng nh sau.
1. Trong trng ng khng c im ngun
div F = 0
2. Thng lng qua mt cong kn nm gn trong min D lun bng khng.
=

< F, n > dS = divFdV

(6.8.3)

3. Thng lng i qua cc mt ct ca mt lung l nh nhau.

Gi s S l mt tr kn nh hnh bn
n2
S = S0 + S1 + S2
Trong S nh hng theo php vecto ngoi n
F
S0 nh hng theo php vecto n0 ngc hng
vi trng vect F, S1 nh hng theo php
S
vecto n1 cng hng vi trng vect F. S2
n0
nh hng theo php vecto n2 vung gc vi
S0
trng vect F.
Theo tnh cht ca trng ng v tnh cng tnh ca tch phn
0=

n1

S1

< F, n > dS = < F, n0 > dS + < F, n1 > dS + < F, n 2 > dS

S

S0

S1

S2

T suy ra

< F, n1 > dS
S1

= - < F, n 0 > dS =
S0

< F, n 1 > dS
S0

Hay ni cch khc thng lng ca trng ng i qua cc mt ct l mt hng s.

Trng vect (D, F ) gi l trng iu ho nu n va l trng th v va l trng
ng. Tc l c trng v hng (D, u ) v trng vect (D, G ) sao cho
F = grad u = rot G
(6.8.4)
T suy ra

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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

u = div (grad u) = div (rot G) = 0
Tc l hm th v ca trng iu ho l hm iu ho.

(6.8.5)

T cc kt qu trn suy ra ngha c hc ca trng ng nh sau.

1. Trong trng iu ho khng c im xoy, im ngun
rot F = 0 v div F = 0
2. Hon lu dc theo ng cong kn nm gn trong min D lun bng khng.
K=

< F, T > ds =

3. Thng lng qua mt cong kn nm gn trong min D lun bng khng.

=

< F, n > dS
S

Bi tp chng 6
1. Tm o hm ti im A theo hng vect e ca trng v hng u = xy - z2
a. A(1, 2, 3) v e{1, 1, 1}
b. A(1, 1, 0) v e{0, 1, 1}
c. A(1, 0, 1) v e l hng phn gic trong ca gc Oxy
2. Cho trng v hng u = x2 + y2 - z2
a. Tm ln v hng ca vect grad u ti im A(1, - 2, 1)
b. Tm gc gia grad u(1, 1, 1) v grad u(1, -1, 0)
c. Tm im M sao cho grad u(M) ng phng vi trc Oy
3. Cho trng bn knh r =

x2 + y2 + z2

1
r
vi e{-1, 0, 1}
b. Tm grad v grad r2
e
r
c. Tm grad f(r) vi hm f l hm c o hm lin tc.

a. Tm

4. Tm Divergence ca cc trng vect F ti im A sau y.

a. F = {xy, yz, zx} v A(1, 1, 2)
b. F = {xy2, yz2, zx2} v A(-2, 0, 1)
c. F = {xyz, x + y + z, xy + yz + zx} v A(0, 1, 2)
4. Tm Rotation ca cc trng vect F ti im A sau y.
a. F = {x2y, y2z, z2x} v A(2, -1, 1)
b. F = {yz, zx, xy} v A(1, 3, 2)
2
2
2
2
2
2
c. F = {x + y , y + z , z + x } v A(-2, 3, 1)

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Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

6. Chng minh cc ng thc sau y.
a. div (F G) = F rot G - G rot F

b. rot (rot F) = grad (div F) - F

7. Cho (D, u) v (D, v) l cc trng v hng, r =

cn hm f l hm c o hm lin tc. H~y tnh
a. div (grad f(r))
b. div (u grad v)

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 l trng bn knh,
c. rot (grad rf(r))

8. Tnh thng lng ca trng vect F qua mt cong S.

a. F = {x, y, z} qua phn mt phng x + y + z = 1 trong gc phn tm th nht
b. F = {xy, yz, zx} qua phn mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 trong gc phn tm th nht
c. F = {xy, yz, zx} qua phn mt parabole z = x2 + y2 v 0 z 1
d. F = {x, y, z} qua mt cong kn z = x2 + y2, 0 z 1
e. F = {x3, y3, z3} qua mt cong kn x2 + y2 + z2 = 1
f. F = {xy2, x2y, z} qua mt cong kn z = 4 - x2 - y2 v 0 z 4
9. Tnh hon lu ca trng vect F dc theo ng cong .
a. F = {x, y, z} theo ng xon c x = a cost, y = a sint, z = bt vi t [0, /2]
b. F = {xy, yz, zx} theo on thng ni hai im A(a, 1, 1) v B(2, 4, 8)
c. F = {-y, x, 0} theo ng cong kn (x - 2)2 + y2 = 1 v z = 0
d. F = {x3, y3, z3} theo ng cong kn x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 v x + y + z = 1
e. F = {xy2, x2y, z} theo ng cong kn z = x2 + y2 v z = x + y

Trang 112

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 7

Phng trnh truyn sng

1. Phng trnh o hm ring tuyn tnh cp 2

Cho min D 32 v cc hm a, b, c : D 3. Phng trnh o hm ring tuyn tnh
cp 2 vi hai bin c lp c dng nh sau
a(x, y)

2u
2u
2u
u u
= F(x, y, u,
+
2b(x,
y)
+
c(x,
y)
,
)
2
2
xy
x y
x
y

(7.1.1)

K hiu
(x, y) = b2(x, y) - a(x, y)c(x, y) vi (x, y) D
1. Nu (x, y) D, (x, y) > 0 th phng trnh (7.1.1) c dng hyperbole
2. Nu (x, y) D, (x, y) = 0 th phng trnh (7.1.1) c dng parabole
3. Nu (x, y) D, (x, y) < 0 th phng trnh (7.1.1) c dng ellipse
Gi s nh x
: D , (x, y) (, ) vi J(x, y) =

0
x y y x

(7.1.2)

l php i bin t min D vo min .

Theo cng thc o hm hm hp
u u
u
u u u
=
,
=
+
+
x
x x y
y y
2

2u
2 u
2 u 2 u
u 2 u 2
=
+
2
+
+
+

x x 2 x
x 2 x 2
x 2
2 x

2 u 2 u 2 u u 2 u 2
2u

+
= 2
+
+
+
+
xy
x y x y y x 2 x y xy xy
2

2u
2 u
2 u 2 u u 2 u 2

+
= 2 +2
+
+
y
y y 2 y y 2 y 2
y 2

Thay vo phng trnh (7.1.1) nhn c

a1(, )

2u
2u
2u
u u
+
2b
(,
)
+
c
(,
)
= F1(, , u,
,
)
1
1
2
2

Trong
2

a1(, ) = a(x, y) + 2b(x, y)
+ c(x, y)
x y
x
y

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Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

b1(, ) = a(x, y)

+ c(x, y)
+
+ b(x, y)
x y
x y
x y y x
2

+ c(x, y)
c1(, ) = a(x, y) + 2b(x, y)
x y
x
y

Suy ra
1(, ) = b12 - a1c1 = (x, y)J2(x, y)
Tc l chng ta c nh l sau y.

nh l Php i bin khng suy bin khng lm thay i dng ca phng trnh o
hm ring tuyn tnh cp 2.
Nu v l cc nghim ring c lp ca phng trnh
2

a(x, y) + 2b(x, y)
+ c(x, y) = 0
(7.1.3)
x y
x
y
th a1(x, y) = b1(x, y) = c1(x, y) = 0. Khi phng trnh (7.1.1) c dng chnh tc

2u
u u
= F1(, , u,
,
)

Gi s (x, y) l mt nghim ring khng tm thng ca phng trnh (7.1.3). Chng

ta c (x , y) (0, 0) khng gim tng qut c th xem y 0. Khi phng trnh
(x, y) = C xc nh hm n y = y(x) c o hm y(x) = - x / y .
Thay vo phng trnh (7.1.3) nhn c phng trnh vi phn
a(x, y)y2 - 2b(x, y)y + c(x, y) = 0 vi a(x, y) 0
(7.1.4)
gi l phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh (7.1.1)
1. Nu (x, y) = b2(x, y) - a(x, y)c(x, y) > 0 th phng trnh (7.1.4) c nghim thc
y=

b(x, y) (x, y)
a(x, y)

dx + C

i bin
+=y-

b(x, y) (x, y)
dx v - = y
a(x, y)

b(x, y) + (x, y)
a(x, y)

dx

a v dng chnh tc ca phng trnh hyperbole

2u 2u
u u
= F2(, , u,
,
)
2
2

(7.1.5)

2. Nu (x, y) = b2(x, y) - a(x, y)c(x, y) = 0 th phng trnh (7.1.4) c nghim kp

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Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

y(x) =

b(x, y)

a(x, y) dx + C

i bin
=y-

b(x, y)

a(x, y) dx v = (x, y) sao cho J(x, y) 0

a v dng chnh tc ca phng trnh parabole

2u
u u
,
)
= F2(, , u,
2

(7.1.6)

3. Nu (x, y) = b2(x, y) - a(x, y)c(x, y) th phng trnh (7.1.4) c nghim phc

y(x) =

b(x, y) i (x, y)
a(x, y)

dx + C = (x, y) i(x, y) + C

i bin
=y-

b(x, y)
a(x, y) dx v =

(x, y)
dx
a(x, y)

a v dng chnh tc ca phng trnh ellipse

2u
2u
u u
+
,
)
= F2(, , u,
2
2

(7.1.7)

V d a v chnh tc phng trnh sau y

2

2u
2u
2u
u
u
+
+3
-3
- 9u = 0
+
3
2
2
xy
x
y
x
y

Gii phng trnh c trng

2 y 2 3y + 1 = 0 , y = x + C, y =

1
x +C
2

i bin
1
3
1
x, - = y - x Suy ra = y - x, = x
2
4
4

3
1
u
3 u 1 u u
u
= ,
= 1,
= ,
= 0,
=
+
,
=
4 y
x
4 y
x
x
4 4 x

+=y-

2u
9 2u 3 2u
1 2u 2 u
3 2u 1 2u 2 u
2u
=

+
,
=

+
,
=
16 2 8 16 2 xy
4 2 4 y 2
x 2
2
Dng chnh tc ca phng trnh l
2u 2u
u
u
2 = 2
+2
- 8u
2

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Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

2. Phng trnh vt l - ton

Phng trnh truyn sng
Cho si dy rt mnh, c di l, hai mt c
nh, dao ng b trong mt phng Oxu theo
P3
u(x, t)
phng trc Ou. Lc khng dao ng dy nm
T
trn on [0, l] v di ca dy khng thay i
P P M2
M1 1 2
trong sut qu trnh dao ng. Bi ton i hi
x1
x x2
l
xc nh lch u(x, t) ti im honh x vo 0
thi im t.
Gi s dy rt do, n hi vi lc cng T(x, t) hng theo phng tip tuyn ca si
dy v do c h s gc l u x . Do di ca si dy khng thay i trong lc dao
ng nn lc cng T(x, t) khng ph thuc vo thi gian. Gi P1 l hnh chiu ca lc
cng trn cung M1M2 ln trc Ou
x2

2u
P1 = T (x) 2 dx
x
x1
Gi F(x, t) l mt ca ngoi lc tc ng v P2 l hnh chiu ca ngoi lc trn cung
M1M2 ln trc Ou
x2

F(x, t )dx

P2 =

x1

Gi (x) l mt vt cht ca si dy, u tt l gia tc ca chuyn ng v P3 l hnh

chiu ca lc qun tnh trn cung M1M2 ln trc Ou
x2

P3 = - (x)
x1

2u
dx
t 2

Theo nguyn l cn bng lc P1 + P2 + P3 = 0 suy ra

x2

2u
2u
T(x) x 2 + F(x, t ) (x) t 2 dx = 0
x1

Do x1, x2 l tu nn (x, t) [0, l] [0, +) ta c

(x)

2u
2u
=
T(x)
+ F(x, t)
t 2
x 2

Nu si dy ng cht th (x) v T(x) l cc hng s. t a2 = T / > 0 gi l vn tc

truyn sng v f(x, t) = F(x, t)/ l ngoi lc tc ng. Khi lch u(x, t) l nghim
ca phng trnh
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t)
(7.2.1)
t 2
x 2
gi l phng trnh truyn sng trong khng gian mt chiu.
Trong trng hp dao ng t do khng c ngoi lc tc ng : f(x, t) = 0, phng trnh

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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

(7.2.1) l phng trnh thun nht. Trng hp dao ng cng bc : f(x, t) 0, phng
trnh (7.2.1) l phng trnh khng thun nht.
Phng trnh truyn nhit
Xt phn b nhit trn vt rn, th tch D, truyn nhit
ng hng trong khng gian Oxyz. Bi ton i hi xc
nh nhit u(M, t) ti im M(x, y, z) vo thi im t.

Gi k(M) l h s truyn nhit, n l hng truyn nhit v

Q1 nhit lng i qua mt kn S = D t thi im t1 n t2
t2

u
Q1 = dt k (M ) dS =
n
t1
S

S
F

M
D

t2

dt div( kgradu)dV

t1

Gi Q2 l nhit lng sinh bi ngun nhit trong c mt F(M, t) t thi im t1 n t2

t2

Q2 =

dt F(M, t )dV

t1

Gi (M) l mt vt cht, c(M) l nhit dung v Q3 l nhit lng cn vt rn D

thay i t nhit u(M, t1) n u(M, t2)
Q3 =

c(M)(M)(u(M, t

) u(M, t 2 ))dV =

t2

dt c(M)(M) t dV

t1

Theo nguyn l cn bng nhit Q1 + Q2 - Q3 = 0 suy ra

t2

dt div (kgradu) + F(M, t ) c(M)(M) t dV = 0

t1

Do t1, t2 tu nn (M, t) D [0, +) chng ta c

u
c(M)(M)
= div(k(M)gradu) + F(M, t)
t
Nu vt rn l ng cht th c(M), (M) v k(M) l cc hng s. t a2 = k / c > 0 gi
l vn tc truyn nhit v f(M, t) = F(M, t) / c l ngun nhit trong. Khi nhit
u(M, t) l nghim ca phng trnh
2u
2u
u
2u
= a2( 2 +
+
) + f(x, y, z, t)
t
x
z 2
y 2

(7.2.2)

gi l phng trnh truyn nhit trong khng gian ba chiu.

Trong trng hp khng c ngun nhit trong : f(M, t) = 0, phng trnh (7.2.2) l
phng trnh thun nht. Trng hp c ngun nhit trong : f(M, t) 0, phng trnh
(7.2.2) l phng trnh khng thun nht.

Phng trnh Laplace

Xt phn b nhit trn vt rn truyn nhit ng hng, nhit u(x, y, z, t) ti im
M(x, y, z) vo thi im t tho m~n phng trnh (7.2.2). Nu phn b nhit khng ph

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Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

thuc thi gian th u t = 0 v khi phng trnh (7.2.2) tr thnh
2u
2u
2u
+
+
= g(x, y, z, t)
x 2
z 2
y 2

(7.2.3)

gi l phng trnh Laplace.

Trong trng hp khng c ngun nhit trong : g(x, y, z, t) = 0, phng trnh (7.2.3) l
phng trnh thun nht. Trng hp c ngun nhit trong : g(x, y, z, t) 0 phng trnh
(7.2.3) l phng trnh khng thun nht cn gi l phng trnh Poisson.

3. Cc bi ton c bn
Bi ton tng qut
Cho cc min D 3n, H = D 3+ v cc hm u C2(H, 3), f C(H, 3). K hiu
u =

2u

2
i =1 x i
n

gi l ton t Laplace. Cc bi ton Vt l - K thut thng dn n vic gii cc

phng trnh o hm ring tuyn tnh cp 2 c dng tng qut nh sau.
2u
(7.3.1)
= a2u + f(x, t) (x, t) H0
2
t
u
= a2u + f(x, t)
(x, t) H0
(7.3.2)
t
u = f(x)
x D0
(7.3.3)
V vy cc phng trnh trn c gi l cc phng trnh Vt l - Ton. Phng trnh
Hyperbole (7.3.1) xut hin trong cc bi ton dao ng, truyn sng gi l phng
trnh truyn sng. Phng trnh Parabole (7.3.2) xut hin trong cc bi ton truyn
nhit, phn b nhit gi l phng trnh truyn nhit. Phng trnh Ellipse (7.3.3) xut
hin trong cc bi ton v qu trnh dng gi l phng trnh Laplace.
Cc phng trnh Vt l - Ton thng c v s nghim, xc nh ng nghim cn
tm cn phi c thm cc iu kin ph.
- iu kin ban u cho bit trng thi ca h thng vo thi im t = 0.
u
ut=0 = g,
(7.3.4)
t=0 = h
t
- iu kin bin cho bit trng thi ca h thng trn bin D.
u
u
uD = h,
+ u)D = q
(7.3.5)
D = p, (
n
n
Trong thc tin cc iu kin ph c xc nh bng thc nghim v do c sai s.
V vy khi thit lp cc bi ton v phng trnh Vt l - Ton chng ta yu cu

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Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

- Bi ton c nghim duy nht : Phng trnh c ng mt nghim tho m~n cc iu
kin ph cho trc.
- Bi ton c nghim n nh : Sai s nh ca cc iu kin ph dn n sai s nh ca
nghim.
Bi ton tng qut ca phng trnh Vt l - Ton pht biu nh sau : Tm nghim duy
nht v n nh ca phng trnh Vt l - Ton tho mAn cc iu kin ph cho trc.
Trong gio trnh ny chng ta xem xt cc bi ton sau y
- Bi ton Cauchy : Tm nghim duy nht v n nh ca phng trnh truyn sng
(truyn nhit) tho m~n cc iu kin ban u
- Bi ton hn hp : Tm nghim duy nht v n nh ca phng trnh truyn sng
(truyn nhit) tho m~n cc iu kin ban u v iu kin bin
- Bi ton Diriclet : Tm nghim duy nht v n nh ca phng trnh Laplace tho m~n
iu kin bin uD = g
- Bi ton Neuman : Tm nghim duy nht v n nh ca phng trnh Laplace tho
u
m~n iu kin bin uD = g v
D = h
n
Cc bi ton vi phng trnh thun nht gi tt l bi ton thun nht, vi phng trnh
khng thun nht gi l bi ton khng thun nht. n gin trong gio trnh ny
chng ta ch gii hn cc bi ton trong phm vi khng gian mt hoc hai chiu. Tuy
nhin cc phng php gii v cng thc nghim c th m rng t nhin cho trng
hp khng gian n chiu. C th chng ta s ln lt nghin cu cc bi ton sau y.
Bi ton Cauchy (CH)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n
phng trnh truyn sng

Bi ton hn hp (HH)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n
phng trnh truyn sng

2
2u
2 u
=a
+ f(x, t)
x 2
t 2
v iu kin ban u
u
ut=0 = g(x),
t=0 = h(x)
t

2
2u
2 u
=a
+ f(x, t)
x 2
t 2
v cc iu kin ph
u
ut=0 = g(x),
t=0 = h(x), uD = p(t)
t

Bi ton Cauchy (CP)

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n
phng trnh truyn nhit

Bi ton hn hp (HP)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n
phng trnh truyn nhit

2
u
2 u
=a
+ f(x, t)
t
x 2
v iu kin ban u

2
u
2 u
=a
+ f(x, t)
t
x 2
v cc iu kin ph
u
ut=0 = g(x), (
+ u)D = h(t)
n

ut=0 = g(x)

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Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

Bi ton Diriclet (DE)
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho m~n
phng trnh Laplace

Bi ton Neumann (NE)

Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho m~n
phng trnh Laplace

2u
2u
+
= f(x, y)
x 2
y 2
v iu kin bin

2u
2u
+
= f(x, y)
x 2
y 2
v cc iu kin bin

uD = g(x, y)

uD = g(x, y),

u
D = h(x, y)
n

4. Bi ton Cauchy thun nht

Bi ton CH1a
Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+ v hm h C(D, 3).
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=
a
vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
v iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = h(x)
t

i bin = x + at, = x - at
Tnh cc o hm ring bng cng thc o hm hm hp

u u
u u u u
=
+
,
= a
x t

2
2u 2u
2u 2u 2u
2u 2u
2 u

=
+
2
+
,
=
a

2
+
2
2
2 t 2
x 2 2

Th vo phng trnh (7.4.1), nhn c phng trnh

2u
=0

Tch phn hai ln

u(, ) = () + ()
Tr v bin c
u(x, t) = (x + at) + (x - at)
Th vo iu kin ban u (7.4.2)
u(x, 0) = (x) + (x) = g(x) v u t (x, 0) = a[(x) - (x)] = h(x)

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(7.4.1)

(7.4.2)

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

Tch phn phng trnh th hai, a v h phng trnh
x

(x) + (x) = 0, (x) - (x) =

1
h()d
a 0

Gii h phng trnh trn tm (x) v (x) v suy ra nghim ca bi ton

x + at

1
u(x, t) =
h()d
2a x at

(7.4.3)

nh l Cho hm h C1(D, 3). Bi ton CH1a c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh

theo cng thc (7.4.3)
Chng minh
Do hm h C1(D, 3) nn hm u C2(H, 3). Kim tra trc tip
u
1
(x, t) H,
= a[h(x + at) + h(x - at)]
2
t
2
2u
1
2 u
= a[h(x + at) + h(x - at)] = a
2
t 2
x 2
u
(x, 0) = h(x)
x D, u(x, 0) = 0,
t

Nu ui l nghim ca bi ton

2
2u
u
2 u
=
a
,
u(x,
0)
=
0,
(x, 0) = hi
2
t
t
x 2

2
2u
u
2 u
th u = u1 - u2 l nghim ca bi ton
(x, 0) = h1 - h2 = h
=a
, u(x, 0) = 0,
2
2
t
t
x
Vi mi T > 0 c nh, k hiu B = [x - aT, x + aT] v HT = B [0, T]. T cng thc
(7.4.3) chng ta c c lng sau y
(x, t) HT , | u(x, t) | T supB | h() |
T suy ra
h = h1 - h2 = 0 u = u1 - u2 = 0.
|| h || = || h1 - h2 || < || u || = || u1 - u2 || < = T
Vy bi ton c nghim duy nht v n nh trn HT vi mi T c nh. Do tnh lin tc
ca nghim suy ra bi ton c nghim duy nht v n nh trn H.

Bi ton CH1b
Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+ v hm g C(D, 3).
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=
a
vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
v iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = g(x),
(x, 0) = 0
t

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Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

v
(x, 0) = g(x)
t
Bi ton CH1b c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc sau y

nh l Cho g C2(D, 3) v v(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton CH1a vi

v
1
u(x, t) =
(x, t) =
t
2a t

x + at

g()d

(7.4.4)

x at

Chng minh
Do hm g C2(D, 3) nn hm v C3(H, 3) suy ra hm u C2(H, 3).
Kim tra trc tip
(x, t) H,

2
2
2 v
v
2u
2 v
2
=
a
=
a
=
2
2
2
2
t t
t x
t
x t

x D, u(x, 0) =

2v
v
u
(x, 0) = g(x),
(x, 0) = a2 2 (x, 0)
t
t
x

Tnh duy nht v n nh ca nghim suy ra t bi ton CH1a.

5. Bi ton Cauchy khng thun nht

Bi ton CH1c
Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+ v hm f C(H, 3).
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
v iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = 0
t

inh l Cho hm f C(H, 3) v v(x, , t) l nghim ca bi ton CH1a trn H 3+ vi

v
v(x, , 0) = 0 v
(x, , 0) = f(x, )
t
Bi ton CH1c c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc sau y.
t

u(x, t) =

v(x, , t )d
0

Chng minh
Do hm f C(H, 3) nn hm v C1(H 3+, 3) suy ra hm u C2(H, 3)
Kim tra trc tip

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(7.5.1)

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

(x, t) H,

u
= v(x, t, 0) +
t

u
v
=
(x, t, 0) +
2
t
t
2

v
2

v
0 t (x, , t )d =
t

(x, , t )d = a2

t (x, , t )d
0

v
(x, , t )d + f(x, t)
x 2
2

u
(x, 0) = 0
t
Tnh duy nht v n nh ca nghim suy ra t bi ton CH1a.
x D, u(x, 0) = 0,

Bi ton CH1
Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+, cc hm f C(H, 3) v g, h C(D, 3).
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
v iu kin ban u
u
(x, 0) = h(x)
u(x, 0) = g(x),
t

Tm nghim ca bi ton CH1 di dng

u(x, t) = ua(x, t) + ub(x, t) + uc(x, t)
vi u(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton CH1.
Kt hp cc cng thc (7.4.3), (7.4.4) v (7.5.1) suy ra cng thc sau y.

u(x, t) =
2a t

x + at

x + at

x at

x at

g()d +

h()d + d

x + a

f
(
,
t
)
d

x a

(7.5.2)

nh l Cho cc hm f C(H, 3), g C2(D, 3) v h C1(D, 3). Bi ton CH1 c

nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc (7.5.2).
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ 2xe-t vi (x, t) 3 3+
2
2
t
x
u
(x, 0) = 2x
u(x, 0) = cosx,
t
Theo cng thc (7.5.2) chng ta c

V d Gii bi ton

u(x, t) =

x + at
x + at
t x + a

1
t

cos

+
2

+
2

e
d

2a t x at
x at
0 x a

= cosxcosat + 2xt(2t - 1 + e-t)

Nhn xt Bng cch ko di lin tc cc hm lin tc tng khc, cng thc (7.5.2) vn
s dng c trong trng hp cc hm f, g v h c o hm lin tc tng khc.

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Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

6. Bi ton gi Cauchy
Bi ton SH1a
Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(H, 3) v g, h C(D, 3).
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = g(x),
(x, 0) = h(x)
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = 0

T tng chung gii bi ton SH l tm cch chuyn v bi ton CH tng ng.

Gi f1, g1 v h1 tng ng l ko di ca cc hm f, g v h ln ton 3, cn v(x, t) l
nghim ca bi ton Cauchy sau y.
2
2v
v
2 v
=
a
+ f(x, t), v(x, 0) = g1(x),
(x, 0) = h1(x) vi (x, t) 3 3+
2
2
t
t
x

Theo cng thc (7.5.2) chng ta c

x + at

v(x, t) =

x + a

1
1
1
[g1(x + at) + g1(x - at)] +
h 1 ()d +
d f1 (, t )d

2
2a x at
2a 0 x a

Th vo iu kin bin
at

v(0, t) =

1
1
1
[g1(at) + g1(-at)] +
h 1 ()d +
d f1 (, t )d = 0

2
2a at
2a 0 a

Suy ra cc hm f1, g1 v h1 phi l cc hm l.

Tc l
g( x ) x 0
f(x, t) x 0
h(x) x 0
f1(x, t) =
, g1(x) =
v h1(x) =
- f(-x, t) x < 0
- h(-x) x < 0
- g(-x) x < 0

nh l Cho hm f C(H, 3), hm g C2(D, 3) v hm h C1(D, 3) tho m~n

f(0, t) = 0, g(0) = 0 v h(0) = 0
Bi ton SH1a c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc
x + at
x + at
t
x + a

u(x, t) =
g 1 ()d + h 1 ()d + d f 1(, t )d

2a t x at
x at
0
x a

vi f1, g1 v h1 tng ng l ko di l ca cc hm f, g v h ln ton 3.

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(7.6.1)

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

Bi ton SH1b
Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ v hm p C(3+, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=
a
vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = 0
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = p(t)

Kim tra trc tip hm

x
x
u(x, t) = (t - )p(t - )
a
a
l nghim ca bi ton SH1b.

(7.6.2)

Bi ton SH1
Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(H, 3), g, h C(D, 3), p C(3+, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
(x, 0) = h(x)
u(x, 0) = g(x),
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = p(t)

Tm nghim ca bi ton SH1 di dng

u(x, t) = ua(x, t) + ub(x, t)
trong u(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton SH1.
Kt hp cc cng thc (7.6.1) v (7.6.2) suy ra cng thc sau y.
u(x, t) =

x + at
x + at
t
x + a

g
(

)
d

+
h
(

)
d

+
d

f 1(, t )d
1
1

2a t x at
x at
0
x a

+ (t -

x
x
)p(t - )
a
a

(7.6.3)

nh l Cho cc hm f C(H, 3), g C2(D, 3), h C1(D, 3) v p C2(3+, 3) tho

g(0) = 0, h(0) = 0 v f(0, t) = 0
Bi ton SH1 c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc (7.6.3) vi f1, g1 v
h1 tng ng l ko di l ca cc hm f, g v h ln ton 3.

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Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

2u
2u
=
4
+ 2xt vi (x, t) 3+3+
t 2
x 2
u
u(x, 0) = sinx,
(x, 0) = 2x
t
u(0, t) = sint
Do cc hm f, g v h l hm l nn cc hm ko di l f1 = f, g1 = g v h1 = h. Thay vo
cng thc (7.6.3) chng ta c

V d Gii bi ton

u(x, t) =

x+2t
x +2t
t
x+2

1
x
x

+ (t - )sin(t - )
sin

+
2

+
d

2
(
t

2
2
4 t x 2 t
x 2 t
0
x 2

= sinxcos2t + 2xt +

x
x
1 3
xt + (t - )sin(t - ) vi (x, t) 3+ 3+
6
2
2

Nhn xt Phng php trn c th s dng gii cc bi ton gi Cauchy khc.

7. Bi ton hn hp thun nht

Bi ton HH1a
Cho cc min D = [0, l], H = D [0, T] v cc hm g, h C(D, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=
a
vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = g(x),
(x, 0) = h(x)
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = 0

(7.7.1)

(7.7.2)
(7.7.3)

Bi ton HH1a c gii bng phng php tch bin m ni dung ca n nh sau
Tm nghim ca bi ton HH1a dng tch bin
u(x, t) = X(x)T(t)
o hm u(x, t) hai ln theo x, theo t sau th vo phng trnh (7.7.1)
X (x)
T (t )
= 2
3
X(x)T(t) = a2X(x)T(t) suy ra
X(x )
a T (t )
Th hm u(x, t) vo iu kin bin (7.7.3)
u(0, t) = X(0)T(t) = 0 v u(l, t) = X(l)T(t) = 0 vi T(t) 0

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Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

Chng ta nhn c h phng trnh vi phn h s hng sau y
X(x) + X(x) = 0
T(t) + a2T(t) = 0
X(0) = X(l) = 0 vi 3

(7.7.4)
(7.7.5)
(7.7.6)

Phng trnh vi phn (7.7.4) c phng trnh c trng

k2 + = 0
Nu = - 2 th phng trnh (7.7.4) c nghim tng qut X(x) = C1e-x + C2ex
Th vo iu kin (7.7.6) gii ra c C1 = C2 = 0. H ch c nghim tm thng.
Nu = 0 th phng trnh (7.7.4) c nghim tng qut
X(x) = C1 + C2x
Trng hp ny h cng ch c nghim tm thng.
Nu = 2 th phng trnh (7.7.4) c nghim tng qut X(x) = C1cosx + C2sinx
k
Th vo iu kin (7.7.6) gii ra c C1 = 0, C2 tu v =
.
l
Suy ra h phng trnh (7.7.4) v (7.7.6) c h nghim ring trc giao trn [0, l]
2

k
k
Xk(x) = Aksin
x vi Ak 3 v k = , k *
l
l
Th cc k vo phng trnh (7.7.5) gii ra c
ka
ka
Tk(t) = Bkcos
t + Cksin
t vi (Bk, Ck) 32, k *
l
l
Suy ra h nghim ring c lp ca bi ton HH1a
ka
ka
k
t + bksin
t )sin x vi ak = AkBk , bk = AkCk , k *
uk(x, t) = (akcos
l
l
l

Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton HH1a dng chui hm

+

u(x, t) =

u k (x, t) =
k =1

a
k =1

cos

ka
ka
k
t + b k sin
t sin
x
l
l
l

(7.7.7)

Th vo iu kin ban u (7.7.3)

+
+
k
u
ka
k
(x, 0) =
u(x, 0) = a k sin
x = g(x) v
b k sin
x = h(x)
l
t
l
l
k =1
k =1
Nu cc hm g v h c th khai trin thnh chui Fourier trn on [0, l] th
2
k
2
k
g(x ) sin
xdx v bk =
h(x) sin
xdx

l 0
l
ka 0
l
l

ak =

(7.7.8)

nh l Cho cc hm g C2(D, 3) v h C1(D, 3) tho m~n

g(0) = g(l) = 0 v h(0) = h(l) = 0
Chui hm (7.7.7) vi h s ak v bk tnh theo cng thc (7.7.8) l nghim duy nht v
n nh ca bi ton HH1a.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 127

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

Chng minh
Cc hm g v h theo gi thit tho m~n iu kin Dirichlet do khai trin c thnh
chui Fourier hi t u v c cc chui o hm hi t u trn on [0, l].
Suy ra chui hm (7.7.7) vi cc h s ak v bk tnh theo cng thc (7.7.8) l hi t u
v cc chui o hm ring n cp hai ca n cng hi t u trn min H. Do vy c
th o hm tng t hai ln theo x, theo t trn min H. Kim tra trc tip thy rng chui
(7.7.7) v cc chui o hm ring ca n tho m~n phng trnh (7.7.1) v cc iu
kin ph (7.7.2), (7.7.3)
Lp lun tng t nh bi ton CH1 suy ra tnh n nh v duy nht nghim.


V d Xc nh dao ng t do ca dy c hai u mt x = 0, x = l c nh, lch ban
u
u u(x, 0) = x(l - x) v vn tc ban u
(x, 0) = 0.
t
Thay vo cng thc (7.7.8) nhn c
k = 2n
0
1
k
2

8l
xdx =
v bk = 0 vi k *
ak = x(l x) sin
k
=
2n
+
1
l
0
2 (2n + 1) 2
Suy ra nghim ca bi ton
u(x, t) =

8l 2
3

(2n + 1)
n =0

cos

(2 n + 1)a
(2 n + 1)
t sin
x
l
l

8. Bi ton hn hp khng thun nht

Bi ton HH1b
Cho cc min D = [0, l], H = D [0, T], cc hm f C(H, 3) v g, h C(D, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = 0
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = 0
Tm nghim bi ton HH1b di dng chui hm

k
x
l
k =1
Khai trin Fourier hm f(x, t) trn on [0, l]
+

u(x, t) =

Trang 128

T (t ) sin
k

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(7.8.1)

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

+

f(x, t) =

f k (t ) sin
k =1

k
2
kx
dx
x vi fk(t) = f (x, t ) sin
l
l 0
l
l

Sau th vo bi ton HH1b

2

k
ka

Tk (t ) +
x =
Tk (t ) sin

l
l
k =1

f
k =1

(t ) sin

k
x
l

+
k
k
x = 0 v T k (0) sin
x =0
l
l
k =1
k =1
Chng ta nhn c h phng trnh vi phn h s hng
+

k (0) sin

ka
Tk(t) +
Tk(t) = fk(t)
l
Tk(0) = 0, T k (0) = 0 vi k *

(7.8.2)

Gii h phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng (7.8.2) tm cc hm Tk(t) sau
th vo cng thc (7.8.1) suy ra nghim ca bi ton HH1b. H phng trnh (7.8.2) c
th gii bng phng php ton t Laplace ni chng 5 hoc bng mt trong cc
phng php gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng ~ bit no . Lp lun
tng t nh bi ton HH1a chng ta c kt qu sau y.

nh l Cho hm f C(H, 3) C1(D, 3). Chui hm (7.8.1) vi cc hm Tk(t) xc nh

t h phng trnh (7.8.2) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton HH1b.

Bi ton HH1
Cho cc min D = [0, l], H = D [0, T], cc hm f C(H, 3), g, h C(D,3) v cc hm
p, q C([0, T], 3). Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = g(x),
(x, 0) = h(x)
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = p(t), u(l, t) = q(t)

Tm nghim bi ton HH1 di dng

x
(q(t) - p(t))
l
Trong hm v(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton HH1a
u(x, t) = v(x, t) + w(x, t) + p(t) +

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(7.8.3)

Trang 129

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

2
2v
2 v
=
a
t 2
x 2

x
(q(0) - p(0)) = g1(x)
l
v
x
(x, 0) = h(x) - p(0) - (q(0) - p(0)) = h1(x)
l
t
v(0, t) = v(l, t) = 0
vi cc iu kin bin
g1(0) = g1(l) = 0 g(0) = p(0), g(l) = q(0)
h1(0) = h1(l) = 0 h(0) = p(0), h(l) = q(0)

v(x, 0) = g(x) - p(0) -

(7.8.4)

Hm w(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton HH1b

2
2
2w
x
2 w
2 w
=
a
+
f(x,
t)
p(t)
(q(t)
p(t))
=
a
+ f1(x, t)
l
t 2
x 2
x 2
w
w(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = 0
t
w(0, t) = w(l, t) = 0

(7.8.5)

Gii cc bi ton (7.8.4) v (7.8.5) tm cc hm v(x, t) v w(x, t) sau th vo cng

thc (7.8.3) suy ra nghim ca bi ton HH1.
nh l Cho cc hm f C(H, 3) C1(D, 3), g C2(D, 3), h C1(D, 3) v cc hm p,
q C2([0,T], 3) tho m~n
g(0) = p(0), g(l) = q(0) v h(0) = p(0), h(l) = q(0)
Hm u(x, t) xc nh theo cng thc (7.8.3) vi cc hm v(x, t) v w(x, t) l nghim ca
cc bi ton (7.8.4) v (7.8.5) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton HH1.
2u
2u
=
4
+ xt
vi (x, t) [0, 1] [0, T]
t 2
x 2
u
u(x, 0) = sinx,
(x, 0) = x v u(0, t) = 0, u(1, t) = t
t
Tm nghim ca bi ton di dng u(x, t) = v(x, t) + w(x, t) + xt trong hm v(x, t)
l nghim ca bi ton HH1a vi g1(x) = sinx v h1(x) = 0 cn hm w(x, t) l nghim
ca bi ton HH1b vi f1(x, t) = xt.
Gii bi ton HH1
V d Gii bi ton

ak = 2 sin x sin kxdx = 1 k = 1 v bk = 0 vi k *

0 k >1
0

Suy ra
v(x, t) = cos2tsinx

Trang 130

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

Gii bi ton HH2a
1

fk(t) = 2t x sin kxdx =

0

2(-1) k +1
t vi k *
k

Gii h phng trnh vi phn h s hng

T k (t ) + (2k)2Tk(t) =

2(-1) k +1
t , Tk(0) = 0, Tk (0) = 0
k

Tm c cc hm
(-1) k +1
1

sin 2 kt vi k *
t
3
2( k ) 2 k

Suy ra nghim ca bi ton

Tk(t) =

1
u(x, t) = xt + cos2tsinx +
2 3

k =1

(-1) k +1
1

sin 2 kt sin kx
t
3
k
2 k

Nhn xt Bng cch ko di lin tc cc hm lin tc tng khc, cc cng thc trn vn
s dng c trong trng hp cc hm g v h c o hm lin tc tng khc.

Bi tp chng 7
a v chnh tc cc phng trnh o hm ring tuyn tnh cp 2 sau y.
1.

2u
2u
2u
+
5
- 16u = 0
+
2
xy
x 2
y 2

2.

2u
2u
2u
u
u
-2
+
+9
-9
+ 9u = 0
2
2
xy
x
y
x
y

3.

4.

2u
2u
2u
u
u
+
3
+
4
=0
+
7
xy
x
y
x 2
y 2

2
2u
2u
u
2 u
2sinx
cos
x
=0
+ sinx
2
2
xy
y
x
y

Lp bi ton phng trnh Vt l - Ton t cc bi ton sau y.

7. Dy rt mnh c di l t trn trc Ox, mt x = 0 c nh, mt x = l chuyn ng
theo qui lut Asint, dao ng trong mi trng c lc cn t l vi vn tc, h s t l
l , lch ban u l g(x), vn tc ban u l h(x). Xc nh dao ng ca dy?
8. a rt mng ng cht bn knh R t trong mt phng Oxy, mt ngun nhit
trong t l vi khong cch n tm, nhit mi trng gi nhit u0, nhit ban
u l g(x, y). Xc nh phn b nhit trn a?

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 131

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

Gii bi ton Cauchy

9.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x 2

ut=0 = ex,

10.

2
2u
2 u
=a
+ te-x
2
2
t
x

ut=0 = sinx,

u
t

t=0

= x + cosx

11.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ tsinx
t 2
x 2

ut=0 = cosx,

u
t

t=0

=x

12.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ tcosx
t 2
x 2

ut=0 = sinx,

u
t

t=0

= 2x

13.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ te-x
2
2
t
x

ut=0 = sinx,

u
t

t=0

= x, u(0, t) = 0

14.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ tsinx
t 2
x 2

ut=0 = xcosx,

15.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ xsinx
t 2
x 2

ut=0 = cosx,

u
t

t=0

= 3x2,

16.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ xcosx
t 2
x 2

ut=0 = sinx,

u
t

t=0

= cosx,

u
t

t=0

= e-x

Gii bi ton gi Cauchy

u
t

t=0

= sinx, u(0, t) = e-t

u
(0, t) = 0
x
u
(0, t) = 0
x

Gii cc bi ton hn hp sau y vi H = [0, l] 3+

17.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x2

ut=0 = x(l - x),

18.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x2

ut=0 = 0,

19.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x2

ut=0 = xcosx,

20.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ bshx
t 2
x2

ut=0 = 0,

21.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ tcosx
t 2
x2

ut=0 = sinx,

22.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x2

ut=0 = 0,

23.

2
2u
u
2 u
+
2
=
a
t 2
t
x 2

ut=0 = g(x),

Trang 132

u
= 0 v u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0

t t=0

u
= xsinx v u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0

t t=0
u
= 0 v u(0, t) = t, u(l, t) = 0

t t=0

u
= 0 v u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0

t t=0
u
= x v u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = t

t t=0

u
= 0 v u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = Asint

t t=0

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

u
t

t=0

= h(x) v u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0

Chng 8

Phng trnh truyn nhit

1. Bi ton Cauchy thun nht

Bi ton CP1a
Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+ v hm g C(D, 3).
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn nhit
2u
u
= a2 2 vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = g(x)

(8.1.1)
(8.1.2)

Tm nghim ring b chn ca bi ton CP1a dng tch bin

u(x, t) = X(x)T(t)
Th vo phng trnh (8.1.1) a v h phng trnh vi phn
T(t) + a2T(t) = 0
X(x) + X(x) = 0
H phng trnh vi phn trn c h nghim ring b chn
2

T(t) = e ( a ) t v X(x) = A()cosx + B()sinx vi 3+

Suy ra h nghim ring b chn ca bi ton CP1a
2

u(x, t) = e ( a ) t (A()cosx + B()sinx), 3+

Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton CP1a dng tch phn suy rng
u(x, t) =

u (x, t )d =

( a ) 2 t

[A() cos x + B( ) sin x]d

(8.1.3)

Th vo iu kin ban u (8.1.2)

+

u(x, 0) =

[A() cos x + B() sin x]d = g(x)

0

Nu hm g c th khai trin thnh tch phn Fourier th

+

1
1
A() = g() cos( )d v B() = g() sin( )d


Thay vo cng thc (8.1.3) v bin i
u(x, t) =

+ +

2
1
g() cos ( x)d e ( a ) t d

i th t ly tch phn

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 133

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

+ +

1 ( a ) 2 t
u(x, t) = e
cos ( x)d g()d
0

i bin = a t

(8.1.4)

d = a t d

= x + 2a t s, d = 2a t ds
2a t
Bin i tch phn bn trong ca tch phn (8.1.4)
s=

( a ) t
cos ( x)d =
e

cos 2s d =

I(s)
a t 0
a t
o hm I(s), sau tch phn tng phn, nhn c phng trnh vi phn
0

sin 2sde

I(s) =

s 2
I(s) =
e
2
2

= -2sI(s) v I(0) =

Thay vo tch phn (8.1.4) suy ra cng thc sau y.

u(x, t) =

g(x + 2a

t s)e

s2

ds =

g()e

2a t

( x )2
4a 2t

(8.1.5)

nh l Cho hm g C(D, 3) B(D, 3). Bi ton CP1a c nghim duy nht v n nh

xc nh theo cng thc (8.1.5)
Chng minh
Theo gi thit hm g lin tc v b chn
2

(x, t) H, s 3, g(x + 2a t s) e s M e s
Suy ra tch phn (8.1.5) b chn u. Do c th ly gii hn v o hm qua du tch
phn theo x hai ln, theo t mt ln. Kim tra trc tip hm u(x, t) l nghim ca phng
trnh (8.1.1) tho m~n iu kin ban u (8.1.2)
u
=
x

g( ) 4a

2u
=
x 2
u
=
t

x
3

( x )2
4a 2 t

1
( x ) 2

g
(

)
+
4a 3 t 3 / 2 8a 5 t 5 / 2

1
( x ) 2

g
(

)
+
4a t 3 / 2 8a 3 t 5 / 2

lim u(x, t) = lim

t 0 +

3/2

t 0 +

g(x + 2a

( x )2
4a 2 t

( x )2
4a 2 t

d = a2

2u
x 2

t s)e s ds = g(x)

Nu ui l hai nghim ca bi ton

2u
u
= a2 2 , u(x, 0) = gi
t
x

th u = u1 - u2 l nghim ca bi ton

2u
u
= a2 2 , u(x, 0) = g1 - g2 = g
t
x

Trang 134

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

T cng thc (8.1.5) chng ta c c lng sau y
(x, t) H, | u(x, t) |

| g(x + 2as

t ) | e s ds supD g()

T suy ra
g = g1 - g2 = 0 u = u1 - u2 = 0
|| g || = || g1 - g2 || < || u || = || u1 - u2 || <
Vy bi ton c nghim duy nht v n nh trn H.

2u
u
= 4 2 v u(x, 0) = xe-x
V d Gii bi ton
t
x
-x
Hm g(x) = xe tho m~n iu kin ca nh l. Theo cng thc (8.1.5)
1

u(x, t) =

t (s + 2 t )]e ( s + 2

[(x 8t ) + 4

t )2

e 4 t x ds

+
+

2
2
e 4 t x (x 8t ) e d + 4 t e d vi = s + 2 t

4t-x
= (x - 8t)e

2. Bi ton Cauchy khng thun nht

Bi ton CP1b
Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+ v hm f C(H, 3).
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn nhit
2u
u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = 0

nh l Cho hm f C(H, 3) B(D, 3) v hm v(x, , t) l nghim ca bi ton CP1a

tho m~n v(x, , 0) = f(x, ).
Bi ton CP1b c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc sau y
t

u(x, t) = v(x, , t )d =
0

1
2a

f (, )
t

( x )2
4a 2 ( t )

(8.2.1)

Chng minh
Do hm f C(H, 3) B(D, 3) nn hm v C2(H 3+, 3). Do c th o hm tch
phn (8.2.1) theo x hai ln, theo t mt ln. Kim tra trc tip
Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 135

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

u
=
t

v
2v
2
(
x
,

,
t

)
d

+
v(x,
t,
0)
=
a
0 t
0 x2 (x, , t )d + f(x, t)
t

2u
+ f(x, t) v u(x, 0) = 0
x 2
Tnh duy nht v n nh suy ra t bi ton CP1a.

= a2

Bi ton CP1
Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(H, 3) v g C(D, 3).
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn nhit
2u
u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = g(x)
Tm nghim ca bi ton CP1 di dng
u(x, t) = ua(x, t) + ub(x, t)
trong u(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton CP1
Kt hp cc cng thc (8.1.5) v (8.2.1) suy ra cng thc sau y.
+
t
+

2
1
s 2

u(x, t) =
g(x + 2a t s)e ds + d f (x + 2a s, t )e s ds

( x )
t
+
+ g() ( x2 )

f (, t ) 4a 2

4a t
=
e
d

+
d

e
d

2a t

(8.2.2)

nh l Cho cc hm f C(H, 3) B(D, 3) v g C(D, 3) B(D, 3). Bi ton CP1 c

nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc (8.2.2).
2u
u
= a2 2 + 3t2 v u(x, 0) = sinx
t
x
2
Hm f(x, t) = t , g(x) = sinx tho m~n iu kin ca nh l. Theo cng thc (8.2.2)
V d Gii bi ton

u(x, t) =

s
sin(x + 2a ts)e ds +

2
3(t ) 2 e s ds d

K hiu
I(t) =

i ( x + 2 a ts )

e s ds

o hm I(t), bin i v sau tch phn tng phn

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Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

ia

I(t) =

i(x +2a
e

ts )

d (e s ) =

2 t
= - a2 I(t) vi I(0) = eix
Gii phng trnh vi phn nhn c
2

ia
2 t

e i ( x + 2a

ts )

e s

a2

i ( x + 2 a ts )

e s ds

I(t) = e a t eix = e a t (cosx + i sinx)

(8.2.3)
Tch phn thc, phn o suy ra cc tch phn cn tm. Cn ghi nhn kt qu v phng
php tnh tch phn trn s dng sau ny.
Tnh trc tip tch phn

2
3(t ) 2 e s ds d = t3
J(t) =

Suy ra nghim ca bi ton

1

u(x, t) = Im I(t) + J(t) = e a t sinx + t3

Nhn xt Bng cch ko di lin tc cc hm lin tc tng khc, cc cng thc trn vn
s dng c trong trng hp cc hm f v g c o hm lin tc tng khc.

3. Bi ton gi Cauchy
Bi ton SP1a
Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(D, 3) v g C(D, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn nhit
2
u
2 u
=a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x 2
v cc iu kin
u(x, 0) = g(x), u(0, t) = 0

T tng chung gii bi ton SP l tm cch chuyn v bi ton CP tng ng.

Gi s f1 v g1 tng ng l ko di ca cc hm f v g ln ton 3, cn hm v(x, t) l
nghim ca bi ton Cauchy sau y.
2
v
2 v
=a
+ f1(x, t) v u(x, 0) = g1(x) vi (x, t) 3 3+
t
x 2
Theo cng thc (8.2.2) , ta c

( x )
t
+
+ g () ( x2 )

f1 (, t ) 4a 2
1

4a t
v(x, t) =
e
d

+
d

e
d

2a t

Th vo iu kin bin

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t
+
+ g () 2
f1 (, t ) 4 a 2
1

4a t
v(0, t) =
e
d + d
e
d = 0

2a t

Suy ra cc hm f1 v g1 phi l cc hm l.
Tc l
g( x ) x 0
f(x, t) x 0
v g1(x) =
f1(x, t) =
f(-x,
t)
x
<
0
g

(-x) x < 0
2

nh l Cho cc hm f C(H, 3) B(H, 3) v g C(D, 3) B(D, 3) tho m~n

f(0, t) = 0 v g(0) = 0
Bi ton SP1a c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc
( + x )2
+ g( ) ( x ) 2

e 4a t e 4a 2 t
u(x, t) =

2a 0 t

d +

( x )
(+ x)

f (, t ) 4a 2
2
e
e 4a
+ d

0
0
t

(8.3.1)

2u
u
= a2 2 + 2xt vi (x, t) 3+3+
t
x
u(x, 0) = sinx v u(0, t) = 0
Do cc hm f v g l hm l nn cc hm ko di l f1 = f v g1 = g. Thay vo cng thc
(8.2.2) v s dng tch phn (8.2.3) , ta c

V d Gii bi ton

u(x, t) =

sin(x + 2a

t s)e

s 2

ds +

= ImI(t) +

t +

2(t )(x + 2a

s)e s dsd

+
+ s 2

2
(
t

)
d

x
e
ds

d(e s )

= e a t sinx + xt2

Bi ton SP1b
Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ v hm h C(3+, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn nhit
2u
u
= a2 2 vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v cc iu kin
u(x, 0) = 0, u(0, t) = h(t)

nh l Cho hm h C(3+, 3) B(3+, 3). Bi ton SP1b c nghim duy nht v n nh

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Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

xc nh theo cng thc
x2

h ( t ) 4 a 2
(8.3.2)
u(x, t) =
3 / 2 e d
2a 0
Chng minh
Do hm h C(3+, 3) B(3+, 3) nn tch phn (8.3.2) hi t u H. Do c th o
hm theo x hai ln, theo t mt ln. Kim tra trc tip
t

u
1
=
x
2a

x2

h ( t ) 4 a 2
x2
e
d

0 3 / 2
4a 3
t

2u
x
=
2
x
4a 3

x2

h(t ) 4a 2
x3
e
d

+
0 5 / 2
8a 5
t

x2

u
x h(0) 4a 2 t
x
=
e
3/2
t
2a t
2a

1
3/2

s=

x
2a

, u(x, t) =

x2

h(t ) 4a 2
0 7 / 2 e d
t

x2
4a 2

dh(t )

3
x2

h
(
t

)
+
=

2 5 / 2 4a 2 7 / 2
2a 0

Theo cng thc (8.3.2) ta c u(x, 0) = 0

i bin tch phn (8.3.2)
x

x2

h(t ) 2
0 5 / 2 e 4a d
t

h( t

x2

4a 2
e

d = a2 uxx

2
x2
)e s ds
2 2
4a s

2a t

Suy ra u(0, t) = h(t)

Tnh duy nht v n nh suy ra t cng thc (8.3.2) v c lng tch phn.

Bi ton SP1
Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(H, 3), g C(D, 3) v h C(3+, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn nhit
2u
u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v cc iu kin
u(x, 0) = g(x), u(0, t) = h(t)
Tm nghim ca bi ton SP1 di dng
u(x, t) = ua(x, t) + ub(x, t)
trong u(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton SP1
Kt hp cc cng thc (8.3.1) v (8.3.2), suy ra cng thc sau y.

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( + x )2
+ g( ) ( x ) 2

2
2

u(x, t) =
e 4a t e 4a t

2a 0 t

x
t

d + x h(t ) e 4a 2 d
0 3 / 2

( x )
(+ x)

f (, t ) 4a 2
2
e
e 4a
+ d

0
0
t

(8.3.3)

nh l Cho f C(H, 3) B(D, 3), g C(D, 3) B(D, 3), h C(3+, 3) B(3+, 3) tho
m~n f(0, t) = 0 v g(0) = 0
Bi ton SP1 c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc (8.3.3)
Nhn xt Phng php trn c th s dng gii cc bi ton gi Cauchy khc.

4. Bi ton hn hp thun nht

Bi ton HP1a
Cho cc min D = [0, l], H = D [0, T] v hm g C(D, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn nhit
2u
u
= a2 2 vi (x, t) H0
t
x
iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = g(x)
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = 0

(8.4.1)

(8.4.2)
(8.4.3)

Tm nghim ca bi ton HP1a dng tch bin

u(x, t) = X(x)T(t)
Th vo phng trnh (8.4.1) v iu kin bin (8.4.3) a v h phng trnh vi phn
X(x) + X(x) = 0
(8.4.4)
2
T(t) + a T(t) = 0
(8.4.5)
X(0) = X(l) = 0 vi 3
(8.4.6)
Lp lun tng t nh bi ton HH1a, tm nghim ring khng tm thng ca h
phng trnh (8.4.4) v (8.4.6), nhn c h nghim ring trc giao trn on [0, l]
2

k
k
x vi Ak 3 v k = , k *
l
l
Thay vo phng trnh (8.4.5) tm c h nghim ring c lp
Xk(x) = Aksin

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Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

2

ka

t
l

Tk(t) = Bk e
vi Bk 3, k *
Suy ra h nghim ring c lp ca bi ton HP1
2

uk(x, t) = Xk(x)Tk(t) = ak e

ka

t
l

sin

k
x vi ak = AkBk , k *
l

Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton HP1 dng chui hm

u(x, t) =

u
k =1

(x, t ) =

a
k =1

ka

t
l

sin

k
x
l

(8.4.7)

Thay vo iu kin ban u (8.4.2)

+
k
u(x, 0) = a k sin
x = g(x)
l
k =1
Nu hm g c th khai trin thnh chui Fourier th
2
k
ak = g(x ) sin
xdx
l 0
l
l

(8.4.8)

nh l Cho hm g C1(D, 3) tho m~n g(0) = g(l) = 0. Chui hm (8.4.7) vi cc h

s ak tnh theo cng thc (8.4.8) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton HP1a.
Chng minh
Hm g theo gi thit tho m~n iu kin Diriclet v do khai trin c thnh chui
Fourier hi t u trn on [0, l].
Do chui hm (8.4.7) vi cc h s ak tnh theo cng thc (8.4.8) l hi t u v c
th o hm tng t theo x hai ln, theo t mt ln trn min H. Kim tra trc tip thy
rng chui hm (8.4.7) v cc chui o hm ring ca n tho m~n phng trnh (8.4.1)
v cc iu kin (8.4.2), (8.4.3)
Lp lun tng t nh bi ton CP1 suy ra tnh n nh v duy nht nghim.


2u
u
=
vi (x, t) [0, 1] [0, T]
t
x 2
u(x, 0) = x(1 - x) v u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0
Theo cng thc (8.4.8) ta c

V d Gii bi ton

0
1 (-1) k

8
=

3 3
k
0
(2n + 1) 3 3
Th vo cng thc (8.4.7) suy ra nghim ca bi ton
2 2
8 +
1
u(x, t) = 3
e ( 2 n +1) t sin(2n + 1)x
3
n =0 (2n + 1)
l

ak = 2 x(1 x) sin kxdx = 4

k = 2n
k = 2n + 1

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5. Bi ton hn hp khng thun nht

Bi ton HP1b
Cho cc min D = [0, l], H = D [0, T], cc hm f C(H, 3) v g C(D, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn nhit
2
u
2 u
=a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x 2
iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = 0
v cc iu kin bin
u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = 0

Tm nghim bi ton HP1b dng chui hm

k
x
l
k =1
Khai trin Fourier hm f(x, t) on [0, l], th vo bi ton HP1b
+

u(x, t) =

T (t ) sin
k

k
ka

Tk (t ) +
Tk (t ) sin
x =

l
l
k =1

2
kx
dx v
vi fk(t) = f (x, t ) sin
l 0
l
l

f
k =1

(t ) sin

T
k =1

(0) sin

(8.5.1)

k
x
l

k
x =0
l

a v h phng trnh vi phn h s hng

2

ka
Tk (t) +
(8.5.2)
Tk(t) = fk(t), Tk(0) = 0
l
Gii h phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng (8.5.2) tm cc hm Tk(t) th vo
cng thc (8.5.1) suy ra nghim ca bi ton.

nh l Cho hm f C(H, 3) C1(D, 3). Chui hm (8.5.1) vi cc hm Tk(t) xc nh

bi h phng trnh (8.5.2) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton HP1b.
Bi ton HP1
Cho cc min D = [0, l], H = D [0, T], cc hm f C(H, 3), g C(D, 3) v cc hm
p, q C([0, T], 3). Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho m~n phng trnh truyn nhit
u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x
iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = g(x)
v cc iu kin bin
u(0, t) = p(t), u(l, t) = q(t)

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Tm nghim bi ton HP1 di dng
x
(q(t) - p(t))
l
Trong hm v(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton HP1a

u(x, t) = v(x, t) + w(x, t) + p(t) +

(8.5.3)

2v
v
= a2 2
t
x
v(x, 0) = g(x) - p(0) -

x
(q(0) - p(0)) = g1(x)
l

v(0, t) = v(l, t) = 0
vi iu kin bin
g1(0) = g1(l) = 0 g(0) = p(0), g(l) = q(0)

(8.5.4)

Hm w(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton HP1b

2w
2w
w
x
= a2 2 + f(x, t) - p(t) - (q(t) - p(t)) = a2 2 + f1(x, t)
l
t
x
x
w(x, 0) = 0
w(0, t) = w(l, t) = 0

(8.5.5)

Gii cc bi ton (8.5.4) v (8.5.5) tm hm v(x, t) v hm w(x, t) th vo cng thc

(8.5.3) suy ra nghim ca bi ton.

nh l Cho cc hm f C(H, 3) C1(D, 3), g C2(D, 3) v p, q C1([0, T], 3) tho

m~n
g(0) = p(0), g(l) = q(0)
Hm u(x, t) xc nh theo cng thc (8.5.3) vi hm v(x, t) v hm w(x, t) l nghim ca
cc bi ton (8.5.4) v (8.5.5) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton HP1.
2u
u
V d Gii bi ton
= 4 2 vi (x, t) [0, 1] [0, T]
t
x
u(x, 0) = x v u(0, t) = 0, u(1, t) = e-t
Tm nghim ca bi ton di dng u(x, t) = v(x, t) + w(x, t) + xe-t vi hm v(x, t) l
nghim ca bi ton HP1a vi g1(x) = 0 cn hm w(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton HP1b
vi f1(x, t) = xe-t.
Bi ton HP1a c nghim
v(x, t) = 0
Gii bi ton HP1b
1

fk(t) = 2 e t x sin kxdx =

0

2(-1) k +1 t
e vi k *
k

Gii h phng trnh vi phn h s hng

Tk (t) + (2k)2Tk(t) =

2(-1) k +1 t
e , Tk(0) = 0
k

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Tm c cc hm

2
2(-1) k
e ( 2 k ) t e t
2 2
k(4 k 1)
Suy ra nghim ca bi ton

Tk(t) =

u(x, t) = xe-t +

k =1

) vi k

2(-1) k
( 2 k ) 2 t
e
e t sin kx
2 2
k(4 k 1)

Nhn xt Bng cch ko di lin tc, cc cng thc trn vn s dng c trong trng
hp cc hm f v g c o hm lin tc tng khc.

6. Bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh trn

Xt ton t vi phn Laplace trong mt phng
u(x, y) =

2u 2 u
+
x2 y2

i bin to cc x = rcos, y = rsin

Theo cng thc o hm hm hp
u r u
u 1
u
u
=
= cos sin
+
x
r x x
r r

u r u
u 1
u
u
=
+
= sin + cos
y
r y y
r r

2
2
2u 2
u 1 2 u 1
2u
2 u 2
2 u
=
cos

cos

sin

+
cos

sin

+
sin

+
sin

r r 2
r
r r 2
x2
r 2 r
2
2
2
2u 2
u 1
1
2u
2u
2 u
2 u
2
=
sin

+
cos

sin

cos

sin

+
cos

+
cos

r r 2
r
r r 2
y2
r 2 r
2

Suy ra biu thc to cc ca ton t Laplace

u(r, ) =

2 u 1 u 1 2 u
1 u 1 2 u
+
+
=
r +
r 2 r r r 2 2
r r r r 2 2

Bi ton DE1a
Cho min D = [0, R] [0, 2] v hm g C([0, 2], 3).
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho m~n phng trnh Laplace
u(r, ) = 0 vi (r, ) D0
v iu kin bin
u(R, ) = g()
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(8.6.1)
(8.6.2)

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

Tm nghim ca bi ton DE1a dng tch bin
u(r, ) = V(r)()
Th vo phng trnh (8.6.1) nhn c h phng trnh vi phn
() + () = 0
(8.6.3)
2
r V(r) + rV(r) - V(r) = 0, vi 3
(8.6.4)
Phng trnh (8.6.3) c h nghim ring trc giao, tun hon chu k T = 2
k(x) = Akcosk + Bksink, k = k2 vi Ak, Bk 3, k
Thay vo phng trnh (8.6.4) tm h nghim ring c lp v b chn
Vk(r) = Ckrk vi Ck 3, k
Suy ra h nghim ring c lp ca bi ton DE1a
u0 = a0 , uk(r, ) = rk(akcosk + bksink) vi ak = CkAk , bk = CkBk , k *
Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton DE1a dng chui hm
+

u(r, ) = a0 + r k (a k cos k + b k sin k)

(8.6.5)

k =1

Th vo iu kin bin (8.6.2)

+

u(R, ) = a0 + R k (a k cos k + b k sin k) = g()

k =1

Nu hm g c th khai trin thnh chui Fourier th

2

a0 =

1
1
g()d , ak =

2 0
R k

g() cos kd , bk =
0

1
R k

g() sin kd

(8.6.6)

nh l Cho g C1([0, 2], 3) tho m~n g(0) = g(2). Chui hm (8.6.5) vi cc h s

ak v bk tnh theo cng thc (8.6.6) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton DE1a.
Chng minh
Lp lun tng t nh bi ton CP1


V d Gii bi ton DE1
u = 0 vi u(R, ) = 2Rsin
Hm g() = 2Rsin tho m~n cc iu kin ca nh l. Theo cng thc (8.6.6)
1
ak = 0 v bk = 2R
R k

sin sin kd = 0
0

k = 1 vi k *
k 1

Suy ra nghim ca bi ton u(r, ) = 2rsin 2y

K hiu
u(z) = u(r, ) vi z = rei D0
Theo kt qu 8, chng 3 suy ra bi ton DE1a c nghim theo cng thc sau y.
1
+ z g( )
1
u(z) = Re
F( )d = ReI(z)
(8.6.7)
d = Re

2 i ||= R z
2 i ||= R

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Gi s trong hnh trn B(0, R) hm g c cc cc im khc khng ak vi k = 1..n Theo
cng thc tnh tch phn Cauchy (4.7.6) ta c
n

I(z) = ResF(z) + ResF(0) +

Re sF(a
k =1

(8.6.8)

u = 0 vi u(R, ) = 2Rsin

V d Gii bi ton DE1

Chuyn qua to v phc

1 i -i
1 2 R2
1 + z 2 R2
g() = 2R (e - e ) =
v F() =
2i
i 2
i z 2
Ta c
I(z) = Res[f, z] + Res[f, 0] =

2( z 2 R 2 ) 2 R 2
+
= -2iz
iz
iz

Suy ra nghim ca bi ton

u(z) = Re(-2iz) = 2y

Bi ton DE1b
Cho min D = [, R] [0, 2] v cc hm g, h C([0, 2], 3)
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho m~n phng trnh Laplace
u(r, ) = 0 vi (r, ) D0
v iu kin bin
u(, ) = g(), u(R, ) = h()

(8.6.9)
(8.6.10)

Lp lun tng t bi ton DE1a, tm nghim ca bi ton DE1b dng tch bin
u(r, ) = V(r)()
Thay vo phng trnh (8.6.9) nhn c h nghim ring c lp
u0 = a0 + b0lnr
uk(r, ) = (akrk + bkr-k)cosk + (ckrk + dkr-k)sink vi ak , bk , ck , dk 3, k *
Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton DE1b dng chui hm
u(r, ) = a0 + b0lnr
+

[(a
k =1

r k + b k r k ) cos k + (c k r k + d k r k ) sin k]

(8.6.11)

Th vo iu kin bin (8.6.10)

+

u(, ) = a0 + b0ln + [(a k k + b k k ) cos k + (c k k + d k k ) sin k] = g()

k =1

u(R, ) = a0 + b0lnR + [(a k R k + b k R k ) cos k + (c k R k + d k R k ) sin k] = h()

k =1

Nu hm g c th khai trin thnh chui Fourier th

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Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

2

a0 + b0ln =

1
g()d
2 0

a0 + b0lnR =

akk + bk-k =

1
g() cos kd
0

ckk + dk-k =

1
g() sin kd
0

1
h()d
2 0
2

akRk + bkR-k =

1
h() cos kd
0

ckRk + dkR-k =

1
h() sin kd
0

(8.6.12)

nh l Cho cc hm g, h C1([0, 2], 3) tho m~n g(0) = g(2), h(0) = h(2). Chui
hm (8.6.11) vi cc h s ak , bk , ck v dk xc nh t h phng trnh (8.6.12) l
nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton DE1b.

7. Bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh ch nht

Bi ton DE2a
Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm ga C([0, l], 3)
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho m~n phng trnh Laplace
u =

2u 2 u
+
= 0 vi (x, y) D0
x2 y2

(8.7.1)

v iu kin bin
u(x, 0) = ga(x), u(x, d) = u(0, y) = u(l, y) = 0

(8.7.2)

Tm nghim ca bi ton DE2a dng tch bin

u(x, y) = X(x)Y(y)
Thay vo phng trnh (8.7.1) a v h phng trnh vi phn
X(x) + X(x) = 0
Y(y) - Y(y) = 0
X(0) = X(l) = Y(d) = 0 vi 3
Bi ton (8.7.3) c h nghim ring c lp

(8.7.3)
2

k
k
k
x , Yk(y) = Bksh
(d y) , k = vi k *
l
l
l
Suy ra c h nghim ring c lp ca bi ton DE2a
k
k
uk(x, y) = ak sh
(d y) sin
x vi ak = AkBk 3, k *
l
l

Xk(x) = Aksin

Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton DE2a dng chui hm

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Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

+

u(x, y) =

u
k =1

k (x, y ) =

a
k =1

sh

k
k
(d y) sin
x
l
l

(8.7.4)

Th vo iu kin bin (8.7.2)

+
kd
k
u(x, 0) = a k sh
sin
x = ga(x)
l
l
k =1
Nu hm ga c th khai trin thnh chui Fourier trn on [0, l] th

2
k
g a (x) sin
xdx
ak =

kd 0
l
lsh
l
l

(8.7.5)

nh l Cho hm ga C1([0, l], 3) tho m~n ga(0) = ga(l) = 0. Chui hm (8.7.4) vi h

s ak tnh theo cng thc (8.7.5) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton DE2a.
Lp lun tng t nh trn, chng ta gii cc bi ton sau y.
Bi ton DE2b
Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm gb C([0, d], 3).
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho m~n phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v iu kin bin
u(l, y) = gb(y), u(x, d) = u(0, y) = u(x, 0) = 0
nh l Cho hm gb C1([0, d], 3) tho m~n gb(0) = gb(d) = 0. Bi ton DE2b c
nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc
+

u(x, y) =

b k sh
k =1

k
k
x sin
y vi bk =
d
d

2
k
g b (y ) sin
ydy

kl 0
d
dsh
d
d

(8.7.6)

Bi ton DE2c
Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm gc C([0, l], 3).
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho m~n phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v iu kin bin
u(x, d) = gc(x), u(0, x) = u(x, 0) = u(l, y) = 0
nh l Cho hm gc C1([0, l], 3) tho m~n gc(0) = gc(l) = 0. Bi ton DE2c c nghim
duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc
+

u(x, y) =

c k sh
k =1

Trang 148

2
k
k
k
g c (x) sin
xdx
y sin
x vi ck =

kd 0
l
l
l
lsh
l

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(8.7.7)

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

Bi ton DE2d
Cho D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm gd C([0, d], 3).
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho m~n phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v iu kin bin
u(0, y) = gd(y), u(x, 0) = u(l, y) = u(x, d) = 0
nh l Cho hm gd C1([0, d], 3) tho m~n gd(0) = gd(d) = 0. Bi ton DE2d c
nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc
+
k
k
u(x, y) = d k sh
(l x) sin
y
d
d
k =1
2
k
g d (y) sin
ydy

kl 0
d
dsh
d
d

vi dk =

(8.7.8)

Bi ton DE2
Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d], cc hm g1 , g3 C([0, l], 3) v g2 , g4 C([0, d], 3)
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho m~n phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v iu kin bin
u(x, 0) = g1(x), u(l, y) = g2(y), u(x, d) = g3(x), u(0, y) = g4(y)
Tm nghim ca bi ton DE2 di dng
u(x, y) = u0(x, y) + u(x, y) + ub(x, y) + uc(x, y) + ud(x, y)
Trong u(x, y) l nghim ca bi ton DE2.
Hm
u0(x, y) = A + Bx + Cy + Dxy
(8.7.9)
l nghim ca bi ton DE sao cho u(x, y) trit tiu ti cc nh ca hnh ch nht.
Do tnh lin tc ca hm u(x, y) trn bin D
u(0, 0) = g4(0) = g1(0) = A
u(l, 0) = g1(l) = g2(0) = A + Bl
u(l, d) = g2(d) = g3(l) = A + Bl + Cd + Dld
u(0, d) = g3(0) = g4(d) = A + Cd
Gii h phng trnh trn suy ra
g (d ) g 4 (0)
g (l) g1 (0)
A = g4(0) = g1(0), B = 1
,C= 4
l
d
g (l) g3 (0) g1 (l) + g1 (0)
g (d ) g 2 (0) g 4 (d ) + g 4 (0)
D= 3
= 2
(8.7.10)
ld
ld

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Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

Th vo iu kin bin suy ra
x
(g1(l) - g1(0))
l
x
gc(x) = uc(x, d) = g3(x) - g3(0) - (g3(l) - g3(0))
l
y
gb(y) = ub(l, y) = g2(y) - g2(0) - (g2(d) - g2(0))
d
y
gd(y) = ud(0, y) = g4(y) - g4(0) - (g4(d) - g4(0))
d

ga(x) = ua(x, 0) = g1(x) - g1(0) -

(8.7.11)

Kt hp cc cng thc (8.7.4) - (8.7.8) nhn c cng thc

+
k
k
k

u(x, y) = u0(x, y) + a k sh
(d y) + c k sh
y sin
x
l
l
l
k =1
+

b
k =1

sh

k
k
k

x + d k sh
(l x) sin
y
d
d
d

(8.7.12)

nh l Cho cc hm g1 , g3 C1([0, l], 3) v g2 , g4 C1([0, d], 3) tho m~n

g4(0) = g1(0), g1(l) = g2(0), g2(d) = g3(l), g3(0) = g4(d)
Chui hm (8.7.12) vi hm u0(x, y) xc nh theo cc cng thc (8.7.9) - (8.7.10) v
cc h s ak , bk , ck v dk xc nh theo cc cng thc (8.7.5) - (8.7.8) trong cc hm
ga , gb , gc v gd xc nh theo cng thc (8.7.11) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi
ton DE2.

8. Bi ton Neumann
Bi ton NE1
Cho min D = [0, R] [0, 2] v hm h C([0, 2], 3)
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho m~n phng trnh Laplace
u =

1 u 1 2 u
= 0 vi (r, ) D0
r +
r r r r 2 2

v iu kin bin
u
(R, ) = h()
r
Tm nghim ca bi ton NE1 dng tch bin
u(r, ) = V(r)()

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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(8.8.1)

(8.8.2)

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

Thay vo phng trnh (8.8.1) nhn c h phng trnh vi phn
() + () = 0
r2V(r) + rV(r) - V(r) = 0, 3

(8.8.3)

Bi ton (8.8.3) c h nghim ring c lp

u0 = a0, uk(r, ) = rk(akcosk + bksink) vi ak = CkAk , bk = CkBk , k *
Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton NE1 dng chui hm
+

u(r, ) = a0 + r k (a k cos k + b k sin k)

(8.8.4)

k =1

Th vo iu kin bin (8.8.2)

+
u
(R, ) = kR k 1 (a k cos k + b k sin k) = h()
r
k =1
Nu hm h c th khai trin thnh chui Fourier th
a0 = u(0, )

1
ak =
kR k 1

1
0 h() cos kd , bk = kR k 1

h() sin kd

(8.8.5)

nh l Cho h C1([0, 2], 3) tho m~n h(0) = h(2). Chui hm (8.8.4) vi cc h s

ak v bk tnh theo cng thc (8.8.5) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton NE1.

Lp lun tng t nh cc bi ton DE2 chung ta gii cc bi ton sau y

Bi ton NE2b
Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm hb C([0, d], 3).
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho m~n phng trnh Laplace
u =

2u 2 u
+
= 0 vi (x, y) D0
x2 y2

v cc iu kin bin
u(x, d) = u(0, y) = u(x, 0) = 0,

u
(l, y) = hb(y)
x

nh l Cho hm hb C1([0, d], 3). Bi ton NE2b c nghim duy nht v n nh xc

nh theo cng thc
k
k
u(x, y) = b k sh
x sin
y vi bk =
d
d
k =1
+

2
kch

h
kl
0

(y) sin

k
ydy (8.8.6)
d

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Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

Bi ton NE2d
Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm hd C([0, d], 3).
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho m~n phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v cc iu kin bin
u
u(x, 0) = u(l, y) = u(x, d) = 0,
(0, y) = hd(y)
x
nh l Cho hm hd C1([0, d], 3). Bi ton NE2d c nghim duy nht v n nh xc
nh theo cng thc
+
k
k
u(x, y) = d k sh
(l x) sin
y
d
d
k =1
k
2
h d (y) sin
ydy

kl 0
d
kch
d
d

vi dk =

(8.8.7)

Bi ton NE2
Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v cc hm g1 , g3 C([0, l], 3) v h2 , h4 C([0, d], 3)
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho m~n phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v cc iu kin bin
u
u
u(x, 0) = g1(x), u(x, d) = g3(x) v
(l, y) = h2(y),
(0, y) = h4(y)
x
x
Tm nghim ca bi ton NE2 di dng
u(x, y) = u0(x, y) + ua(x, y) + ub(x, y) + uc(x, y) + ud(x, y)
(8.8.8)
Trong cc hm ua(x, y) v uc(x, y) l nghim ca bi ton DE2a v DE2c, cc hm
ub(x, y) v ud(x, y) l nghim ca bi ton NE2b v NE2d, cn hm
u0(x, y) = A + Bx + Cy + Dxy
(8.8.9)
l nghim ca bi ton DE sao cho u(x, y) trit tiu ti cc nh ca hnh ch nht
Lp lun tng t nh bi ton DE2 suy ra
A = g1(0)
g3 (0) g1 (0)
d
Th vo iu kin bin suy ra
C=

Trang 152

g1 (l) g1 (0)
l
g (l) g1 (l) g3 (0) + g1 (0)
D= 3
ld

B=

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(8.8.10)

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

x
(g1(l) - g1(0))
l
x
g3(x) - g3(0) - (g3(l) - g3(0))
l
h2(y) - (B + Dy)
g (l) g1 (0)
y g3 (l) g1 (l) g3 (0) + g1 (0)
h2(y) - 1
l
d
l
h4(y) - (B + Dy)
g (l) g1 (0) y g3 (l) g1 (l) g3 (0) + g1 (0)
h4(y) - 1
l
d
l

ga(x) = g1(x) - g1(0) gc(x) =

hb(y) =
=
hd(y) =
=

(8.8.11)

Kt hp cc cng thc (8.7.4), (8.7.6), (8.8.6), (8.8.7) v (8.8.8) suy ra cng thc
+
k
k
k

u(x, y) = u0(x, y) + a k sh
(d y) + c k sh
y sin
x
l
l
l
k =1
+

b
k =1

sh

k
k
k

x + d k sh
(l x) sin
y
d
d
d

(8.8.12)

nh l Cho cc hm g1 , g3 C1([0, l], 3) v g2 , g4 C1([0, d], 3) tho m~n

ga (0) = hd(0), ga (l) = hb(0) v gc (0) = hd(d), gc (l) = hb(d)
Chui hm (8.8.12) vi hm u0(x, y) xc nh theo cc cng thc (8.8.9) - (8.8.10) v
cc h s ak v ck xc nh theo cc cng thc (8.7.5) v (8.7.7) cn cc h s bk v dk
xc nh theo cc cng thc (8.8.6) v (8.8.7) vi cc hm ga , gc , hb v hd xc nh theo
cng thc (8.8.11) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton NE2.

Bi tp chng 8
Gii cc bi ton Cauchy
1.

2u
u
= a2 2
t
x

ut=0 = xex

2.

2u
u
= a2 2 + 3xt2
t
x

ut=0 = sinx

3.

2
u
2 u
=a
+ xe-t
2
t
x

ut=0 = cosx

4.

2u
u
= a2 2 + te-x
t
x

ut=0 = sinx

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Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

Gii cc bi ton gi Cauchy
5.

2u
u
= a2 2 + xsint
t
x

ut=0 = sinx, u(0, t) = 0

6.

2
u
2 u
=a
+ tsinx
t
x 2

ut=0 = xcosx, u(0, t) = et

7.

2u
u
= a2 2 + te-x
t
x

ut=0 = cosx ,

u
(0, t) = sint
x

8.

2u
u
= a2 2 + xe-t
t
x

ut=0 = sinx ,

u
(0, t) = cost
x

Gii cc bi ton hn hp sau y

9.

2u
u
= a2 2
t
x

ut=0 = x(l - x), u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0

10.

2u
u
= a2 2 + tsinx
t
x

ut=0 = sinx, u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0

11.

u
2u
= a2 2 + tcosx
t
x

ut=0 = cosx , u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = t

12.

2u
u
= a2 2 + 3xt2
t
x

ut=0 = 0, u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = Asint

13.

2
u
2 u
=a
+ (1 - x)et
2
t
x

14.

2u
u
= a2 2 + xet
t
x

ut=0 = 1, u(0, t) = et, u(l, t) = 0

ut=0 = 2x, u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = et

Gii bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh trn

15. u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 2] [0, 2]
16. u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 2] [0, 2]
17. u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 1] [0, 2]
18. u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 1] [0, 2]
19. u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, R] [0, 2]

v
v
v
v
v

ur=2 = x2 - xy + 2
u(2, ) = A + Bsin
u(1, ) = sin3
u(1, ) = cos4
u(R, ) = 0

Gii bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh vnh khn

20. u = 0 vi (r, ) [1, 2] [0, 2] v u(1, ) = A, u(2, ) = B
21. u = 0 vi (r, ) [1, 2] [0, 2] v u(1, ) = 1 + cos2, u(2, ) = sin2
22. u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, R] [0, ] v u(r, 0) = u(r, ) = 0, u(R, ) = A

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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

Gii bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh ch nht
23. u = 0 vi (x, y) [0, a] [0, b]
u(0, y) = Ay(b - y), u(a, y) = 0, u(x, 0) = Bsin
24.
25.

x
, u(x, b) = 0
a

u = 0 vi (x, y) [0, ] [-1, 1]

u(0, y) = u(, y) = 0, u(x, -1) = u(x, 1) = sin2x
u = 0 vi (x, y) [0, a] [0, +)
x
u(0, y) = u(a, y) = 0, u(x, 0) = A(1 - ), u(x, +) = 0
a

Gii bi ton Neuman trong hnh trn

26.
27.
29.

u
(2, ) = A
r
u
u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 1] [0, 2] v
(1, ) = 2cos
r
u
u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 1] [0, 2] v
(1, ) = - sin
r
u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 2] [0, 2] v

Gii bi ton hn hp trong hnh ch nht

29. u = 0 vi (x, y) [0, a] [0, b]
u
u
u(0, y) = A, u(a, y) = By,
(x, 0) =
(x, b) = 0
y
y

30.

u = 0 vi (x, y) [0, a] [0, b]

u
u
u(0, y) = A, u(a, y) = By,
(x, 0) =
(x, b) = 0
y
y

31.

u = 0 vi (x, y) [0, ] [0, ]

u
u
u(x, 0) = A, u(x, ) = Bx,
(0, y) = cosy,
(, y) = siny
x
x
u = -2 vi (x, y) [0, a] [-b, b]
u(0, y) = u(a, y) = u(x, 0) = u(x, b) = 0

32.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 155

Ti Liu Tham Kho

[1] ng nh Ang - Trn Lu Cng - Hunh B Ln - Nguyn Vn Nhn (2001)
Bin i tch phn, NXB Gio dc, H ni
[2] u Th Cp (1999)
Hm mt bin phc, NXB Gio dc, H ni
[3] Dng Tn m (1992)
Phng trnh vt l - ton, NXB i hc & GDCN, H ni
[4] G.M Fichtengon (1972)
C s gii tch ton hc, Tp 2, NXB i hc & THCN, H ni
[5] Phan B Ngc (1980)
Hm bin phc v php bin i Laplace, NXB i hc & THCN, H ni
[6] B.V Sabat (1979)
Nhp mn gii tch phc, Tp 1, NXB i hc & THCN, H ni
[7] Nguyn Thu Thanh (1985)
C s l thuyt hm bin phc, NXB i hc & THCN, H ni
[8] Nguyn nh Tr - Nguyn Trng Thi (1977)
Phng trnh vt l - ton, NXB i hc & THCN, H ni
[9] A.V Oppenheim & A.S Willsky (1997)
Signals & Systems, Prentice Hall, New Jersey
[10] J. Monier (1997)
Analyse 3 et Analyse 4, Dunod, Paris
[11] W. Rudin (1998)
Analyse relle et complexe, Dunod, Paris
[12] H. Pc (1978)
, 2, H,

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Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Mc lc
Li ni u ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Chng 1. S phc........................................................................................................................................ 5
1. Trng s phc ................................................................................................................................. 5
2. Dng i s ca s phc ................................................................................................................... 6
3. Dng lng gic ca s phc ............................................................................................................ 7
4. Cc ng dng hnh hc phng......................................................................................................... 10
5. D~y tr phc .................................................................................................................................... 12
6. Hm tr phc ................................................................................................................................... 14
7. Tp con ca tp s phc.................................................................................................................. 16
Bi tp chng 1 .................................................................................................................................... 19
Chng 2. Hm bin phc.......................................................................................................................... 22
1. Hm bin phc................................................................................................................................ 22
2. Gii hn v lin tc......................................................................................................................... 23
3. o hm phc................................................................................................................................. 25
4. Hm gii tch .................................................................................................................................. 27
5. Hm lu tha .................................................................................................................................. 28
6. Hm m .......................................................................................................................................... 30
7. Hm lng gic............................................................................................................................... 31
8. Bin hnh bo gic ......................................................................................................................... 32
9. Hm tuyn tnh v hm nghch o ................................................................................................ 34
10. Hm phn tuyn tnh v hm Jucop .............................................................................................. 36
11. Cc v d bin hnh bo gic......................................................................................................... 37
Bi tp chng 2 .................................................................................................................................... 40
Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc ......................................................................................................................... 43
1. Tch phn phc................................................................................................................................ 43
2. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn phc .................................................................................................... 44
3. nh l Cauchy ............................................................................................................................... 46
4. Cng thc tch phn Cauchy ........................................................................................................... 48
5. Tch phn Cauchy ........................................................................................................................... 50
6. nh l tr trung bnh ...................................................................................................................... 52
7. Hm iu ho.................................................................................................................................. 54
Bi tp chng 3 .................................................................................................................................... 57
Chng 4. CHUI hm PHC v Thng d................................................................................................ 59
1. Chui hm phc.............................................................................................................................. 59
2. Chui lu tha phc........................................................................................................................ 61
3. Chui Taylor ................................................................................................................................... 63
4. Khng im ca hm gii tch ........................................................................................................ 64
5. Chui Laurent ................................................................................................................................. 66
6. Phn loi im bt thng .............................................................................................................. 67
7. Thng d ......................................................................................................................................... 69
8. Thng d Loga............................................................................................................................... 71
9. Cc ng dng thng d ................................................................................................................... 73
Bi tp chng 4 .................................................................................................................................... 76
Chng 5. Bin i fourier v Bin i laplace .......................................................................................... 79
1. Tch phn suy rng ......................................................................................................................... 79
2. Cc b Fourier............................................................................................................................ 81

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3. Bin i Fourier...............................................................................................................................83
4. Tnh cht ca bin i Fourier ........................................................................................................85
5. Tm nh, gc ca bin i Fourier ..................................................................................................87
6. Bin i Laplace..............................................................................................................................91
7. Bin i Laplace ngc ...................................................................................................................92
8. Tnh cht ca Bin i Laplace .......................................................................................................94
9. Tm nh, gc ca bin i Laplace..................................................................................................96
Bi tp chng 5.....................................................................................................................................99
Chng 6. L thuyt trng ......................................................................................................................101
1. Trng v hng ...........................................................................................................................101
2. Gradient.........................................................................................................................................102
3. Trng vect .................................................................................................................................103
4. Thng lng ..................................................................................................................................104
5. Hon lu........................................................................................................................................106
6. Ton t Hamilton ..........................................................................................................................107
7. Trng th .....................................................................................................................................108
8. Trng ng ....................................................................................................................................110
Bi tp chng 6...................................................................................................................................111
Chng 7. Phng trnh truyn sng.........................................................................................................113
1. Phng trnh o hm ring tuyn tnh cp 2 ................................................................................113
2. Phng trnh vt l - ton ..............................................................................................................116
3. Cc bi ton c bn .......................................................................................................................118
4. Bi ton Cauchy thun nht...........................................................................................................120
5. Bi ton Cauchy khng thun nht................................................................................................122
6. Bi ton gi Cauchy.......................................................................................................................124
7. Bi ton hn hp thun nht ..........................................................................................................126
8. Bi ton hn hp khng thun nht ...............................................................................................128
Bi tp chng 7...................................................................................................................................131
Chng 8. Phng trnh truyn nhit ........................................................................................................133
1. Bi ton Cauchy thun nht...........................................................................................................133
2. Bi ton Cauchy khng thun nht................................................................................................135
3. Bi ton gi Cauchy.......................................................................................................................137
4. Bi ton hn hp thun nht ..........................................................................................................140
5. Bi ton hn hp khng thun nht ...............................................................................................142
6. Bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh trn..................................................................................................144
7. Bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh ch nht ..........................................................................................147
8. Bi ton Neumann .........................................................................................................................150
Bi tp chng 8...................................................................................................................................153
Ti Liu Tham Kho.................................................................................................................................156
Mc lc.....................................................................................................................................................157

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