Sptms

B'{(}1~iecJj,ti"'/i'l!s

Sl.lpu'l:mher 2007;, 16(3); 30]~3141

H;annneraeelEtle'rad.OD, movement :pla!tte:rDs,

doe '10,throrw,er and hamm.er

KOiI .MUROPU8HIru,
JUNRTAKA:.M.ATSU1i,

SH_INJ] $A_KURA_l:l:)KO]llUM.BGAKIl~ & .

IGm\dna~l: Sc1wo:l1J/ Hl!altJ~' llIItti S-pcn SCiiMh;;U. 2IEpflTlIIll!IU 0/ SPO!'i SritJrlS/.l~Cllukp· U'ilitrmity, .fJ:id:r,~ ~.NllIJuml &i~NC~ Sll«l.l'ieR~ Mafz.uil"/~' .J:'iIJoti"m'tlJ CoFIe# of 'Tec-hrMl'00'. ~10!. (1,~td>II Dllpart",.!!.w~ oj Sp6~f;j S~'el,~"~ I.r,!f/;i'lld~ (}_fS~rtS .sci'e{l'~J T~ J~pa'f

,~w

GfO'I!JlIild ~@~tio:ra, ro~~ .0001l.d \riire lr_~Dl'!l,1:I:~ :r.nce'!.\~1:'I!! lmee.::llmrd:l dlLEiQ!;: t~lttirl"om, bymre~ :Il!~mJi;!, IiliII'owcil"5, ~wd b~!d!~w,,'1i'h!1) ~:!!darx:~@;t'!!!I.Ib~~~ e!l'I'[~,41li!lill,;t~ tb.o!l'trilrlleo:r~e in.\I\e:stri~;~IDJl~ md two tmih!!!i:~it}1 ;uihl'f!tesJ"~ith ~C:[!5(n:il;di~tS (If S~,9-S m, lind! ~t6. 30!l!'!. ~6pootj!,l'(;ly; Th~y'l\~~ iIi:limedl It'!!i:nBW_~ ~iigh""&P'loo,\I'.idiii(l C'IIm_l!rn.s (:2:50 Hz)" The di,'Spl;]~m!laJt!i of me 1l000Mmil::i'head illn.dI ~J1t ~nl'!lc~~:'Q(,JU~~ ·ilf·mr!!~~\'\1!~' ,~~~i:D~~~ ~!iif,lg th:mN'l'imell&i~lmd .~fttl.1ifsi~,:procedl:ln.5!. T.h~ I.\;siilltl ~Qrn boldItF~, rC:clllll'C (If m~~,:md (h.e',h:i_mmcf;I~~'!!dg~ lihiC' fm;ll~ ~i) fUf,IlIS ~ll:ibit,~ :I.Piliro:x:il:ll_lu~ mrljuu;::tiollis o£'Il1.!.lbllJllll'lllif :titt:i~, IiPOitllf.lill.d. dle tJruooWer~, 10"' :pom~,lIn(.j!\1lc-c\~e-ntl! ,~Ib(lut lhk'il~m~l;~:r'!l ! mtimll;!d~~]e" It is ~(!nieD~'I!I~oo~@~. ~hcnm5ilJ['I WhY'nffilll LhroMllI"s :rllm-'il(melll i5! 3i~.chronlllilili:l ,';'iiUb ~c Imf;lWl;~w'~ mO~Ia'lm!l:b,~1 !!!p,p'~m!l!~__),f balfQ.luf!! i~oo,~A:;~dt:ifl!!!ie'tll~'be:mmer bC,[ld.i!18J ma:m:rl,\llr si:rI'li~m: ~0 die wa~dru~,lll1.," am:p~iru:deo:f,a~lldJuilu:m, :iiW::II~$~, wl1:~it i~pYI~cd!~pW4Jd '~~l:a:!;,tnng Ilgni_a!lt ~e

.AhstJ'iil;Ct

me&u

d)oWll.waOO fIltIWmoill:'l[ afiffil,e

&wil:lsj]lg\\~eiigh.~:"

10. W.e ham_(lI'-i:ili!Jrnw.i:f:lg 'I.'lWIl(~3. haMm.er he.9id,is300el}et8:~edby .e:\'lerms; fOlroe5 en .i:~",ig.~ ~:lodile ~!:!d a.\1I'.itt.Du;D~g n111"1l:1ll:g. c~l:iImf~l, {orce olf :llJpproxima:t.eIDy 2,- :lkNis achieved iii op 'tffiu;!l' hii:mm'~r h~::Hl)m!tl iI\IaiIrJid.Ie:.!.a;nd.'I;ltl;f¢. 'llliis £s in OOiu:rnst: "I'!1tb,Qwer ~i[lg reve.ntrs i~ "']]i.c.h me ,obj~C'i: i:S3CiQ!i:ll~iI",):u:d d:im'l:ctilly by ~urudi1'JJ,giJl: me: band. m Kob!llJ:r'3:slti tlJll.dK3Il.~·kio (~98 0) ~f.D'~~IYSCd. only me ,c;cilJit:rifug;JID:Cor·ce:cfl~e lut!n~er. dllfil Dot o.l~I:.ro: o:fmaS<ll of me ~oo'i\~er, :31:'DJd mc'grollrulld iiClliction feree, but,dilO (I:!e m~r;ti:!'!!l rio!)~C';\:\I'llll:;ffiJJ is 9.n a,pp-lu"C:I:1i[ [o<.roe.• ThC}! wteosured ~e g;ro'und l'ieSictioln! :oorcc'on ilt!g !ert!.!rJid rigt!~foul of:JJ u!1l~Vll:ln;it'3tM,et.e iIlllmmiCl" ~(o\\\Iel', (be wi:re~eiIJis~l.eriOlice:~and d!~ rt1t_rQ~_ng ITI_,Q¥-e~M~~~ and m~t1,eS;t1~,3t!i:.id. the 1l.o:[imillt3~1 :iililcrtiaID force :El~1l11C :Iowmdllugh PQinltl!. Th-ell' C'NpliiJ!i;ned tih3~ me ~;I.'II~eo!:llJl:rifu~n:1 [or·cc is):il'Jiemted durin,g IiQU!tiOlD~l~iJuc~ g~~~~d~d lh~ w~igtu. Oif the SltI:ll!et'!:-!, W3sc]J!uiIiiIli:e:r'be]SinCied bytb.e ~De[tial fQrC'e ....cling in. lh~ Q,ppg~h_1l: dJi:mGti(l\liI~olh.~
1

l1elltr.if:l.:lgaW [!;)Iwe .•. H1iO~!j!I::a:J'tbey mere]}! rdemW1s;tnlt~d haw ·il. di~:r Itile: hOtr;D!Ollltlllli, direcil:iolll ag,a;imt: tile. OI!Ili!1'ift!:g;ilI. fOlooe ·i1,)fm~ ha:ITi~~i!:';

m,iI~nt;'lili[t5! b:1l~:ii'lnc;eimli

m.!!' ~3.m.ef
c.r:.m\~iJ~Mc~

·could be :[l:ccele:l:i1iItled..

~,t: s i

important
~~I

~ey d1~dIliOf: ~!I1IJo,.'\! :Inlow to dete'.!:'m:l~e hgw~e body ~hou~,d mOll!i(l

OI}~>il~ru.

K. MWfi(~.l'IiI_I!Zi!;fINIO Col. j.~!l ,il'I.....lftiimll O

'III'o.~,J1I~.

~~!~

'i.l'J;j~!r~I.i_iTilli""i!iiiL,,~_ap 11~1'j\~):~ I Pl'gIU.l1~N ~

:nx:m

mN

IO.:IORO-'lln6111'1m'@

I 'j1'~I2i.{o1W6 "'!jILl'!.'!'ICo 4007 Tii'lil... ·$I: :r;twll",. l'Iil!IlI!!'iI~

'~oifjJcre,[lse the h!!~m~r ~~i1d':s sp!!:ed. "fo th:ii)e~d; i~i~jj~Q\ll>sa;fl,~ [0 8l1'J11dyse cI,ofldYL'rQw~rs. of dif:f;ereni!;~b:i~ld~sby m~3:su:rillg!,l'g:riQyspl):rillm!!'l[~[,i!i d:il.cl~di~gtllie!,l'ertjj~nl inerli;iJJIFoff:l.l:S. l~eg;lm~i'J!!]d G\OI]~;;)gues {Ureglilm:i~ SO!~r.u. Oka:rnoi(l~ Ue)la~ aad N.!.!ka;m~[;1I. 19,9I1l} emm:inedi ill:!.: lcl.:!!filii)~blip b!!:!t~leeinl tiliwe:mQI,I'~meW!f: Ii)\fli\Jle h~lllmeii ~leild m:!dL~~ l~~\'\!~Ii's >ce~u:e or mi!,l$s,a~ d:'l.e ru99'] Tokyo A~~~tiiG$\Vo!f]d ,cluunpinns.hlip..They oopgrt\.'ld rilm.a![ iml!cre:me:flll$ Q:fd:llll! h:l!im;me:r: bead',s mal1iii;arlQ!!'I~l kiUEriic: ,eitl:e~T resul~d from mec.1'!~;n~cal\:\Io~k, done b~" tili:iil'llW~rs,Illlrdo:!:illln tg rlhe dJi~t::ricns ,of ~e >ceil1t~ip'el:H1]fQiroe .dl.~ .mo~meil[ L'e !!!roo gf rili.c:r~i.'I1·':y.ers' o~n:tre of MiilSS: n¢~r Wow :p(l(i~ts011me: hOMmier be~d" Dap~ni1l 0986) c.huified me th<Arn(;tl.l:r:isl~!i::\'Iel'i[j.c3~ lIDd .I1o:rirt..(llm m di~ma.ceille:Il:~S; of the bllmH1!~r.h~jJ.d. ~em[\@wers:' .. (ll'!.cI.udif:lf,!:rlTIteworl.drcoord ~l@ldc:r~ndlhi:lp.f~decCS'S;o,r) eemres of m!!5:!hi!l!nd I!:li~oomlbi:iledl CI!'JlJ!ll~S ,of m~si'l.f'oil"venk~1 d~$pl.:illJcCmiint~, the l[imillG OfL~(l lIil!~mmCir h..e:i'ld"s v~:rtiel.l] fI:1!l1\mmCflll and me:th:!)(J!,\'I'~r$,' o~nt" of mass V<el:iUCIiII, m,QVre~~!lt ~h(M;v~d 3,:phaSJe lii;l]iere!l1l[;cof 1I.t10UI!: ru 200 100rmea:Mf!t!':!w;1~~I¢ ('[h~ :Jif.l;g]cf{)lrmed bJlLh,~ Hg,g '~O:t'JiIJ.~c~:i~g oombmed [he eemre of :msstll, S!lldth,e h.~~:t:ner herrled as v,icWCQ ftoim :aibQ'II~),.ThiiS phll'S~ dliilfcre:n.oe c:reilf!)ed ;i. pl:riod d:tlrilrnlgwibi.db t_t!¢ ~omb~n~d. eemee of:'milS5cOJuld b~in~3s,ed ~Il.m.eupWiSlm, direc'l:iilJ'n and II:h:iis, periodi waSal!'fl~1 id~tHt!;al wi:[h 'w.!.! d.oubliC 's~ppgrt plh3$~" HOWC;I!I\ef', ift ~s hnponamllt UI measure die' gro1Wlnril!lil:1Clioll:i :forec :ond a!n~lyse hll,r(iID3.[i.()IIlSh~p [0 ml! ',",c'roc'.11 d~$p'hlce;rne:nrt!liof~ harf.tlmCl lhica.dand die' IbQdiy~ (:c:n.~e of: mass fOil: dlifre:re[lil:truo~!:1l .. D'Ysolll (197"7) ~~:udi~ ham:m!lr 3:cc:ele:mt'i!Jn![!~d repoi!'"ted th:tli~ centti:pe'taillrgn;~ ]1] dI.$ b.O!rizo:lll!:~~ d~r~cd!!)n silm.i:lim the :rotation a~'(lisllf:ld11:11!um~~i;ps, and me: feet '~'Ife.!leIl~;e,d to pun 1[1ieblil!mme'J:' i~thc;t~j]ge~rill] d:ifecUlon (cl'e<!tii.!lg body '~orqlle)" ln~e 'Ve:itic~1 d:l~~t±(I~.me; gri(l~[Id1llgii!iI;d(n~ fl!)!:,~~' "',3S, found. to be im;PQfHi:J1i!; whllifl. m~ wire (\J!I'.hii:chC9:Il~ects d~~ h.dil,¢ ee ~e I\flmIT!~r hClilId}w:!isbeWowtl:lie b,Q:ri:~;otl'!f!;O!l pilllilntil ofth.'i! shouh1ers, a:ndJ tie body wills hlW¢liUdi \i'!~ben dH~wii!'~W3's aJl)olR dlie' hQil:',i~gmruudpWii~~ mc sheulders. In addihi .. !1.;. H~y (l993.) : of o doooml~ntildd1,3'! ~O\~rillg: ihe Clen.tre 'ofm<Lrls, .('il~ ~ffiit~·IGW polf.l:tliof'the Jnlln __ Wh~il d~~ rn~r n~:nsjk: ~O\['()e.~ 'Iar~ Iby ~e9:1:'ims~e booy 'U"llJIrlk bi3JcKWilMS. witb ,eac!) tl,!1r~~ ~$, if s<iiC:trul"l;g: b<1:cl!.w;flnls gga;i:n!!;tLh~ h@Jmmcr, is important ;fgrm:<l1i.ni!;3ilining ~e b:!lJI:I'I!(Webe;~ll!e~Lh~ llilI:QlJfIim.cr31lld me' thro\w:r" Howe\~r~ mesil,!!lre Qirl~y~Q[!~~p~Il::lJI.!:ltplimaltioil1is ,ilnd ]I!~k c'mp!iric:d sUp!p(I!iI"[. i In I:!he :prescnil: !l:~uil/y) '!he ~wQ'"@ttdr~3!cdor:i :CiOl'>'o!;!,tll!e wii!le '~e~!li!liIl;fIiiOOfl, :aJlld the dlro'wiog mO~rrUl(f.i:ts, duriNlig ha:mwer ~rowi:ns W4.l:[,e me<1s'I1u;,ed10 idn.ltify U!$ ~bal'itllC'l!ei!'iisticgiro'llmd 'reaClllon :Fm'ce in me ~Qmgml!]!'la:1d 'V\C1:"~:i(;.aJI, dii:roct:io~!'i and ith¢ c:hof:lu::lllCrU:st:lc!,l'cniclll

me:

d~spbu::em.e;nm: ,of

the;

ibodi!i":s

C(i:nltl'~

IT!... ·c:h:3inism~o'adliicVll:l o~tilim<lilha.mmlermrow:iillg

of mos.s in Pin <Ilt$mpl: dii.8[a;n~e!!,

II!O

cruil~r'Y tlu:!lo:lellerilil:ilO:n

I1x_pttf'-inflllt!al

~itjl'!~

Eo.dl:lltbme~ wa~ as~r;d r:o mro\:\l 3 hwmMer eq~ipp~ ",,':!lih j),se:ll!lor (Fi;gl!'u't.': 0 {rom II WcQ,wrung ,dr'cllie ttruill!li;~adl(tl!l\oep~3'mes,·embeddcd i~ it t!:)v.~lIdsa net: l.oc8~edi 7'.5 fI]!! a!~",~y,E<'l(:llinJ am:Je'te was ru-''!~twu¢l(,ld m ~oow the [',SlRtm!l!" ~~I;!Cidm{;"S" The :mo''V!em.e:nrts (IJf(l1~ hPim.llt and me dlrowc:r w~ c1!'t~rcdlJ!>i~ ili_roe h~gh"!!ipeiidcIlMern:s (HSV:~5;OOCJ; NAC ID'i:aJge "r:ech.J:!:gl,Q,gy). Fiture 2. ~~"asC'l1e~;ilI~:icnl'pte~~m;)do[l, of~he ~esl[[ie:]d ~nd~e,c<lrn~wa ]cc!lI[lons>. 'Thre~ •uhleres '\.\lewe :s~.udili::!l: !!Loru\tC!f$hy .amIDa~~hamm.e;r iI1ll:'Q'!!veimnd ~e AsillIl :r,eeotrdl t'l,¥!) a ho~d,e~'in hI!;ITIm~~dl;rm:viJ:lig'" Ta:b~e I s:l!!Imrn;)w..Ilsme o.m]ues:' p[lQm~,
~~;Al

tc,~~iic fo'«~'

1100 wIDlitl 'r~:Il:s;i~e force was me3Jiu [~d Iil:S~IlS :BI te~u~omet~J: cOf!~isti:jjS: of srmin S,a:lJliI,cs (:KFWS-2.-~ 2Cil'~D16~W,l; K.lllWi! E~~(;i~[\(ll:1iicns:~rllJll1le[lts) a;tta~h~d UI btlti1: :iad!!!> 3'Il i:ron l of

F'I;I!IJM I.• 1lte: :pblilUgl1llp'b on 1!Iw~ l;:iit ~!!I; ~ ~~~1;lIl;lli;l~ h~r !!tll-mN 10' lill mI!w:. TD1,e ' ensot'-Iqilip~ h.!!imm~ g fl!.~'D! in m~~n.l.gr!!pl~.;;m IlI!w: rilih'l. Th~ ~Ill!i~ hi:lmm'il'i' i OJ-fii!i.=I:cd, 11.1' d;Jtlll ~!i'I' I!ltlIeluldl ~!J the ,llIifol!lA:<lIliIJ:, hlp 1111) c'00ud 'lilipc-t!1lJIllhe'illflkJ!II:'II ~lil:1t, left 'siulUldll:l', modId'tlllml, Il'!i wdl ml a ~ 50t'1t1l:[ IJI];il1l 'i\Tiij dc:5dped tiO dcln'(;1'i upon rd~g ol' Ilhc: m.llmmCllF.

pillte.

:fooft11 ~ef.li5i!omli![II!'r Wl!iU'e'fI."'lCorned u_s,iliilI8, dina I:COOl)d~F (DR-C2~ tile b~p' 'of t.he' ~rO!!Mer. M'ellsun:m~nl5, w'I.::[Cttakcm t. 3 mqYlell~)!,of 500 Hz, CaIDibraLi:ooof lb...: ten· i mete-I is, de cdbed in dei rlb}f Murofu hi! 8iIld ,conea~es ( (urofusm. Saku:rID, Ume,gOll:i" and l<iobayasm. 20051., The ten ile force mea urernene and the \~id~Q daea werl: sy,nchron:izedi by nI.!:!itcbing 'the in,,:trmt \!i'ilen the teniome'rer sip m WWi ~Il~~rf'!lp'ted <ltl'ld, wilen ·th~s~Jls'Or{:Q(_Q~Cit ~~E1i!!,broken <IS detfrl1lillied b" the '\rideo ~m3ige.
111!! ,el.ectric
arttadlied

'signilis

me

l'E~C)

t'o

Groimd rt'Octilm force

Eight fome lPkltcc.' were embedded '\lI.'imin the throwing drde in Sin indoor prmctioe :f:'icilit1:~. The $.:i~ of 'ellch fo:r"~~ pilate {E[FP..,.s,..WKNSA7; Ky.D~~',EIElectro:l'lie Instrum.ent) ~"'IIS 600 )(90[1 mID.. F(:Iu:r f'o~ plat~ we~ l.oii;II.~ed Q~ I,efit~nd fgw O:I'I.ti:Ieright side ~ tile rhi'DlAl1ng d,i~lEion' nil each :DJml~[e w~,.-- whil,t:; nEppitllg on e,u:!hi side flFiigure 2).1I:efore' the re t. throws.ea, h arhl·!il:f.e:.adj u led his [fa1:1l f~rcingdif\llic~ion p~v~n:tin . both feet from ; , utppi:ng on '[he 31m~ rOlro~ pl:lue. Me('l$Uf~memS\o;~ tEiken in II frequency 0[50[1 Hz. Three

me

,compOilllfOl'il

:reacri,oR .Form ,of l.'iL'lcli1 side '\\'ll(OO,c;lIC1l~.~iI!,~d summ:il!l:ll the I!"QW by p:OllWndrcf.!:i.cl:!iolll, it:u,e;es and Yid.,;:o d~ta we're ,~'ndlr[ona-ed by capruring [he~:ncllroWillizcd lipt, sj~lIl' and 'el,~li:u~nk: Ily fecofdiiing: ~.li:Iem. t ge,ilier \~m the ,g[loundi Fe ctioiO, for,cc' diatB.
diUIl. (0.1:" ~e

uf

mil groun,d

I.ef't or ri,ptu :fonr foooe prnil~e.,The

Fdpl'iC 2. The'li hl:iii:i:llril:"dllig,lIlQ

mlDl:':HI

of Ih~ Ciq!llIrimmtlll ~HIP' ioUliM tup' M:M'!i. th~ 1¥O'I1I.ld ~ellction :r!)~ deooc:mn;md IMsirill:rJli5_ trudn gmmld ~I.i n, [l}:ra!' ~lme8i ,,'cR' ~mlxd;dl=d'L\ilhifll dn~mmwin8,cin:.le. roW' 0 .. dll: I:i -1:11-·rtd flOurnil! 1JIi!~ ic:R: ·sid;e. E!!c:h ;_'IbJ~le,~ in 'mIaill'd IIIJ '!brow _'lIfd~:~ 7., m ,,,-IIno, ofbim wliilic -mllding ",iititl II f\OOt Q!:t nn ~h sid~. Hiih~~ 'vidl:u mm~ru \II!:!'\: IOCllIa! in iIbl'Gil: d1recitlom!. roo ,th ae piJiiiilNJ rDr diJilizin_g; cguDd be e!!fI ured U1II~i ("Wi! --r m(!~ ~m!:r<l!!l, -~ :p!m:!Il_. ~ ,Ill 'me OOtlum, :i - of In'C IIlill1il1i1 '!::Ilpcrimmm Jei.-I!PI

1iii. .6' im(Jf:eJ E.!ch CaMem ctliptl:n:ed imlll!-";!l:tU 31:p.uc ,of 2:50rrnIT!~ per 'SCOO(l,d" Tile 'tt:n:liln olf 1:J1m.~. b;:l:m!ff!,er' :h~~d a!EldiIlIe 'ClCm:ltJ:ie ~i£ tile' 'tClI1ili101iil'ilIlil.1.\1" were ,d:igi[i~d 'gil I.l]tlema~ie iim~ges (12) fr.un~ P_f' second) lIud the lI'eR!-~;l'ilOe coordinalt·s W,~lie tniicuID;:Ij~edp!'i:mgdie clrect :~irlii:~r tl'llIM(Oif:1llwrion

Ad'ak!r i\ B
C

~!;'6~)

~m) rl~~Jn

Ik!o@)' m~ 91'1'.9 9'3.:5

1"7.6

(~

i'(J
2,2 :2~

l.SM :1.7lH 1.M!7

81:.\I/i "i~.'')''i <l!6.J@

:;!1.2: :~l.~, :19.6

J~.J 6:7 36.S

'ro[lCC

'7'5,,3:1, 5~1,87
3.91,.Ij~,

{DLl1~ifl:~QdI.

Th~ \lO'irc te:rlsi~e

~(]!Imhja~ I!IDs~ng We:d~l'ect~Qn ,(;osin~sf",om the tensiQlmner to' (be hQ:mnlie!:"bead. I!'l;u:ldhi~nj. fti!f '~<i~hild!]~l!e"s dim,", \vfum die fasl~l: h<.tITlMer head Isp!;led" each b>ody point: l.\l;(l.!l di;tilllzed ~!I) d~\~~~i:n¢ 'dl:~ ~Q~{!tjjQ~(lf·dw: b>i)dy's Qentw~ QI mass 8:moOith.ed. 'by t!si~g mb:~Ili[OO dill~ii'l. .e:rnvcd. [r,Oflil !I1t(l: ~J!Il$u:ood wir:c~e[1Jj~~I~lind gOOIood [f¢.EJjC'!:iiOif! d fo'roc!l,;,. TabWe U gives me h:aJf.WI:me:r· re.lc;3ise ,c;ondi[i!fill$ fur d:lJe ,~s~~s~ threw f'Q;r ea~h .. m]~oo. FiorL~e grol!lld ~illcti'o:D, foroes, ,of[h~ f9Jii:t~:li'~ thrrow~'1 du~ t~[\(I!;Y,~rs :pW"C$dLh~ir fuC!t (lIn th.ep'!f\,",",I.o'C~~.ed. SCplllil78l!C sidles of mit liorc:e :p~3J~~~. 1:[iseasler ['0 oompare 1t:Ii:: data foil': ,~.tif:l":e(,eli'iil[ l.1id!~e[~ :llDd :3Ilso {\(it dliEF~l'l.lnt [lw"lJw~~f th~ SOIlIlIit::!l\[h]eilieb" r,epr,esellung:ilie , t:C:llsiLe fome, ground('~3CrnOi], :Foi)e:~'J! ~1:I]dva:d~oimill:g(;"S <1Is1l flm:cuoo ()if me! :EliZimllJi~ Itllg!eof tile hammer wThfiemm!l!rm3ii:i !ilI!!,3i fiUiDcti:on ,of tim". ~~.~e : plicsent s,t'UidYiI eresll~ts were p:[\ese:Ul~ed8s3 :itmcdO\l':l o:f~e aziWUiu1,m, m 3!n~lii·~\'\!'bjc:1:id~ined Ii!!: ,~ fi!.gu_~ 3,. The !J~i~~tIl atflg'le' is ,O~wheD~ ali:e:[ aJ :Few :iJaitiSil, swml~, ~~ood;y stllfn to rum :aLlidILI:I!~ \l;I'jre ~!l,aWip'elim 'We QPP05~t:e di:rec\ti.o'n.tQ the: dlro,wing .chlr,e;:;tio:n. It: is ~.44\O~~hell~ ~tC'J: fOl!J!r~rmliii~ Lbe\'II',i~i~ iI]i;gned m,the o~PQ:!'Ii.tc~liec:tio:nto,the t"'o\'!!li~g d:irecti:Q[I, ,urillg d d di¢ rel~~~p'l:!;:I~!!.

''''~s:re~g~\I'~dintQ'~liee

oOm:pOlllents

~1:l,[,ell].'SIP~CC

H~'N1JJM'I'

Jr~~d ~p.e,'ed

F'imu;l'~41,s~ows\ die :1:J<i!III:merbead speed

Ililim~~~s\.

!lp~ed i.nct1~3!S~d .d'ulfi. m~dfiUIbI~sljj'ppo~tphil~e!l :tiI[u~ldJiii~~:aJ!licd~va!)ds '!hL! bjgh.poiQi!: ,of ~ .ii s;ilr:l.ll~ :il;~,ppo[[tp:ba'S ..~.

aSEI Imcilioinl o.rme azmuilll, SiIllQIDe thethree fm 1'H~bla~k bl)Ill~]!I)~g We hllri~Q~t'lll a~j", !:r!dicElt,ethe d()iut)le Sl!II'Po:rt phases, \!ib:ime .~ gl'"ey b~l:'!l, wf:ldi:~::ull die ~insl.e:~iljj,pport p:h;l$~!i.,Th~ v'C~rical ines in ie~cb!i1i,:!!p!pQrl phase W ifidJi(;:i'i~~d:lii low and hrp pO!'iitt~; f~rth~ ihamm~r ~~~d., F:()Ir I] ~~:~t~j, ~ d!~ ~~!!1l_ITI.e.r h~ild

ll?ircr;e.ll$il~ jcn;c (lI'nd V1JJ'ti~(1J,.rwmd l'iC~~~i'm fare/! wruf~ l~rJj~~lefQr~c mil!!'l!d ~C'li'~r.ti!cru '~ml1.:pme'D~:or~e gWlmid, re,!ll!:ti.on ~f ili~ ~l,Jth mgle~ ""rnc~ is di,v.ided :m.to 36:W rOl[ e:s:dl li:W"n. Thiil: horimn't;lW HtID~~:m '~~figuR iQd~c;;:Il~.~~. bod.}' ''i!,,,''C'!ghllQ:f .eilcli![!ilhIDele l(m •.~, UeV'e'J'ucIIJ
Fi~~ 5 ~h(),Wiili,c

fe'me (Fz)

<'l!l3.fi!InctiOg

'C;Cim,I:XlIJ~I:t![: Ofllttill' S1O'l1m11:d.I'!:O!CDO~ ('O.m~ f'Or me ,Iefl' {)oOf (Fz(L)I),ojild!lilite !I.b!O~I'lI, ineseh peel of F.ipe 6 ,as lIJ fi:u1lctioil':l of tle ,32m.uma~e,

~ltfoal[ (Fz(R») i~ whIDch i!i mi:58:me as

,If~gtlre S. FlOraU tbir,ee lI;mletes~thJe tl::al~,ite fg·:weinaeased.

wi!~ each rolin. 10, oo~tn511:1'wl,dl,

t2W"

-~
5oIl~

'7:00"

..
Q"

"~~re 3c, A ~~ii1rItllj;c ill~n:lIlTI, of rUl!: ~im!!m ,!m~k,H~ th~ lizlmuliti!i IlIlillhl'is,lh::fin«l! ilii Ih~ ~~m Q:fdl,;: ""in: ~m rtl"!~ h=rmmllr b:mdlh:ID ~h~ h:mtrn~rlletullru:J! 'i!~ ~~l:kill !llIl:g1<! Ilir~Ilrc\IIIlIiIJl:!i IP~lIlInrou~ '1I!i~~!Jil!: 'lft_h~ ,rude, :!ill, ~n £~m ;~~ lhe :hiut!fl:t~~" GfliI:mb !iln;Je:icl!01' ",II!!!!'!":!nll'r' ~ (,,'l\" lin:i'tiil.II5.\\,Jogs, wIDl' H lli~ '[l'h~, . the in, Iih~ I.lppml~c dil'CCli\)~ ro t:b~ l!lW·'l\in~ difl;~ti.m, dlllliiTIii!;1hl: rm;~l'LW,n. '[[ ~ ]'Ui!I"' ""'bo:n d~eW'i~e: i'!i aUi;gIl~d ,tli~, in ~FFD5il~ dir,OCIJ.orn, !ilJIC ~<ini :!@ ~@n dW.flg!.h,"ld~5~ ph~.

'~IIMr

of :tbe fiR'ElW ~I~~~~ph;(1l!lI.l'! :hevcrtic.:l!il, ~woud reacti(!l~ rg~ d~diI1Ji)~ ¢ha;t:lIJi! ~ m;a~kedJJJI'. !Fo:r~e Asian ~Qgrd ho~,dc;r(Amrue~:e A), dlepcak \l,i!w!'.!~ f~f t~~lcfl moot. (P!irot~D:S footlin c:achmrn w ..~ cQm~ilr.l:bIJ~ ~I!I) ~e pea:k VIl]uerti'OIf 'lhl!:! :rigbt f(!l~t~ ~f.!d dur.iW1l.S: d:oub~e the suppO\r~ph~e~$e~e was, :::11. ttilm'lls:f~rof PiN:~S1i!kremOm~e :r:ight i'lilor: to t~!e rudt !l:tmt. nl~!I t>ende;IlICYwas HQtob;s(;w(ldi for the u~iV'eBi:t)" tM'ower wjdl, ·~~·b{:rJl!f!f'per50ill81. esli: rrllrow b (Amh:tJeB) dgD~g m~' :1C!~o~d I1Dd th:irn '1l!1I1ms (18!O-91l11" ,of .;J~m.li)I!h ::iI~gle).The omer u.t1:i,'!!l\er~ilty 1!ID1!o'lft (ArhlclI!e C) IlImOSIi: ~sho\m:d,th:i!l,~nd.~ncy. llbJJr:the ,p~.3k5 of dile wiif.e tt:t1Sih~' U t riQ!.'~e\~('~ n~r [odilc peaiks of the' ~el [tJot"$ f:Q:r~~.Ai!~rtkc righll: foot:'s m:.IP!lC[~the '!"ro:iking righll; fOti![W3S nOI[ dlet:eicl:ed, For .Athl~re A. ~~ront!\l:~mJ!'IIC'[,w:;Js ea:s!I!:ood 'lilit1;~~L'~ rigb[ m rQo..~~;ou;chedd.o'W:ll on Me ~u~dmd (ffiten tl:I~m\:v.3smomer pl!'.!lIkwbjd], rndili:ateO! mil' l>lOlQ:f.ki!:1lg of~:herighll: :('0:01[ ~Ilste'li!idof jiustt'Cl1!Xdwiflg dow.ll. ol1lim.e SWUlUind. The pe<.!:k (!If ~~' '~~f:¢ tl1l11i!li~:efOiOCii: il.]i:1JIiOS'I: <corun.cided willi. ili~ mj,ddW~(lfll:h¢ peaks bet\'!IIIeeli1ll~eddwt !J:r!di t~~ ru~f~ :foor fotC.:: i:l'I. eacih [urn., [il\ti:i:Xct1'pti.OIIl,

or

L'~

flfll'is.oj,lf(!lg'rolt.Jul

,~'Q~.~ij:;l".i' jO'l't:ll

F'i~(ls '1 aiIld 85how ~~ llil:OrI2lonlftl oompIU'l!:!WlI[ of tbe: gwy~d .!,'\~ .. Jt;don fCilm~;15; ;), fMCtLO:i1. of die aziMyID. wnde~ w~~!;b is, !fu~ s,j]jill.e SiS, F:ip:re (i. figure '] :shQl!;'$ d:u~:gwo'tmJd, K.a~:[j.o:n. ilh:roe rompo~~~t in th~ 'Lh:r-O:wllilJilJ (Y) diirccdon. (F~) £Q!:" Lili1!ci,~f(t.ol!: (fy(L» and the right:f'OQI f 1CE'~(RJ},F~A.I~[~ A and B,t!1Jt! :[,esluhaJ,!~fot'!;:e~f~r me ]e:ti1[ :3ilJd~glu :fiOo~~. 'CPy)I~~d F'~{R).

0._

(I

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QI

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MQ'

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110)1,.1

'~a«I 1<I.tQ1~lml
'II.~IIII!IU

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[l1gU!'1l ~i. 'G~!lilu,m~n!!: Inl~ l'lll!'!'!!IlH~:rd ~~~,:! fl!:!ooinnnfill!!l ~i!mJ'tl! msl'c fOI' !l"II~, .::!I.IlI!l~!!" h1~di:,!lm, Thlt ini~lInchoriwrlililID ilXi~ ind_lrolc I~ do,'I.Ib.1t'I.I~tilphil~~ ! whilclht~! b;m; int'lll:Ciililli:' Ilfilitl:~ i!iLlWPIIDIh~ phllUllL "nioJ:: '~ClII:ieiilliilc- :loo~l~ 'th_c' ~:UwlWlrns in Ill:tcduuble 5IlP~i:l! phii1C ,and lI-l~ high f.i'I1!inllllDtlh_c'i!i~niig,I~ 5,uppcl'l ph3K

fo:~t'Ii(l! h!J~'I!III1~rh~~L

W(lre 1:I!~lt:!llti,""(! diu:ri:[lg

ph:l'lse. F:or Althru(.i~C l, howc;'!(l:[I' Fl' :ll1l:'1diF}(U",l'4!-:f,e e

me; d.otlble:su,PflOl'l

1P1'I~s(l: (;"t\ch rum ",.id:l th.e of

pOi>~r;]~~

1.l]i,:CC:PlI'iOifl

of d];(! releasil

d:ulfi~!f:!; [~~ :I:lrtlil(f b:l~:f

(l(f mhc,;

donbilesupport

phases,

Fig-lIli,fiC 8 s;!lows,

~heh:lJ[ fool( (PX(L»3~d, me rig1u fool[ C~x(Rn,J'oil'the J-\:S&31'Ji ,challnpi.ol:'l, a;[ld A_th~,~[~IB:,.U'lic reS~lll:Inl~ :Fol:'n:s, (Fll:)Il:iJld F1((R)~ ~~~ell'C' positil,-'€ du.ring me' ]ulteflllillfll: of Me d~~b~~ SUppOIH P;b<ll!'le8of ~e' ®eoond <lind drim tl:!wns .. f'O:l" AJIJlJ:e~!eC, hOWre~lf!f~ Px: :i1l!od .Fl!:(L) '\Vl:..1:e 'P'Osi:tm\l'l!' durmG' the' eawDy part: 'Of ~e' double' sUiPPortphillses.

me ~WCiilnd reaJoti_o:o,fo:roe comptl!l:'Iel:'llrin

the .bHern~ (X)d:iI'CClI,ilill, (Fx)fo!f

~~~.'~~"~~'~~~=-~,~=-~-------,~----~=-=-,,~----=-=-=-=,

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:1
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ito

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.,

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IU;

ild!

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il'Xil _
'~(IO

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~'~JC!i

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-I
I

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,~c

:1iXIO'

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:JliGU~~'5. Gr!!r~tiu, 1ih;00"Ing ,~:I~h 1i[H1I~I!l''a ire ~<!II~a~£~ (In, wlli;d~1~~in!iliCljla'llby ith~·111EI'J!i Iir!~" m! (be ','emeal w ..d (()m~ml: o:l'llh.~grnoollli R:1I~'~ r~t"I:;:,(!Fz:), wbi!:h .il; IEtllfmlcd. by rth<! thi~k IQli;;iIl!ll ~, (l\1wdar. of Il]g azioUltlti liiIrng~i:. The lIta~IIk;~1 li!!1!:$:i:!1l'~~ch ~Il~ Inillg~~1i:~ 'tiKKliy~ii&ht ~uh ath!el:e tm .' g).

(t:r

Ti'q~'~~i d~pl(,'l'iI1tl,llln.t oj lhi!

'el~li'ill eJ ilWl'E

F·i~M '9 siho'ys ~e' lI',e~tkll:l d~!lpilj)!Cif!ml~l]j[ of the ha:m~er head, (rip:r lji\~f;licil~ an~) IlIf!IJd liIDe'i,\'C['ti,C;lil, d~~pl~ce'ment:of th.e bod\t':!l Cie~lml:; of m~~ (I~n'!l'l::rtiCillI mli;!'i,)as 3:ruilU;t:tic!!,:!gf~e ,3zimutrh ruJgill~,. Fbr ;11!!1iI ~e :1iI~I!€:te!>~ ,;!I2:imlut~1.!~g'II~'I!II~e I!aw Itfld b~ghp;Q;ifJ!t~ !of .~~ th!2

hillmmel hcad,!'II'!!~()QMptuamll.e f'orlitl2 ("Il!l' NfmIDs. H:QW¢Yer~ dJie: alzimu:tll::~g1e ~n 'me low 0lif!.Qj . high p(ii~ms fQrm:~ reIl.tre o:f mass varlied b~t:\\l~¢rn'Jj e' d:Jtt,ellrfuIDetes. ~ F~gtl:m HI! $ho~rn~~im~~iW!gle::lit Mil' ~)OWmild hish p~i1ll!i!i!rQr tile llirmlllllii.'f·:h;'!'l!:d :lind me the ,Ash'liIIclw3~ph~!!':!. d!~ ~_Muth9illglle ail: me ~i.po:iWli~ (lIfd1;~'h!;llm_;_lJleir ead was :ab:n.Oiii[ h the Sllmil' ,:lS(i:I:;!I1!: 'L'C WQw(loilllit ,of the. oellltm of •. 355. A~ISO.die i!.l~ariti~gp.t of ~e doul:di! fij~ 5.upPQr~ pb:il5J~s aocil:l,mddt~~ ·the .Ia-w po.mt f>hr me. centre of H'JiMill. :How,e~J'!ror Am~ete C and d:uril:ll,g th.ethii.oo rum. of AJtb~eoo ,I!. ·thei!~jmlU!m ::ilI:l(g]cfO\r m~ b.lgh P.11it!~ (IIf~e hammer head <'lind[hilt Hit rble low !pO:iiil~. me(;~iI'Ji~ (lit H1_;!!!!S d:iff.el',ed markJ!d!ly :aJndd'i~ !it~.ftmf!gpOlin[ o:f of'(h,e d!ou'Me' stllPpnrm: p'a~s o.ccti:f:1illd bdQ~~(_he low p!!Ji:n~oime oelll[n'l O\fm:a~:j.,
,prOf

~fl;[i'1lS of mass

f\fit

,~(lcb!JtbJe'le d:w'mg

~!;l.

~i:j)d, j),ndi fOllirld:ltriiJir~si!~d

rm~re:h::.asephll:SIl:S.

D~S~il.!Ij~dogimdiim.Pk;(uiQilJi5

1lI/.!'i!1l atil'I.I.r$~J~fq.r·l~!:!tl~ln$r ,c-dcmJiWl p ~

Th.!! mmMIil8 d:iS:~9n~ g:f ~ h~Der·th[low is dC:~~n:Illi:n,ed[f.UI;imilLy y tffili_1\~c' b .p~~Met:ers3It release: 'l:bJt:lI:l~lleilSl~ height. d't~ ~~I!eiO!Sie ~n;gWe:~md release :!lPG~ ..OhhC'-s~tmee p!lmmil::~efS~

m.e

III!!I"F~--~~IIF""'----"""'~-~""""'~~Ir----:noll

_I.'11

ill Tt'l

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1

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'11',*'

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:~OOt (~'RH ~d Ith~W[R: u:mfl'e ~ en U aJ Ifooclioo I!IIic WIrn ,mll'e foru~h mtmlLlt1:~.neL) ii!i1:idiam:d Ill!' iIiZU-n' die ~mn lil'le, Pz(ltJ i, m'tlit:::ll~ IbJ 1!IIi~ llii.ct, Imli:, MId T 15, indlimt:t;il, by ,.liie Initrtcd :1iiM :i!n ,~~~" ~P:Itl.

'F!pre

6. 'Grtiphuhil''''''i.t'Iig'rne'''1l'~i

Cl!ImpllllcllItofmc

rro'!il!l'I-d ~ti@'11 ~[)'~ ()Drt'h~ a~d't:fuo'l:(l":z(L,)) Imd m~ ~t

by

[be .reh:ase: s:pCflid bas, ~I: gre:llIret ,ekt (lin the wowing: .eli ,time'!!: (Ml1[Iil'tI~slitij Stlli:l!o, Dil:lid Yils: a" ,~'9.,2).• How,- Etn:W1I,em the bam_m~!rhmd speed, be :incrcased whil~ mming? In the folilo-.vjn,g"the mOVoemen't 'of the' ham_rn~!'is, I!xamim,cd. from three perspectiiYe : the: thrower's [lot:ational movemeni~ his or he'l' trail'iiSlitU:iO[18,W movement. a:ndgt~.\timdonItI foroe. Fi:rs~j ~e: 'thrower maea, mg his Of 1iI.'el:' spcedthro~gb mtadoliiillil move_em is, not the Qnb il"ll,etor flor :increas,inI t:be ham_me!l' h~(ld speed. D!J!ring a ham_l'I'Wl"th(lD'!AI~ [he thrower 'in~t~!l!~""!i E'llt"tloi'i3iI. mOifiliem.e:o:t 'by 5iwIDging itbe: hammli!l'md 'then mc~s''S 'the ham.mer head s:pc:cd. by 5110P:P~DS and mlowng die $'uppo:a;tilig point (the centre (If ¢1j.t'V1i'ture or m;a!!s). The dll:Q'I'i..J'ng .olioill. clal batO;lml!xthr'l).weri,i si:nnlel" 11.10he :ITI..Qt~iI)l1 of;3, sMf.ls*llgpellduhuD (MjYlO'!. 20[) 1). t Dum'i.l!i;g peindlrlu mWg!l;, ~f ~esiIJiPiPcroogp:lJbu is filI.medi illlil the same d:i~riii(lmJ:Ii!l, lihe: movC!m,en.1:cf ~e we~gh~ ('varliical!moyeme~l: d~rinS' ~:il~!l!ra]!j,ll'ing.mg)~(he i.i.mpUtJijld,e of s m~s'?!I:~g diminiSh.es: mmkedly. During:h:a!m..Mer' dwowiog, irdt~ ~el!ttr,e(ltr'Qt~rti'ml,is fiitov"'dio lilt, same directioll ~dID~romlins::hamm~.r bc:a.d-.d1ehammer' head, .peed is ~ml.iike~yinc.reae .. iii) 'When in.cEle~i:_llg:.~ bamr.ll.er' he!l!d li'pe;rgd.i'~ is :impormnt fOlr the ~nJtj)~ of mass oifth .. dl:[I(lwer~ boody net te move tow:a[ldsdle h3ntm~r B'eill':S! low :point:. AI: mill poin;r in the dnol!O\l. '(h,e throw.er attem,u ~i) ,counte:rbaJanoc the hammer. In odler '\Mord:!i.wh,eR attempnn,K ~'O m8iinJta~D'bal;an'C<E'",,'lim net hllMmler rOoo~. th~·resu.l.tmilt 'force L~~ h;'lJM!m,e.r'\.veigbtJ and tile wire tetlsi~e :Foree~ h is, iMportant: :£01'the' ~J: Hi RUlmtQ:in b:is ,or hell' o~Btre ,oilmgs at ,iI cm-ltiiiiD, Ihl!~gbt. rCol'li!;'e.I8e~y"if the eenue Qif :mllss,oE the tIJ.V'Q'I!,"Cf is, dlrll,wll ~OWilm!l, d';e' hoomltllr Mid pulled doWl'!wnr.dls~ druoili1ldims is mdkati,vc' dtillt Lbe' bod,~~IIID,nolt SUillPOfll: the: .net: C hi<lmmtllr Force a:lldth~1O: die f)1)~!1l1f~is disrupted. This d~rIll!Pb.W'i, in. the balm.oe bet\lIiI'een die'
J

me'

ro'.

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Uo:i

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r~-~~""!II

~ ~

fl~ ~" Gfllp!n5i ~'inB: the I:tcmouu ~ oompellcfi.t u:f tilt: iflnmd,~~lll1rn!i fllK(1' in ~h~m.ro""iii'l.;"'il'1:~tio~ ([ly;'l' ftlf Illii;c1~f'I::fOOl {Fl't1J) Mid th~ risht:rl'ltU (~)'(~)) !!r1i :!! flllf;l~ififr of _:l:rimu!lh :lliIji'J:CrOI:'!md! ~ItWk;IC'" F~(JL) I~i;dl~, is by ,tl'ii~ Ithin, Il'iM. m:~r(ft) i& ~J"I.dlfmIC~ '~~l!iid!,lm~.~Ild! Fyil, ilildkO!,~ed,b¥~~, m.it~ed, lig~ in, ;;'.!I.~1fi~a;m!, ib'y

ha:mm~lil!!itd. ~e ~lte$

~Wl,.'T0i'li,3ik.es~e

~!lMm.er

fOlro~

f~~I, heaJy:Jc1l"in dnt d.owf:iiW:Sird difiic:r:iO~.

Ma<i:ni!;ililiniillli,g; b~I~Ii(l~ t!.llC

[hellamm~r.or'te

b~twc:en ~he ,m,IDWe!["S ~~f!I!Ji~ of m,a~s!il!~d !the: ~e,1i:ur_mi!~M~t:olKie ] t r.ee~l:ighl;~r,lmdth:Y$ by domg: s.Qi~mD}1 Ibe pos$ilbl~ 'Ul!' 8CI',eOSe

hi;lm.m$[heiUlj~:p~~d. EMn fuftiJe :b;!l!!T!!ml.l'f head sipeoo, binCJ:'e,ased

wi. d:'i:!i.i hammer

d~$fupt!:ld,.

dJUIDnl'lg trm:!ii,itiDii.j to tiu:e ~in~l~ support: pl;J~~ m.el), til:C :rolQU.oniSl~. a.m!l :is 11ul:oofQ:!'l!:~,~ :i!\ imf.lQ:!:(~1tIUto, rot;:!t~'~hc h3MIT!~if aJboll[tll!erQ~dll!nam j aNts by

me

suifficicr:it]y neo:r '~~ lowpoint"

ihi!~bodJI'ri"es,

lootefinli!: the IbQclIy b~ uuIDizi!l,g .gra,'i{.iQ w~j]e~;mid!ins :roi:5IDi!:'lm~ C1:l'IJu,e'!:If rnil!i5L, \f(ile' c;e;nl!ll~ ~ ,of M:llssri)Sl~!h .c h9imm~C'lt!I:'I,n!J:t! wH'l:~aho~t ti:~erol:IJr[ol:U!, w.'lis ;J~d tlu:: L'Wmme!f'~s subjected ~Q Ood.y\7I!eightii ·~~.~r,cducinlt the h;]jmMerhi~~d :5ip!li:lcd. In addil!:io[l,.!mils 'III:a!kes. iJ[: dfuflcw,t to' ~.ak a sm(ll'!ld\rmns:iuOnlQ me: d!ouble~~ppolL"[ :p~~s.e. OUOI 099~) :!1ltucllk-d. S:~d;yldt I(dlre W4l'n. '~mrld!,'\~~(llrd :h,oJder)l1~d. docl!I.aim~!ltcsd! Imll!t:IDe ~Iellauolll ,of h~$, ~h~ps inae!l~d during: dOllilb1c!luPPOlI'l;flI~l"!~ :S!l:ld d~~t'e<'iJ$cd drururi:ng~iil:lglc:!;,1I~PP(!lt :P~:i'l5CS,. ill lPilifti;ool:~r,tbce ~iiPs were ]!J:W~s!!: ~mMedil!!!te:ly arreT m.e high poifl![. m.d tJb;e h~-'es:t ~l:l1medil"!ll!elly' alle:r:.~~. WQ"'1 :pOlirrut.Ou:{l il"ound,fu<l!t ilinl j)'O"'m!)~J,iet~a~d, jlWlior ",thlill~es.I' m.e:ir bi:ps w~~ h,~gb. t higl1 po:ir:lt:s ,mdlo!l;,l/' at IJow ipoi['u;~,. a In l!Lf:l'!il]:i~g, d~!1;gD:r ttaj!Jm:s: ·dThi:i· ha:111Mer !$ oof.ls:i.ciered to be 3: poor ~~d'filn:iqne fOil: ~O\1I!i1rg~ FOlr e!tE!!mp~~., OtmJo' U992) ilrudi.ed, !li_t!l~ ~n:s.IDc lOil:mOO bytmn,c h;armmelwil\~aN:ild. the s~Qlaild.e:l'S '\!jihe'!'l ~Ii: riIbJl:(i@(!Ii!;WillC:!\ilS d!(!IW~ aJncli.mkics ()ilI~;llldf:,f:po:rll)ed. th.:i!t tb~~ aJl1lgJewas !.!J1~ost 9~ t!:a!ll;ge of 85 -97°> fOil: Soo.ykb. ;:lind tho.'!:.h ~u:g1ll.y f:XlOeededi 9if ~h:~Ge\!"m~n ~l]ji~r!l,i~Y'o:tI;"lc'tg$:.In me ]a1;OOr ease, '~ei\1!m:ml!:[ head d~d no~ lC'.s:d :rel<!!l!l~ [,0 dl.c: bod/y.

lY

I ,tv--It;A~~~

IH~'ionF=J~~

,,,,,,,"h_,... .... "N 1i-... ,_ ....... rIt----iI

~----""""IIf""----........" ~----"""II --

"'11100 ~;r;:,;;;:;;'_-----,

IIF"""~~""""'=--m

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------.

~!IiIl,------dl ~I!O ~~ .,.~

b~~~~~~' m

1i.-

!lIa

!I!!Q

,~

11_

U,",

....lI b~~~~~~1 ~"" ~:iI!IQ !~ IUl,

IliIIi'"""",,",_" r' ~

mm,l,.unl! m~lmr1k'rl:I~ c\_~1 o:frtite. F;J!DL!l!rnI mll(5!;iD~ f(l~~~]!1 ~ 1~~g~1 dirutKifl (fXJ' for'lllic' 'lh~ ri~t :(001(r-.:.,:tR»IiI~iirun_(;tt[](I'IIlI(d:!:o,; "iI'jm!!~ ~8]~ fur ~ch,~!N.I:1JI.1. l~:X()W i~indlC;ill~ by mil lhE!] U[iiI:~. x(R)u indB~.~l,ld, ~lic: !:J!kk ~jn~> F by ,!Ind. x .i!!, indjl!:(ljliJ~db~!m~ Rrilt~lle.d F linl: iIlI, ~~ ~~. ~'!:fltfoo~, (~(LJ)llnd

FiID!i~ I!L~~h~

:P~I:I,e (~

9~.H) alse :>!lSg~s'~~d.o~ Ii!!~'bil~i~of llirujs!O~mpilemod,el" mllit OOll1:'C[ ooe:n~laItion of til~ slowde'rsl'd~dv,~ to the l1:rilmrru'lT .~e~u;ll;wii!:h()!1!,!!t iragging 11):[' tmi~mS: the h3mmll!I:', w:LS d wp0lrulnil: :for h~u'il1imteli he.3d,i1a;;(!~:!1.\ra:~io.ll.
,'Jar/J/J,fIW",i~IJi~n~

A,syiU}lftiJ't1lwirJ,

Am:I}~~'Wer'i:l':Ii!:re3!iCS~ewire ~len:sJlcrOlfO!!: (0 ~n~t'~a~~L~~ h!lm!!l.1:~rhe<!:d !Speed. The oe.l;l~rWpe't3] flOir>Cethe w[[le ~e[l:si1c.: force) is de~iCrMi,m;.':d1y imt: b;tl;ti'i.~ b~rw~t.rj]. rnA: gml;lnd!:i~alCt~o!]: feKe ( b a:!'!dilhie ilhW\VC'I':5, :mQ<liJ\cmC[li[. IDn :fact, me.grolILf.ldI reacliiOi'i. [Oroll oof.lSiSrS3illf.l:!o!itg!];tilifiely ot '!o'tJn'i~~ oomrpOllllilin:!t:! .~nd" Wll~~e the 'w.ire ~11:silc. (Qll}Ce~ '\I'C;mico] ,gro~mdli!l').Il.criof;1,:Fofil::edoes. tile not irlcre~~~ wjtti:! {:i!iI;;h, t:lJirn. Slince thieo.:'.Iluif'Qg,aW :Foree (m:il.e wire i~el'lisile [Q[i!lc)co:i'llmi:f.ls, ho:rimi!lllill,j!,~g~,po;oeJ];tIl~lili:e!re is: nOf.ijamt at '\~ba)ch tile: b3mr:n.e;r :sJ1l.d ho~,:1iI1ii! i1n~:aJI!)Ii'I:is;[k:;'ltl!d
do ntll!l .m.o\l'e.fie

~n~riipet3]folmei~
.ifi(l!if

ge~c:r:i;I~~d ~y

,of

.311iS

arb)!' .n1;ahlns:

:a1dJjll!ID!'ittr!e'~ hJ.• !l: body' ~oi:_r;!!I$,. Ib~ For

di"~!l~<C 'baJmeLn:_g ormethro\~(!'s

gWWl.a

ocl:u:re

reaction

[O:lioe

dlJirii:ns:mlZ dtll1b.l~SiUPP0ii't phas¢s. lilTII~AS~;J~ (:~!!~pj(l~ $!wh~]h,ed tlli1:e ~rti~l Jood fliOg. *e ri.ghll: fooll: 11.10 he :h.~'f:tlioo~ Ill'li:l,tIi1Je righ:rl!'ool[ .M~~nI.y ct¥l:IlI1i1iJlLII(cd l(D m~ h(l!'lb(l~tiS!lditt"JC;!:1i@~ t rompo~eil1l[. IB other ~m:ls. m~ pcli.lillidl'll,u:::!tioJiil fort:'e ~ruruilbhed r~.pe;~!OOd~1:!itH~f[lS: w.m(;ih! ~n druc: ] eft, nndri.r; :r~et w~:oo uS!!lIddiifi'C:ref.ldy,. In. tills ma~ll~r.:~~b]~ nH!:!ti.Q!i WS~'eJ:llluin.~. ee in.cfCose ru.e: hammer htmd. s~c~i:L m !m@stbegirmer ~ro'We[S :EllGid else m3i111Y more :Sidv3llca:l dllX:IY.'C:I'S (r:i,gbr-n:l1Jld!!;dl'!, ooca.us.ethe .[iO~,lItmg direciI!i.OII'l. is to, [Ill!' ~ei S1I)O~Il.d.Me' ~Ief~ [t>ot~ w[is 0Vl!ID!m,pillilS:~i!d fur th¢

,ail
!Q! ~18I!! :)«1 ~
!iii_~

nom'lOIQ
...

r)

'I!HOI

-'-IO! '1*Mi '1,00'

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tf~

oL!."'~..~."'-4~.!!I!,LJ.",,'t1 ,~ r)
RO
UO'
lI!l!O

I'.' ~_ 1~1
.. ~

UI!I,

1';1

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Zt~

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l!~m)

,~I
IC~
1

ru

-"" OI'!!Q1

*I

MO' 'III:), ~ ~,,!INlIoI,

e)

'~oec, tzeGl,44I(I

~:H!)

"~

Fii,gAA~Il'. GI:il~ 'lho~t'I,J thti: ~n~1 d1i1:i'IIIQCIllIi;Iil~ ofllt~ Ix!d~~ ~tl'l: nfmID'~,(Jo:frtwrti1;"~~ ~:.;i5,).~31i;pdl~~!-.:d by the !thi!l:knim.~. ~1iI"tll~ili:: wni~n di!if.!III"G~m"oolili"lfihr b_:j:mm~1:h~lI"d,,~i\ght \!\~rti'clll],Dixisj. Il!l illdi~~r;db,!,' ~~ .n]ln! :nl!'!;O;. ~,~ :rIllIlOO!:ln~r!the :mn'lflWtlD, 1lJlIiEl1<= Ihr <!',wdl :lIh~!.~c

th:f;.o\\!>El'Sr:(l,iWJIi:diaIDI'J ro'~;l;~!:l dJ~ l~f~ sidi: ~f mCi bodly. h\'~~,ld ~,pp'>e;!i!Lh~~ :ffD~l tile inlitiail, li.!ill~ing5i~~~~S mrou!!lh.otl:tm,~ h:ll_m,el'tn:'liI!O~r"5.~oill~ill'Jiu,~d ~~~Miic3.1 dCli'~rnOIf'm~'IlJl;,gl'~atl::JI' em~:b;lIis;hi' IlIIl:ust tn:pJo.ocd 0\1.1. the pi'iiimail:'ll' i:mll'elfla:l'lIce oifm,lImi:IlS: d]~ roi:lIti~g rngb~$:idc Q(h:b~ bodlyt:OWillrds; m,e baJlume:r he,ad., The ~efl: root S:bOill~~d :r'CIl,C[ '~O ![he iillrulillfl~. o~a~ill'Ji,g ~,t;:d!i)n. ·of r the :ri~~: fil)(I.1i:~ :~Ilid,siboloWd.DOI[!lIi:tC;mpt to :i~H;!Ue tlllis homontl1il. !()\ooe' iIIU!O tD:iLem,o~'(lm~l:u

or dle hammer,

.Alllot !:orme' Asian Ch3m.p'io:n~~e

verticil] d~sp:l8JceMel:'Jlt ,of his ,c;can.ue o:f !m,ass 'IM.3S !llRll,[\i"S[

\'IIhe~ ~c h~ITI_~'g,e~!lS'-~gd!bc,IQliw poin'!: iin tb~thinUro1iJ[r[J] [UIn ~liLlId, P t li\!IlS SMIiIU!!'S~ w~iln ~e Wi!~~ef p";!>l!l:Jd ~e b~dl! P(lilU ilm1i die thllJd,lfo'"i.liI"mtwo,The hlltll:er t:eil1ldeI:aiC)f 'W.mi,,esiPeclll"]~;f ~!libd ,iFo:!:' m~g!tl:oor aLh.II;l~tcs.h~~re\lc:r~ v-er.II1Oi1I,dis.pl;i:lcemenlt c:fme rrhmwer'\s Qel:l,t~c.of the

,,,"

-'rM

fit"

..,1

_,,..1Ii •

1fiI.'oi"_'

Ath] aile

A;,

FiJ;Ufll'lo. The ,mmul!lli. ,lIn!li1,~(:gr du:' C8~, ;md 11H1in1, :pom~ uf' me doutiil~c SIIIPp ,if[ :phlllSJ: ill !ki IQ\\' mdbiah, pom!l!, fvr llwh!!m...rn'C'r' h.e~ udllh'l:' Qent'fil: ofmlli fur C!iic::1'i iltltlCl11: llring lru: Ihm!ll •• rd rlllLM R!ftI!Il. d ' fW' me'

~~_ e [ph!!!le,!he uwmth ~u

ref-mil:: low point cflh-e:lUElmEr~ b

~IO1jl<Ijg_~ uf,I_i"~

m: !h1l'W1tI.

v,ertica~ m·O'\:fCme:luof '[h~ thrOll!leT"s eelinre 'of mass was 'sy.niChronous \wm !!he :ml)~m~!'!t of 'me hammer h,(;lt:ild.rhe rimin,g between the 'body mo,y.emen:t3nd du~, hanU'Ii1i!l' was not benefici,all fCl"'inl!:rea!l~ngthe hammer head s.peed.
Concil.u:do.lII,

f:l0'( iltt~llJ ex;~r-eme' '!',ElWUe5 at hip and I,ow poims,. POI" ~ Asian cb~mpi,oIl~ iD:'ll Ulil1IiS of az-im,udi Mlgl'~~ tiliJiere was about ~,80"diff-ef,eDlce ill the veil't~~~i1d:isphile~me'm be:t\l!'ecn th~ 1it3Jmmcr head and hj_~ centre of lIt !!lS. In amer Wi:U''d;S, thls os}"ru::h:[\oliy 11:1!~~~n l.ibebody ,a.nd dile hal:'i!1!m~l':inCim3Ses dhl:' b:a!mu'le:l'bead, speed., Fur the ,otbe;r tWO ,allhmiii~;; b~!luSC ilhe

moss did

me'

'1be ',~,ire tell'll!!l,il,e' If"n\ro~~md~.~l[I!"ill~ii!ed wiim l~iI.chrurn. B~t; tbe' iP'ClJllJid ro,ilIIcri!O:f.I f)Ol\ce·, wbi;ch OOl1i!list't\d :5Ilmos[ ciI:1il:ieJy of ,t!I ''IIcw(ii)cii.l (()imponent, ,did :~ot :incR'.sI!!e C\'i(ce;p. diililring d't~. dJeU~'e.[y phase when it '!Jeha,v,ed ln ,3 siMi.1a:r mIWU1!~r totae wi:re ,ensille feeee, The As:ian cb_1l!!mpifJn~sjI',enicsJ ground :l',ea,cuon :Fotc~ of eaoh (ooir 'on eElGbtll1l:m ",hQ·woed eleae 'mms:Fer ,of l :Si :p~:3sl!Jlre fr.ORl the right: root to the :Ie:£[foo~ lhall: tNt:=d~d thaI) 'Qf 'IDe Wl_j~.rs~ty !lthle~es .. Th~ b,ori.x.ontal components (!If th,e ground. rc:actio-o. :rli)~ in thCth..l'!}wL!Ii(Gdirection and the l:llJle:r:aE dhl'cctionwere m:MnIDy prod.UCGd. by the rigb~ roQ.~ (1l1.d!.QiuGh, dlielefi: foat.ilIIlso, .;olllili:ributes) d:ming the' ,doubl!e suppon phases \,vitli dl!l: 'Cl'IlCl:ptiil;;lIil! tile de~i\!efll pb:asl!. Qf Th~ v~rticiirn luct:ull.ti,ons m, the ,Mi,L'll1il: cham.p~OITIi~$Gl;fln-e gfmi!.~~, alnd! the' hammer llli!od on .e final twO rums e:Nhibited 9!p'promma:te: ,ecD.iuWlIcti.ons !::be, ammew hjgb po:if:it, Imd ~i!! b dlro,""l"er's 1m!,' p'Oinlt and! ·vi~~w.r:sa aboiU~the lliammii::I:':s, 32e.uitb ,3Jlrgle:. It is (lQnjecmf-ed

0,'

~:be!fejpeat:ed

,gr'Oii.Dl[id.I\-g3,cti(l~

r(l!,I~e'Pl!lrllliCIl:'DS :

of ,e8ic'h tumiJl1l\l1J!JWn;g th~·dj"e.r~i'l;~

'U~

of th,e

ma~

p:lu¢:ms between [Il~ Ithwwe',r':!; eentee .of ma~$ Ilnd! dll.$ hi!mmer he9Jd,3~ I:U~~~llgjry fQ:r3CCi~~i~roni:ng rille IUl!ln:mc:r .d.tl~n;g; tlI@l:~S,.Iii: \\!IolJi.ld 8pp~lI:r dlat thro,""l:l'S ",!~I] he' :llbl!~ 'to .!TI&inl3m,3. b!3il<l!nJl)~ 'bc,t'?!IIee['!ll Ime ~<li~m!!,J: b:eadl::Ji~,d. r:l1!.lWr 'body by ~GWeMg diie;ir body d~ri[lg 'me singl£!: sU.PP,~ru iPb~ses all,dby oo[l8d(!~s;~iYl«.I~ping tiin,ca;rbody <'t a cC"J:t.J:!iinheis:hil: i1ltt'1d,fota~ingme~body by nube :rigbt ((lot,diJJ!["tQg d)o!iMc su"por~

righ~ :3:ndlef't: fOOit am.d[hievefi!:iciillW asyncllro~lf

p~1aS)es. ,Acino,w~edg~~~ts,
'Vi;:
th9ill],t

'l:b~ }:lipi<lIn ~f!sti:~:[l!'

.of SII'Oft:s :~,

:Health for

ru~owm~ us

of Spfir~ Sc~ences :Elt~h.i: N nd~np!l, h~el~}C:~1 :For r[he Adi'l'iI:flC>ernc:m: [,0 U~ ~e:i_r lm.dc(),r l1'3Ic:k.a~ijilit~!oil" miss[udiy. f f

U9.8i5}. ,1\ ilitin~m.:;J;tk~ll!!dy ,of Cc!liIt~f,of fllJM! mct:liIl:JH :~ 'Ill!: a:lMlil[nli:~tMml\\~ ~;Ftl(tJ ,rl/ BokJ'R'itfflI1J,J~> 1,5:8, D,:r'Wlh Q, (l,iJ17). :rh..l' "'-f«Juuriu fQ"'~/kJ,. {7d1. i!:I(jn.J. ~nd@n: 11Od'Cli:;rJ.1.s~[J~IlIM'l. Jhy.~. (ru9n)_ M!mHilURiccJ oJ~POrQ,ullm'pu" (-hb, ~n.), tcrull;in:, ~ti~-":llt 'Iikeg;umi, y", S:!i~j,lml,. cS•• 'O:bJil].c~I}.ffl". Uey;Il, K.. N':iilk'iml,lr.!!" K. 'iH :01. (:199~) • .Bi[]!.!~! m~l)iCll!I G 'I~is I~r .. o lh[]lmm~ -mrow, 1'1'1 ~jLS~§li (r~.), Uu:w rIuj.. !Iflfi'.,jI~,f13j!$lilfm: T!uR~{1M1 Wi rM! J/'fJ i!'IItk!~ lilio,dtl Il\!lJ.~lrJtofp I~.l C I'll 1~ (p~ 2\!@'-2:5~),"IJi'Q.~o~ lIIas~1iMiII.I!!.I!;rn--.B;tlin~ ~~CD,. Ud (i!'!.J~!l:m~. R'aIMy,lI~hi" :K., !!Iml Kilin!:Ioc>"K. (i98!n'). Mccllmig; ,O'f hllm!I]!ii:'f' ~~~ jI1JlnMlI ,Qj 11<\rJli.h. Ph,r~~4Il!!lllf~Io':i!I'iwl' e.mJ 1,l«'!'l'~liPll; 31), "I!~>Q'- :Jiil) (ir! ]'1p:m~). I!!;'Li!1lfll,K, (2001). Jltlr:li~>:!!_rier.l~cll:I~f'iilfun ~!!ll~ e(:f~t @f il'l",llm :puU gf Ill;: lIii[f ~ll11J :It!rn.!),,el ~'til~, Sj\'Jw'lJ .l!'3i!W!f«.ri<rA:. 4.75- 86. l\o,t!lllilOfu~hj" ., ~~Uj; M.,. uti 'Iill,l~~"K. (l9S2). :BrDtr:trdili~nil;i;l!"n~)~ll o:l"liimm.'l:'.r~\\': 5 'flu:~, hti,gh~ ,;mg <!1t1,j.1l!' o:~RiI"".Di5': IIliml p'lilol!15i,. :!!!l!ll)'l!js" ~<lIroroJI J:fJr.'-I'IJ~ (}t 1"lij!~rul~Hl1lj.CJi~fJl:)~ Ui.I'Mmlly, 21 0 I. 38-'>11), (lrl j~~C!i~)., Murnf~bi, K." ,S;1_~UI'\'I~" •• Um~~'I:Ii,K.." ,,,,ul, Kob3~':lI~Ii. ~. (2(n0!5). :O!.~"'l:tiJIIiITt'lm! Q!~~,~,mtml\ll :mi.1ru:'im':flIdiu~ off S Cl!~I~iIIiUI :ql~d ot'h~!I'Imt~~' hea.t!,dunng~!I,:Iwn~, lli hIImnu:r IllruW. JnmI'IJI!Mim<ll'}LllWIlIll'IIfj'SpiJr:I i arm U?<f1~ StMJl£." 1, ~.a,'D-] :lIS_ 0,11.0, It. ([ ~02l ~,~ pb:Q[U~q;lltJlle1!" ~ ~)mlia!tl i.ItJllk~ie> {3}, 5~, -65. I~\m'it. ~" (!1l90) •.'llIic1M~!:ihilnl.~ Ilf~mm.llir Itlu:oox:i~. milL "fMlJ~ qj,Q.lkltfl(;J, (1'1' •. 1409'- !Q!7). 'CO~i.1i 7-\'l'JUQ~"
!I):lp!l~,

J.

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