Mng VLAN l g?

VLAN l vit tt ca Virtual Local Area Network hay cn gi l mng LAN o. Mt VLAN c nh ngha l mt nhm logic cc thit b mng v c thit lp da trn cc yu t nh chc nng, b phn, ng dng ca cng ty Hin nay, VLAN ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong cng ngh mng LAN. thy r c li ch ca VLAN, chng ta hy xt trng hp sau : Gi s mt cng ty c 3 b phn l: Engineering, Marketing, Accounting, mi b phn trn li tri ra trn 3 tng. kt ni cc my tnh trong mt b phn vi nhau th ta c th lp cho mi tng mt switch. iu c ngha l mi tng phi dng 3 switch cho 3 b phn, nn kt ni 3 tng trong cng ty cn phi dng ti 9 switch. R rng cch lm trn l rt tn km m li khng th tn dng c ht s cng (port) vn c ca mt switch. Chnh v l , gii php VLAN ra i nhm gii quyt vn trn mt cch n gin m vn tit kim c ti nguyn.

Nh hnh v trn ta thy mi tng ca cng ty ch cn dng mt switch, v switch ny c chia VLAN. Cc my tnh b phn k s (Engineering) th s c gn vo VLAN Engineering, cc PC cc b phn khc cng c gn vo cc VLAN tng ng l Marketing v k ton (Accounting). Cch lm trn gip ta c th tit kim ti a s switch phi s dng ng thi tn dng c ht s cng (port) sn c ca switch. Phn loi VLAN

Port - based VLAN: l cch cu hnh VLAN n gin v ph bin. Mi cng ca Switch c gn vi mt VLAN xc nh (mc nh l VLAN 1), do vy bt c thit b host no gn vo cng u thuc mt VLAN no . MAC address based VLAN: Cch cu hnh ny t c s dng do c nhiu bt tin trong vic qun l. Mi a ch MAC c nh du vi mt VLAN xc nh.

Protocol based VLAN: Cch cu hnh ny gn ging nh MAC Address based, nhng s dng mt a ch logic hay a ch IP thay th cho a ch MAC. Cch cu hnh khng cn thng dng nh s dng giao thc DHCP.

Li ch ca VLAN

Tit kim bng thng ca h thng mng: VLAN chia mng LAN thnh nhiu on (segment) nh, mi on l mt vng qung b (broadcast domain). Khi c gi tin qung b (broadcast), n s c truyn duy nht trong VLAN tng ng. Do vic chia VLAN gip tit kim bng thng ca h thng mng. Tng kh nng bo mt: Do cc thit b cc VLAN khc nhau khng th truy nhp vo nhau (tr khi ta s dng router ni gia cc VLAN). Nh trong v d trn, cc my tnh trong VLAN k ton (Accounting) ch c th lin lc c vi nhau. My VLAN k ton khng th kt ni c vi my tnh VLAN k s (Engineering). D dng thm hay bt my tnh vo VLAN: Vic thm mt my tnh vo VLAN rt n gin, ch cn cu hnh cng cho my vo VLAN mong mun. Gip mng c tnh linh ng cao: VLAN c th d dng di chuyn cc thit b. Gi s trong v d trn, sau mt thi gian s dng cng ty quyt nh mi b phn mt tng ring bit. Vi VLAN, ta ch cn cu hnh li cc cng switch ri t chng vo cc VLAN theo yu cu. VLAN c th c cu hnh tnh hay ng. Trong cu hnh tnh, ngi qun tr mng phi cu hnh cho tng cng ca mi switch. Sau , gn cho n vo mt VLAN no . Trong cu hnh ng mi cng ca switch c th t cu hnh VLAN cho mnh da vo a ch MAC ca thit b c kt ni vo.

VLAN Trunking Protocol Giao thc mch ni cc VLAN (VTP) (su tm)
I. Khi nim, hot ng ca mch ni (trunk) 1.1 S ra i ca thut ng Trunking Thut ng Trunking bt ngun t cng ngh Radio v cng ngh in thoi. Trong cng ngh radio, mt ng Trunk l mt ng dy truyn thng m trn truyn ti nhiu knh tn hiu radio. Trong cng nghip in thoi, khi nim thut ng Trunking l kt hp gia ng truyn thng in thoi hoc cc knh in thoi gia hai im. Mt trong cc im c th l mt tng i Ngy nay, nguyn l trunking c chp nhn s dng trong cng ngh mng chuyn mch. Mt

ng Trunk l kt ni vt l v logic gia 2 switch. 1.2 Khi nim Trong khun kh mi trng chuyn mch VLAN, mt ng Trunk l mt kt ni point-topoint h tr cc VLAN trn cc switch lin kt vi nhau. Mt ng c cu hnh Trunk s gp nhiu lin kt o trn mt lin kt vt l chuyn tn hiu t cc VLAN trn cc switch vi nhau da trn mt ng cp vt l. 1.3 Hot ng ca Trunking Giao thc Trunking c pht trin nng cao hiu qu qun l vic lu chuyn cc Frame t cc VLAN khc nhau trn mt ng truyn vt l. Giao thc trunking thit lp cc tho thun cho vic sp sp cc Frame vo cc cng c lin kt vi nhau hai du ng trunk. Hin ti c 2 k thut Trunking l Frame Filtering v Frame Tagging. Trong khun kh ca lun vn ny ch cp n k thut Frame Tagging. Giao thc Trunking s dng k thut Frame Tagging phn bit cc Frame v d dng qun l v phn pht cc Frame nhanh hn. Cc tag c thm vo trn ng gi tin i ra vo ng trunk v c b i khi ra khi ng trunk. Cc gi tin c gn tag khng phi l gi tin Broadcast. Mt ng vt l duy nht kt ni gia hai switch th c th truyn ti cho mi VLAN. lu tr, mi Frame c gn tag nhn dng trc khi gi i, Frame ca VLAN no th i v VLAN . 1.4 Cu hnh mt cng l Trunk trn switch Switch_A(config)# interface fastethernet 0/1 Switch_A(config-if)# switchport mode trunk Switch_A(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q Hoc Switch_A(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation isl Switch_A(config-if)# end II. VLAN Trunking Protocol Giao thc mch ni VLAN - VTP 2.1 Ngun gc VTP VTP c thit lp gii quyt cc vn nm bn trong hot ng ca mi trng mng chuyn mch VLAN. V d: Mt domain m c cc kt ni switch h tr bi cc VLAN. thit lp v duy tr kt ni

bn trong VLAN, mi VLAN phi c cu hnh trn cng ca switch. Khi pht trin mng v cc switch c thm vo mng, mi switch mi phi c cu hnh vi cc thng tin ca VLAN trc . Mt kt ni n khng ng VLAN n cha 2 vn : Cc kt ni chng cho ln nhau do cu hnh VLAN khng ng Cc cu hnh khng ng gia cc mi trng truyn khc nhau nh l: Ethernet v FDDI. Vi VTP, cu hnh VLAN c duy tr d dng bng Admin domain. Thm na, VTP lm gim phc tp ca vic qun l VLAN. 2.2 Khi nim VTP Vai tr ca VTP l duy tr cu hnh VLAN thng qua admin domain ca mng. VTP l mt giao thc lp 2 s dng cc Trunk Frame qun l vic thm bt, xo v i tn cc VLAN trn mt domain. Thm na, VTP cho php tp trung cc thay i ti tt c cc switch trong mng. Thng ip VTP c dng gi trong mt chi\un CISCO l giao thc ISL hoc IEEE 802.1q v sau i qua cc lin kt Trunk ti thit b khc. 2.3 Li ch ca VTP VTP c th b cu hnh khng ng, khi s thay i c to ra. Cc cu hnh khng ng c th tng hp trong trng hp thg k cc vi phm nguyn tc bo mt. Bi v cc kt ni ca VLAN b chng cho khi cc VLAn b t trng tn. Cc cu hnh khng ng ny c th b ct kt ni khi chng c nh x t mt kiu LAN ti mt kiu LAN khc. VTP cung cp cc li ch sau: Cu hnh ng cc VLAN qua mng H thng nh x cho php 1 VLAn c trunk qua cc mi trng truyn hn hp. Ging nh nh x cc VLAN Ethernet ti ng cp trc tc cao nh ATM, LANE hoc FDDI. Theo di chnh xc v kim tra VLAN Bo co ng v vic thm vo cc VLAN D dng cu hnh khi thm mi VLAN Trc khi thit lp cc VLAN trn switch, ta phi setup mt management domain trong phm vi nhng th m ta c th kim tra cc VLAN trong mng. Cc switch trong cng mt management domain chia s thng tin VLAN vi cc VLAN khc v mt switch c th tham gia vo ch mt VTP management domain. Cc switch domain khc khng chia s thng tin VTP. Cc switch s dng giao thc VTP th trn mi cng trunk ca n c:

 Management domain S cu hnh Bit c VLAN v cc thng s c th 2.4 VTP domain Mt VTP domain c to ra t mt hay nhiu cc thit b a kt ni chia s trn cng mt tn VTP domain. Mi switch ch c th c mt VTP domain. Khi mt thng ip VTP truyn ti cc switch trong mng, th tn domain phi chnh xc thng tin truyn qua. ng gi TVP vi ISL Frame:

VTP header c nhiu kiu trn mt thng ip VTP, c 4 kiu thng c tm thy trn tt c cc thng ip VTP: Phin bn giao thc VTP 1 hoc 2 Kiu thng ip VTP 1 trong 4 kiu di tn ca management domain Tn mamagement domain 2.5 Cc ch VTP Hot ng chuyn mch VTP hot ng trn mt trong ba ch sau: Server Client Transparent 2.5.1 VTP Server (Ch mc nh) Nu mt switch c cu hnh ch server, th switch c th khi to, thay i v xo cc VLAN. VTP server ghi thng tin cu hnh VLAN trong NVRAM. VTP server gi cc thng ip VTP qua tt c cc cng Trunk. Cc VTP server qung b cu hnh VLAN ti cc switch trn cng mt VTP domain v ng b cu hnh VLAN ti cc switch khc da trn cc qung co nhn c qua ng Trunk.. y l ch mc nh trn switch. 2.5.2 VTP Client Mt switch c cu hnh ch VTP Client khng th khi to, sa cha hoc xo thng tin VLAN. Thm na, Client khng th lu thng tin VLAN. Ch ny c ch cho cc switch khng b nh lu tr bng thng tin VLAN ln. VTP Client s l cc thay i VLAN ging nh server, n cng gi cc thng ip qua cc cng Trunk.

2.5.3 Ch VTP trong sut (Transparent) Cc switch cu hnh ch Transparent khng tham gia vo VTP. Mt VTP Transparent switch khng qun b cu hnh VLAN ca n v khng ng b cc cu hnh VLAN ca n da trn cc qung co nhn c. Chng chuyn tip cc qung co VTP nhn c trn cc cng Trunk nhng b qua cc thng tin bn trong thng ip. Mt Transparent switch khng thay i database ca n, khi cc switch nhn cc thng tin cp nht cng gi mt bn cp nht ch ra s thay i trng thi VLAN. Tr khi chuyn tip mt qung co VTP, VTP b v hiu ho trn switch c cu hnh ch Transparent. 2.6 Cu hnh VTP Cu hnh phin bn VTP Switch_A# vlan database Switch_A(vlan)# vtp v2-mode Cu hnh VTP domain Switch_A(vlan)# vtp domain Cisco Cu hnh ch VTP Switch_A(vlan)# vtp [client|server|transparent] Lnh xem cu hnh VTP Switch_A# show vtp status