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 SPSS Windows

 SPSS Windows

1. SPSS ..................................... 7
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1.1 SPSS............................................................................................................. 7
1.1.1 SPSS ................................................................................................................................ 7
1.1.2 .......................................................................................... 9
1.1.3 SPSS Windows...................................................................................................... 9
1.1.4 SPSS Windows ................................................................................ 12
1.1.5 SPSS Windows .......................................................................................... 12
1.1.5.1 (Data Editor)................................................... 12
1.1.5.2 (Output Navigator) ................................. 13
1.1.5.3 (Pivot able ditor)............................................. 14
1.1.5.4 (Text utput Editor)............................................ 14
1.1.5.5 (Chart Editor)................................................ 15
1.1.5.6 (Syntax Editor)............................................................................................ 15
1.1.6 Spss Windows ....................................................... 16
1.1.7 SPSS ..................................................................................................................... 19
1.1.8 SPSS Windows ...................................................................................... 20
1.1.8.1 , ............................................................................................... 20
1.1.8.2 ..................................................................................................... 20
1.1.8.3 ............................................................................................... 20
1.1.8.4 .................................................................................................................... 20
1.1.9 SPSS........................................................................................................................... 21

2. DATA EDITOR SPSS .................................... 22

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2.1 ................................................................................................................................................ 22
2.2 SPSS
WINDOWS.................................................................................................................................................. 22
2.3 DATA EDITOR ............................................................................. 24
....................................................................................................... 24
......................................................... 25
2.3.1 File ......................................................................................................................................... 34
2.3.1.1 Data Editor .................................................................... 34
2.3.2 ............................................................................................... 35
2.3.3 Edit ......................................................................................................................................... 35
2.3.3.1 , ............................................................. 35
2.3.4 View....................................................................................................................................... 35
2.3.5 Data........................................................................................................................................ 36
2.3.5.1 , , ............................................................................. 37
2.3.5.2 (Sort Cases).............................................................................................................. 38
2.3.5.3 (Transpose) ............................................................................................ 39

 SPSS Windows

2.3.5.4 (Merge Files)............................................................................................. 40

2.3.5.5 (Aggregate)........................................... 40
2.3.5.6 (Select Cases)( ......................................... 41
2.3.5.7 (Weight Cases)( ......................................................................................... 43
2.3.6 Transforme............................................................................................................................. 43
2.3.6.1 Compute ....................................................................................................................................... 43
2.3.6.2 Recode.......................................................................................................................................... 44

3. OUTPUT NAVIGATOR SPSS..................... 48

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3.1 ................................................................................................................................................ 48
3.2 OUTPUT NAVIGATOR .............................................................................................. 49
3.3 OUTPUT NAVIGATOR ................................................................................. 49
3.3.1 ................................................................................................................................................. 49
3.3.2 ................................................................................................................... 49
3.3.3 Outline Toolbar................................................................................................................................... 50
3.3.4 .................................................................................................. 51
3.4 .................................................................................................................. 51
3.4.1 ....................................................................................................................................... 51
3.4.2 .............................................................................................................. 52
3.4.3 ....................................................................................................................... 53
3.4.3.1 ..................................................................................................... 53
3.4.3.2 ................................................................................ 53
3.4.3.3 , , , , ...................... 53
3.4.3.4 .................................................................... 53
3.4.3.5 .................................................................... 53
3.4.4 ............................................................................................................ 53
3.4.4.1 Eo .................................................................................................................... 54
3.4.4.2 ......................................................................... 54
3.4.4.3 ........................................................................................................... 54
3.4.5 - Text Editor...................................................................................................... 55

4. ......................................................... 56
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4.1 .................................................................................................. 58
4.1.1 (Bar Chart)............................................................................................................... 58
4.1.2 (Pie Chart)......................................................................................................... 59
4.1.3 (Histogram) .................................................................................................................... 60
4.1.4 (Box Plot) ..................................................... 61

5. SPSS..................................... 62
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5.1 ................................................................................................................................................ 62

 SPSS Windows

5.2 FREQUENCIES ................................................................................................................. 62

5.2.1 ................................................................................................................................................. 62
5.2.2 Frequencies .................................................................................................. 62
5.2.3 Frequencies.......................................................................................... 64
5.3 DESCRIPTIVES ................................................................................................................. 76
5.3.1 ................................................................................................................................................. 76
5.3.2 Descriptives................................................................................................. 76
5.3.3 Descriptives.............................................................................................. 76
5.4 CROSSTABS....................................................................................................................... 78
5.4.1 ................................................................................................................................................. 78
5.4.2 X2 .................................................................................................................. 78
5.4.3 Crosstabs ........................................................................................................... 79
5.4.4 Crosstabs ............................................................................................... 80
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1.1. E SPSS 11.0 for Windows ............................................................................................................. 10

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1.2.1. Data Editor Data View .......................................................................... 10

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1.2.2. Data Editor Variable View .................................................................... 11

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1.3. ............................................................................................ 12
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1.4. Data Editor ........................................................................... 13

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1.5. Output Navigator .............................................................................................................. 13

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1.6. Pivot Table Editor ............................................................................................................. 14

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1.7. Text Output Editor............................................................................................................. 14

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1.8. Chart Editor ..................................................................................................................... 15

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1.9. Syntax Editor .................................................................................................................... 16

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1.10. File............................................................................................................................................... 16
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1.11. dit .............................................................................................................................................. 17

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1.12. Data ............................................................................................................................................. 17

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1.13. Transform .................................................................................................................................... 17

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1.14. Analyse ....................................................................................................................................... 18

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1.15. Graphs ........................................................................................................................................ 18

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1.16. Utilities ......................................................................................................................................... 18

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1.17. Window ........................................................................................................................................ 19

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1.18. Help ............................................................................................................................................. 19

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2.1. , ....................................................... 23
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2.2. ................................................................... 24
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2.3. Variable View Data Editor.............................................................................................. 25

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2.4. ....................................................................................... 27
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2.5. Date () Variable Type ( ) . 28

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2.6. Dollar () Variable Type ( ) . 28

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Type ( ) ............................................................................................................................................. 29
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2.9. Missing Values .............................................................................. 31

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 SPSS Windows
2.10: .......................................................................................... 34
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2.11. Data Editor................................................................................................... 35

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2.12. (Fonts) ............................................................................................... 36

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2.13. Data Editor ............................................... 38

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2.14. Data Transpose .................................................................................... 39

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2.14.1 Exploitations Data Editor

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Traspose ....................................................................................................................................................................... 40
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2.16. Compute Variable ................................................................................................. 43

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2.17. Recode Into Different Variables ........................................................................... 45

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2.18. Recode Into Different Variables:Old and New Values ......................................... 46

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3.1. OutPut Navigator ( ) ..................................................................... 48

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3.2. (Toolbar) Qutput Navigator ................................................................................ 50

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3.3. Outline Toolbar Qutput Navigator ................................................................................................... 51

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3.4. Pivot Table .............................................................................................................................. 52

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3.5. Pivot Table Editor and Formating Toolbars........................................................................................... 52

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4.1. (%) ........................................................................................................ 58

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4.2. .................................................................................. 58
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4.3 (%) .................................................................................................... 59

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4.4. (%) ........................................................................................................... 59

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4.5. ............................................................................................................................. 60
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4.6. ......................................................................................................... 60
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4.7. ......................................................................................................... 60
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4.9. Box Plot .......................................................................................................... 61

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4.10. Box Plot ........................................................................................... 61

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6.1. Frequencies .......................................................................................................... 62

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6.2. Frequencies Statistics ...................................................................... 63

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6.3. Frequencies Charts .......................................................................... 64

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6.4. Frequencies Statistics ...................................................................... 65

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6.5. Bar Chart ...................................................................................... 67

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6.6. Pie Chart ................................................................................................. 67

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6.7. (Output) 2 .............................................. 69

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6.8. Descriptives ........................................................................................ 76

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6.14. Crostabs..................................................................................................................... 79
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 SPSS Windows

1. SPSS
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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

SPSS Windows. Chart Editor.

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

(File Type) Excel(*.xls),

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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27

 SPSS Windows

5. Date ().
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28

 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

2.10:

(NOMINAL)

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34

 SPSS Windows

Editor .
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35

 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

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37

 SPSS Windows

Data Editor

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38

 SPSS Windows

2.3.5.3 (Transpose)
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39

 SPSS Windows

2.14.1 Exploitations Data Editor

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 SPSS Windows

2.3.5.6 (Select Cases)(

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 SPSS Windows

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 SPSS Windows

2.3.5.7 (Weight Cases)(

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 SPSS Windows

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2= 18-24
3=25-40
4= 41-60
44

 SPSS Windows

5= 60
, ,
recode , 18
5, 18-24 4, 25-45
3, 41-60 2 60 1.
Recode ,:
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,
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TransformeRecodeInto Different Variables
Recode Into Different Variables, . 2.17.
2.17. Recode Into Different Variables

Numeric Variable->Output Variable.
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( change )
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. 2.18.

45

 SPSS Windows

2.18. Recode Into Different Variables:Old and New Values

o Value Old Value

, Value New Value, ,
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, .

46

 SPSS Windows

(.. Reliability Analysis)

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: 1 5, 2 4, 3
3, 4 2 5 1.

47

 SPSS Windows

3. OutPut Navigator SPSS

3.1
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3.1. OutPut Navigator ( )

,

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SPSS
.
,
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*.spo
Hypertext ()
48

 SPSS Windows

Word .
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3.3 OutPut Navigator

3.3.1
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File Output Navigator Save Save As.
3.3.2
U

( 3.2.).

49

 SPSS Windows

3.2. (Toolbar) Qutput Navigator

Hypertext

Data Editor

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,
.
,
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, .
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Clse, Save Save As File
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3.3.3 Outline Toolbar
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50

 SPSS Windows

3.3. Outline Toolbar Qutput Navigator

3.3.4
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3.4
3.4.1
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51

 SPSS Windows

3.4. Pivot Table

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3.5. Pivot Table Editor and Formating Toolbars

3.4.2
U

52

 SPSS Windows

o
.

Spss Pivot Table Object Open .

Pivot Table.

Pivot Table, .
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U

3.4.3.1
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3.4.3.4
U

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3.4.3.5
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. SPSS ,
.

53

 SPSS Windows

.
3.4.4.1 Eo
U

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3.4.4.2
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(
)

54

 SPSS Windows

3.4.5 - Text Editor

U

, Spss Windows.

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55

 SPSS Windows

4.
.
,

.

. ,

.
, /
,
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.

()

()

()

(Bar chart)
(Pie chart)
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plot)
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plot)
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world95.sav SPSS. To
.
:
1.COUNTRY:
2.POPULA : ()
3.DENSITY: [/km2] ()
4.URBAN: ()
5.RELIGION: (): %

56

 SPSS Windows

RELIGION
Frequency

Valid

Total
Missing

11

Total

16
41
27
8
16
108
1
109

Percent

14,7
37,6
24,8
7,3
14,7
99,1
,9
100,0

Valid
Percent

14,8
38,0
25,0
7,4
14,8
100,0

Cumulative
Percent

14,8
52,8
77,8
85,2
100,0

6.REGION: ():

REGION
Frequency

Valid

OECD

East Europe

Pacific/Asia

Africa

Middle East

Latn America

Total

21
14
17
19
17
21
109

Percent

19,3
12,8
15,6
17,4
15,6
19,3
100,0

57

Valid
Percent

19,3
12,8
15,6
17,4
15,6
19,3
100,0

Cumulative
Percent

19,3
32,1
47,7
65,1
80,7
100,0

 SPSS Windows

4.1
4.1.1 (Bar Chart)
U

(Bars).
.
4.1. (%)
40
38
30

25

(%)

20

15

15

10
7
0

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20

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58

 SPSS Windows

4.1.2 (Pie Chart)

U

().
, .
.
4.3 (%)

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,9%

14,7%

14,7%

7,3%

24,8%

37,6%

4.4. (%)

Latn America

OECD
19,3%

19,3%

Middle East
15,6%

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East Europe
12,8%

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15,6%

17,4%

59

 SPSS Windows

4.1.3 (Histogram)
U

.
, ..
.
4.5.
80

60

40

20
Std. Dev = 146726,4
Mean = 47723,9
N = 109,00

0
0,
00
00 , 0
12 00
0
00 , 0
0
11
00
00
10 0, 0
0
00
90 0, 0
0
00 0
,
80
00
00
70 0, 0
0
00
60 0, 0
0
00
50 0, 0
0
00
40 0, 0
0
00
30 0, 0
0
00 0
,
00
00

20

10

0
0,

4.6.
100

80

60

40

20

Std. Dev = 675,71

Mean = 203,4
N = 109,00

0
0

,0
00
55
,0
00
50 0
,
00
45
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00
40 0
,
00
35
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00
30
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00
25
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00
20
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00
15 0
,
00
10
0
0,
50

0,

4.7.
14

12

10

4
Std. Dev = 24,20

Mean = 56,5
N = 108,00

0
0,
10 0
,
95 0
,
90 0
,
85
,0
80 0
,
75 0
,
70
,0
65 0
,
60 0
,
55 0
,
50 0
,
45 0
,
40
,0
35 0
,
30 0
,
25 0
,
20 0
,
15 0
,
10
0
5,

Ta

60

 SPSS Windows

4.1.4 (Box Plot)

U

. 1 ,
. , .

. Box Plots .
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4.9. Box Plot

1400000
1200000

24

1000000
50

800000

600000

400000
102

200000

51
15
84
57
8
76
73
67

0
-200000
N=

109

4.10. Box Plot

120

100

80

60

40

20

-20
N=

108

61

 SPSS Windows

5. SPSS
5.1
SPSS
Analyse. Descriptive
Statistics, Frequencies, Descriptives,
Explore, Crosstabs.

5.2 Frequencies
5.2.1
U

SPSS Windows
,
.
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5.2.2 Frequencies
U

, ( )
Analyse Descriptive StatisticsFrequencies.
Frequencies .
6.1. Frequencies

Variable(s)

62

 SPSS Windows

6.2. Frequencies Statistics

Statistics

Statistics



,

.
,

.

(Percentile Values)
Quartiles

Cut
points
for

equal groups

Percentile(s)

(Central Tendency)
Mean
Median
Mode
Sum

(Dispersion)
Std. Deviation
Variance
Range
Minimum
Maximum
S.E. mean

Scanning
(Distribution)
Skewness
Kurtosis
Scanning

63

 SPSS Windows

,
Continue frequencies.
Chart
6.3. Frequencies Charts

Charts,

6.3.,

.

(Bar),

.
Bar Chart (

)


. ,
.
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, ,
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frequencies. Display
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, ,
,
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SPSS Windows ,

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5.2.3 Frequencies
U

1
, , a1,
, ,

64

 SPSS Windows

Bar Chart .
.
1. Analyse Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies
2. Frequencies a1
Variables
3. Statistics mode
( ) Continue

4. Charts,
, radio button Bar Chart.
Continue .
5. , OK
Paste , syntax
,
( Run
.
FREQUENCIES
VARIABLES=a1
/STATISTICS= MODE
/ORDER ANALYSIS .

(Output) , SPSS Windows

6.4.
6.4. Frequencies Statistics

Statistics

Valid
Missing

Mode

98
0
1

Frequency

Valid

Total

77
21
98

Valid
Percent

Percent

78,6
21,4
100,0

78,6
21,4
100,0

65

Cumulative
Percent

78,6
100,0

 SPSS Windows

100

80

60

Frequency

40

20

,
(Mode) ,
(Frequency) (Percent) . ,
(Cumulative Percent)
. BarChart , .
,
,
.

1. ,
.
2. Format Bar Style
style 3D Effect
3. Apply All Close

4. Format
Bar Label Styles Framed

66

 SPSS Windows

6.5. Bar Chart

Bar
Chart

pie chart
80

77
:
60
Analyse
Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies
40
,
Variables
20
21


Charts,
0

Charts

Pie Chart.
, (Frequencies),
(Percents). (Percents)
Continue.
6.6.
6.6. Pie Chart
Frequency

100

21,4%

78,6%

:
1. ,

2. Chart Options.

67

 SPSS Windows

3. Pie Options Lebels

Text Percents.
4. OK. Close

2.
50 .

. ,

.
.

.
1. (F4.0)

1.
2.
1.
2.
3.

2. (F4.0)

3. (F4.0)

.
1. (F8.2)
2. (F4.0)

1.
2.
3.
4.

.
1.

: , , ,

.
2.
, (Mode)
.
(Mean), (Median) , , ,
.
3.
, (bar charts)
, , ,
(pie charts) .

68

 SPSS Windows

(Output) SPSS
6.7. (Output) 2

Statistics

50
0
2

Valid

Missing

Mode

Frequency

24
26
50

Valid

Total

Valid
Percent

Percent

48,0
52,0
100,0

48,0
52,0
100,0

Cumulative
Percent

48,0
100,0

48,0%

52,0%

Pie
Chart

Statistics

N
Mode

Valid
Missing

50
0
2

50
0
2

69

 SPSS Windows

Frequency

Valid

Valid
Percent

Percent

Cumulative
Percent

14

28,0

28,0

28,0

21

42,0

42,0

70,0

15

30,0

30,0

100,0

Total

50

100,0

100,0

Frequency

Valid

Total

14
21
15
50

Percent

28,0
42,0
30,0
100,0

20

20

10

10

Frequency

Frequency

30

30

Cumulative
Percent

28,0
42,0
30,0
100,0

28,0
70,0
100,0

Valid
Percent

Bar
Charts.

70

 SPSS Windows

Statistics

50
0
44,64
,782
44,00
44a
5,528
30,562
,103

Valid

Missing

Mean
Std. Error of Mean
Median
Mode
Std. Deviation
Variance
Skewness
Std. Error of Skewness
Kurtosis
Std. Error of Kurtosis
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Sum
25
Percentiles

50
75

50
0
13162,00
785,6388
10801,17
6864,27a
5555,305
30861418
,816

,337

,337

-,541

-,570

,662

,662

22
34
56
2232
41,00
44,00
49,00

19521,94
6864,27
26386,21
658100,1
8602,348
10801,17
17466,98

a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

Spss
.

71

 SPSS Windows

Frequency
34
35
36
37
39
40
41
42
43
44
Valid

45
46
47
48
49
51
52
53
54
55
56
Total

2
1
1
1
5
1
3
5
2
6
1
6
1
2
4
1
3
2
1
1
1
50

Percent

4,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
10,0
2,0
6,0
10,0
4,0
12,0
2,0
12,0
2,0
4,0
8,0
2,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
100,0

Valid
Percent

4,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
10,0
2,0
6,0
10,0
4,0
12,0
2,0
12,0
2,0
4,0
8,0
2,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
100,0

72

Cumulative
Percent

4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
20,0
22,0
28,0
38,0
42,0
54,0
56,0
68,0
70,0
74,0
82,0
84,0
90,0
94,0
96,0
98,0
100,0

 SPSS Windows

Frequency
6864,27
7217,31
7492,88
7592,08
7609,10
7784,59
7836,54
7970,95
8170,21
8375,64
8504,77
8586,94
8607,48
8616,29
8783,57
8936,17
8953,78
9332,36
9335,58
9490,83
9526,05
9837,12
10077,77
10309,61
10400,59
Valid

11201,76
11613,79
11832,72
12205,43
13298,02
13917,24
14019,08
14178,14
14623,04
15492,30
16970,80
17336,46
17376,38
17738,81
17862,95
18734,26
20542,92
20575,50
21338,22
21525,75
22052,53
22324,28
23356,42
25384,59
26386,21
Total

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
50

Percent

2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
100,0

Valid
Percent

2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
100,0

73

Cumulative
Percent

2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
22,0
24,0
26,0
28,0
30,0
32,0
34,0
36,0
38,0
40,0
42,0
44,0
46,0
48,0
50,0
52,0
54,0
56,0
58,0
60,0
62,0
64,0
66,0
68,0
70,0
72,0
74,0
76,0
78,0
80,0
82,0
84,0
86,0
88,0
90,0
92,0
94,0
96,0
98,0
100,0

 SPSS Windows

14

12

12
10
10
8
8
6

4
Std. Dev = 5,53

Mean = 44,6
N = 50,00

0
35,0

40,0
42,5

50,0
47,5

55,0

Std. Dev = 5555,31

Mean = 13162,0
N = 50,00

0
0,
000,0
26000,0
25000,0
24000,0
23000,0
22000,0
21000,0
20000,0
19000,0
18000,0
17000,0
16000,0
15000,0
14000,0
13000,0
12000,0
1100,0
1000,0
9000,0
8000
70

37,5

45,0

Frequency

Frequency

52,5

Bar Chart
.

:
U

1.
.
,
48% 52% .
2. ,


(70%)
(42%) . (30%)
.
3.
(70%).
4. 44 , 50%
45 44 .
34 56 .
22 . 5,5
V=5,5/44=12,5% .

.
5. (Mean) 13.162 . 50%
(Median)
10.801,17
(Mode)
6.864,27.

74

 SPSS Windows

Mode<Median<Mean6.
. Bar Chart
, (Skewness)
0,8167. (Kurtosis) -0,570 . 38.

. 5.555,6
V=5.555,6/ 13.162=42,2%
.
. (managers),
,
.
TP

TP

PT

PT

TP

PT

( ).
.
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.
7
P

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B

0,1 . 0,1 0,3

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8
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3
, 3
.

75

 SPSS Windows

5.3 DESCRIPTIVES
5.3.1
U

.
, Frequencies
.
( z-scores).
5.3.2 Descriptives
U

AnalyseDescriptive StatisticsDescriptives

6.8. Descriptives
Variable(s)

Variable(s)
Options

Save standardized values as variables

Z

5.3.3 Descriptives
U

, , ( a3),
Z.

76

 SPSS Windows

DESCRIPTIVES
VARIABLES=a3 /SAVE
/STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV MIN MAX .
Descriptive Statistics
50
22
34
56
44,64

N
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Statistic

Mean
Std.
Deviation

5,528
,103
-,541
,78
,337
,662
50

Skewness
Kurtosis
Mean
Std. Error

Skewness
Kurtosis

Valid N (listwise)

Statistic

77

 SPSS Windows

5.4 CROSSTABS
5.4.1
U

Crosstabs
.
,
.
,

Crosstabs.
, -count ,
, expected ,
residuals( ).

.
5.4.2 X2
U

UP

UP

n ,


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,
.
.
Py (i j), Pi
i Pj j
: ij= i x Pj
P

78

 SPSS Windows

:
H1:
B

2
P

Oij (ij) eij= ni. n.j/n

, .
Chi Square
p .
( 0.05),
-significance p, .
:
p < , .
p > .
B

5.4.3 Crosstabs
U

,
AnalyseDescriptives Statistics Crosstabs, (
6.14.)
6.14. Crostabs

79

 SPSS Windows

Cells
,
.
Statistics
()
.

,

. 1 +1 .
0 , +1 1
.
:

.

, .
, .
.

.
,
.

Phi ( 2x2)
Lamda

V Gramer ( m x n)

Goodman Kruskal

(Gamma) (
)
Spearman (
)
r Pearson

d Somer
-b Kendal

,
,
,
.

5.4.4 Crosstabs
U

,
.
CROSSTABS

80

 SPSS Windows

/TABLES=e2 BY e1
/FORMAT= AVALUE TABLES
/STATISTIC=CHISQ CC PHI LAMBDA UC /CELLS= COUNT ROW COLUMN
TOTAL .

Case Processing Summary

Cases
Missing
N
Percent

Valid
N
Percent
*

84

100,0%

,0%

Total
N
Percent
84

100,0%

* Crosstabulation

Total

10
8
6
41,7%
33,3%
25,0%

Count
% within
% within

% of Total
Count
% within
% within

% of Total
Count
% within
% within

% of Total

47,6%

30,8%

16,2%

28,6%

11,9%
11
18,3%

9,5%
18
30,0%

7,1%
31
51,7%

28,6%
60
100,0%

52,4%

69,2%

83,8%

71,4%

13,1%
21
25,0%

21,4%
26
31,0%

36,9%
37
44,0%

71,4%
84
100,0%

100,0%

100,0%

100,0%

100,0%

25,0%

31,0%

44,0%

100,0%

Chi-Square Tests

Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear
Association
N of Valid Cases

Value
6,562a
6,549
6,473

2
2

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
,038
,038

,011

df

Total
24
100,0%

84

a. 0 cells (,0%) have expected count less than 5.

The minimum expected count is 6,00.

81

 SPSS Windows

x2 (chi-square)
, ( ),
. SPSS Windows ,
Significance, ;
5% (sign <=0.05). 5% , 100

(
95% .
P=0,038,
0,05 Ho
,
..

(minimun expected count) ,
6( ).
5 20%
x2 (chi-square).
x2 (chi-square) TPearson chi-square
x2. Likelihoud Ratio ,
.
Likelihoud Ratio Pearson chi-square.
Linear by Linear Associasion

.
P

Directional Measures

Nominal by
Nominal

Lambda

Goodman and
Kruskal tau
Uncertainty Coefficient

Ordinal by Ordinal

Somers' d

Symmetric
Dependent

Dependent
Dependent

Dependent
Symmetric
Dependent

Dependent
Symmetric
Dependent

Dependent

Value
,056
,000
,085

,081

,078

,059

,039d

,040

,030

,036

,047
,065

,036
,050

1,303
1,303

,038e
,038e

,036

,028

1,303

,038

,256
,208

,096
,080

2,583
2,583

,010
,010

,331

,123

2,583

,010

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero.
d. Based on chi-square approximation
e. Likelihood ratio chi-square probability.

82

Asymp.
a
b
Std. Error Approx. T Approx. Sig.
,054
1,006
,314
,000
,c
,c
1,006

,314
d

 SPSS Windows

Symmetric Measures

Nominal by
Nominal
Ordinal by
Ordinal

Phi
Cramer's V
Contingency Coefficient
Kendall's tau-b
Kendall's tau-c
Gamma

N of Valid Cases

Value
,280
,280
,269
,262
,270
,476
84

Asymp.
a
b
Std. Error Approx. T Approx. Sig.
,038
,038
,038
,099
2,583
,010
,104
2,583
,010
,159
2,583
,010

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

83

 SPSS Windows

., (2003),
SPSS 11.5, ,
., .,(1993), SPSS/PC+,
(...),
., ,(2000), &
( ) ,
,
Dennis H., Duncan Cramer, (2001), Spss 10 Windows,
,
.,(2003), SPSS, ,
., (1997) (
), Gutenberg,
.,(1998) , Gutenberg,

., (1996), ,
INTERBOOK,
., (1997)
SPSS, Gutenberg,
.,(2002) SPSS Windows,
,
SPSS (1999), Aplications Guide for SPSS Base 9.0

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