3 .

Trc giao : tnh c lp v tnh ng thi Nhng iu cp nhng phn trc ch th hin mt phn ca cu chuyn , php phn tch kiu XOR (exclusive or) ca cc trng thi , v nhng khi nim , k hiu lin quan .Sau y chng ti s ni n kiu phn tch AND, ni rng , trong mt trng thi nht nh , h thng phi bao gm ton b nhng thnh phn AND ca n. Biu trng thi trong phn ny c v di dng 1 ln c chia ra thnh nhiu nh , v c ngn cch bng nhng ng gch cho.

Hnh s 19 biu din trng thi Y , c chia thnh hai thnh phn AND A v D, vi tnh cht rng nu h thng trng thi Y tc l trong s kt hp no ca B,C vi E,F,G. Khi chng ta ni rng Y l tch trc giao ca A v D( orthogonal product). Hai thnh phn A , D v mt khi nim l ging nh cc siu trng thi khc ( superstate), chng cng c thnh phn mc nh , qu trinh chuyn ha bn trong . Truy cp trang thi Y t bn ngoi, m khng c bt c thng tin h tr no , thc cht l truy cp vo cp kt hp ( B,F) bng mi tn ch th mc nh . Nu 1 s kin c thc thi , h thng s chuyn trang thi t B thnh C v t F thnh G ngay lp tc ,to nn cp kt hp mi (C,G). Minh ha s ng b ha : mt s kin n gy ra hai qu trnh chuyn ha tc thi. Mt mt khc , nu s kin khc xy ra ti cp (B,F) th ch nh hng n D m thi , v to thnh cp (B, E). Theo mt cch khc , minh ha qu trnh mang tnh c lp , bi ti thnh phn A , trng thi vn gi nguyn cho d c s chuyn i ti D th no i na . tt c nhng iu trn minh ha cho tnh trc giao ca A v D,c trng cho kiu phn tch AND .

Hnh s 20 l s tng ca hinh 19 , th hin cc cp trng thi . Hin nhin , 2 thnh phn vi 1000 trang thi mi thnh phn s cho ra 1 triu trang thi trong cc s trang thi c in , v biu trang thi vi tnh trc dao se gip chng ta trnh c iu ny. Phi ni thm rng , qu trnh chuyn i vi s kin t trang thi C thnh B c thm iu kin in G km theo. Nh vy , mc d trang thai Y c chia thnh 2 trang thi trc dao , nhng vn c mt s ph thuc no . iu kin in G lm cho A phu thuc phn no vo D, hay buc A phi bit vi iu v D. v mt hnh thc , tch trc giao l s tng qut ha ca nhung tch thng thy ca automata, ch c iu tch thng thy ca automata phi l nhng tch c lp , trong khi y xut hin du hiu ca s ph thuc nh iu kin in G chng hn . C mt vn nh l chng ta khng th tm c mt vi tr thch hp cho Y. V mt tng qut, trang thi Y ny s nm mt siu trng thi Z no bn ngoi (A,D). Hnh 21.

Mt ng dng d thy ca tnh trc dao l chia mt trng thi ph hp vi nhng h thng vt l ph , thng thy trong nhng h thng cao cp , yu cu phc tp . V d trong h thng in t trn my bay, s c mt ch tng qut( general-mode), v thnh phn trc giao cho h thng ph , nh h thng rada. Minh ha hnh 22.

Trc khi tm hiu v tnh trc giao trong ng h in t , chng ti ni thm v s vo ra cc trng thi trc giao ( orthogonal states). Hnh s 23 l m t chung ca trang thi Y hinh 19. S kin to iu kin chuyn t trng thi J sang cp trng thi (B,E). s kin ti K lm cho h thng chuyn n cp trng thi (C,F) vi F l mc nh ca D,s kin v ti J dn n cp mc nh (B,F). S kin L lm h thng i n cp trng thi bao gm C v trng thi thng ti nht D( most recently visited state), s kin omega theo chiu

ngc li lm cho cp (B,G) chuyn n trng thi K. C th thay th mt trong nhng mi tn bng mt iu kin , v d mi tn t F, thc ra ch c th p dng vo cp (B,F). Mi tn t C , theo cch khc l mt qu trnh thot c lp in hnh, khi n c hiu l ri trng thi AD v n trng thi K , thc ra thnh phn A y l C. Kiu thot thng thy nht l mi tn lm cho h thng ri khi AD mt cch v iu kin. Hnh 24 , nhng mi tn gch u ( stubbed entrance arrows) ch th li vo i qua vng bin trng thi .

Hnh 25 l chi tit (refinement) ca ng h bm gi ca trng thi hin th cp hnh 9 v 13, s dng tnh trc giao. Trong s ny , regular v lap l hai mc hin th , v zero l trng thi c bit khi ng h bm gi tt nhng v tr ban u ca n .

Tnh trc giao cn c trong ng h Citizen nhng mc cao. .Hnh 26 c th bt u lm r v cc hot ng ca ng h , gii thch cho vic tho lp pin . Trng thi alive (hnh 27) bao gm 6 thnh phn trc giao: thnh phn chnh l phn hin th v bp bo hiu , mt thnh phn cho khi ng/ kt thc trng thi ca bo hiu v chung , mt cho tnh trng ca ngun nui , v mt cho n chiu sng . S chi tit hnh 28

Mc d light ch c 2 trng thi trng kh n gin , nhng thc ra chng kh tinh vi v phm vi ca chng. Tnh trc giao quy nh rng khi n nt b , trng thi update s ng thi bt n sng v h thng s thot trng thi update. Ch rng trng thi khi ng/ kt thc ca ch bo hiu v chung c kt ni mt cch tng ng vi cc ch ca displays. y l mt cch m hnh ha s thay i ca hin th v cc ch n ( hidden) ca n . Tt nhin cn nhiu cch khc,v xy dng biu trng thi , ging nh vit mt chng trnh , c th to iu kin cho nhiu kh nng c thm vo. Phi ni thm rng li vo theo phn t H ( H-entrances) ( hnh 13 v 25) khng cn c hiu l truy cp vo trng thi thng xuyn v lin tc nht(enter most recently

visited) m khng c bt c s gii thch g trc . By gi , kha nim trng thi cht ca ng h (dead) khi chng ta cch ly ngun nui pin vi ng h lm cho H-entrances khng cn ngha ,do d lch s s khng c nh khi trng thi cht c tnh ti . chng ta c th dng mt hnh ng c bit l clear-history , c dng xa hnh ng nh cc trng thi c truy nhp thng xuyn nht (most recently visited) . Mt khi b xa , li vo H ( H-entrances) khng cn c p dng v trng thi mc nh( defaults) s c s dng. iu ny s c lm r hn phn 5. Hai c im cui cng ca ng h Citizen c th lm thay i mt cht biu trng thi. Nhng c im ny c th c hiu l s k tha t nhng tnh cht c ni trn . Th nht l c tnh kim tra ting bp , v th hai l chc nng t ng quay tr li ch hin th thi gian sau 2 pht m khng phi bm nt ( tr ch ng h bm gi ) .

Trong ch kim tra ting bp (beeper test), khi n nt b v nt d to nn mt ting bp di . Cch kim tra ny , c m hnh ha hnh 29 ( vi iu kin rng b v d khng th bm cng mt lc )r rang l c th p dng trong mt vi trng thi ny . C nhng trng thi khng th p dng c v d ,trong trang thi cht v c th trong nhng trang thi beep khc. Yu cu y l nh thit k phi gn c nhng m t trn nh l mt thnh phn trc giao vo bt c u cn thit . C th chn phn hin th thi gian ( hnh 30), tng quan trng nht ca quyt nh ny l :ch kim tra ny ch lm vic khi h thng trong ch thi gian (time). Khi lm vic , ch kim tra ting bp c th p dng mt cch chnh xc vo c trang thi thi gian v ngy thng , v cng c th trng thi cp nht na. Ch kim tra ting bp ny khng th p dng vi trng thi ch -2s (tc gi mt kh nhiu cng sc nhn ra iu ny). Do , chng ta v thm mt hp mi

xung quang nhng phn lin quan n ch kim tra ting bp( beeper test) , mt tnh cht chung ca nhng phn ny l kh nng c th p dng ca beeper test ln n , nh hnh 31. Chng t c th thm vo y rng nhng ti liu ca Citizen u ni v ch nh sng ( light) v ch kim tra ting bp l nh nhau , nu bm nt ny th ci kia xy ra , khng c bt c du hiu ca phm vi no c a ra , tr nhng khc bit c bn ca 2 ch .

c im th 2: chng ta n thun ch thm vo mt hp na xung quanh nhng ch hin th lin quan , vi nhng s kin thch hp v iu kin cng vi mi tn u ra . hinh 31 l biu trang thi y ca ng h . Chng ta c th xem xt mt chui cc s kin tuyn tnh ( hoc phn nhnh ) , c th gi l scenarios, v quan st nh hng ca n nh th hin biu trng thi . V d ,gi s h thng ang trng thi cp nht month ( thng) , v mt l do no , ngi dng phi bm nt bp. Ngi dng s bm nt d ri b theo th t m khng b bt c nt no trong 2 nt . Thnh phn regular s n thnh phn time ( tin thm 1 thng v mt gi tr ), thnh phn beep-test s n trng thi beep, v thnh phn light s trng thi on . Nh vy, ng h s hin th ch thi gian , tin thm 1 thang , beeper s ku vo n s bt sng .

Figure 31 Hnh 32 l nhng g bn trong ca trng thi beep , n hot ng nh sau : tip bp ku c dng li nh vic n nt a v c quay li khi ta b nt a . Cng cn phi ni thm rng hot ng ca thi gian tri qua hay gi tr ca thi gian ,ngy thng , ch bo c th c m hnh ha mt cch thch hp , th nht nh l mt thnh phn trc giao thm vo trang thi alive, hoc l nh mt cp thm ca trng thi nm trong 3 trng thi update ( s c lm r hn phn 6.1 ). Cng c th coi nh bao hm cc bin m lm thay i cc gi tr , v dng s lm r ti phn activity ca h thng ( xem phn 5). 4. Mt vi c im khc Nhng c im ny l nhng phn ca hnh thc c bn ca biu trng thi , nhng khng c th hin trn v d v ng h .

4.1 Li vo theo iu kin v li vo theo s la chn C hai kiu kt ni , ging nh kt ni thng qua H, khi m nhng kiu kt ni ny phc tp hn so vi cch dng nhng mi tn thng thng. u tin l kiu C , nh trng hp hnh 33 ( hnh 33b c th thay th hnh 33a ) . Nu iu kin thc s lm cho h thng cc mi tn qu rc ri v phc tp , c th b qua nhng chi tit v dng s hinh 33c . Tt nhin, ngi dng phi cung cp y thng

tin chi tit ,h thng h tr bng my tnh cho biu trng thi s a ra hinh 33c vi thng tin y nh hinh 33b theo yu cu .

Tip theo l kiu S( selection) . S la chn xy ra khi trng thi c la chon i ti c xc nh theo kiu 1-1 bng gi tr ca mt s kin tng qut . S kin ny thc ra l s la chn ca mt trong s nhng la chn c nh sn mt cch r rang t trc v nhng s la chn ny c m hnh thnh nhng trng thi . Mt h thng lu tr dng my tnh c kt ni vi mn hnh hin th , vi 4 k t type , name, qty, v place, tng ng l loi ca i tng c lu tr , tn m ha , s lng , v v tr vt l ca chng . Mt quy trnh update c bn cho php ngi dng chn mt la chn update bng cch n nt tng ng . Hnh 34 a m hnh tnh th ca bi ton , hinh 34b th hin cch m S n gin bi ton. Ngi dng phi t s kin selection nh l s phn tch ca 4 s kin cp thp hn , v l s kt hp ca chng vi trng thi ph hp, do S-entrance c nh ngha mt cch y .

4.2 Tr v thi gian ch H thng chng ta ang nghin cu dng b nh thi gian n ( implicit timer) , c mi ln thot t trng thi date v alarms-beep nh hnh 31. Thng thng , chng ta dng thut ng m t s kin l thi gian ch (timeout). Timeout c th c trng bng s kin v mt khong thi gian . Ni rng , mt s kin xy ra mt cch chnh xc khi 1 khong thi gian nht nh tri qua bt u t mt s kin c nh sn. V d nh s thot khi trng thi date c cp trn c th coi nh timeout( date, 120). Tuy nhin , vic phi gii hn s dng li qu lu ti mt trng thi ca h thng thng xy ra lp i lp li trong qu trnh lm r ca h thng thc , c bit l thi gian thc ,v cn c cung cp mt k hiu c bit . Hnh 35 th hin k t m chng ta dng , vi mt ng xon ( squiggle) ch th rng trng thi ny i cng vi mt ranh gii thi gian , mt s kin tng qut l timeout ( trng thi i vo , ranh gii) th hin iu kin tin vo trang thi cn n. Thc ra , chng ta cho php c th c 2 ngng . Ni chung , c php ca s lm r i gn vi ng xon( squiggle) l t1< t2, l hai ngng trn v di theo thi gian trong mt trng thi. Mt trong nhng ti c th c b qua, nh hnh 35. ngha ca gii hn di l nu chng gy nn s thot, th cc s kin khng p dng n khi m gii hn di c thng qua .

4.3 S chia nh Mc ch ca phn ny nhc ngi c v vic sp sp nhng phn ca biu trng thi khng phi bn trong m l bn ngoi ca biu . Li ch ca nhng k hiu theo th t v cp bc l gi cho nhng phn xung quanh biu vi s thch th ln. Hnh 36