" " .

.
" "Science "Scire" .


Science . ( )

( ) ( )

. .
:


.

. .

!
.

( ) .
.
.
)
(
.

!
. !

" "

. ) (Theorem


.

11 18:88 1387
?what is knowledge ...

.

-
-
)Wiegard,1996( .

.


.
:

.
:
( .)

( .)

( ) ( .)


( . . )

( .)

( .)

 .



...



.
:


( .)

( .)

(
) ( .)


( .)

( .)


( .)


( . )OIC


)KMTOOL( .

.


( . )

 .



.

:



.
...


.
.

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4
.
-5 - .
-6 2882

.
-7 .

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .

. -4
. -5
. -6
. -7
. -8
. -9
. -18
. -11
. -12

.
{beginslide id="133" title="
"}
what is knowledge?

In normal conversation we use knowledge to mean:

Knowing that (facts and information)

Knowing how (the ability to do something)

Sometimes, we use the word knowledge to mean that we have some information, we know that Mary
drinks lemonade, for example. When we have this type of knowledge then we are able to express it. I
cannot say that I know when the Battle of Hastings took place, if I cannot, under any circumstances, say
the date! This is not true of knowing how.
If I know how to swim, then when placed in the water I make certain movements and do not sink!
However, I may be unable to say how, exactly, I am able to swim. Knowing how does not mean I know
that ... If I cannot say the date of the Battle of Hastings, I cannot be said to know it. But if, while
swimming, I cannot tell you exactly how I do it, you cannot say I don't know how to swim!
Failing to understand the above can lead us into certain fallacies. If we get instruction from the best
public speaker in the world, it does not mean that because he or she can speak excellently, that they
know how to instruct others. They might be able to say what they do. For example they might say how
they practice. But this might work for them and not for others! A much less able public speaker, or even
one who might never have spoken in public might be a much better teacher. The point is that knowing
that and knowing how are two different kinds of knowledge!
In philosophy, knowing that something is the case implies that what is known is true. Can we sensibly

say that someone knows something, but it isn't true? We cannot know that something is the case unless
we are able to show that it is also true.
}{endslide

()



.


.
" ".


.
"
". ": ,
, ". "
( )
.
, ( ) .
, ".


.
:
.

.

:
"

".
" " :
"


".


.


.
.


.
" " :
"


".



. () .


.

.
.


.
.

.
.
:





:






.


() .
.


. " "
.

 .
.
.
.

. "
".
" "


. 57
" :

".
179 " :
.
.
. ".
" "
" "" " " "
. .

.
.

.

.


.

.
:
"

".
.

.
() .

.

.



.


( 2953 )2:21
.
.

.


.

.



. .

.

. (
)
.
( 2972 )2:52
2:24
:
"









".

.
.

. .
2967( )2:61
" "
" " . 2:11
2:24 .
.

.
.
""
.

 .

.


.
.
.

.
.

:


.


.
.

.

" " " "
.

.
.
:



" "
:




. .
.
.


""" " ""
.

( 2868 )2938
.
.
.
"
" " ".


( )

( )
.
.
.
.
:



:



:







:






.
.

" "
.
.

.
.
.


.

.
.
.


. :



! !


" :
".

:




.


:




.
.

.
.

.

( ) .


.

.
.
.

:



:





:


------------------------------------------
" "
.

 . " "Science "Scire"

.
Science .
( )
(
) ( )

. .
:


.

.
.

!

.

( )
.
.

. (
) .

!
.
!

""

.

) (Theorem

.

.

 .
.
.
.
:
. . .
.

.
. " "
.
.
.
.
.
.


. .
.
. .
.
.
. .
( )self-contextualize

.

. .
:
( ) .
( ) . () . - - - .

.


. .


.

:
-

:
:
:
:

.

.


. :
.

:
-1 :
.
.
()data mining
.
.
-2 :
.
:
.
-3 :
.

.
-4 :

.


.

 -5 : .


.
-6 :
.


.

: ,

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- -

.
o -
//
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

.
o


.
o

.
o

....



.

.






.
o /

//
o

.
o

// //
//
o

.

.
o

.
o

//

o

.
o

//
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

//
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

//
o

//
o

// //
//
o

//
.
o

//
o

// //
// //
// // //

o

//
o

//
o

//
o

// //
//
o

.
o

.
o

//

o

.
o

. .
o

.
o

//
o

.
o

//

o

//
o

//
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

! .

o

( )
o

. .
o

//
o

//
o

.
o

.
o

//
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

! :

 .
.
o

.
o

//
o

//
o

: .
o

.
o

.

.
o

// //
//
o

//
// //

o

//
o

.

.
o

//

o

//

//
o

.
o

...
.
o

//
o

.
o

.
o

//
o

.






.
o

.
o

.
: !
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

.
o

//
o

//
o

//

//
o

.
o

// //
//
o

...

.

.
o

.
- .
o

.
o

.
o

// //
//
o

.
.

.
o

: ,
( .)

( )

.
.

 .
.
.
.
.
.

.
( ) (
) . .
:

.
.

.

. .
( ) -
()
() . ..

1928 .

.
.

.
.

.

- -
. o
. o
. o

) (Knowledge ) (Science .
( Knowledge
(
)
) Science

.


.


- :- - .


.

( ) (
) .
.

- -

.

:
.

.
.

 :
.

:

.
: ()

.

.
:

.

:

.


.

.2

Popper, Karl (2002) 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery (2nd English ed.). New York, NY: Routledge
Classics. p. 3. ISBN 0-415-27844-9. OCLC 59377149
.3 . .
.4
.5
.6
.7 -
.8
.9

.:
Attributes.21
Features.22

) (duality( )

Hamlyn, D. W. The Theory of Knowledge, Anchor Books, New York,

:
()