H S TH TRNG HOA K

MC LC
I.

GII THIU CHUNG ..................................................................................................................... 1

1. Cc thng tin c bn ........................................................................................................................ 1
2. Lch s ............................................................................................................................................. 2
3. ng li i ngoi ......................................................................................................................... 3

II. TNH HNH KINH T....................................................................................................................... 3

1. Tng quan ........................................................................................................................................ 3
2. Cc ngnh kinh t mi nhn: ........................................................................................................... 6
3. Cc ch s kinh t ............................................................................................................................ 7
III. QUAN H NGOI GIAO CHNH TR VI VIT NAM ........................................................... 7
IV. QUAN H KINH T VI VIT NAM ........................................................................................... 8
1. Hp tc thng mi ......................................................................................................................... 8
2. Hp tc u t ............................................................................................................................... 12
3. Trin vng quan h Vit Nam Hoa K....................................................................................... 13
V. HP TC VI VCCI ...................................................................................................................... 13
1. Tha thun hp tc k kt ........................................................................................................ 13
2. Hot ng trin khai trong nm 2011 ....................................................................................... 14
3. Cc vn kh khn thun li ...................................................................................................... 14
VI. THNG TIN HU CH ................................................................................................................. 16
VII. A CH HU CH ...................................................................................................................... 19
VIII. PH LC THAM KHO ........................................................................................................... 20
IX. NGUN TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................................. 24
Bng 1. Xut khu VN Hoa K 2011
Bng 2. Nhp khu VN Hoa K 2011
Bng 3: Cc mt hng xut khu chnh ca Vit Nam vo th trng Hoa K 2006 - 2010

Ban Quan h Quc t

H s th trng Hoa K

I. GII THIU CHUNG

1. Cc thng tin c bn
Tn nc

Hp Chng Quc Hoa K (United States of America)

Th

Washington D.C

Quc khnh

4/7 (ginh c lp t Vng quc Anh nm 1776)

Din tch

9.826.630 km2

Dn s

313.847.465 (d kin 7/2012), trong da en 12,85%, da trng 79,96%,

gc chu 4,43%, th dn da v Alaska 0,97%, th dn Hawai v cc
hn o Thi Bnh Dng thuc Hoa K 0,18%, cc nhm khc 1,61%.

Khu vc hnh chnh

50 tiu bang v c khu Colombia (tc th Washington)

Cc thnh ph ln

Washington D.C; New York; Los Angeles; San Francisco; Chicago; Boston;
Philadelphia; Houston; Seattle; Miami

Kh hu

n v tin t

Hu ht kh hu n ha nhng Hawai v Florida th kh hu nhit i v

gi rt Alaska
ting Anh 82,1%, Ty Ban Nha 10,7 %, h ngn ng n u 3,8%, Chu
v cc o trn Thi Bnh Dng 2,7%, ngn ng khc 0,7%
Cng gio 23,9%, Tin lnh 51,3%, o c c khc 1,6%, o pht 0,7%,
hi gio 0,6%
la M (1 USD = 20.840 VN, nm 2011)

Mi gi

GMT 5 (b ng); GMT 8 (b Ty)

Th ch

Cng ho Lin bang

Tng thng

Barack H. OBAMA (TTh th 44, nhm chc ngy 20/1/2009). Tng thng
l nguyn th quc gia, ng u Chnh ph v l Tng t lnh cc lc

Ngn ng
Tn gio

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lng v trang. Tng thng c quyn ph quyt cc iu lut do Quc hi

thng qua v o ngc quyn ph quyt ca Tng thng cn 2/3 s
phiu ca c 2 vin ca Quc hi. Nhim k Tng thng di 4 nm. K t
1951, mi Tng thng ch c cm quyn ti a 2 nhim k. Tng thng
c quyn b nhim v bi min cc B trng nhng phi c s ng
ca Thng vin
Chnh ph

Th ch Nh nc,

Hoa K l mt nc Cng ho Lin bang. Nh nc Hoa K c t chc

theo c ch tam quyn phn lp: quyn lp php thuc v Quc hi, quyn
hnh php thuc v Tng thng v quyn t php thuc v To n ti cao.
Ba c quan nh nc lin bang ca Hoa K hot ng trn nguyn tc kim
sot v cn bng ln nhau.
Cc bang ca Hoa K c Hin php v php lut ring, nhng khng tri vi
Hin php Lin bang.

ng v on th
Quc hi Hoa K bao gm Thng vin v H vin. Thng vin c 100
Thng ngh s, phn b u cho 50 bang (mi bang 2 Thng ngh s),
nhim k 6 nm. Ph Tng thng gi chc danh Ch tch Thng vin, v
ch c quyn b phiu quyt nh trong tnh hung bt phn thng bi
(50/50). H vin c 435 H ngh s, mi bang c t nht mt H ngh s, s
cn li c phn b cn c s dn ca tng bang. Cc H ngh s c nhim
k 2 nm. Vo cc nm chn, ngy Th Ba u tin ca thng 11 s tin
hnh bu c Quc hi, bu li ton b H vin v 1/3 Thng vin. Kt qu
bu c lng vin M ngy 2/11/2010 nh sau: Thng vin: 51 Thng
ngh s ng Dn ch, 47 Thng ngh s ng Cng ha v 02 thng ngh
s c lp. H vin: ng Dn ch chim 192 gh v ng Cng ha chim
243 gh.

2. Lch s
Nm 1492, Christopher Columbus pht hin Chu M.Nm 1607, Anh bt u t chn ln Chu M
v lp h thng thuc a hu ht lnh th Bc M. Cc nc Php, Ty Ban Nha, B o Nha, H
Lan chim cc vng cn li.Nm 1775, cuc u tranh ginh c lp n ra. Ngy 4/7/1776, cc nh
cch mng M cng b "Tuyn ngn c lp", tch M khi quc Anh, thnh lp Hp chng quc
Hoa K gm 13 bang.
Nm 1783, Anh k Hip nh Versailles tha nhn nn c lp ca nc M. Ngy 7/9/1787, Hin
php Lin bang u tin ca M c thng qua v n 4/3/1789 c hiu lc. George Washington
c bu l tng thng u tin ca nc M. Sau khi ginh c c lp M lin tc m rng lnh
th v hng ty, t 13 bang ban u pht trin thnh 50 bang nh hin nay.
Nm 1861-1865 xy ra ni chin M. Sau cuc ni chin M tr nn mnh hn do thng nht c lc
lng gia hai min Nam v Bc. n cui th k 19, M tr thnh mt trong cc cng quc hng
u trn th gii v sau Chin tranh th gii II M tr thnh mt siu cng.

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3. ng li i ngoi
K t khi thnh lp nc M n trc chin tranh th gii th hai, M thc hin chin lc "bit
lp" theo hc thuyt Mon-r (Tng thng M giai on 1817-1825) vi ni dung "Chu M ca ngi
Chu M" bnh trng Ty bn cu trong lc M cha lc vn xa hn.
Sau chin tranh th gii th II, vi th v lc mi mnh hn trc nhiu, M thc hin chin lc
"ngn chn", mt chin lc ton cu nhm tr thnh b ch th gii. thc hin b ch, gii
cm quyn M thc hin hai mc tiu chin lc: xo b trt t th gii c ca cc quc Ty u,
a ton b th gii TBCN vo mt trt t chnh tr v kinh t mi do M khng ch v lm suy yu,
ngn chn s pht trin v lan rng nh hng ca Lin X (c) v ca ch ngha x hi.
Sau khi Lin X v khi XHCN tan r, M mt ln na iu chnh ln chin lc i ngoi, a ra
chin lc "dnh lu v m rng", thc cht nhm cng c v tng cng v tr b ch ton cu trong
tnh hnh mi. Ni dung chnh ca chin lc "dnh lu v m rng" l: Phc hi v pht trin nn kinh
t M, gi vng a v l nn kinh t mnh nht th gii; Duy tr u th qun s ca M, t chc, c cu
li v hin i ho qun i M nhm p ng tnh hnh mi; Pht huy u th v chnh tr v qun s,
thc y "kinh t th trng" v "dn ch" phng Ty nhm tin ti thit lp mt trt t th gii c li
cho M.
Sau s kin 11/9/2001, M y mnh qu trnh iu chnh chin lc cho th k 21, coi chng khng
b l u tin cao nht. Chng khng b c s dng tp hp lc lng nhm thit lp mt trt t
th gii mi do M lnh o, dng l do chng khng b, M thc hin bin php qun s nh ph
u Afghanistan v Irc. Nm 2002, Chnh quyn Bush a ra Chin lc an ninh quc gia vi cc ni
dung ch yu: (1) Coi ch ngha khng b quc t, nhng quc gia th ch bt kham, nhng nc ng
h v che giu khng b, tm kim v s dng v kh git ngi hng lot l k th nguy him nht ca
M ; nu cao kh nng s dng v lc n phng, a ra hc thuyt "nh n ph u" hp l ho
vic s dng qun s; (2) Tp hp lc lng ton th gii chng khng b, coi chng khng b l u
tin cao nht trong chnh sch i ngoi ca M v thnh chun mc trong quan h ca M vi cc
nc (phn chia 2 loi nc i vi M chng khng b hay i vi khng b quc t); (3) Trong quan h
cc nc ln, M theo ui chnh sch "cn bng quyn lc", tm kim quan h xy dng vi Trung
quc nhng cnh gic trc vic nc ny tng cng tim lc qun s, xy dng quan h chin lc
mi vi Nga, tng cng quan h vi n , cng c, m rng v ci t NATO, cng c ng minh
truyn thng. Tuy nhin, do b sa ly ti Iraq nn t nhim k II ca Tng thng Bush, M tin iu
chnh chin lc theo hng tranh th ng minh, bn b, bt n phng hn, nhn mnh cc th ch
a phng trong quan h quc t.
Nhm chc trong bi cnh nc M gp nhiu kh khn v kinh t-ti chnh (cuc khng hong ang
din ra ti M c cho l ln nht k t cuc khng hong 1929-1933) v khng t kh khn v i
ngoi, c bit l hai cuc chin cn dang d l Iraq v Afganistan, Tng thng Obama tip tc phi
iu chnh chnh sch i ngoi M theo hng gim n phng, tng mt ha gii v hp tc a
phng nhm trc mt l a M ra khi cuc khng hong kinh t hin nay, v lu di l duy tr v tr
lnh o ca M trn th gii. M a ra phng chm "sc mnh thng minh" trong i ngoi, kt
hp tt c cc thnh t sc mnh, t qun s, chnh tr, kinh t, ngoi giao, t c mc ch.
II. TNH HNH KINH T
1. Tng quan
Hoa K c mt nn kinh t hn hp t bn ch ngha c kch thch bi ti nguyn thin nhin phong
ph, mt c s h tng pht trin tt, v hiu xut cao. Theo Qu Tin t Quc t, tng sn phm ni
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a ca Hoa K hn 13 ngn t la nm 2007 chim 20 phn trm tng sn phm th gii. y l tng
sn phm ni a ln nht th gii, ln hn mt cht so vi tng sn phm ni a kt hp ca Lin hip
chu u sc mua tng ng nm 2006. Hoa K ng hng 8 th gii v tng sn lng ni a trn
u ngi v hng t v tng sn phm ni a trn u ngi theo sc mua tng ng. Hoa K l
nc nhp cng hng ha ln nht v l nc xut cng ng hng nh. Canada, Trung Quc, Mexico,
Nht Bn, v c l cc bn hng ln nht ca Hoa K. Hng xut cng hng u l my mc in,
trong khi xe hi chim v tr hng u v nhp cng. N quc gia ca Hoa K ln nht trn th gii;
nm 2005 chim 23 phn trm tng s n ton th gii. Tnh theo phn trm tng sn phm ni a, n
ca Hoa K xp th 30 trong s 120 quc gia m s liu sn c.
Kinh t t nhn chim phn ln nn kinh t. Hot ng kinh t ca chnh ph chim 12,4% tng sn
phm ni a. Nn kinh t l hu cng nghip, vi kha cnh dch v ng gp khong trn 75% tng
sn phm ni a. Ngnh thng nghip dn u, tnh theo tng doanh thu l bun bn s v l; theo li
tc khu tr l ti chnh v bo him. Hoa K vn l mt siu cng cng nghip vi cc sn phm ha
hc dn u ngnh sn xut. Hoa K l nc sn xut du ln hng ba trn th gii v nc tiu th du
ng hng nht. y l nc sn xut nng lng in v ht nhn s mt ca th gii cng nh kh t
thin nhin ha lng, nhm, sulfur, phosphat, v mui. Nng nghip ch chim 1% GDP nhng chim
60% sn xut nng nghip ca th gii.
Tuy nhin nn kinh t Hoa K gp mt thch thc ln l cuc khng hong ti chnh bt u t
cui nm 2007. Cuc khng hong ny l nguyn nhn chnh lm cho kinh t Hoa K ri vo suy thoi
t thng 12 nm 2007. y l t suy thoi nghim trng nht Hoa K k t sau Chin tranh th gii
th hai. Bnh qun mi thng t thng 1 ti thng 9 nm 2008, c 84 nghn lt ngi lao ng Hoa K
b mt vic lm.
Hng lot t chc ti chnh trong c nhng t chc ti chnh khng l v lu i b ph sn y
kinh t Hoa K vo tnh trng i tn dng. n lt n, tnh trng i tn dng li nh hng n khu
vc sn xut khin doanh nghip phi thu hp sn xut, sa thi lao ng, ct gim cc hp ng nhp
u vo. Tht nghip gia tng nh hng tiu cc n thu nhp v qua ti tiu dng ca cc h gia
nh li lm cho cc doanh nghip kh bn c hng ha. Nhiu doanh nghip b ph sn hoc c
nguy c b ph sn, trong c c 3 nh sn xut t hng u ca Hoa K l General Motors, Ford
Motor v Chrysler LLC. Cc nh lnh o 3 hng t ny n lc vn ng Quc hi Hoa K cu
tr, nhng khng thnh cng. Hm 12 thng 12 nm 2008, GM phi tuyn b tm thi ng ca 20
nh my ca hng khu vc Bc M. Tiu dng gim, hng ha tha dn ti mc gi chung ca
nn kinh t gim lin tc, y kinh t Hoa K ti nguy c c th b gim pht.
Cuc khng hong cn lm cho dollar M ln gi. Do dollar M l phng tin thanh ton ph bin
nht th gii hin nay, nn cc nh u t ton cu mua dollar nng cao kh nng thanh khon ca
mnh, y dollar M ln gi. iu ny lm cho xut khu ca Hoa K b thit hi
Trc tnh hnh trn chnh ph Hoa K thc hin mt lot cc bin php nhm vc dy nn kinh t :
-

Cc D tr Lin bang Hoa K (Fed) tin hnh cc bin php ni lng tin t tng thanh
khon cho cc t chc ti chnh.

Chnh ph Hoa K lp ra v giao cho Fed ch tr chng trnh Term Auction Facility cp
cc khon vay ngn hn c k hn t 28 n 84 ngy theo li sut cao nht m cc t chc ti
chnh tr qua u gi

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Ngy 13 thng 2 nm 2008, Tng thng George W. Bush k Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
theo chnh ph s p dng mt chng trnh kch cu tng hp tr gi 168 t dollar ch yu
di hnh thc hon thu thu nhp c nhn.

Ngy 3 thng 10 nm 2008, Tng thng Bush k Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of
2008 cho php thc hin gi kch thch 700 t dollar chi cho c cc chng trnh phc v ng
o ngi dn nhm kch thch tiu dng.

Ngy 17 thng 2 nm 2009, Tng thng mi c c Barack Obama k American Recovery

and Reinvestment Act. o lut ny cho php Chnh ph thc hin gi kch thch th hai k t
khi khng hong n ra. Gi kch thch ny tr gi 787 t dollar.

Thng 3 nm 2010 Tng thng Obama k ban hnh o lut ci cch bo him y t.

Thng 7 nm 2010 Tng thng M Barack Obama d k o lut ci cch ti chnh i vo lch
s, gip hn ch kh nng thu li nhun ca cc ngn hng v cc hot ng ti chnh c nguy
c ri ro cao
Kinh t M trong nm 2011

Nm 2011 tip tc chng kin nhng thch thc ln m nn kinh t M phi ng u. Tng
trng yu, tht nghip cao, thm ht ngn sch v n cng khng l ch l vi trong s nhng
kh khn m nn kinh t ln nht th gii ny ang cht vt gii quyt.

Trong 6 thng u nm 2011, nn kinh t M tng trng vi tc chm chp nht k t thi
im cuc suy thoi kinh t chm dt. Gi xng du tng cao trong khi thu nhp tng d dt
buc ngi dn nc ny phi tht cht chi tiu. B Thng mi M cho bit kinh t nc ny
tng trng vi tc qu chm chp 1,3% trong giai on t thng 4 ti thng 6 v 0,4% trong
3 thng u nm nay.

Tiu dng gn nh im ng sut ma xun nm 2011, ch tng mc khng ng k l 0,1% sau

mc tng trng 2,1% vo ma ng nm ngoi. Chi tiu cho hng ha lu bn, nh t v cc
trang thit b khc, gim 4,4%.

Cuc khng hong n cng lm phc tp thm nn kinh t vn ang yu km ny. Cc nh lp

php khng th lm g gii quyt tnh trng khng hong, thm ch nhng quyt nh ca h
cn c th khin tc tng trng chm li trong ngn hn.

Tng n chnh ph M hin ln ti 15 nghn t USD. Khi Tng thng Barack Obama mi
nhm chc, mc n quc gia ca M l cha y 10,6 nghn t USD. T u nhim k ca ng
Obama, n quc gia ca nc ny tng bnh qun 4 t USD/ngy. Lng n cng ca M gia
tng trong thi gian ng Obama cm quyn ti nay nhiu hn c s n tch ly t khi Tng
thng George Washington nhm chc cho ti khi Tng thng Bill Clinton bc vo Nh Trng.

Vi li nhun doanh nghip tng mnh v ct gim thu tin lng trong 1 nm bt u c hiu
lc trong thng Mt, y l nhng l do hy vng. Tuy vy tng trng kinh t c th khng
mnh to s thay i ln trong tnh hnh tht nghip, vn ang mc 9,8% gn mc nh
trong khng hong 10,2% vo hi thng 10/2009

Tng trng li nhun doanh nghip s thc y tnh hnh tuyn dng, nhng nhng g va din
ra cha thc s n tng. Mt phn l do cc cng ty c xung hng dng tin u t vo c
phiu, mua li c phiu qu, ch khng phi thu thm nhiu nhn cng. Nhiu cng ty ang
tuyn dng mnh hn cc th trng pht trin mnh nh Trung Quc v n .

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H ngn cch gia hi phc kinh t v s thnh vng th hin r nht trong tnh hnh nh .
Gi nh vn gim khong 5% trong nm 2011, do tnh hnh v n do tht nghip vic gii quyt
cha hiu qu tnh hnh thu hi nh khin cho lng nh ko bn c tng ln. Khong 2 triu
ngi nh c th b thu hi trong nm 2011 thm vo lng 6,8 triu ngi nh b thu hi t khng
hong n nay.

2. Cc ngnh kinh t mi nhn:

Dch v: Ngnh dch v ca Hoa K bao gm ngn hng, bt ng sn, khch sn v k ton chim
hn 80% cc hot ng kinh t ca Hoa K. Mt s loi dch v khc l bn bun v bn l, giao thng
vn ti, chm sc y t, php lut, khoa hc, dch v qun l, gio dc, ngh thut, gii tr, tiu khin,
khch sn v dch v ch , nh hng, quy ru v cc dch v khc v thc phm v ung.
Ngnh Dch v ti chnh ca Hoa K pht trin ng u th gii. Trong phi k n sn giao dch
chng khan NewYork c t ti thnh ph NewYork l sn giao dch ln nht th gii tnh v gi
tr giao dch v ng th 2 th gii v s lng cc cng ty nim yt.
Hoa K cng duy tr c trng thi thng d trong thng mi dch v - thng d 79,7 t -la M
trong nm 2006. Loi hnh dch v xut khu ln nht ca M l hot ng du lch ca khch du lch
nc ngoi n M, t 85,8 t -la trong nm 2007.
Trong nm 2010 ngnh dch v ca Hoa K chim 76,6% GDP (c t 11,290 nghn t USD) tng
3% so vi nm 2009.
Cng nghip: Hoa K l quc gia hng u th gii trong cng nghip ch to, cc nh my ca M
sn xut ra lng hng ha c gi tr tng ng vi 3,268 nghn t -la trong nm 2010. Tuy nhin
nn cng nghip Hoa K khng cn v tr s 1 th gii do s tri dy mnh m ca nn kinh t Trung
Quc v Nht Bn.
Cc ngnh cng nghip chnh ca Hoa K hin nay bao gm: du la, st thp, t, hng khng, vin
thng, ha cht, in t, ch bin thc phm, hng tiu dng, khai thc g, khai khong. Cc ngnh ch
to hng khng, in t, tin hc, nguyn t, v tr, ha cht l nhng ngnh cng nghip mi nhn ca
Hoa K.
Nng nghip : Hoa K l ngnh nng nghip pht trin, ng u th gii v sn lng ng cc (la
m, ng...). Mc d hin nay, nng nghip ch chim mt phn nh trong GDP nhng cc trang tri vn
duy tr c sc mnh kinh t v chnh tr ca mnh. Trong nhng nm gn y, gi tr th trng ca
sn lng nng nghip M t hn 200 t -la, bao gm 45 t -la t tht gia sc v da b; gn 40
t -la t cc loi ht nh ng, la m v cc loi ht du nh u nnh; gn 24 t -la t gia cm v
trng; 20 t -la t sa v cc sn phm b sa v 12 t -la t cu v ln.
Mc d M lun trong tnh trng thm ht thng mi nhng li thng d trong thng mi nng sn.
Sn phm nng nghip c gi tr xut khu ln, khong 75 - 80 t USD mi nm.Theo s liu nm
2009, Hoa K xut khu 98,45 t -la, trong nm 2010 gi tr xut khu ca nhm mt hng ny t
103,12 t USD, trong , phn ln nht c xut sang cc nc Chu , mc d Canada v Mhic l
hai th trng c ng gp ln nht trong s tng trng mi y ca xut khu nng sn. Khong
sn lng u ra ca cc nng tri M c xut khu.
Lng thc c sn xut ra rt an ton, c cht lng cao, phong ph v gi c phi chng. Nn nng
nghip Hoa K cng t c s di do v a dng nht trn th gii. Cc sn phm nng nghip
chnh ca Hoa K gm la m, cc loi ng cc khc, ng, hoa qu, bng, tht b, tht ln, gia cm, sn
phm sa, lm sn, c.
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3. Cc ch s kinh t

GDP (ppp)

2009

2010

2011

14,38 nghn t USD

14,82 nghn t USD

15,04 nghn t USD

-3,5%

3%

1,5%

46.800 USD

47.800 USD

48.100 USD

Tng trng GDP

GDP theo u ngi
GDP theo ngnh (2011)

Nng nghip: 1,2% - Cng nghip: 22,1% - Dch v: 76,7%

153,4 triu ngi

Lc lng lao ng
T l tht nghip

9,6%

9,1%

T l lm pht

1,6%

3%

1.289 t USD

1.511 t USD

Kim ngch xut khu

Mt hng chnh

Cc bn hng chnh
(2010)
Kim ngch nhp khu
Mt hng chnh

Cc bn hng chnh
(2010)

sn phm nng nghip (u nnh, hoa qu, ng) 9,2%, nguyn liu
cng nghip 26,8%, t bn phm (thit b bn dn, my bay, linh kin
t, my vi tnh, thit v vin thng) 49%, hng tiu dng ( t,
dc) 15%
Canada 19,4%, Mexico 12,8%, Trung quc 7,2%, Nht 4,7%
1.935 t USD

2.314 t USD

sn phm nng nghip 4,9%, nguyn liu cng nghip 32,9%(du th

8,2%), t bn phm 30,4% (my vi tnh, thit b vin thng, linh kin
t, my vn phng), hng tiu dng31,8%( t, qun o, dc,
ni tht, chi)
Trung quc 19,5%, Canada 14,2%, Mexico 11,8%, Nht 6,3%, c
4,3% (2010)

III. QUAN H NGOI GIAO CHNH TR VI VIT NAM

Vit Nam v Hoa K thit lp quan h ngoi giao ngy 12/7/1995, trao i i s u tin vo thng
7/1997, m Tng Lnh s qun Hoa K ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh v Tng Lnh s qun Vit Nam
ti San Francisco vo thng 11/1997.
Cc chuyn thm cp cao gn y
Quan h gia Vit Nam v Hoa K ngy cng c tng cng v pht trin trn nhiu mt. Hai bn
trao i nhiu on cp cao.
V pha Vit Nam thm Hoa K c on Ph Th tng Nguyn Mnh Cm (1998, 2000), Ph Th
tng Thng trc Nguyn Tn Dng (2001), Ph Th tng V Khoan (2003), Th tng Phan Vn
Khi (6/2005), Ph Th tng kim BTNG Phm Gia Khim (3/2007), Ch tch nc Nguyn Minh
Trit theo li mi ca Tng thng G.Bush (18-23/6/2007) v nhiu on cp B trng, Th tng
Nguyn Tn Dng c chuyn thm chnh thc Hoa K theo li mi ca Tng Thng M, George
W. Bush (23-26/6/2008), Ph Th tng Hong Trung Hi gp B trng Ngoi giao M
Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

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Condolezza Rice ti Washington, trin khai cc tha thun cp cao k kt gia hai bn trong
chuyn cng tc ca Th tng Nguyn Tn Dng hi thng 6 nm 2008 (17/11/2008)
Ngy 23/9/2009 Ch tch nc Nguyn Minh Trit n New York, tham d phin hp thng
nin ca i hi ng Lin Hp Quc. Ch tch Nguyn Minh Trit v on i biu, gm Ph Th
tng kim B trng Ngoi giao Phm Gia Khim, B trng B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi
Nguyn Th Kim Ngn, B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn Cao c Pht, v i din
cc doanh nghip Vit Nam, cng tham d Din n u t Vit Nam do Phng Thng mi v
Cng nghip Vit Nam (VCCI) v Tp ch Institutional Investor Magazine phi hp t chc ti New
York vo ngy 25 thng 9.
Ngy 1-2/10/2009 Ph Th tng kim B trng Ngoi giao Phm Gia Khim c chuyn thm v
lm vic ti M theo li mi ca Ngoi trng M Hillary R. Clinton. ng cng tip kin B trng
Thng mi Gary Locke, Trng i din Thng mi Ron Kirk; Ch tch y ban i ngoi ca H
vin Howard Berman, v nm thng ngh s cao cp thuc y ban i ngoi ca Thng vin.
Ngy 15-16/11/2009 Trin lm quc t Gp g Vit Nam 2009 din ra ti San Francisco, bang
California, do B Ngoi giao Vit Nam v chnh quyn San Francisco phi hp t chc. Chng trnh
ny c mc tiu l tng cng s hiu bit ln nhau v thc y hp tc kinh t v thng mi gia hai
nc.
Pha Hoa K cng c nhiu on cp cao thm Vit Nam: Ngoi trng W.Christopher (1995); C
vn an ninh quc gia A. Lake (1996); Ngoi trng M.Albright (1997); cu Tng thng G. Bush
(1995); B trng Quc phng W.Cohen (2000); Tng thng W.Clinton (thng 11/2000); Ngoi
trng C.Powell (2001); Ch tch H vin D. Hastert (thng 4/2006); B trng Quc phng
D.Rumsfeld (6/2006); i din Thng mi S. Schwab (5/2006); B trng Ti chnh H. Paulson
(9/2006), Ngoi trng C. Rice, Tng thng G. Bush (11/2006), Ch tch y ban Ti chnh Thng
vin M, Max Baucus n thm Vit Nam (17/12/2008), Thng Ngh s ng Dn Ch bang
Virginia, James Webb n H Ni, tip kin Ph ch tch Quc hi Nguyn c Kin (23/12/2008)
Ngy 26-27/9/2009 on quan chc cao cp lin ngnh ca Hoa K do Th trng Thng trc B
Ngoi giao James Steinberg dn u, c chuyn thm v lm vic ti H Ni.
Thng 7/2010, Ngoi trng M Hilary Rodham Clinton ti Vit Nam tham d Din n An
ninh khu vc ASEAN (ARF) v tr li Vit Nam vo thng 10 tham d Hi ngh cp cao ng
(EAS) theo li mi ca Th Tng Nguyn Tn Dng vi t cch l khch mi.
i tng George William Casey Jr, Tham mu trng Lc qun Hoa K thm, lm vic ti Vit Nam
(11/2010) .
Th trng B Thng mi Hoa K Francisco Sanchez thm v lm vic ti Vit Nam (04/2011)
Thng ngh s Jim Webb, Ch tch Tiu ban ng - Thi Bnh Dng, y ban i ngoi Thng
vin Hoa K thm chnh thc Vit Nam (08/2011)

IV. QUAN H KINH T VI VIT NAM

1. Hp tc thng mi
Hai nc k kt mt s Hip nh, Tho thun v kinh t nh Hip nh v thit lp quan h quyn
tc gi (ngy 27/6/1997), Hip nh Thng mi song phng Vit Nam - M (k ngy 13/7/2000, c
hiu lc ngy 10/12/2001), Hip nh Hp tc v khoa hc v cng ngh (c hiu lc t ngy
Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

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26/3/2001), Hip nh Dt-may (c hiu lc t 1/5/2003), Hip nh Hng khng (c hiu lc t

14/1/2004); Hip nh khung hp tc v kinh t v k thut (c hiu lc t 28/7/2005), Bn Ghi nh
hp tc v Nng nghip (k thng 6/2005)...
ng ch , Hip nh thng mi Vit Nam Hoa K c k kt vo ngy 13/7/2000 v chnh thc
c hiu lc ngy 10/12/2001. Ngy 31/5/2006 hai nc chnh thc k tho thun kt thc m phn
song phng gia Vit Nam v M v vic Vit Nam gia nhp T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO).
Ngy 9/12/2006, Quc hi M thng qua d lut p dng quy ch Quan h thng mi bnh thng
vnh vin (PNTR) vi Vit Nam v ngy 29/12/2006 Tng thng G. Bush k ban hnh lut ny.
Ngy 21/6/2007, nhn chuyn thm chnh thc M ca Ch tch nc Nguyn Minh Trit, hai bn
k Hip nh khung v thng mi v u t (TIFA).
Sau khi Hip nh BTA c hiu lc, Hoa K tr thnh th trng xut khu ln nht, tim nng nht
nhng cng nhiu thch thc nht i vi mt hng xut khu ca Vit Nam.
Nm 2010, tng kim ngch thng mi hai chiu gia Vit Nam v Hoa K t 18,004 t USD, tng
gn 19,5% so vi cng k nm trc. S liu nm 2010 cho thy, Vit Nam ng th 27 trong s cc
nc xut khu vo Hoa K.
Nm 2011, kim ngch XNK t hn 21,456 t USD, trong Vit Nam xut siu hn 12 t USD. Cc
mt hng xut khu ca Vit Nam vo th trng Hoa K nhn chung vn ch tp trung ch yu cc
nhm hng truyn thng: dt may, g ni tht, giy dp, my mc thit b & ph tng, thy sn
Nhn nh v nng lc cnh tranh ca hng xut khu Vit Nam c th thy mt s nhm hng v mt
hng c kh nng cnh tranh trn th trng gm hng may mc, g ni tht, ti v da v d, thy
sn, giy dp. Nhm hng cng nghip c gi tr gia tng cao nh my mc thit b in v ph tng
c xem l nhm hng xut khu c tim nng v kh nng cnh tranh trn th trng trong thi gian
ti.
Mt s nhm hng v mt hng sc cnh tranh cn yu so vi hng ha ca cc quc gia khc nh dt
kim, may cao cp; ni tht (bn gh) cn cha p ng c mu m, th hiu v cht lng
Trong khi , nhng mt hng xut khu mi cha xut hin nhiu hoc chim t trng rt thp trong
kim ngch nhp khu nh vt t y t, mn hnh v my chiu (tuy tng trng nhanh nhng ch chim
t trng 0,001%); mch in (0,003%); ph tng v linh kin t, xe my (0,16%).
C th thy, kinh t Hoa K phc hi c th xem l mt c hi Vit Nam y mnh xut khu, tng
kim ngch v m rng danh mc cc mt hng xut khu. Tuy nhin tc phc hi ca nn kinh t
M cn chm cng vi t l tht nghip vn mc cao, s cnh tranh gia nhng nh sn xut ni a
ca M v cc nh xut khu ngy cng gay gt. Mt s nhm cc nh sn xut ni a do lo ngi v
sc cnh tranh ca hng ha Vit Nam (nh Hip hi sn xut c da trn, nha) tin hng vn
ng hnh lang to th lc chnh tr nhm bo h sn xut trong nc, to kh khn cho mt s
nhm mt hng xut khu ch lc ca Vit Nam.
M tip tc thc hin nhiu bin php v ro cn thng mi nhm bo v sn xut trong nc (o
lut Farm Bill, Lacey, gy nhiu kh khn trong v tm, c tra, basa ca Vit Nam)
Nm 2010, chnh ph M bt u thc thi Sng kin xut khu quc gia vi mc tiu tng gp i
lng xut khu ca M trong vng nm nm nhm hn ch thm ht thng mi vi cc i tc
thng mi, c bit vi cc nc chu . Vi tng th nhiu bin php h tr tn dng cho xut khu,
xc tin thng mai, o to, tng cng hin din ca cc phi on thng mi s to ra s cnh
tranh rt ln cho hng ha xut khu t cc nc, trong c Vit Nam.
Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

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Kim ngch XNK gia Vit Nam v Hoa K trong nhng nm va qua
n v: t USD
Nm

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

VN XK

10,089

11,868

11,355

14,238

16,927

VN NK

0,754

2,635

3,009

3,766

4,529

Tng XNK

10,843

14,503

14,364

18,004

21,456

Ngun: Tng Cc Hi quan

Biu kim ngch XNK Vit Nam Hoa K giai on 2007 2011
n v: t USD

Top 10 mt hng xut khu ca Vit Nam sang Hoa K nm 2011

n v: USD

Hng dt,may

6.055.759.683

% tng
trng 20102011
6.883.607.465
13,67

Giy dp cc loi

1.407.310.433

1.907.599.519

35,55

G v sn phm g

1.392.556.867

1.435.099.108

3,05

Hng thy sn

955.929.778

1.159.268.056

21,27

STT

Mt hng xut khu

Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

2010

2011

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H s th trng Hoa K

My mc, thit b, dng c

ph tng khc

304.686.543

592.108.929

94,33

My vi tnh, sn phm in
t v linh kin

593.879.262

555.698.779

-6,43

332.197.654

458.847.575

38,12

Ti xch, v, vali, m v
d
Du th

360.220.505

428.917.559

19,07

Ht iu

372.368.401

397.659.392

6,79

10

C ph

250.132.128

341.092.531

36,36

Ngun: Tng Cc Hi quan

Top 10 mt hng nhp khu ca Vit Nam t Hoa K nm 2011
n v: USD

My mc, thit b, dng c

ph tng khc

814.952.362

% tng
trng 20102011
851.168.787
4,44

Bng cc loi

254.237.631

523.422.860

105,88

My vi tnh, sn phm in
t v linh kin

194.452.508

397.379.234

104,36

356.584.524

248.531.796

-30,30

Thc n gia sc v nguyn

liu
Ph liu st thp

Cht do nguyn liu

141.358.371

200.794.122

42,05

Nguyn ph liu dt, may,

da, giy

158.818.491

183.280.546

15,40

Sa v sn phm sa

141.099.135

166.803.636

18,22

G v sn phm g

151.282.922

150.666.312

-0,41

10

Sn phm ha cht

122.305.572

150.312.940

22,90

STT

Mt hng nhp khu

2010

2011

213.075.506

Ngun: Tng Cc Hi quan

Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

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H s th trng Hoa K

2. Hp tc u t
Theo s liu ca Cc u t nc ngoi, B K hoch v u t, trong nm 2009, Hoa k l nh u
t ln nht ti Vit Nam vi s vn u t ng k l 9,8 t USD. S vn ca cng ty Hoa K chim
45,6 phn trm tng vn u t vo Vit Nam. Doanh nghip M dn u v ngun vn u t trc
tip nc ngoi, nh cc d n xy khu du lch v khch sn ln. Th nht l Saigon Atlantis Hotel ca
tp on Winvest LLC. D n ny xin tng vn t 300 triu USD ln 4,1 t USD. Th hai l mt d n
c vn ng k 1,16 t USD.
Tnh n 20/12/2010 Hoa K ng th 7/92 quc gia v vng lnh th c d n u t cn hiu lc ti
Vit Nam vi 556 d n, tng vn u t ng k 13,075 t USD.
Tnh n ngy 15/12/2011, Hoa K c 601 d n u t cn hiu lc ti Vit Nam vi tng s vn
ng k l 11,654 t USD v tng vn iu l l 2,879 t USD, ng th 6 trong s cc quc gia v
vng lnh th c FDI ti Vit Nam. Trong nm 2011, Hoa K c thm 37 d n mi u t vo Vit
Nam vi vn ng k cp mi l 102,47 triu USD; 15 d n tng vn vi vn ng k tng thm l
151,52 triu USD tng vn ng k cp mi v tng thm l 253,99 triu USD nm 2011 ngun:
Cc u t nc ngoi, MPI.
nh gi u t ca Hoa K vo Vit Nam trong thi gian qua (ngun: Amcham Vit Nam): u t
ca Hoa K vo Vit Nam hin nay ang vo giai on th ba bt u t khi Vit Nam gia nhp T
chc Thng mi Th gii v ang xc tin m phn Hip nh Thng mi Xuyn Thi bnh dng,
gi tt l TPP. l giai on m cc doanh nghip M u t vo Vit Nam ch trng n th trng
ton cu nhiu hn.
-

Ln sng th nht l giai on t nm 1995 n 2000, khi cc cng ty sn xut hng tiu dng
nh Procter & Gamble, Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola v.v. thnh lp c s ban u ti Vit Nam cho
cc k hoch pht trin k tip vi mc tiu sn xut v tiu th hng ha ti th trng Vit
Nam

Ln sng u t th hai din ra tip theo sau Hip nh Thng mi Vit-M. Hip nh ny
gim thu i vi hng xut khu ca Vit Nam vo th trng Hoa K t mc trung bnh l
45% xung cn trung bnh khong 3%. ln sng u t th hai ny, chng ta thy cc nh
my i tc - khng phi l cc cng ty ca Hoa K, Nam Triu Tin, hay Nht Bn, m l
cc cng ty i tc chin lc lu di ca cc h thng bn l ca Hoa K u t vo Vit
Nam. Cc nh my ny sn xut hng xut khu vo th trng Hoa K, nh hng dt may, da
giy hay trang tr ni tht. Cc nh my ny chim khong hai phn ba xut khu ca Vit
Nam vo Hoa K, tng ng vi khong 8 t la mt nm.

Khi Vit Nam gia nhp T chc Thng mi Th gii, Hoa K tin vo ln sng u t th
ba. Cc cng ty ch trng n cc nh my sn xut hin i. H l nhng cng ty ca Hoa
K xy dng nh my ti Vit Nam. Sn phm ca h lm ra cng c tiu th ti Vit Nam,
nhng ch yu xut khu vo th trng ton cu. Cng ty u tin l Intel. Cng ty cng b
u t vo nm 2006, v hi cui thng trc, h khnh thnh nh my tr gi mt t la,
v h s xut khu vo th trng ton cu. Nhng cng ty tng t nh vy cng tm hiu
Vit Nam. Amcham tip khong 25 cng ty c tn trn danh sch Fortune 500. Cc lnh
o cp tng gim c n gp cc chuyn gia chn la a im pht trin nh my
v vic thnh lp nh my ti Vit Nam thay th cho cc nh my bn Trung Quc hoc n
, hoc cnh tranh vi cc nc trong vng, chng hn nh Thi Lan, Malaysia hay
Indonesia.

Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

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Cng vi cc ln sng u t ca cc cng ty khng l ny, u t ca ngi M gc Vit ti

Vit Nam cng c nhng du hiu khi sc, tuy quy m cha tht ln. Trong danh sch hi
vin ca Amcham c cng ty tn Quality Systems Incorporated (QSI), mt ngi M gc Vit
bang California thnh lp mt nh my x l cc cht bn dn. Mt cng ty na tn l ICP
(International Consumer Products) chuyn kinh doanh cc loi m phm, du thm... l
nhng cng ty thnh cng v to c thng hiu ti Vit Nam.

3. Trin vng quan h Vit Nam Hoa K

K t khi bnh thng ha quan h t thng 7/1995 n nay, quan h Vit M pht trin mnh m
trn nhiu lnh vc. T nm 2005 n nay, hai nc ang tch cc cng c v tng cng quan h theo
khun kh i tc hu ngh, hp tc xy dng, nhiu mt trn nguyn tc tn trng ln nhau v cng c
li.
Hai bn thit lp v duy tr mi quan h chnh tr - ngoi giao tch cc. Ni bt nht trong nm 2010
l cc s kin Th tng chnh ph Nguyn Tn Dng d Hi ngh Thng nh v an ninh ht nhn
ti th Washington DC (thng 4), Ch tch nc Nguyn Minh Trit tham d Hi ngh cp cao ca
Lin hp quc kim im vic thc hin cc Mc tiu pht trin Thin nin k v Hi ngh nhng nh
lnh o ASEAN M ln hai ti New York (thng 9); Ch tch nc tip xc bn l Hi ngh APEC
(thng 11) vi Tng thng M Obama.
Quan h an ninh quc phng ang tng bc pht trin. Hai bn duy tr i thoi v chnh tr, an
ninh, quc phng cp th trng; bt u t nm 2010, tin hnh hng nm i thoi v chnh sch
gia hai B quc phng cp th trng. Hai bn nht tr tip tc thc y hp tc v khc phc hu qu
chin tranh, trao i on, ng thi m ra cc lnh vc nhn o khc nh cu tr thin tai, tm kim
cu nn, o to.
V kinh t, hai bn tip tc thc y m rng khun kh quan h thng mi thng qua Hip nh u
t song phng (BIT), cng c hp tc trong khun kh Tha thun khu v thng mi v u t
(TIFA), m phn lp khu vc mu dch t do thng qua Hip nh i tc kinh t xuyn Thi Bnh
Dng (TPP).
Hai bn tip tc m rng hp tc thc cht v khoa hc k thut, gio dc, nhn o, trong tp
trung vo vn i ph vi bin i kh hu, gio dc o to, ht nhn dn s. Pha M dnh ngn
sch vin tr gn 100 triu USD trong nm 2010 cho chng trnh phng chng HIV/AIDS (n nay l
trn 300 triu USD), bc u gip ty c mi trng v h tr nn nhn cht c mu dan cam, ty
c sn bay Nng, tip tc khc phc hu qu chin tranh, trong gn y nht M h tr k thut
tm kim b i Vit Nam mt tch.
Ngoi ra, hai bn cng tng cng hp tc trn cc lnh vc gio dc o to, khoa hc cng ngh,
vn ha, du lch... Vit Nam hin c hn 13.000 sinh vin, thc tp sinh ang theo hc ti Hoa K, tng
gp 6 ln trong thp k qua, ng th 9 trong s cc nc c nhiu sinh vin theo hc nht ti Hoa K
v dn u trong ASEAN.
Mong mun trong thi gian ti ca hai nc l nng cp quan h Hoa K - Vit Nam ln mc i tc
chin lc nh b B trng Hillary Clinton nhc n trong chuyn thm Vit Nam vo thng
10/2010.
V. HP TC VI VCCI
1. Tha thun hp tc k kt
-

Thnh lp Din n doanh nghip Vit Nam - Hoa K

Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

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MOU k kt gia VCCI, US. Chamber of Commerce, Amcham Hanoi v Amcham Hochiminh
ngy 21/6/2007

MOU k kt gia Ngn hng xut nhp khu Hoa K (US Ex-Im Bank) v cc Phng Thng
mi Quc gia hoc Lin on doanh nghip Quc gia

MOU k kt gia VCCI v Phng Thng mi Hoa K (U.S. Chamber of Commerce) v tng
cng quan h thng mi v u t thng qua TPP, ngy 16/2/2011

2. Hot ng trin khai trong nm 2011

-

n on B Thng mi Hoa K do ng Francisco Sanchez, Th trng Thng mi Hoa K

sang thm v lm vic ti Vit Nam v t chc bui lm vic gia VCCI, i din doanh nghip
Vit Nam v ng Th trng Thng mi Hoa K, ngy 8/4/2011.

T chc on doanh nghip Vit Nam kho st, xc tin thng mi v u t vo th trng
Hoa K, t ngy 9 19/7/2011. on gm 23 doanh nghip trong cc lnh vc: ch bin & sn
xut nng sn, xy dng, sn xut thp, giao thng & vn ti, dc phm, h tng khu cng
nghip, in on tham d 02 Hi ngh v gp g doanh nghip ti thnh ph New York v
Baltimore, v thm quan Trung tm Thng mi Vit Nam ti thnh ph Baltimore, bang
Maryland.

Phi hp vi i s qun Hoa K ti H Ni t chc Bui gp mt v trao i ca ng Michael

Camunez Th trng B Thng mi Hoa K ph trch vn m ca th trng v on
cng tc vi i din doanh nghip Vit Nam v kh nng y mnh quan h thng mi Vit
Nam Hoa K, ngy 16/9/2011

T chc on doanh nghip Vit Nam tham d Hi ngh dnh cho cc doanh nghip va v nh
ca Hi ng T vn kinh doanh APEC (ABAC SME Symposium 2011) theo li mi ca Hi
ng T vn kinh doanh APEC (ABAC) ca Hoa K; tham d Din n doanh nghip Vit
Nam Hoa K ti Honolulu, Hawaii v kho st th trng Hoa K t 3 14/11. on gm 28
doanh nghip trong cc lnh vc: xy dng cng nghip & dn dng, sn xut v ch bin nng
sn & hoa qu, xut nhp khu tng hp, du kh, truyn thng & qung co, sn xut in

Tip v lm vic vi ng Darrell Steinberg, Ch tch Thng vin bang California v on ngh
s cng cc thnh vin Qu Quan h quc t bang California v cc vn thng mi, u t,
gio dc, an ninh nng lng v bo v mi trng, ngy 14/11/2011.

Phi hp vi C quan pht trin quc t Hoa K (USAid) trin khai xy dng php lut ni a
thng qua vic gp cc d tho vn bn quy phm php lut; v thc hin xy dng ch s
cnh tranh cp tnh hng nm nhm nh gi nng lc cnh tranh ca cc tnh ti Vit Nam.
Cc d n c thc hin t nm 2005 & nm 2006 n nay.

3. Cc vn kh khn thun li

Thun li

Hoa k l th trng khng l, a dng v c nhu cu ln i vi nhiu loi hng ha bi y l

quc gia a chng tc, GDP trn u ngi cao, xp th 10 trn th gii (t 47.200
USD/ngi nm 2010) v c bit ngi dn Hoa K c thi quen mua sm, dch v ti chnh
pht trin. Nm 2010, tng kim ngch nhp khu hng ha v dch v ca Hoa K t khong
2.329,6 t USD, tng 19,4% so vi cng k nm 2009. y thc s l th trng tiu th ln
nht th gii.

Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

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H s th trng Hoa K

Hng ha Vit Nam c nhiu c hi xut khu vo th trng Hoa K hn cc th trng Nht
Bn v Ty u bi ngi tiu dng M khng qu kh tnh nh nhiu quc gia khc. Nh vy,
s lng mi n hng thng ln.

Mt ng gp khng nh ca th trng Hoa K vo kh nng xut khu hng ha ca Vit

Nam cn phi k n l cng ng ngi Vit ti y. Theo kt qu Nghin cu v cng ng
ngi M do chnh ph M thc hin t nm 2005 c cng b mi y cho thy c khong
1,5 triu ngi Vit ang sng ti Hoa K, chim khong 10,5% tng s ngi M gc chu ,
l cng ng ln th t sau Trung Quc, n , Philippines. 1,5 triu ngi Vit Nam ti Hoa
K hng ngy vn n cc mn n Vit Nam v vn cn nhng thc phm nh Vit Nam v
vy y l mt th trng ln v hp dn cho cc mt hng thc phm ca cc doanh nghip
Vit Nam. Thm vo , cng ng ngi Vit ti Hoa K s l chic cu ni hiu qu
doanh nghip Vit Nam a hng sang Hoa K.

Trong thi gian ti y c cu xut khu ca Vit Nam sang Hoa K c th cha c thay i
ln. Cc nhm hng ch yu vn l dt may, giy dp, g, thy sn, du m, c ph, iu.
Sau , vi u t ang tng ln (c bit l khu vc u t nc ngoi), kim ngch nhng mt
hng mi nh in t, in gia dng, gia cng c kh, thc phm ch bin s tip tc tng ln,
trong in t s nhanh chng tr thnh nhng mt hng xut khu chnh sang Hoa K. Ngoi
ra, Vit Nam s tr thnh ni mt s cng ty Hoa K t gia cng phn mm.

Kh khn

S hp dn ca th trng Hoa K cng ng ngha vi cnh tranh xut khu vo th trng ny

rt quyt lit. Tr ngi ln nht ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam khi xut khu hng ha sang
Hoa K chnh l gp phi s cnh tranh khc lit ca cc mt hng Trung Quc. Hin nay,
Trung Quc vt Canada tr thnh nc xut khu ln nht vo Hoa K. Nm 2010, Trung
Quc xut khu vo Hoa k t 364,04 t USD gi tr hng ha, chim xp x 19,17% tng kim
ngch nhp khu hng ha ca Hoa K. i vi cc mt hng m doanh nghip Vit Nam y
mnh xut khu sang Hoa K nh dt may, giy dp, g, hng in t, chith Trung
Quc cng u chim th phn rt ln ti Hoa K.

Ci kh na i vi cc doanh nghip, theo cc chuyn gia nh gi kinh t l do chng ta l

ngi n sau. Vit Nam b cm vn bun bn vi Hoa K cho n nm 1994 v mi n thng
12/2001 khi Hip nh thng mi song phng gia hai nc c hiu lc th quan h thng
mi gia Vit Nam v Hoa K mi thc s c bnh thng ha v hng ha Vit Nam khi
mi c hng thu nhp khu ti hu quc (mc thu bnh thng p dng vi hu ht cc
nc khc ca Hoa K). Cc doanh nghip Vit Nam bt u xut khu sang Hoa K khi m
cc i th cnh tranh c ch ng vng chc ti th trng ny. Do , khng d thuyt
phc c cc nh nhp khu Hoa K ang nhp t cc bn hng quen thuc ca h cc nc
khc chuyn sang nhp khu hng ca Vit Nam. Nu mun h mua hng, buc hng ca cc
doanh nghip chng ta phi r hn hoc tt hn hoc c o hn hoc phi c ci g hp
dn hn l cc bn hng quen thuc ca h.

Ngoi ra, nhng ro cn trong php lut v cc k thut i vi thng mi cng l kh khn
khng nh vi doanh nghip Vit Nam. Hoa K c bit n l quc gia c h thng lut php
phc tp v nhiu ro cn k thut i vi thng mi. Lin tip trong nhng nm gn y, cc
doanh nghip Vit Nam thng gp kh khn v tiu chun lao ng v mi trng khi xut
khu hng ha sang Hoa K; cc v kin chng bn ph gi v chng tr gi; hng ro k thut

Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

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Ban Quan h Quc t

H s th trng Hoa K

v an ton thc phm Thm vo , xut khu hng sang Hoa K, cc doanh nghip cn gp
phi kh khn v chi ph v nhng i hi v tiu chun nng lc ca mt doanh nghip.
-

Th trng xa, chi ph vn ti v giao dch cao dn n cc mt hng cng knh tr gi thp rt
kh cnh tranh. Th trng y cnh tranh v nhiu ro cn nh vy nhng nng lc p ng
ca cc doanh nghip li rt hn ch. Quy m cc doanh nghip ca Vit Nam cn nh, phn
ng cn dng gia cng thun ty, cc doanh nghip M thng t mua hng hoc t sn
xut theo thit k, mu m v tiu chun k thut ca h.

VI. THNG TIN HU CH

1. Cc quy nh v xut nhp khu
- Hn ngch nhp khu: i vi cc nh xut khu c nh xut khu vo th trng Hoa K, nht
l cc sn phm v nng nghip, iu cn bit l hng ca mnh c c nhp khu vo Hoa K hay
khng hay ch c nhp gii hn v s lng.
Hn ngch p t bi chnh ph Hoa K nhm kim sot s lng hng ha thm nhp vo Hoa K,
nhm vo vic bo v quyn li ca mt s cc thnh phn sn xut no , v c phn nh qua cc
o lut ca Quc hi Hoa K. Trc y nhng mt hng chu s kim sot cao nht v hn ngch l
cc mt hng hng dt v may mc. Tuy nhin theo quy nh ca WTO, t 1/1/2006 cc nc thnh
vin WTO khng c p t hn ngch dt may i vi cc nc thnh vin WTO khc. Ring i
vi Trung Quc, EU s b hn ngch t 1/1/2008 v Hoa k b hn ngch t 1/1/2009. Con s hn
ngch c cho php nhp thng thng l kt qu thng tho gia hai quc gia. Thng thng, nu
cha c s tho thun, Hoa K c th n phng tuyn b mt con s hn ngch no v t p
dng.
C hai loi hn ngch, loi: Hn ngch tuyt i (absolute quota) v loi Hn ngch thu quan
(tariff-rate quota). Hn ngch tuyt i l loi tnh trn s lng cho php nhp hng nm. Nu s
lng nhp vt ch tiu th hng nhp phi ti xut ra khi Hoa k hoc a vo kho hi quan kho
ti xut i nc khc hoc ch cho n khi c hn ngch mi. Hn ngch thu quan cho php mt s
lng no hng ha nht nh trong mt thi gian no vi mt mc thu sut gim (reduced
rate).
Phn hng vt qu ch tiu c th c nhp nhng phi chu vi thu sut cao hn thu sut i vi
s hng trong hn ngch.
Cc mt hng chu hn ngch thu quan bao gm: sa v kem, chi, Ehtyl Alcohol, Oliver, Satsuma
(mandarin), tuna, bng trng vng cao, bt m, mt s mt hng thuc cc nc NAFTA (Mehico,
Canada), mt s mt hng theo quy nh ca WTO, mt s mt hng nng sn theo Hip nh Hoa KIsrael.
- Th tc hi quan: Khi hng ha n cng Hoa K, ngi nhp khu hoc i din y quyn ca
ngi nhp khu phi ng k y h s cho Hi quan Hoa K. Hng ha nhp cng ch c hi
quan cho thng quan sau khi ch s hu l hng hon tt th tc lut l v ng thu nhp khu. Hi
quan c quyn ch th thi hn gim nh l hng, cng nh quyt nh cho php thng quan.
Nu c thc mc, trc khi lin h vi Hi quan, ch s hu hng ha nn lin lc vi nhng c quan
lin quan n nhng mt hng c bit nh: thc phm, tri cy thuc USDA, thuc men, ru mnh,
sng n trc thuc FDA...
- Qun l nhp khu thc phm: Tt c cc loi thc phm sn xut trong nc v nhp khu u
phi chu s iu tit ca cc Lut Lin bang v Thc phm, Dc phm v Hoa K (Federal Food,
Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

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Ban Quan h Quc t

H s th trng Hoa K

Drug, and Cosmetic Act -FDCA), Lut v Bao b v Nhn hng (Fair Packaging and Labeling Act FPLA), v mt s phn ca Lut v Dch v Y t (PHSA).
C quan Qun l Thc phm v Dc phm (FDA) chu trch nhim qun l nh nc v nhp khu
thc phm vo Hoa K. Cc quy nh ca FDA v nhp khu thc phm rt nhiu v cht ch. Ngoi
cc qui nh ca FDA, c th c cc quy nh ring ca B Nng nghip Hoa K (USDA) v/hoc Cc
Ngh c Hoa K (NMFS) i vi mt s mt hng nng thy sn c th.
Bn cnh , FDA cng thc thi rt nhiu quy nh khc lin quan n lu thng hng ha gia cc
bang, vic th nghim hng trc khi a vo lu thng thng mi...
2. Chnh sch thu, thu sut v ph: Biu thu nhp khu (hay cn gi l biu thu quan) HTS hin
hnh ca Hoa K c ban hnh trong Lut Thng mi v Cnh tranh Omnibus nm 1988 v c hiu
lc t 1 thng 1 nm 1989. H thng thu quan (thu nhp khu) ca Hoa K c xy dng trn c s
h thng thu quan hi ha (gi tt l HS) ca Hi ng Hp tc Hi quan, mt t chc lin chnh ph
c tr s ti Bruxen - B. Mc thu nhp khu ca Hoa K c th thay i v c cng b hng nm.
Chi tit mc thu tham kho ti website http://www.usitc.gov (ting Anh)
- Cc loi thu

Thu theo tr gi: Hu ht cc loi thu quan ca Hoa K c nh theo t l trn gi tr, tc l bng
mt t l phn trm tr gi giao dch ca hng ha nhp khu. V d mc thu ti hu quc nm 2004
i vi ch xanh c hng v ng gi khng qu 3 kg/gi l 6,4%.
Thu theo trng lng hoc khi lng: Mt s hng ha, ch yu l nng sn v hng s ch phi
chu thu theo trng lng hoc khi lng. Loi thu ny chim khong 12% s dng thu trong biu
thu HTS ca Hoa K. V d, mc thu MFN nm 2004 i vi cam l 1,9 cent/kg, i vi nho ti
trong khong 1,13 1,80 USD/m3 hoc c min thu ty thi im nhp khu trong nm. (Xem
thm phn v Thu Thi v di y.)
Thu gp: Mt s hng ha phi chu gp c thu theo gi tr v thu theo s lng. Hng phi chu
thu gp thng l hng nng sn. V d thu sut MFN i vi nm m HTS 0709.51.01 p dng cho
nm 2004 l 8,8 cent/kg + 20%.
Thu theo hn ngch: Mt s loi hng ha phi chu thu hn ngch. Hng ha nhp khu nm trong
phm vi hn ngch cho php c hng mc thu thp hn, trong khi hng nhp vt qu hn
ngch phi chu mc thu cao hn nhiu v c h qu nh cm nhp khu. Mc thu MFN nm 2002
p dng i vi s lng trong hn ngch bnh qun l 9%, trong khi mc thu i vi s lng
vt hn ngch trung bnh l 53%. Thu hn ngch hin nay ang c p dng vi tht b, cc sn
phm sa, ng v cc sn phm ng.
Thu theo thi v: Mc thu i vi mt s loi nng sn c th thay i theo thi im nhp khu
vo Hoa K trong nm. V d, mc thu MFN nm 2004 i vi nho ti nhp khu trong thi gian t
15 thng 2 n ht ngy 31 thng 3 l 1,13 USD/m3, trong thi gian t 1 thng 4 n ht 30 thng 6 l
1,80 USD/m3, v ngoi nhng thi gian trn c min thu.
Thu leo thang: Mt c im na ca h thng thu nhp khu ca Hoa K l p dng thu sut leo
thang, ngha l hng cng ch bin su th thu sut nhp khu cng cao. V d, mc thu MFN i vi
c ti sng hoc dng phil ng lnh l 0%, trong khi mc thu i vi c kh v xng khi l
t 4% n 6%. Loi thu ny c tc dng khuyn khch nhp khu nguyn liu v hng s ch hn l
hng thnh phm.

Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

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Ban Quan h Quc t

H s th trng Hoa K

B cc biu thu nhp khu. Biu thu nhp khu ca Hoa K gm 22 phn v 99 chng (tham kho
thm ti a ch http://hts.usitc.gov)
3. Xut x hng ha: Do h thng thu nhp khu ca Hoa K qui nh cc mc thu khc nhau p
dng vi cc nhm nc khc nhau v mt s mt hng nhp khu cn chu s qun l bng hn ngch
phn b theo nc, nn vic xc nh nc xut x ca hng ha rt quan trng.
Nguyn tc chung v c bn
Nc xut x ca hng ha l nc ch to, sn xut hoc nui trng ra hng ha. Tuy nhin, trong
iu kin quc t ha sn xut hin nay, khng phi khng c s phc tp v kh khn trong vic xc
nh nc xut x hng ha, bi v rt nhiu hng ha c sn xut, ch to hoc lp rp t cc
nguyn ph liu, linh kin, b phn c sn xut t nhiu nc khc nhau.
Nguyn tc chung v c bn xc nh nc xut x ca hng ha l da vo s bin i c tnh v
gi tr gia tng ca hng ha. Theo nguyn tc ny, nc xut x ca hng ha l nc cui cng sn
xut ra hng ha vi iu kin hng ha bin dng mang tn mi v c c tnh s dng
mi. V d, ti xch tay sn xut Vit Nam bng da nhp khu c coi l hng c xut x Vit Nam.
Tuy nhin, trong trng hp nc cui cng sn xut ra hng ha ch tin hnh nhng cng vic lp
rp n gin, khng to ra bn sc ring ca hng ha hoc tr gi gia tng c to ra qu thp th
nc cui cng sn xut ra hng ha cng khng c coi l nc xut x hng ha. V d, c
coi l hng c xut x t Thi Lan c hng GSP ca Hoa K th hng phi c t nht 35% gi
tr gia tng c to ra ti Thi Lan.
Do vy, ngoi nguyn tc chung v c bn nu trn, cn c nhng qui nh c th v cch xc nh
nc xut x hng ha cho mt s hng ha c th. V d i vi hng dt may nh sau:
Nhng nguyn tc chung: Nc xut x l nc sn xut ra ton b hng ha (tr nhng ngoi l v
nguyn liu ti thiu c qui nh trong 19 CFR Mc 102.13). i vi si (bao gm c si n v
si a), nc xut x ca si, ch, si bn, thng, cho, cp, dy tt l nc sn xut ra nhng loi hng
ny. i vi vi, nc xut x l nc dt ra vi. Cc sn phm dt may khc: nc xut x l nc
lp rp ra thnh phm.
Nhng nguyn tc c bit: Nu khng xc nh c xut x ca mt sn phm dt hay qun o
bng mt trong nhng nguyn tc trn, v do sn phm c sn xut hai hay nhiu nc th nc
xut x l: Nc m qu trnh lp rp quan trng nht hay qu trnh sn xut quan trng nht din ra.
Vic xc nh hot ng sn xut quan trng nht s ty theo tng trng hp c th. Nu khng th
xc nh c quy trnh no l quan trng nht, th nc xut x l nc cui cng m ti hot ng
lp rp hay sn xut din ra.
Th t p dng cc nguyn tc: Cc nguyn tc trn c sp xp theo th t u tin p dng theo
quy nh trong Quy nh ca Hi quan Phn 102.21 (9c) nh sau:

Sn phm c sn xut hon ton mt nc.

S thay i c tnh ca sn phm (chuyn t m thu ny sang m thu khc).

Nc m sn phm c nhng phn chnh c sn xut.

Sn phm hon ton c lp rp ti mt nc tr 16 loi tr c th.

Nc m ti quy trnh sn xut hay lp rp quan trng nht din ra.

Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

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Ban Quan h Quc t

H s th trng Hoa K

Nc cui cng m quy trnh sn xut hay lp rp quan trng nht din ra. i vi qun o, ni
lp rp/may vi ct thnh qun o ch khng phi ni ct vi l xut x ca qun o.

VII. A CH HU CH
1. Ban Quan h Quc t - VCCI
a ch: S 9 o Duy Anh, H Ni
Tel: +84 4 35742022/ext. 248
Fax: +84 4 35742020/30
Email: phuongnn@vcci.com.vn
2. i s qun Hoa K ti Vit nam
i ch: 7 Lng H, H ni
Tel : 04-7721500; Fax : 04-7721510
i s Hoa K ti Vit Nam: ng David Shear
3. i s qun Vit nam ti Hoa K
1233, 20th St., NW, Suite 400, Washington D.C, 20036
Tel: 1-202- 861 0737 ; Fax: 1-202- 861 0917
Email: vietnamembassy@msn.com; info@vietnamembassy-usa.org
i s c mnh Ton quyn: ng Nguyn Quc Cng
4. Thng v Vit nam ti Hoa K
1730 M St., Suite 501, NW, Washington D.C, 20036
Tel: 1-202- 463 9425 ; Fax: 1-202- 463 9439
Email: vinatrade@vietnam-ustrade.org
5. Thng v Hoa K ti Vit Nam
Vn phng ti H Ni
Tel: 84-4-3850-5199
Fax: 84-4-3850-5064
Email: Office.Hanoi@trade.gov
a ch: i s qun Hoa K, Phng Thng v - Cao c Rose Garden, tng 3, 170
Ngc khnh, H Ni
Vn phng ti t/p H Ch Minh
Tel: 84-8-35204680
Fax: 84-8-35204679/81
Email: Office.HoChiMinhCity@trade.gov
a ch: Lnh s qun Hoa K, phng Thng v, ta nh Diamond, lu 8, 34 L Dun,
Qun 1, t/p H Ch Minh
6. Phi on thng trc Vit nam ti Lin Hip Quc
866 UN Plaza, Suite 435, New York, N.Y. 10017
Tel: 1-212- 644 0594 ; Fax: 1-212- 644 5732
Email: vietnamun@vnmission.com
Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

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Ban Quan h Quc t

H s th trng Hoa K

7. Hip hi doanh nghip Hoa K ti H ni (AMCHAM HANOI)

Phng 201, Khch sn Hilton Opera Hanoi s 1 l Thnh Tng, H ni
Tel: 9342790 ; Fax: 9342787
Email: adam@amchamhanoi.com; trang@amchamhanoi.com
Website: www.amchamhanoi.com
Gim c iu hnh: Mr. Adam Sitkoff
8. Hip hi doanh nghip Hoa K ti t/p H Ch Minh (AMCHAM Hochiminh)
Phng 323, Khch sn New World 76 L Lai, Qun 1, thnh ph H Ch Minh
Tel: 8 3824 3562; Fax: 8 3824 3572
Email: herb.cochran@amchamvietnam.com, Cindy.Tran@amchamvietnam.com
Website: www.amchamvietnam.com
Gim c iu hnh: Mr. Herb Cochran
VIII. PH LC THAM KHO
Bng 1. Xut khu VN Hoa K nm 2011
Ngun : Tng Cc Hi quan
Mt hng

n v
tnh

Hng thy sn
Hng rau qu
Ht iu
C ph
Ch
Ht tiu
Go
Bnh ko v cc sn phm t ng cc
Du th
Xng du cc loi
Ha cht
Sn phm ha cht
Sn phm t cht do
Cao su
Sn phm t cao su
Ti xch, v,vali, m v d

USD
USD
Tn
Tn
Tn
Tn
Tn
USD
Tn
Tn
USD
USD
USD
Tn
USD
USD

Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

Lng

47.895
138.601
4.506
23.066
17.409
493.862
33.224

24.534

Tr gi (USD)

1.159.268.056
28.864.482
397.659.392
341.092.531
4.937.160
144.842.506
11.331.997
27.121.715
428.917.559
32.904.675
14.734.578
15.506.368
130.573.856
89.551.601
43.997.601
458.847.57

Trang 20

Ban Quan h Quc t

H s th trng Hoa K

Sn phm my, tre, ci v thm

G v sn phm g
Giy v cc sn phm t giy
X, si dt cc loi
Hng dt, may
Giy dp cc loi
Sn phm gm, s
Thy tinh v cc sn phm t thy tinh
qu, kim loi qu v sn phm
St thp cc loi
Sn phm t st thp
Kim loi thng khc v sn phm
My vi tnh, sn phm in t v linh kin
in thoi cc loi v linh kin
My nh, my quay phim v linh kin
My mc, thit b, dng c ph tng khc
Dy in v dy cp in
Phng tin vn ti v ph tng

USD
USD
USD
Tn
USD
USD
USD
USD
USD
Tn
USD
USD
USD
USD
USD
USD
USD
USD

Tng kim ngch xut khu nm 2011

USD

Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

14.742

3.251

31.786.024
1.435.099.108
72.144.618
34.555.699
6.883.607.465
1.907.599.519
36.279.219
34.599.055
72.557.162
6.370.136
284.742.567
86.836.011
555.698.779
166.045.074
42.010.007
592.108.929
214.302.833
320.621.473
16.927.762.857

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Ban Quan h Quc t

H s th trng Hoa K

Bng 2. Nhp khu VN Hoa K nm 2011

Ngun : Tng Cc Hi quan
Mt hng

n v
tnh

Hng thy sn
Sa v sn phm sa
Hng rau qu
La m
Ng
Du m ng thc vt
Bnh ko v cc sn phm t ng cc
Thc n gia sc v nguyn liu
Nguyn ph liu thuc l
Sn phm khc t du m
Ha cht
Sn phm ha cht
Dc phm
Phn bn cc loi
Thuc tr su v nguyn liu
Cht do nguyn liu
Sn phm t cht do
Cao su
Sn phm t cao su
G v sn phm g
Giy cc loi
Sn phm t giy
Bng cc loi
Vi cc loi
Nguyn ph liu dt, may, da, giy

USD
USD
USD
Tn
Tn
USD
USD
USD
USD
USD
USD
USD
USD
Tn
USD
Tn
USD
Tn
USD
USD
Tn
USD
Tn
USD
USD

qu, kim loi qu v sn phm

Ph liu st thp
St thp cc loi
Sn phm t st thp
Sn phm t kim loi thng khc
My vi tnh, sn phm in t v linh kin
in thoi cc loi v linh kin
My mc, thit b, dng c, ph tng khc
Dy in v dy cp in
t nguyn chic cc loi
Linh kin, ph tng t

USD
Tn
Tn
USD
USD
USD
USD
USD
USD
Chic
USD

Tng kim ngch nhp khu nm 2011

USD

Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

Lng

209.929
3.610

5.533
84.363
28.693

12.764
152.833

459.053
45.054

2.856

Tr gi (USD)

16.810.123
166.803.636
37.286.974
82.295.959
1.830.540
4.936.351
1.819.382
248.531.796
20.287.395
14.264.231
112.360.821
150.312.940
55.094.692
5.760.189
11.175.517
200.794.122
45.085.745
27.283.228
14.767.121
150.666.312
14.131.097
9.143.151
523.422.860
23.859.701
183.280.546
17.184.836
213.075.506
34.394.699
82.746.173
4.858.051
397.379.234
2.047.628
851.168.787
10.104.322
75.195.932
6.778.7
4.529.215.273

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Ban Quan h Quc t

H s th trng Hoa K

Bng 3: Cc mt hng xut khu chnh ca Vit Nam vo th trng Hoa K 2006 - 2010
n v: triu USD
Ngun: y ban Thng mi Quc t ca Hoa K
STT

Mt hng

1.

Sn phm may mc,

dt may

2.

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

% thay
i 2009
- 2010

3.152

4.292

5.147

4.998

5.759

15,2%

g ni tht, ging,
n

902

1.229

1.456

1.390

1.824

31,2%

3.

Da giy

952

1.032

1.212

1.323

1.616

22.2%

4.

My mc thit b v
ph tng in t v linh
kin khc

210

350

479

639

779

21,8%

5.

Thy sn

467

525

554

522

646

23,8%

6.

L phn ng ht nhn,
u my xe la, my
mc, dng c c kh v
ph tng khc

222

287

353

406

621

53,2%

7.

C ph, tr, gia v cc

loi

240

340

348

322

436

35,2%

8.

Hoa qu v ht c th
n, mt hoa qu

154

201

258

247

345

39,3%

9.

Nhin liu khong, Du

th v cc cht sp

956

697

824

596

334

-44%

10.

Sn phm da, b yn
cng nga, hng ha
du lch, ti xch v cc
sn phm ti tng t

137

161

163

184

260

41,5%

11.

Sn phm ch bin sn
t tht, c, cc loi gip
xc, ng vt thn
mm hay cc loi
khng xng sng di
nc

184

167

207

155

220

42,2%

Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

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Ban Quan h Quc t

H s th trng Hoa K

12.

St v thp cc loi

83

152

200

178

185

4,4%

13.

Cao su v cc sn
phm t cao su

44

51

106

94

160

69,2%

14.

X phng, cc sn
phm bi trn, sp, si,
cht ty ra, nn, sp
v thch cao nha khoa

71

122

147

112

143

27,9%

7.776

9.604

11.453

11.165

13.329

19,4%

Tng 14 mt hng
chnh

IX. NGUN TI LIU THAM KHO

-

H s th trng cc nc ca Cc Xc tin B Cng Thng:

http://www.vietrade.gov.vn/h-s-th-trng.html

Trang web cc b ngnh Vit Nam: B K hoch v u t www.mpi.gov.vn , Tng

Cc Hi quan - http://www.customs.gov.vn , B Cng Thng - www.moit.gov.vn , B
Ngoi giao - www.mofa.gov.vn , Tng Cc Thng k - www.gso.gov.vn

Bi vit trn cc trang web: www.dantri.com.vn ; www.bbc.co.uk ; www.tinkinhte.com

Trang web ca Central Intelligence Agency (the World FactBook): www.cia.gov

Cp nht ngy 20/03/2012

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