ITU-T G.

metro
Karnati M Gireesh Kumar (Roll No. : 113050061) Under the guidance of Prof. Ashwin Gumaste

e-mail: gireesh227@gmail.com

Abstract
This draft recommendation gives optical interface specifications for the realization of a metro-access transport system. It is based on Ultra Dense WDM technology (UDWDM) enabled by coherent detection and tunable transceiver functionality. It bridges the gap between metro and access by improving the reach, capacity of access networks. And it introduces a great degree of flexibility into the future infrastructure as it covers both access and metro networks. Support Services relevant to metro-access environment Reach >70km Requirement Require high bandwidth. Reliable transport quality. Low latency and jitter.

Impose stringent requirements on: Laser transmission power. Error detection schemes. Digital signal processors. Analog-to-digital converters, etc. Coexistence (fiber sharing). Flexible allocation of wavelengths & channels. Open Access. Support variety of existing deployed topologies such as rings, mesh, point-to-multipoint, PON etc. Reach > 70 km: Upper bound for reach will depend on receiver characteristics as coherent detection can improve reach by around 100 km only and no active amplification is assumed in the fiber distribution. Splitting factor > 128: Here the splitting factor is for the passive power splitters used in the system as shown in Figure 2. Here power splitter splits the incident light beam from the OLT into more than one beam, which will be given to TEE receivers. To minimize the power losses we can use hierarchy of power splitters with less splitting factor. Mitigate adverse impacts of: o Chromatic dispersion. o Polarization mode dispersion. Support point-to-multi point connectivity: o Using passive power splitters. Transport quality requirements. Low latency and jitter.

1. Introduction
Ultra Dense WDM is a one wavelength per channel technology, which employs wavelengths at approximately 3 GHz spacing. So it increases the channel count to more than 1000, improving the overall capability of the network. Where as coherent detection provides high sensitivity and wavelength selectivity with fine granularity. So it improves the overall reach of the system, as the power penalty associated with the longer reach is compensated by the improved receiver sensitivity. Tunable transceiver functionality allows us to use the available wavelengths in a flexible and efficient manner. The main purpose of this recommendation is to bridge the gap between metro and access networks by improving the reach and capacity of the access networks. The chosen technologies well suited to meet the objective as UDWDM increases the capacity of the network and coherent detection improves the reach of the network. The interfaces must support transverse compatibility that means it must support metro-access architectures with multi-vendor support. This recommendation bridges the gap between metro and access by simplifying the architecture. And it introduces a great degree of flexibility into the future infrastructure, as we can extend the use of same technology and equipment up to metro region. Till now we need to use separate technology and equipment for access and metro regions, but as the reach of the access networks is improved by using coherent detection, we can extend the use of same equipment to service areas with greater radius. This report is organized in the following sections: section 2 describes the requirements and interface characteristics, section 3 explains technologies used, section 4 is devoted to the approach adopted to come up with the set of parameters to consider, section 5 gives the definitions of parameters and at section 6 conclusion is followed. Flexible connectivity

Interface characteristics

2. Requirements
The interfaces to be defined are required to support a multitude of services. The requirements can be summarized as follows: Link characteristics

Wavelength plan

Support fine granularity. Individual BW assignment to each communication channel: o Using flexible grids. Avoid separation of up and downstream transport: o Overall flexibility of wavelength association.

frequency. This generates optical side bands. Then CW light is injected into dispersion medium. Optical power of the CW light is concentrated periodically. And the CW light changes into an optical pulse train whose repetition frequency equals the modulation frequency. The channel spacing is easily controlled, by changing the modulation frequency of the phase modulator.

Table 1 : Requirements for G.metro

3. Technology description
A. UDWDM technology Figure 2 : UDWDM technology concept Figure 2 shows the access network with UDWDM transmission. We have passive power splitters for point-tomulti-point connectivity. Here, each end-point is connected to its own wavelength creating logical point-to-multi point connectivity. And each end point can see the whole down stream spectrum and it selectively chooses the desired wavelength by using tunable receiver. B. Coherent detection

Ultra Dense WDM technology is the key in constructing large capacity photonic network. Here channel spacing is narrower than DWDM systems, ranging from 12 GHz to 2 GHz. In this recommendation we need channel spacing of 3 GHz, leading to approximately 1000 channels. In UDWDM systems, the key contribution is the use of Multi Carrier Source (MCS), which generates multi carriers with high frequency accuracy. Using of MCS may not be universally correct as it is limited to just point-topoint transmission but efficiently avoids the problems inherent to distributed laser diodes with high cost and management complexity. One example for MCS is Super Continuum MCS (SC-MCS). Now let us examine SC-MCS.

Coherent detection improves the receiver sensitivity. So, it supports long reach and high splitting factor without any amplification. And it enables extremely high wavelength selectivity without the need of costly ultra dense filter technology. Figure 3 illustrates the working of coherent detection.

Figure 3 : Illustration of coherent detection What is coherence? Two waves can interfere to give another wave of greater amplitude or lesser based on relative phase. And two waves are said to be coherent if they have a constant relative phase. In coherent lightwave systems the input optical signal is combined with light from the local oscillator and the combined signal is detected at the photo detector. What is the use? Coherent detection has the following two-fold use: first advantage is it improves the receiver sensitivity by around 20 dB compared to Intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD) and the second advantage is it enable the efficient usage of available bandwidth by allowing the channel spacing in the range of 1-10 GHz. And also we can use phase modulation techniques also, as phase of the signal is preserved. To give the specification we need to consider sensitivity degradation factors associated with coherent detection like phase noise, intensity noise and polarization mismatch.

Figure 1 : Configuration of SC-MCS Main principle of SC-MCS is that it optically broadens the spectrum of optical pump pulse and hence increases the number of carriers with uniform channel spacing. It can increase the number of carriers by more than 100 times and has uniform channel spacing. So, optical frequencies of all optical carriers are locked just by controlling the absolute optical frequency and the repetition frequency of optical pump pulse. This feature is especially useful in UDWDM transmission as the channel spacing is narrower than the conventional WDM transmission. Now let us examine the configuration of SC-MCS in Figure 1. Continuous wave (CW) light emitted from the light source is modulated by the optical phase modulator with sinusoidal wave. This modulation is done in order to create a chirp whose repetition rate equals the modulation

The fluctuations in phase of the input signal or that of local oscillator gives fluctuations in current generated at the photo detector, which degrades the signal to noise ratio. So, both must remain relatively stable at least for the duration called coherence time. To characterize the effect of this phase noise we can use line width-to-bit-rate ratio as a measure. The value of this parameter must be such that the power penalty associated with it must be less than 1 dB. And also it depends on the modulation format and demodulation format used. Intensity noise associated with the local oscillator is also considered while using coherent detection. Polarization mismatch is another important sensitivity degradation factor with coherent detection. Coherent detection requires matching of the state of polarization of local oscillator and that of the signal received. Polarization state of the local oscillator is determined by laser and is fixed. Where as for the signal it is fixed at the receiver, but may fluctuate along the path. To characterize the effect we can take the parameter maximum deviation polarization sate into consideration.

compatibility at the head-end multichannel point as shown in Figure 4. This Recommendation only considers UDWDM applications where the black link does not contain optical amplifiers. First we need to identify a set of reference points to propose specifications at those reference points for this Recommendation. The reference points in Figure 4 are defined as follows: MPI-SM : is a multichannel reference point at the head end aggregate output MPI-RM : is a multichannel reference point at the headend aggregate input SS : is a single-channel reference point at TEE output RS : is a single-channel reference point at TEE input Parameter General information Minimum channel spacing Bit-rate/line coding of optical tributary signals Maximum bit-error ratio Fibre type Interface at point SS or MPI-SM Maximum mean channel output power Minimum mean channel output power Minimum central frequency Maximum central frequency Maximum spectral excursion Minimum Channel half width Maximum spectral occupancy (X, Y) Minimum side mode suppression ratio Minimum channel extinction ratio Eye mask Optical path from point MPI-SM to RS or SS to MPI-RM Maximum channel insertion loss Minimum channel insertion loss Maximum ripple Maximum chromatic dispersion Minimum optical return loss at MPISM or SS Maximum discrete reflectance between MPI-SM and RS or between SS and MPI-RM Maximum differential group delay Maximum inter-channel crosstalk at RS Maximum deviation in polarization state Interface at point RS or MPI-RM Maximum mean channel input power Minimum mean channel input power Maximum relative intensity noise Units GHz dBm dBm THz THz GHz GHz dB dB dB Def. 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.2.1 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.2.8

Figure 4 : Schematic overview with reference points

4. Approach
We can use a "black link" approach, which means that optical interface parameters for only (single-channel) optical tributary signals are specified at the tail-end equipment (TEE). Additional specifications are provided for the black link parameters such as maximum attenuation, chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion and ripple. That means interface specifications are separated for: Black link (i.e., path between TEE and head end equipment) and Tail and head end equipment.

dB dB dB ps/nm dB dB ps dB dBm dBm dBc/Hz

5.3.1 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6 5.3.7 5.3.8 5.4.1 5.4.1 5.4.2

Black link approach supports transverse compatibility. As end equipment and path equipment may not be from the same vendor, if specifications for these two are separated, we can use equipment from any vendor satisfying the given specifications. So this approach gives multi-vendor support, also called as transverse compatibility. This approach enables transverse compatibility at the single-channel point using a direct wavelengthmultiplexing configuration, and also transverse

Minimum receiver sensitivity Minimum equivalent sensitivity Maximum optical path penalty Maximum reflectance of receiver or optical network element Maximum relative intensity noise of local oscillator Maximum Line width-to-Bit rate ratio

dBm dBm dB dB dBc/Hz -

5.4.3 5.4.4 5.4.5 5.4.6 5.4.7 5.4.8

coded information of the particular optical channel is modulated by use of the specified line code (Line code is specified in the parameter 5.1.2). The nominal central frequencies of all channels should be greater than or equal to the minimum central frequency and less than or equal to the maximum central frequency. For accurate conversion between frequency and wavelength, take the value of speed of light in vacuum c as 2.99792458 108 m/s. 5.2.3 Maximum spectral excursion Maximum spectral excursion can be defined as the maximum acceptable difference between the nominal central frequency of the channel and the -15 dB points of the transmitter spectrum furthest from the nominal central frequency measured at point SS. This is illustrated in Figure 5. Offset from nominal central frequency is taken on the X-axis and power relative to the peak is taken on Y-axis. As shown in the figure the range nominal central frequency maximum spectral excursion gives the range of frequencies for which ripple and channel insertion loss specifications are satisfied.

Table 2 : Proposed set of physical layer parameters

5
5.1
5.1.1

Parameter definitions
General information

Minimum channel spacing Minimum channel spacing is the minimum nominal difference in frequency between two adjacent channels. In this recommendation we need minimum channel spacing of 3 GHz. 5.1.2 Bit-rate/line coding of optical tributary signals Bit rate in Gbit/s and line coding (ex. NRZ) of optical tributary signal are specified here. As we are using UDWDM technology bit-rates are limited in the range of 1-2 Gbps. Line coding is representation of digital data in a waveform pattern to represent 1s and 0s of the data to be transported. 5.1.3 Maximum bit error ratio This parameter specifies that bit error rate (BER) should not be worse than the value given here. This value applies to each optical channel by considering worst-case values for optical path attenuation and dispersion conditions. If we need to send FEC bytes, then BER is required to met only after the correction applied. For others, it has to be met without the use of FEC. 5.1.4 Fiber type Mostly used one is single-mode optical fiber as defined in [ITU-T G.652]. It is optimized to use in the 1310nm wavelength region as it has zero-dispersion wavelength around 1310nm. And it can also be used in the 1550nm wavelength region, but it is not optimized for that.

Figure 5 : Illustration of maximum spectral excursion 5.2.4 Minimum channel half width

Minimum channel half width is defined as the range of frequencies over which the channel insertion loss and ripple specifications must be satisfied in the direction of tail end to head end. 5.2.5 Maximum spectral occupancy The maximum spectral occupancy needs the X dB points of the TEE transmitter spectrum furthest from the nominal central frequency measured at the reference point SS to be in the frequency range of the upper and lower -Y dB points of the frequency response of the actual channel between reference points SS and MPI-RM. This is illustrated in Figure 6. Frequency response is taken on the X-axis and power relative to the peak is taken on Y-axis. Here the transmitter spectrum must not cross the hatched areas. For this parameter we need to give the values for X and Y.
Lower -Y dB point of the channel Upper -Y dB point of the channel

5.2
5.2.1

Interface at point SS or MPI-SM

Maximum and minimum mean channel output power The mean launched power of each optical channel is defined as the average power of a pseudo-random data sequence coupled into the DWDM link. For cost optimization and to consider things like connector degradations, measurement tolerances, aging effects etc. we take range (maximum and minimum) of values for mean channel output power. 5.2.2 Minimum and maximum central frequency The central frequency can be defined as the nominal single-channel frequency on which the digital

0dB

-X dB
to peak (dB)

connectors, optical attenuators or any other passive optical devices. 5.3.2 Maximum ripple For any optical channel, ripple can be defined as the peak-to-peak difference in insertion loss between the input and output ports of the black link in the frequency range of the nominal central frequency of the channel the maximum spectral excursion. It is applied to entire black link. This is illustrated in Figure 7. Offset from nominal central frequency is taken on X-axis and 10 Log (loss) in dB is taken on Y-axis. This figure clearly shows that in the frequency range as specified above, we take the minimum and maximum values of insertion loss to give the maximum ripple that the system can tolerate.

Figure 6 : Illustration of maximum spectral occupancy requirement 5.2.6 Minimum side mode suppression ratio The minimum side mode suppression ratio can be defined as the minimum value of the ratio of the largest peak of the total transmitter to the second largest peak. The second largest peak may be far away from it or next to it. While defining this parameter, spectral peaks that are separated from the largest peak by the clock frequency are not considered as side modes. 5.2.7 Minimum channel extinction ratio The extinction ratio (EX) is defined as: EX = 10log10(A/B) Where, A is the average optical power level at the centre of logical 1 and B is the average optical power at the centre of logical 0. The convention adopted for optical logic levels is: Logical "1" - Emission of light, Logical "0" - No emission of light. 5.2.8 Eye mask Eye mask gives the limitations for eye opening, overshoot, undershoot. It is used to assess the transmission signal and also helpful in preventing the excess degradation of receiver sensitivity. Pulse overshoot is defined as the amount of voltage or amplitude rise above the steady state value, which occur on the initial rise of the signal pulse. That means pulse overshoot is the amount of rise in the pulse above 100% amplitude. And similarly, pulse undershoot is the amount of voltage fall below the steady state value.

Figure 7 : Illustration of maximum ripple 5.3.3 Maximum chromatic dispersion The maximum chromatic dispersion is the maximum value of the optical path chromatic dispersion that the system shall be able to tolerate. This is the worst-case value for the dispersion to be tolerated by the system. We take the worst-case approach to allow some margins on the sensitive parameter and to allow stretching of transmission distances for low-loss fiber links. The allowed optical path penalty considers the effects of chromatic dispersion into consideration. Maximum link length that the system can support is derived from the maximum channel insertion loss divided by 0.21 dB/km. But the dispersion values have to be taken in accordance with the current technology capability. 5.3.4 Minimum optical return loss at MPI-SM or SS The parameters minimum optical return loss and minimum discrete reflectance described in 5.3.4 and 5.3.5 are specified to control the reflections. Reflections are due to refractive index discontinuities along the optical path. If these are not controlled, they can degrade the system performance by disturbing effect on the operation of the optical source, which results in noise at the receiver. Reflections from the optical path are controlled by specifying: (a) minimum optical return loss at the source reference point, including any connectors and (b) maximum discrete reflectance between source reference point and receiver reference point.

5.3
5.3.1

Optical path parameters from MPI-SM to RS or SS to MPI-RM

Minimum and maximum channel insertion loss For any optical channel insertion loss is defined as the reduction in optical power between the input and output ports of the black-link. Channel insertion loss is considered in the frequency range of the central frequency of the channel the minimum channel half width. It is taken as range to cover allowances for future modifications to the cable configuration like additional splices, increased cable lengths, etc., environmental effects on the performance of fiber cable and degradation of any connectors, optical attenuators or other passive optical devices, if used. And worst-case values for insertion loss specifications are assumed like losses due to splices,

Performance will also be affected due to the multiple reflections, which will cause noise at the receiver. The optical return loss is defined as the ratio of incident optical power to the total returned optical power from entire fiber. It will include both discrete reflections and distributed backscattering. Minimum optical return loss is defined at the source reference point, with any number of connectors. 5.3.5 Maximum discrete reflectance between MPI-SM and RS or between SS and MPI-RM Optical reflectance can be defined as the ratio of the reflected optical power present at a point, to the optical power incident to that point. This parameter is used to control multiple reflections. Number of connectors or any other discrete reflection points to be used are decided based on the specified overall optical return loss to be achieved. So it will be helpful to employ the connectors with better reflection performance. Systems using higher performance connectors lead to fewer multiple reflections and are able to tolerate receivers with high reflectance. 5.3.6 Maximum differential group delay Differential group delay (DGD) is defined as the time difference between the fractions of a pulse that are transmitted in the two principal states of polarization of an optical signal. Maximum DGD is defined to be the value of DGD that the system must tolerate with maximum sensitivity degradation of 1 dB. To model DGD in fiber statistically we can use Maxwellian distribution. As the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is statistical in nature, relationship between maximum DGD and mean DGD can be defined only probabilistically. 5.3.7 Maximum inter-channel crosstalk Inter-channel crosstalk is defined as the ratio of total power in all of the disturbing channels to that in the wanted channel. Here the wanted and disturbing channels are at different wavelengths. It must be less than maximum inter-channel cross talk value, even when the channel is operating at the minimum mean output power and all of the others are at the maximum mean output power. It talks about the isolation of a link in black link approach such that inter-channel cross talk must be less than maximum inter-channel crosstalk value under worstcase operating conditions. 5.3.8 Maximum deviation in polarization state Coherent detection requires matching of states of polarization of the received signal and that of the local oscillator employed. This parameter gives the maximum change in the polarization state that the system can tolerate.

5.4
5.4.1

Interface at point RS or MPI-RM

Maximum and minimum mean channel input power Mean channel input power is defined as the average power of a pseudo-random data sequence received at MPI-RM or RS to achieve the specified maximum BER. The minimum mean channel input power must be greater than the minimum equivalent sensitivity + the maximum optical path penalty. 5.4.2 Maximum relative intensity noise Relative intensity noise (RIN) can be defined as the ratio of the amplitude noise of an optical source relative to the average optical power produced by that source. Relative intensity noise associated with the local oscillator when using coherent detection to consider intensity noise is considered in other parameter. 5.4.3 Minimum receiver sensitivity Receiver sensitivity can be defined as the minimum value of average received power at the point RS to achieve a 10-12 BER. While defining this parameter we need to consider worst-case values of transmitter eye mask, extinction ratio, optical return loss, connector degradations and receiver sensitivity. And we do not need to consider dispersion, reflections from the optical path or optical cross talk as these are separately considered in the allocation of optical path penalty, which is defined in 5.4.5. 5.4.4 Minimum equivalent sensitivity The minimum equivalent sensitivity is defined as the minimum value of average received power to achieve the specified maximum BER. This one also does not consider the power penalties associated with dispersion, reflections from the optical path or jitter. As mentioned in 5.4.1, the minimum average optical power at the receiver must be greater than the specified minimum sensitivity in this parameter by the value of the optical path penalty. 5.4.5 Maximum optical path penalty The path penalty is defined as the apparent reduction of receiver sensitivity due to distortion of the signal waveform during its transmission over the path. It can be described as the shifting of systems BER curves towards higher input power levels. Power penalties due to dispersion, reflections optical cross talk are considered while measuring this parameter. As the path penalty is a change in the receivers sensitivity, it is measured at 10-12 BER. The dispersion penalty due to polarization mode dispersion is also included in this parameter. As we are using black link approach, the power penalty associated with crosstalk is also considered. 5.4.6 Maximum reflectance of receiver or optical network element Optical reflectance is the maximum ratio of the reflected optical power present at the reference point to the optical power incident to that reference point. Reflections from the receiver back into the DWDM link are specified by the maximum permissible reflectance of the receiver or any optical network element.

5.4.7

Maximum relative intensity noise of local oscillator Generally in SNR calculations, we take only shot noise and thermal noise into consideration. But, when using coherent detection we need to take into consideration the intensity noise associated with the local oscillator and the power penalty associated with it. 5.4.8 Maximum line width to- bit rate ratio The fluctuations in phase of the input signal or that of the local oscillator cause fluctuations in current and there by degrades the SNR. So both of these must be relatively stable. And to characterize the effect of phase noise we use this parameter.

6. Conclusion
G.metro bridges the gap between metro and access networks. Here by using 3 GHz channel spacing, we can have more than 1000 channels available. So total capacity of the network will be increased. And as the service areas with radius more than 70 km should be supported, it covers both metro and access regions. And it introduces a great degree of flexibility into the future infrastructure. As it covers both metro and access , we can have same kind of equipment and same kind of technology throughout the metro and access regions. So we may have much simpler architectures.

Future Work
My MTP objectives are as follows: Proposing algorithms for mobile backhaul assignment with at least one corresponding to G.metro, using multi layer optimization. Here the objective is to choose between the equipment with MPLS or Carrier Ethernet or OTN or ROADM or combinations of these technologies to minimize CAPEX and OPEX. Identifying the modifications required at Layer 2 and Layer 2.5

References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ITU-T Recommendation G.698.1 (2006), Multichannel

DWDM applications interfaces.

ITU-T new

with single-channel
G.sdapp

optical

Multichannel seeded DWDM applications with singlechannel optical interfaces. ITU-T Recommendation G.959.1 (2008), Optical transport network physical layer interfaces. ITU-T Recommendation G.671 (2009), Transmission characteristics of optical components and subsystems. ITU-T Recommendation G.652 (2005), Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber and cable.
Govind P. Agarwal: Fiber optic communications systems, Wiley-inter science publication, 2nd ed., 1997. Takuya Ohara et al.: Over-1000-channel ultra dense WDM transmission with supercontinuum multicarrier source, Journal of lightwave technology, vol. 24, No. 6, June 2006.

Recommendation

(2011),