Phn I Phn tch yu cu v gii thiu chung v cng ngh np c qui t ng I. Gii thiu chung v c qui.

c qui l ngun cung in mt chiu cho cc thit b in trong cng nghip cng nh trong i sng hng ngy. C nhiu loi c qui nhng ph bin v thng gp trong thc t l c qui ch v c qui axit. 1. c im cu to ca c qui. Cu trc ca mt c qui n gm c phn cc dng, phn khi bn cc m, cc tm ngn. Phn khi bn cc do cc bn cc cng tn ghp li vi nhau. Cu to ca mt 2 bn cc trong c qui gm c phn khung xng v cht tc dng trt ln n . 3 Khung xng ca bn cc m v bn cc dng c cu to ging nhau, chng c c t ch v c pha thm 5 8 % 1. Vu bn cc ng ti moang ( Sb ) v to 2. Cht tc dng hnh mt li . Ph gia Sb 3. Ct bn cc thm vo ch s lm tng dn in v ci thin tnh c. Trong thnh phn cht tc dng cn c thm khong 3 % cht n ( cc mui hu c ) tng xp, bn ca lp cht tc dng. Nh tng xp m ci thin c thm su ca cht dung dch in phn vo trong lng bn cc, ng thi din tch thc t tham gia phn ng ho hc ca cc bn cc cng c tng thm . Phn u ca mi bn cc c vu, cc bn cc dng camicqui n c hn vi nhau to thnh khi bn cc dng, cc bn cc m c hn vi nhau thnh khi bn cc m. S lng cc bn cc trong mi c qui thng t 5 8, b dy tm bn cc dng ca c qui thng t 1,3 n 1,5 mm , bn cc m thng

mng hn 0,2 0,3 mm . S bn cc m trong c qui thng nhiu hn s bn cc m mt bn nhm tn dng trit din tch tham gia phn ng ca cc bn cc. Tm ngn c b tr gia cc bn cc m v dng c tc dng ngn cch v trnh va p gia cc bn cc. Tm ngn c lm bng vt liu poly-vinyl-clo b dy 0,8 1,2 v c dng ln sng , trn b mt tm ngn c cc l cho pho dung dch in phn thng qua. 2. Qu trnh bin i nng lng trong c qui . c qui l ngun nng lng c tnh cht thun nghch : n tich tr nng lng di dng ho nng v gii phng nng lng di dng in nng. Qu trnh c qui cp in cho mch ngoi c gi l qu trnh phng in, qu trnh c qui d tr nng lng c gi l qu trnh np in. 2.1. Qu trnh bin i nng lng trong c qui axit. K hiu ho hc biu din c qui axit c dung dich in phn l axit H2SO4 nng d = 1,1 1,3 % bn cc m l Pb v bn cc dng l PbO2 c dng : (- ) Pb H2SO4 d = 1,1 1,3 PbO2 ( + )

Phng trnh ho hc biu din qu trnh phng np ca c qui axit : phng PbO2 + 2H2SO4 + Pb 2PbSO4 + 2H2O np Th in ng e = 2,1 V. 2.2. Qu trnh bin i nng lng trong c qui kim. K hiu ho hc biu din c qui kim c dung dich in phn l KOH nng d = 20 % bn cc m l Fe v bn cc dng l Ni(OH)3 c dng : ( - ) Fe KOH d = 20% Ni(OH) 3 ( + )

Phng trnh ho hc biu din qu trnh phng np ca c qui kim :

phng Fe + 2NI(OH) 3 np Th in ng e = 1,4 V. Nhn xt : T nhng iu trnh by trn ta nhn thy trong qu trnh phng np nng dung dch in phn l thay i. Khi c qui phng in nng dung dch in phn gim dn. Khi c qui np in nng dung dch in phn tng dn. Do ta c th cn c vo nng dung dch in phn nh gi trng thi tch in ca c qui. 3. Cc c tnh c bn ca c qui . Sc in ng ca c qui ch v c qui axit ph thuc vo nng dung dch in phn. Ngi ta thng s dng cng thc kinh nghim Eo = 0,85 + (V) trong : Eo - sc in ng tnh ca c qui ( V ) - nng dung dch in phn 15 C 3 ( g/cm ) Trong qu trnh phng in sc in ng ca c qui c tnh theo cng thc : Ep = Up + Ip.rb trong : Ep - sc in ng ca c qui khi phng in ( V) Ip - dng in phng ( A ) Up - in p o trn cc cc ca c qui khi phng in (V) rb - in tr trong ca c qui khi phng in ( ) Trong qu trnh np sc in ng En ca c qui c tnh theo cng thc : En = Un - In.rb trong : En - sc in ng ca c qui khi np in (V) In - dng in np ( A ) Un - in p o trn cc cc ca c qui khi np in Fe(OH) 3 + 2Ni(OH) 2

(V) rb - in tr trong ca c qui khi np in ( ) Dung lng phng ca c qui l i lng nh gi kh nng cung cp nng lng ca c qui cho ph ti, v c tnh theo cng thc : Cp = Ip.tp trong : Cp - dung dch thu c trong qu trnh phng ( Ah ) Ip - dng in phng n nh trong thi gian phng in tp ( A ) tp - thi gian phng in ( h ). Dung lng np ca c qui l i lng nh gi kh nng tch tr nng lng ca c qui v c tnh theo cng thc : Cn = In.tn trong : Cn - dung dch thu c trong qu trnh np ( Ah ) In - dng in np n nh trong thi gian np tn (A) tn - thi gian np in ( h ). 3.1. c tnh phng ca c qui.

c tnh phng ca c qui l th biu din quan h ph thuc ca sc in ng, in p c qui v nng dung dch in phn theo thi gian phng khi dng in phng khng thay i . T c tnh phng ca c qui nh trn hnh v ta c nhn xt sau: - Trong khong thi gian phng t tp = 0 n tp = tgh, sc in ng in p, nng dung dch in phn gim dn, tuy nhin trong khong thi gian ny dc ca cc th khng ln, ta gi l giai on phng n nh hay thi gian phng in cho php tng ng vi mi ch phng in ca c qui ( dng in phng ). - T thi gian tghtr i dc ca th thay i t ngt .Nu ta

tip tc cho c qui phng in sau tgh th sc in ng ,in p ca c qui s gim rt nhanh .Mt khc cc tinh th sun pht ch (PbSO4) to thnh trong phn ng s c dng th rn rt kh ho tan ( bin i ho hc) trong qu trnh np in tr li cho c qui sau ny. Thi im tgh gi l gii hn phng in cho php ca c qui, cc gi tr Ep, Up, ti tgh c gi l cc gi tr gii hn phng in ca c qui. c qui khng c phng in khi dung lng cn khong 80%. - Sau khi ngt mch phng mt khong thi gian no, cc gi tr sc in ng, in p ca c qui, nng dung dch in phn li tng ln, ta gi y l thi gian hi phc hay khong ngh ca c qui. Thi gian hi phc ny ph thuc vo ch phng in ca c qui ( dng in phng v thi gian phng ). 3.2. c tnh np ca c qui. c tnh np ca c qui l th biu din quan h ph thuc gia sc in ng , in p v nng dung dch in phn theo thi gian np khi tr s dng in np khng thay i .

T th c tnh np ta c cc nhn xt sau : - Trong khong thi gian t tn = 0 n tn = tgh th sc in ng, in p , nng dung dch in phn tng dn. - Ti thi im ts trn b mt cc bn cc m xut hin cc bt kh (cn gi l hin tng" si " ) lc ny hiu in th gia cc bn cc ca c qui n tng n 2,4 V . Nu vn tip tc np gi tr ny nhanh chng tng ti 2,7 V v gi nguyn. Thi gian ny gi l thi gian np no, n c tc dng cho phn cc cht tc dng su trong lng cc bn cc c bin i tun hon, nh s lm tng thm dung lng phng in ca c qui. - Trong s dng thi gian np no cho c qui ko di t 2 3 h trong sut thi gian hiu in th trn cc bn cc ca c qui v nng dung dch in phn khng thay

i . Nh vy dung lng thu c khi c qui phngin lun nh hn dung lng cn thit np no c qui. - Sau khi ngt mch np, in p, sc in ng ca c qui, nng dung dch in phn gim xung v n nh. Thi gian ny cng gi l khong ngh ca c qui sau khi np. - Tr s dng in np nh hng rt ln n cht lng v tui th ca c qui. Dng in np nh mc i vi c qui l In = 0,1C10 . Trong C10 l dung lng ca c qui m vi ch np vi dng in nh mc l In = 0,1C10 th sau 10 gi c qui s y. V d vi c qui C = 180 Ah th nu ta np n dng vi dng in bng 10% dung lng ( tc In = 18 A ) th sau 10 gi c qui s y. 4. S khc nhau gia c qui ch v c qui axit . C hai loi c qui ny u c mt c im chung l tnh cht ti thuc loi dung khng v sc phn in ng. Nhng chng cn c mt s c im khc bit sau :

c qui axit - Kh nng qu ti khng cao, dng ln np ln nht t c khi qu ti nht khi l Inmax = 20%C10 50%C10 - Hin tng t phng ln, c qui nh nhanh ht in ngay c khi khng s dng. - S dng rng ri trong i sng nng trn cng nghip, nhng ni c nhit thng s cao va p ln nhng i hi cng cng sut v qu ti va phi. xuyn v

c qui ch - Kh nng qu ti rt dng in np ln c th t ti - Hin tng t phng

- Vi nhng kh th c qui kim nhng ni yu cu cao qu ti thng s dng vi cc thit

5. Cc phng php np c qui t ng. C ba phng php np c qui l + Phng php dng in. + Phng php in p. + Phng php dng p. 5.1. Phng php np c qui vi dng in khng i. y l phng php np cho php chn c dng np thch hp vi mi loi c qui, bo m cho c qui c no. y l phng php s dng trong cc xng bo dng sa cha np in cho c qui hoc np s cha cho cc c qui bi Sunfat ho. Vi phng php ny c qui c mc ni tip nhau v phi tho mn iu kin : Un 2,7.Naq Trong : Un - in p np Naq - s ngn c qui n mc trong mch

Trong qu trnh np sc in ng ca c qui tng dn ln, duy tr dng in np khng i ta phi b tr trong mch np bin tr R. Tr s gii hn ca bin tr c xc nh theo cng thc :

R=

U n 2,0 N aq In

Nhc im ca phng php np vi dng in khng i l thi gian np ko di v yu cu cc c qui a vo np c cng dung lng nh mc. khc phc nhc im thi gian np ko di, ngi ta s dng phng php np vi dng in np thay i hai hay nhiu nc. Trong trng hp hai nc, dng in np nc th nht chn bng ( 0,3 0,6 ) C10 tc l np cng bc v kt thc nc mt khi c qui bt u si. Dng in np nc th hai l 0,1C10 5.2. Phng php np vi in p khng i. Phng php ny yu cu cc c qui c mc song song vi ngun np. Hiu in th ca ngun np khng i vaf c tnh bng ( 2,3 2,5 ) V cho mi ngn n. Phng php np vi in p khng i c thi gian np ngn, dng np t ng gim theo thi gian.Tuy nhin dng phng php ny c qui khng c np no. V vy np vi in p khng i ch l phng php np b xung cho c qui trong qu trnh s dng. 5.3. Phng php np dng p. y l phng php tng hp ca hai phng php trn. N tn dng c nhng u im ca mi phng php. i vi yu cu ca bi l np c qui t ng tc l trong qu trnh np mi qu trnh bin i v chuyn ho c t ng din ra theo mt trnh t t sn th ta chn phng n np c qui l phng php dng p. - i vi c qui axit: bo m thi gian np cng nh hiu sut np th trong khon thi gian tn = 8h tng ng vi 75 80 % dung lng c qui ta np vi dng in khng i l In = 0,1C10. V theo c tnh np ca c qui trong on np chnh th khi dng in khng i th in p, sc in ng ti t thay i, do bo m tnh ng u v ti cho thit b np. Sau thi gian 8 h c qui bt

u si lc ta chuyn sang np ch n p. Khi thi gian np c 10 h th c qui bt u no, ta np b xung thm 2 3 h. - i vi c qui kim : Trnh t np cng ging nh c qui axit nhng do kh nng qu ti ca c qui kim ln nn lc n dng ta c th np vi dng np In = 0,2C10 hoc np cng bc tit kim thi gian vi dng np In = 0,5C10 . Cc qu trnh np c qui t ng kt thc khi b ct ngun np hoc khi np n p vi in p bng in p trn 2 cc ca c qui, lc dng np s t t gim v khng. Kt lun : - V c qui l ti c tnh cht dung khng km theo sc phn in ng cho nn khi c qui i m ta np theo phng php in p th dng in trong c qui s t ng dng nn khng kim sot c s lm si c qui dn n hng hc nhanh chng. V vy trong vng np chnh ta phi tm cch n nh dng np cho c qui. Khi dung lng ca c qui dng ln n 80% lc nu ta c tip tc gi n nh dng np th c qui s si v lm cn nc. Do n giai on ny ta li phi chuyn ch np c qui sang ch n p. Ch n p c gi cho n khi c qui thc s no. Khi in p trn cc bn cc cu c qui bng vi in p np th lc dng np s t ng gim v khng, kt thc qu trnh np. - Tu theo loi c qui m ta np vi cc dng in np khc nhau + c qui axit : dng np In = 0,1C10 ; np cng bc vi dng in np In = 0,2C10 . + c qui kim : dng np In = 0,2C10; np cng bc vi dng in np In = 0,5C10 . - T cc phn tch trn ta rt ra cc s liu sau: + Dng np ln nht Inmax = Idmax = 90 A + in p Udmax = 64,8 V

Phn II Phn tch tnh ton v la chn s I. Chnh lu iu khin i xng s cu 3 pha 1. S nguyn l

S gm 6 Tiristor c chia lm hai nhm:

- Nhm Katot chung : T1, T3, T5 - Nhm Anot chung : T2, T4, T6 Gc m c tnh t giao im ca cc na hnh sin Gi tr trung bnh ca in p trn ti

Ud =

6 2

5 + 6

2U 2 sin d =

3 6U 2

cos

T cng thc trn ta thy Khi ta c

U2 =

U d max
3 6

U d = U d max khi cos

=1

Thay gi tr U d max = 64,8V ta c U 2 = 27 ,68 V in p cc pha th cp ca my bin p l: U a = 39 sin 2 U b = 39 sin( ) 3 2 U c = 39 sin( + ) 3 Gi tr trung bnh ca dng th cp my bin p. 2 I 2 max = I d max 3 T s liu ban u thay I d max = 90 A c I 2 max = 73 ,5 A Gi tr trung bnh ca dng chy qua 1 Tiristor l:

I TBV max =

Gi tr in p ngc m Tiristor phi chu

I d max = 30 A 3

U ng max = 6U 2 =
Cng sut bin p

U d max = 1,05U d max = 68,04V 3

S ba =

U d max I d max = .64,8.90.10 3 = 6,1kVA 3 3

Nhn xt : Vi s chnh lu cu 3 pha c iu khin th in p ra Ud t p mch ( trong mt chu k p mch 6 ln ) do vn lc rt n gin, in p ngc

ln mi van nh, cng sut bin p nh nhng mch phc tp nhiu knh iu khin. 2. ng c tnh biu din

II. Chnh lu cu 3 pha bn iu khin 1. S nguyn l

Trong s ny s dng 3 Tiristor nhm Katot chung v 3 Diot nhm Anot chung. Gi tr trung bnh ca in p trn ti

U d =U d 1 U d 2

Trong : Ud1 l thnh phn in p do nhm Katot chung to nn Ud2 l thnh phn in p do nhm Anot chung to

nn
U d1 = 3 2 3 2
11 6 7 6 11 6 7 6

2U 2 sin d =

3 6U 2 cos 2 3 6U 2 2

Ud2 =

2U 2 sin d =

Vy U d = Ta nhn thy

U d = U d max

3 6U 2 (1 + cos ) 2
khi

khi ta c U 2 =

U d max = 27,68V 3 6

cos = 1

in p th cp my bin p U a = 39 sin 2 U b = 39 sin( ) 3 2 U c = 39 sin( + ) 3 Gi tr trung bnh ca dng chy trong Tiristor v Diot I I TBV max = I diot max = d max = 30 A 3 Gi tr dng in ngc ln nht

U ng max = 6U 2 =
Cng sut bin p

U d max = 1,05U d max = 68,04 A 3

S ba =

U d max I d max = .64,8.90.10 3 = 6,1kVA 3 3

Nhn xt :Tuy in p chnh lu cha nhiu sng hi nhng chnh lu cu 3 pha khng i xng c qu trnh iu chnh n gin , kch thc gn nh hn. 2. ng c tnh biu din

III. Chnh lu iu khin cu mt pha khng i xng 1. S nguyn l

Trong s ny, gc dn dng chy ca Tiristor v ca it khng bng nhau. Gc dn ca it l : D = + Gc dn ca Tiristor l : T = Gi tr trung bnh ca in p ti
Ud =

2U 2 sin d =

2U 2

(1 + cos )

U d max =
Do

2 2U 2

U2 =

U d max .64,8 = = 72V 2 2 2 2

Gi tr trung bnh ca dng ti U Id = d Zt Dng qua Tiristor

1 IT = I d d = I d 2 2

Dng qua it
+

1 ID = 2

I d d = I d

+ 2

Gi tr hiu dng ca dng chy qua s cp my bin p

I2 =

Nhn xt : S chnh lu iu khin 1 pha khng i xng c cu to n gin, gn nh , d iu khin , tit kim van . Thch hp cho cc my c cng sut nh v va. 2. ng c tnh biu din

2 I d d = I d 1

Kt lun : C hai phng n dng s chnh lu i xng cu ba pha v chnh lu khng i xng cu ba pha u c nhiu knh iu khin, nhiu Tiristor nn gi thnh cao khng kinh t. Do yu cu ca u bi, v s knh iu khin t nn ta chn s chnh lu iu khin cu 1 pha ng i xng. Chng c mt s u im: - Hiu sut s dng my bin p cao hn mt s s nh cu 1 pha i xng. - n gin hn v s lng Tiristor gim xung ch cn 2 nn mch iu khin c t knh iu khin hn, bo m kinh t hn. - Cng mt di iu chnh in p mt chiu th cu khng i xng iu khin chnh xc hn Qua phn tch trn ta chn s chnh lu iu khin cu 1 pha khng i xng dng cho mch lc mch np cqui t ng . Phng n ny va p ng c yu cu k thut va bo m cho vic thit k.

Phn III Tnh ton thit k mch lc Ta chn phng n thit k cho mch np cqui l s chnh lu cu 1 pha khng i xng. S nguyn l mch lc nh sau :

T1 ~ 220 V T2

64,8 V Rf

Rs

I. Tnh chn van mch lc. 1. S liu cho trc in p ngun 3 pha : 220/380 V ; f = 50 Hz 2.Yu cu u ra : Ngun mt chiu t ng np cqui Udmax = 64,8 V Idmax = 90 A bo m cho van lm vic tin cy , an ton mi iu kin ta chn :
thuc van U ng max 0,7U ng max

Trong : -

thuc U ng max l in p ngc trn van khi lm vic

ch nh mc. -U
van ng max

l in p ngc trn van khi van kho .

( tra s tay ) 3. Tnh ton vi s chn

thuc U ng max = 2U 2 =

U d max = 64,8 = 102V 2 2

=
thuc U ng max

Do in p ngc trn van khi kho l:

van ng max

thuc U ng max

0,5 0,7

0,6

102 = 170V 0,6

Dng in trung bnh qua van

thuc I TBV max =

V ti c cng sut nh nn ta chn iu kin lm mt cho van l lm mt t nhin, dng cnh tn nhit chun vi i lu khng kh. Ta c
thuc I TBV max = (0,2 0,3) I TBV max
thuc thuc I TBV max I TBV max 45 I TBV max = = = = 180 A Do (0,2 0,3) 0,25 0,25 Vy iu kin chn van l:

I d max 90 = = 45 A 2 2

van U ng max 170 V

I TBV max 180 A

Trong s ny ch lm vic ca Tiristor v it nh nhau nn iu kin chn van ging nhau. - Van iu khin TB 200 Thng s van nh sau : van U ng max = 0,05 0,8kV
I TBV max = 200 A U = 2,4V t off = 20 s I g = 0,35 A U g = 5V di / dt = 200 A / s du / dt < 1000 v / s

- it : Chn loi B 200 Thng s nh sau :

I tb = 200 A U im = 100 1000V U = 0,7V

II. Mch bo v Tiristor : T R C

bo v van ta dng mch RC u song song vi van nhm bo v qu p do tch t in khi chuyn mch gy nn. Cc thit b bn dn ni chung cng nh Tiristor rt nhy cm vi in p v tc bin thin in p (
du ) t ln n . dt

Cc nguyn nhn gy nn qu p th chia thnh hai loi : - Nguyn nhn bn ngoi : Do ct t ngt mch in cm,do bin i t ngt cc tnh ca ngun, khi cu chy bo v t hoc khi c sm st. - Nguyn nhn bn trong ( ni ti ) : Khi van chuyn t trng thi m sang trng thi kho, do s phn b khng u in p trong cc van mc ni tip. y ta quan tm n vic bo v qu in p do cc nguyn nhn bn trong gy ra. i

Nguyn nhn qu in p trn van l do s sut hin dng in ngc chy qua mi van khi n chuynr t trng thi m sang trng thi kho. Dng in ngc ny suy gim rt nhanh do vy s sut hin s qu in p U qda = L

di dt

khc phc hin tng qu in p ny ta dng mch R-LC nhng do mch c tnh cht in cm nn ta ch cn dng mch R-C u song song nh hnh v. Khi van kha dng in ngc s chuyn t van sang mch bo v. III. Tnh ton my bin p lc - Gi tr hiu dng in p th cp my bin p : Theo sch thit k my bin p ; tra vi s cu ta c : U2 = 1,11Udmax = 1,11.64,8 = 72 V I2 = 1,11Idmax = 1,11.90 = 100 A - Cng sut biu kin MBA : S2 = U2.I2 = 72.100 = 7,2 kVA - Chn mch t 3 tr , tit din tr tnh theo cng thc S2 Q =K C. f Trong : - C : S tr mch t - f : Tn s ngun - K=5 6 7200 Q =5 = 27 cm2 5.50 Chn li thp c tit din 30 cm2 lm bng vt liu st t dy 0,5 mm , l thp dp hnh ch v ch I ghp li Tnh s vng/vn. Theo cng thc kinh nghim c :

Wo =

K 45 = = 1,5 vng/vn Q 30
vng

- S vng cun s cp :

W1 = U 1 .Wo = 220.1,5 = 330

- S vng dy cun th cp :

W2 = U 2Wo = 72.1,5 = 108 vng

- Dng in th cp : U I 72.100 I1 = 2 2 = = 32,7 A U1 220 Chn mt dng in J = 3 A/mm2 Ta c tit din dy qun s1 =

I 1 32,7 mm2 = = 10,9 J 3 I 100 s2 = 2 = = 33,3 mm2 J 3

4s1 4.10,9 = = 3,7 mm 4s 2 4.33,3 = = 6,5 mm

ng knh dy qun s cp d1 =

ng knh dy qun s cp d 2 =

Theo sch in t cng sut ta c dy tit din trn nh sau d1 = 4,1 mm ; 117 gam/m d2 = 7 mm ; 220 gam/m

Phn IV Thit k v tnh ton mch iu khin I. Yu cu v nguyn tc iu khin 1. Mc ch v yu cu - Mch iu khin l khu rt quan trng trong b bin i Tiristor c vai tr quyt nh n cht lng, tin cy ca b bin i. Mch iu khin rt a dng, nhng vi h thng mch lc c th ca mch np cn c mt h iu khin thch ng. Vi mch ny, h iu khin s pht xung m 2Tiristor T1 v T2. Cc Tiristor s m khi tho mn ng thi 2 iu kin : + Mt in p dng ln t ln 2 cc ca Tiristor theo hng t Ant n Katt. + Xung in p dng a vo cc iu khin phi ln (bin , rng)

 lm thay i in p ra ti ch cn thay i thi im pht xung iu khin, tc l thay i gc m ca cc van. u im ca Tiristor l ch cn dng v p iu khin nh nhng c th chu c dng v p rt ln chy qua. - H thng mch iu khin phi p ng c cc yu cu: + Pht xung iu khin chnh xc v ng thi im m ngi thit k tnh ton sn. + Cc xung iu khin pht ra phi ln v bin v rng m cc van. + Xung iu khin phi c i xng cao v m bo c phm vi iu chnh gc m. + Dng xung c iu chnh thch hp v tc ng nhanh. + m bo hot ng tt, tin cy cao khi in p ngun thay i gi tr bin . Ngoi ra h thng iu khin phi c nhim v n nh dng in ra ti v bo v h thng khi xy ra s c qu dng hay ngn mch ti. 2. Nguyn tc iu khin. iu chnh gc m ca cc Tiristor trong na chu k in p dng ta thng dng hai nguyn tc iu khin : Thng ng tuyn tnh v thng ng arccos. a. Nguyn tc iu chnh thng ng tuyn tnh Theo nguyn tc ny ta dng hai in p : - in p ng b , c dng rng ca, ng b vi in p t trn Ant v Katt ca Tiristor, k hiu l Ur . - in p iu khin l in p mt chiu , c th iu chnh c bin , k hiu l Uc Dng th c biu din nh hnh sau :

Ur Uc

Ur c +U Ur

t uc

Tng i s ca Ur + Uc c a n u vo ca mt khu so snh. Bng cch lm bin i Uc ta c th iu chnh c thi im xut hin xung ra tc l thi im iu chnh gc . Khi Uc = 0 ta c = 0 Uc < 0 ta c > 0 Quan h gia v Uc c biu din qua cng thc sau :

Uc U r max

Ngi ta thng chn Ur max = Uc max b. Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng ARCCOS Theo nguyn tc ny ngi ta cng dng c hai in p iu chnh gc m ca Tiristor. - in p iu khin Uc l in p mt chiu c th iu chnh c bin theo hai hng ( m v dng ). - in p ng b Ur vt trc in p UAK ca Tiristor mt gc bng

Nu UAK = A.sint Th Ur = B.cost Dng th c biu din nh hnh sau:

Uc 0

Ur t Uc Ur +Uc

T in p UAK ta to ra Ur . Tng i s Ur + Uc c a n u vo khu so snh. Khi Ur + Uc = 0 ta nhn c mt xung u ra ca khu so snh: Uc + Bcos = 0. Nn = arccos(

Uc ) . Chn B = Ucmax B

Khi Uc = 0 ta c = /2 Uc = Ucmax = Uc = -Ucmax = 0 II. S khi v chc nng Da trn nguyn tc iu khin v yu cu ca cng ngh ta thit lp c s khi ca b iu khin Ung

SS Uk

K To xung

Trong : Ung : in p ngun Uk : in p iu khin - Khu ng pha ( F ) c nhim v to in p trng pha vi in p ant ca Tiristor. Tn hiu ng pha thng c cc dng sau: + Rng ca + Ch nht + Thang + Cosin - Khu so snh c nhim v gia in p ta vi in p iu khin Uk tm thi im hai in p ny bng nhau

( Uk = Urc ). Ti thi im hai in p ny bng nhau th pht xung u ra gi sang tng khuych i v to xung - Khi khuych i v to xung c nhim v to xung ph hp m Tiristor. Xung m Tiristor c yu cu : Sn trc c thng ng m yu cu m tc th khi c xung iu khin ( Thng l xung kim hoc xung ch nht ) rng xung vi rng xung ln hn thi gian m ca Tiristor cng sut cch ly mch iu khin v mch ng lc ( v in p mch ng lc qu ln ). III. Mch iu khin. I. nguyn tc n p n dng: Mch np c quy t ng phi s dng hai nguyn tc: 1. n dng trong giai on u ca qu trnh np. 2. n p trong giai on np c quy no. Mun thc hin c iu ny ta phi bit c ch n p v n dng ca b chnh lu. Trong trng hp ny ta xt b chnh lu mmt pha- 1 2 chu k

Ut

Z ti

1. Nguyn tc n dng: Ban u b chnh lu chy khng ti vi in p khng ti U0 . Khi ni ti dng in qua ti qu tng dn ti gi tr n nh. Ti y b bin i thc hin qu trnh n dng nh sau: a) n dng theo sn trc: Nguyn tc iu khin Uk = Ud + Uf _Ban u in p ra ca b chnh lu l in p khng ti Ud = U0, Id = 0 khi ni ti vo dng in Id tng dn ko

theo in p phn hi Uf tng. Do Uk = Uf + Ud Nn Uk tng dn ti in p ra ca b chnh lu gim dn. Do Ud gim dn lm tc tng dng in gim cho ti khi Id = Id . Ti gi tr nh Id0 in p b chnh lu l U0 _Nu v mt l d no dng in tng hn I0 Uf tng Uk tng lm in p u ra b chnh lu gim xung Ud < U0. Chnh v iu ny lm dng in chnh lu gim dn vi tc n nh. _Ngc li nu Id gim ( Id < I0d ) dng in s t ng tng ti gi tr n nh. b) Theo sn sau: _Ban u in p b chnh lu l Ud = U0, Id = 0 _ Ni ti dng in tng dn Uf tng dn Uk tng lm in p ra gim. _Dng in chnh lu ang duy tr n nh. V mt l do no dng in tng dn n Uf tng lm Uk gim lm gc m tng Ud gim nh hn U0d dng in s gim dn ti gi tr n nh. Tng t nh vy nu dng in gim. Kt lun: Nh vy nu thu hin n dng ta phi: _Phn hi m dng in nu iu khin theo sn sau. _Phn hi dng dng in nu iu khin theo sn trc. 2. Nguyn tc n p: Ban u b chnh lu chy khng ti vi in p khng ti U0 . Khi ni ti dng in qua ti qu tng dn ti gi tr n nh. Ti y b bin i thc hin qu trnh n p nh sau: a) n p theo sn trc: Nguyn tc iu khin Uk = Ud + Uf _Ban u in p ra ca b chnh lu l in p khng ti Ud = U0, Id = 0 khi ni ti vo dng in Id tng dn ko theo in p phn hi Uf tng. Do Uk = Uf + Ud Nn Uk tng dn ti in p ra ca b chnh lu gim dn. Do Ud gim dn ti U

_Nu v mt l d no in p tng hn U Uf tng Uk tng lm in p u ra b chnh lu gim xung Ud = U. _Ngc li nu Ud gim in p s t ng tng ti gi tr n nh. b) Theo sn sau: _Ban u in p b chnh lu l Ud = U0, Id = 0 _ Ni ti in p tng dn Uf tng dn Uk tng lm in p ra gim. _in p chnh lu ang duy tr n nh. V mt l do no in p tng dn n Uf tng lm Uk gim lm gc m tng Ud gim dn ti gi tr n nh. Tng t nh vy nu dng in gim. Kt lun: Nh vy nu thu hin n p ta phi: 1 _Phn hi m in p nu iu khin theo sn sau. _Phn hi dng in p nu iu khin theo sn trc.

U =U Uf k +

U =U Uf k -

+V

+V

DZ

T2

c a
+ OA1

OA9

T1

T3 T4

II. xy dng mch iu khin.

+ OA2

+V

+V

+ OA3

+V

i
+ OA4

T5 T6

+V +V + OA5 OA6 CM1

1 Gnd 2 Trg 3 Out 4 Rst

555

Vcc 8 Dis 7 Thr 6 Ctl 5

.IC

+ +V + OA7 + OA8 CM2

C3

7 8 1 5
D1 D2 C1 C3 C5

+ E

C2 D3 D4

C4

C6

7 9 1 5

- E

Ud

Uc

U1

Ue Ug

Uh

Urss U

Uf

Ui

Uk

III. Tnh ton mch iu khin. T nhng phn tch trn ta c th tnh chn cc thit b cho mch iu khin nh sau: Khi ng pha. Tt c cc khuych thut ton chn cng loi LM 301A Bin p ng pha c th ly chnh l bin p ngun cung cp ngun mmt chiu cho mch U = 12 V ( xoay chiu ). Cc it D1, D2, D3, D4 c th chn cng loi D4041 Thng s : Um = 50 V , Im = 500 mA Khu to xung rng ca: Cc Tiristor c th chn cng loi cho Radio cng sut nh l c th tho mn . Chn : A564 UCE = 30 V IC = 50 mA = 120 C828 UCE = 30 V IC = 50 mA = 100 Cc in tr R1, R2, R3, R4 cc in tr hn ch dng c th chn gi tr tng i 10 k. Chiet p R1 t ngng sao cho Uref = 0,6 0,7 V in tr R3 hn ch dng qua DZ chn 2,2 k. it Zene chn loi 9V. Tnh chn in tr R6 v ngun dng np cho t. trong thi gian kho trazistor T2 in p nh rng ca c th t c 10V th in tr R6 v C c tnh nh sau: Q = C.U Q = I.t I.t = C.U T 20 = = 10( ms ) Trong na chu k th t 2 2 CU 1.10 6.10 = = 10 3 ( A ) Chn C = 1 F I = 3 Z 10.10

 to ngun dng ny th R6 c gi tr: R 6 =

Tnh mch khuych i xung. Nguyn l hot ng s : T cc phn tch trn v ch n p v n dng ta c th a ra c s nh trn. S c chia thnh ba khi sau: 1. Khi ng pha: Tn hiu xoay chiu c ly t bin p ng pha. Bin p c im gia c chnh lu hai na chu k v a tn hiu vo b so snh OA1 . in p chun so snh c chnh nh in p mt chiu c 0,7 V . in p ra c dng nh hnh v: ng thi tn hiu xoay chiu t hai im a v b c a vo hai bb so snh OA2 v OA3 to tn hiu ng pha cho php pht xung iu khin hai knh. in p ng pha t OA1 c a ti b to in p rng ca + Khi UC m trazistor T1 kho t C c np bi ngun dng khi +Khi UC dng trazistor T1 dn t C phng in. Dng in p thu c l mt dy xung rng ca c sn ln tuyn tnh. Khi to xung chm: 1. Vi mch 555

U DZ 9 = 3 = 9( ) I 10

UC E 2/3E 1/3E

Ur

R
0 0 1 1 S 0 1 0 1

Q Q 0 1

Q Q 1 0

Q thp T kho t C np theo ng E R1 R2 C

-E

UC > 13 E u ra OA2 cao UC = 2 3 E u ra OA1 thp Khi Q = 0 , Q = 1 Tranzistor thng t C phng theo ng +E C R2 T -E Qu trnh lI tip tc Kt qu c mt dy xung vung u ra khng o R_S E_F. C nhiu cch to xung chm , y mch time 555 c s dng nh mch da hI t dao ng. Xung chm c ly ra chn 3 ca Time 555.

Diot D m bo xung ra c b rng u nhau .Tn s c tnh theo biu thc :

f = 1 2.0,693.RC

Vi tn s mong mun f = 10 kHz ta phi chn R = 10 k C = 7 F 2. Khu so snh: in p nhn dc t D qua in tr R5 c so snh vi Uk t xc nh c thi im pht xung m cc van. 3. Khu khuych i xung: _Knh 1: iu khin tiristor T1 xung in p nhn t cng AND vi tn hiu cho php nhn t OA2 _Knh 2: iu khin tiristor T1 xung in p nhn t cng AND vi tn hiu cho php nhn t OA3.

Dng in p nhn dc t OA2 v OA3 l cc xung vung ng pha vi tn hiu sin nhng ngc pha nhau. Khi in p ti im a dng tng ng OA2 nhn c xung dng. Khi in p ti im b m tng ng OA3 nhn c xung m. V vy khi 1AND m th 2AND kho thi xung in p c khuych i qua bin p xung a ti cc G ca cc tiristor. Dng in p nhn c nh hnh v: