{edmOr {dmnrR>, H$mohmnya

BboQ>m{Zg {d^mJ
&& g{jV B{Vhmg &&
Ammo{JH$ jomVrb d`MbrV `o d KaJwVr CnH$aUmV Pmbobm AV^md Am{U
gd Vamda PnmQ>mZo dmT>V Jobobm BboQ>m{ZgMm ^md, `m gdmMm ej{UH$ Vkmda MS>
n[aUm_ Pmbm. `mZr BboQ>m{ZgMo _hd d JaO AmoiIbr. `mMr \$blwVr hUyZ B.g.
1970-80 `m XeH$mV ^m{VH$em {d^mJmV nX`wVa Vamda BboQ>m{Zg EH$ EopN>H$
{df` hUyZ g_m{d> H$a`mV Ambm. AM{~V H$aUm`m AmYw{ZH$ BboQ>m{ Zg `wJm_wio _mZdmbm
{_imbo`m gwIgmoB Am{U BboQ>m{Zg Cn`wVVoMm dmT>V Jobobm AmboI, Ammo{JH$ d `mnmar
dJmbm hmoV Jobobm Z\$m `m_wio BboQ>m{Zg gVV H$mePmoVmV am{hbo. `mMr bmoH${`Vm
{XdgmJ{UH$ dtJV hmoV am{hbr. `m gdmMm n[aUm_ hUyZ {edmOr {dmnrR>m`m mJUmV
dV BboQ>m{Zg {d^mJ AgU hr H$mimMr JaO Amho, Aer H$nZm nwT>o Ambr.
nX`wVa Vamda BboQ>m{Zg hm dV {d^mJ gw$ H$a`m`m >rZo n{hbm
Q>nm hUyZ B.g. 1984-85 `m ej{UH$ dfmnmgyZ H$mohmnya, gmJbr, gmVmam d gmobmnya `m
{OmVrb {edmOr {dmnrR>mer gbZ Agbo`m _hm{dmb`mVyZ nXdr Vamda BboQ>m{Zg
{df` ~r.Egr. ^mJ-1 gmR>r gw$ H$a`mV Ambm. H$mbmVamZo B.g. 1987-88 `m ej{UH$
dfmnmgyZ m.Ama.EZ.nmQ>rb `mMo gj_ ZoV d bm^bo`m ^m{VH$emm`m N>N>m`oImbr W_M
nX`wma Vamda dVnUo BboQ>m{Zg hm {df` gw$ H$a`mV Ambm. ma^r 16 {dm`mZm
nXdr-JwUdmoZwgma doe Xo`mV Ambm. A`mdV d Ammo{JH$ JaOmer gmJS> KmbUm`m
A`mgH$_m_wio BboQ>m{ZgH$S>o {dm`mMr ngVr dfmJ{UH$ dmT>V Jobr Am{U hUyZ
A{YH$m{YH$ {dm`mZm BboQ>m{Zg {df`mMo CM {ejU {_imdo `m >rZo {dmnrR>mZo doe
_`mXm 16 dZ 24 d nwT>o 30 n`V dmT>{dbr. Ammo{JH$ jomV ghO ZmoH$arMr h_r d
ej{UH$ jomV BboQ>m{ZgMm H$b dmT>`mZo A{bH$S>`m H$mimV doe BNw>H$ {dmWu
g`oV MS> dmT> Pm`mZo doe _`mXm 36 H$Z {dmnrR>mZo gm_m{OH$ ~m{YbH$s Omonmgbr
Amho. gwdmVr`m H$mimV BboQ>m{Zg {df` gdgmYmaU hUyZ Oy H$a`mV Ambm. nU
{df`mVrb hmoV Jobo`m ZdZdrZ Am{dH$ma d emoYm_wio A`mgH$_mV A`mdVnUm AmUUo

2
H$_mV hmoVo. hUyZ BboQ>m{Zg {df`mV {dH$n A`mgH$_mMr gH$nZm nwT>o Ambr. "_m`H$mo
H$Q>moba ~oS> {gQ>r_' d "H$`w{ZHo$eZ' Aem XmoZ {dH$n A`mgH$_mMm VXZVa AV^md
H$a`mV Ambm.
^m{VH$em {d^mJm`m gh`moJmVyZ {d^mJmZo Amnbr JVr CVamoVa CMmdV
R>odbr AZ B.g. 1998 _`o BboQ>m{Zg {d^mJ ^m{VH$em {d^mJmVyZ AbJ hmoD$Z
dVnUo H$m`aV Pmbm. EH$ XrK {Vjm gnbr AZ BboQ>m{Zg`m {dmWu Am{U {ejH$mMo
dZ g`mV gmH$mabo. `m~amo~aM {dmnrR>m`m B{VhmgmV {ejUmMo EH$ ZyVZ XmbZ BboQ>m{ Zg
{d^mJm`m _m`_mVyZ Iwbo Pmbo Am{U {edmOr {dmnrR>m`m mJUmV Z`m `wJmMr gwdmV
Pmbr. nXdr-nX`wVa {dmWu VV gd {ejH$ dJmgmR>r Vmo EH$ A{^_mZmMm jU hmoVm. dV
{d^mJmMm n{hbm {d^mJ _wI hUyZ m. E.Eg.dm`JUH$a `mZr H$m`^ma hmVr KoVbm. AZoH$
AmhmZmMo AS>Wio d mW{_H$ AS>rAS>MUtda _mV H$aV ghH$mar {ejH$mZm ~amo~a KoD$Z
{d^mJmMr H$m`j_Vm {g Ho$br Am{U {d^mJmMm gj_ nm`m KmbyZ {Xbm. {d^mJmMr `edr
dmQ>Mmb gw$ AgVmZmM gZ 2001 _`o `mMr _hm{dmb` d {dmnrR> {dH$mg _S>im`m
gMmbH$nXr Zo_UyH$ Pmbr AZ m. Eg.Ama. gmdV `mZm {d^mJ ~mYUr`m AdKS> diUmda
{d^mJ _wI nXr nmMmaU H$a`mV Ambo. {d^mJm`m `oH$ Jmo>rV gH$s` ^mJ, g_`gyMH$
{ZU` j_Vm d {eV{` H$m`nVr `m_wio {d^mJmbm EH$ ZmdbmH$sH$ mV Pmbm. A`mdV d
nYm_H$ A`mgH$_m`m aMZo_wio {d^mJmMr am` d am>r` nmVirda `mVr Pmbr. {d^mJm`m
gm{KH$ `ZmVyZ gZ 2007 _`o "E_.Q>oH$. BZ BboQ>m{Zg Q>oZmbmOr' `m Vm{H$
A`mgH$_mMr gwdmV H$a`mMo lo` {d^mJmbm OmVo Am{U {d^mJmMr dkm{ZH$ _y`m~amo~a
VkmZmVrb Pon {g Pmbr. B.g. 2009 _`o BboQ>m{Zg {df`mVrb `mgJ bm^bobo
`Vr_d m.E_.S>r.CnbmZo `mMoH$S>o {d^mJ _wImMr Ywam Ambr. {dmWu H|${V H$m`nVr d
`moJerb >rH$moZ `m_wio {d^mJmMr dmQ>Mmb {Xdg|{Xdg CZV hmoV Jobr. Xa`mZ {d^mJmMo
^m{VH$em {d^mJmVyZ {dmnrR>m`m dm`` mJUmVrb Z`m B_maVr_`o bdH$aM WbmVa
hmoV Amho. `m`m ZoVdmImbr {d^mJmMr EH$ dV AmoiI {Z_mU H$a`m`m >rZo EH$
nmD$b nwT>o nS>Vo Amho.

3
AJXr WmnZonmgyZ dkm{ZH$ >rH$moZm~amo~a VkmZ H$me` Am_gmV
H$a`m`m >rZo Am{U MS> JVrZo ~XbV OmUm`m BboQ>m{Zg Vemm_wio {Z_mU hmoUm`m
AmhmZmZm gm_moao Om`mgmR>r {dm`mZm gj_ ~Z{d`mg BboQ>m{ Zg {d^mJ Zoh_rM dMZ~
am{hbm Amho. g`m {d^mJmV E_.Egr. (nyUdoi d Q>r. AS> S>r), E_.{\$b., nrEM.S>r. AmXr
A`mgH$_ d gemoYZ H$m` am~{dbo OmVmV. E_.Egr. (BboQ>m{Zg) `m A`mgH$_m_`o
g`m nmda BboQ>m{Zg, H$`w{ZHo$eZ, E~oS>oS> {gQ>rg Aem VrZ {dH$n emIm AgyZ
H$m`wQ>a AbrHo$eg BZ BboQ>m{Zg hr MmWr {dH$n emIm bdH$aM gw H$a`mV `oV
Amho. {dmnrR> Vamda {d^mJmMo ej{UH$ H$m` Zoh_rM CboIZr` am{hbobo Amho. {dmWu{^_wI
{Z`moOZm~amo~a `pV_d {dH$mg, gdmX MmVw` Aem ~m~tda {deof bj {X`mZo BboQ>m{ Zg`m
{dm`m`m Zo_UwH$m AZoH$ {R>H$mUr MmJ`m gWoV, CmoJ emImV Pmbo`m AmhoV. Ammo{JH$
JaOm bjmV KoD$Z A`mgH$_mMr _mS>Ur Ho$`mZo gmh{OH$M {dm`mMm H$b Ammo{JH$
jomH$S>o PwH$bm Amho. _m H$mhr {dmWu goQ>-ZoQ>-JoQ> AmXr nYm n[ajm_YyZ ej{UH$ jomVhr
kmZXmZmMo d gemoYZmMo H$m` H$arV AmhoV. AmOr-_mOr {dm`mZm amoOJmamMr gYr CnbY
H$Z Xo`mgmR>r {d^mJm_`o "ZmoH$ar gX^H$j' H$m`aV Amho. `m H$jmmao {dm`mMr gH$brV
Ho$bobr _m{hVr doJdoJ`m H$nZr d gWmZm gmXa Ho$br OmVo, OoUoH$$Z ZmoH$ar {_iUo gwb^
Pmbobo Amho. hmS>doAa d gmQ>doAa H$n`m_`o BboQ>rH$b, BboQ>m{Zg {gQ>r_ {S>PmBg
`mgmR>r BboQ>m{ZgMr nmd^y_r Agbo`m {dm`mZm {deof ngVr Amho. H$mhr {dm`mZr
dV:Mr H$gQ>tJ H$nZr d bKwCmoJ gw Ho$bobo AmhoV. {d^mJmVrb A`mdV `moJemim
AmOr {dm`m`m ~amo~aM _mOr {dm`mgmR>rhr gXd Iwbr AgVo. `mM~amo~a {dmnrR>
JWmb`mIoarO {dm`mZr Amnbr dV "nwVH$ g{MH$m' am~{dbobr Amho. `m_wio {dm`mZm
gX^ nwVHo$ AJXr ghOnUo CnbY hmoV Ag`mZo `m`m ~h_w` doioMr ~MV hmoVo.
WmnZonmgyZ {d^mJmZo AZoH$ pW`Vao Pobbr AmhoV. Aem pWVrVhr {d^mJmVrb
gemoYZ H$m` gXd CM XOmMo hmoV am{hbo d AmO Vo am>r` VamdZ AmVaam>r` nmVirda
nmohmoMbobo Amho. {d^mJmVrb m`mnH$ dJ {ZdS>H$ d gImob kmZ Agbo`m doJdoJ`m jomV
gemoYZ H$aVmhoV. gemoYZm`m H$mhr _wI emIm_`o E~oS>oS> {gQ>rg, goga S>ohbn_|Q>
AS> H$aoQ>am`PoeZ, hr.Eb.Am`., {S>PmBZ, nmda BboQ>m{Zg H$Q>mob AS> BQ>_|Q>oeZ,

4
_m`H$modo h H$`w{ZHo$eZ, _m`H$modo h AQ>Zo m, gmQ> H$m`wqQ>J, \$Or bm{OH$ {gQ>rg AmXtMm
g_mdoe hmoVmo. g`m {d^mJmV 30 {dmWu m`mnH$m`m Hw$eb _mJXeZmImbr Amnbo gemoYZ
H$m` H$arV AmhoV. `m_`o _hm{dmb`rZ {ejH$, nX`wma CmrU {dmWu, VgoM Ammo{JH$
jomVrb `mgJr `VtMmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo. {deofV: _hm{dmb`rZ {ejH$mZm `w.Or.gr. \o$bmo{en
Va {dm`mZm `w.Or.gr. d amOrd JmYr B. {e`dmr {X`m OmVmV. am>r` d AmVaam>r`
XOm`m {d{dY gemoYZ _m{gHo$, nwpVH$m_YyZ {d^mJmVrb m`mnH$m`m gemoYZna AmYmarV
AmOg_`r 300 hZ A{YH$ emoY{Z~Y d gemoYZ boI H$m{eV Pmbobo AmhoV. _mJrb _mZmH$Z
^oQ>rV "ZH$'`m nXm{YH$m`mZr {d^mJmV Mmbbo`m gemoYZm~b {deof JmadmoXJma H$mT>bo
hmoVo. ~mhoarb gemoYZ jomVrb `moJXmZm~b _m{hVr d Cn`wVVm g_OyZ Ko`m`m `mnH$
>rZo {d^mJmZo doJdoJ`m gWmhr gm_O` H$amamVJV "AmXmZ-XmZ'Mr {H$`mhr gw Ho$bobr
Amho. `m_`o Jmodm {dmnrR>, Pm`brZ d AQ>oam `m H$n`mer {dmnrR> AVJV H$ama `mMm
m_w`mZo CboI hmoVmo. m`mnH$m`m gwgdmXmXdmao H$mohmnya n[agamVrb CmoOH$ Amn`m
`dgm`mVrb AS>MUtda CH$b emoY`m`m {Z{_VmZo {d^mJmg d`pVH$ ^oQ>r XoV AgVmV.
S>m. E_.S>r. CnbmZo, S>m.nr.EZ.dmg~oH$a, S>m.Ama.Ho$. H$m_V, S>m.E_.Ho$. ^mZmaH$a, S>m. Eg.E.
qeXo AmXtZr gX^ JW d A`mgH$_rV nwVH$m_`o ZmdmObo`m H$meZmVyZ boIZ Ho$bobo
Amho. S>m. Ama.Ama. _wYmoiH$a `mZr X{ZH$ nwadUr_YyZ BboQ>m{Zg~b AZoH$ boI {g
Ho$bobo AmhoV. S>m. nr.E.H$X_ `m`m "dmhZemoYH$' `m Zm{d`nyU moOoQ>~b AmH$medmUrda
_wbmIV gm[aV Pmbobr Amho. {d^mJmVrb m`mnH$mZm `m`m gemoYZ H$m`m~b AZoH$Xm
_mZg_mZ {_imbobm Amho. `m_`o S>m.E_.S>r.CnbmZo (Am`.B.Q>r.B.Mm gdm}V_ emoYboI Jmad
nwaH$ma, 2000), S>m. nr.EZ.dmg~Ho $a (BQ>aZeZb g|Q>a \$ma {S>\$ eZ S>Qo >mMo _mZn, 2002
d A_o[aH$Z Ordem gWoda _mZX Vk nwaH$ma, 2003), S>m. Ama.Ama. _wYmoiH$a ({edmOr
{dmnrR> gemoYZ Vk, 2002), S>m. nr.E. H$X_ ({edmOr {dmnrR> gemoYZ Vk, 2005),
S>m.Ama.Ho$. H$m_V (S>r.Eg.Q>r.Mr `wdmemk {e`dmr, 2006) B`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
{d^mJmZo AmOn`V ghm gemoYZna moOoQ>g nyU Ho$bobo AmhoV Am{U `m AZwfJmZo {d{^Z
{dm gWoH$Sy>Z gw_mao 50 bmImMm {ZYr CnbY H$adyZ {Xbobm Amho. g`m XmoZ gemoYZ
moOoQ>gMo H$m_ gw AgyZ AZoH$ moOoQ>g {dmgWmZm gmXa Ho$bobo AmhoV. AmOn`V gw_mao

5
45 {dm`mZm E_.{\$b. nXdr ~hmb H$a`mV Ambr Amho Va 40 {dm`mZm nrEM.S>r. hr
g_mZZr` nXdr XmZ Ho$bobr Amho. g`m gw_mao 30 {dmWu BboQ>m{Zg, H$m`wQ>a d
VkmZ H$joVrb {d{dYmJr gemoYZ H$m` H$arV AmhoV. {dmnrR>m`m H$m_H$mOm_`o {d^mJ
CboIZr` `moJXmZ XoV Ambm Amho. {dmnrR>m`m doJdoJ`m g{_Vtda m`mnH$mZr H$m_{Jar
~Omdbr Amho. H$m`wQ>a {d^mJ, {dmnrR> JWmb`, BQ>aZoQ> godm, `w{gH$ d grE\$gr {d^mJ
B`mXt`m H$m`UmbrV _mobmMo `moJXmZ Ho$bobo Amho. H$mohmnya eha g`m _m{hVr VkmZmMo
_wI H|$ ~ZV Amho. `m gX^mV {d^mJmVrb Vk _S>itZr {deof ghH$m` Ho$bobo Amho. am>r` /
AmVaam>r` n[afX, H$m`emim d gemoYZ g_obZmV _w` A{VWr, Vk dVm hUyZ doJdoJ`m
ej{UH$ gWm d Ammo{JH$ g_yh {d^mJmVrb m`mnH$mZm Xadfu Am_{V H$arV AgVmV.
_hm{dmb`rZ {ejH$mgmR>r `w.Or.gr. d BVa {dm gWm`m gmO`mZo {d^mJmZo AZoH$ am>r`
Vamdarb COiUr dJmMo Am`moOZ Ho$bobo Amho. VgoM ~Xb`m A`mgH$_mer gwgJV d
gbZ amh`m`m >rH$moZmVyZ H$m`emimMo dmadma {Z`moOZ H$$Z {ejH$mZm JVrerb R>od`mMm
gVV `Z Ho$bobm Amho. {df`m~b gImob d ZdZdrZ _m{hVtMo AmH$bZ hmdo `mgmR>r
_hm{dmb`rZ {dm`mgmR>r {d^mJmV\}$ "moOoQ>' gmXarH$aUm`m nYm KoV`m OmVmV d
Vkm`m `m`mZmVyZ `mMo CX~moYZ Ho$bo OmVo.
bdH$aM BboQ>m{Zg {d^mJ Amn`m ZyVZ B_maVr_`o WbmVarV hmoV Amho.
{dmnrR>m`m H$m`Umbrer gwgJV amhZ gdgnZ dkm{ZH$ VgoM Ammo{JH$ JwUmMm {dH$mg
hmdm Am{U `m`m ^mdr `moJXmZmVyZ g_mOmMr CZVr hmdr, XoemMr n{d godm KS>mdr `m
_Jb ^mdZoZo o[aV hmoD$Z {ZaVa H$m`erb amhZ {edmOr {dmnrR>mMm Jmad CVamoVa CMmdV
R>od`mgmR>r BboQ>m{Zg {d^mJ gXd dMZ~ amhrb `mV eH$m Zmhr.