Sees la ie PS Seg) tt) ge Rett) ZAKI BASSIOUNI : ~_ SPE TEXTBOOK SERIES VOL. 4Theory, Measurement, and Interpretation of Well Logs Zaki Bassiouni John Rhea ut. Professor of Petroleum Engineering Louisiana State U. First Printing Henry L. Doherty Memorial Fund of AIME Society of Petroleum Engineers Richardson, TX 1994Dedication ‘This book is dedicated to Chantal and our sons, Nathan and Nicholas. Copyright 1994 by the Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved, This baok, or any part there- of, cannot be reproduced in any form without written consent of the pub lisher. ISBN 1-55563-056-1‘Zaki Bassiouni is the chairman and John Rhea Jt. Professor of Petroleum Engineering at Louisiana State U. He also served on the petroleum engineering faculty at Marietta C. and Cairo U. Bassiouni holds a BS degree in petroleum engineering from Cairo U.; a diploma from the E.N.S.P.M. of the Inst. Frangais du Pétrole (IEP); and a DEA and Docteur Es Science degree from the U. of Lille, France. An active SPE member, Bas- siouni served as a 1986-87 member and 1987 chairman of the Education and Professionalism Committee and a a 1988-93 member and 1993 chairman of the Education and Accreditation Committee,SPE Textbook Series ‘The Textbook Series of the Society of Petroleum Engineers was established in 1972 by action of the SPE Board of Directors. The Series is intended to ensure availability of high-quality textbooks for use in under raduate courses in areas clearly identified as being within the petcoleum engineering field. The work is directed by the Society's Books Committee, one of more than 40 Society-wide standing committees, Mem- bers of the Books Committee provide technical evaluation of the book. Below is a listing of those who have bbeen most closely involved in the final preparation of this book. Book Editors Philip A. Schenewerk, Louisiana State U., Baton Rouge Donald M. Pert, Minerals Management Service, New Orleans (retired) Books Committee (1994) Robert C. Earlougher Jr. (chairman), Marathon Oil, London ‘Ahmed S. Abou Sayed, BP Expioration Inc., Houston John M. Campbell Sr., retired, Norman, OK Anil K. Chopra, Arco Oil & Gas Co., Plano, TX Thomas A. Hewett, Stanford U., Stanford, CA. C. Shah Kabir, Chevron Petroleum Technology Co., La Habra, CA John E. Killough, U. of Houston, Hoaston Fikri Kuchak, Schlumberger Doll Research, Ridgefield, CT Join D. McLennan, Terra Tek Inc., Salt Lake City, UT Fred H. Poettmann, retired, Littleton, CO Rajagopal Raghavan, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, OK Allan Spivak, Intera West, Los Angeles, CA Fred I. Stalkup, Arco Oil & Gas Co., Plano, TXIntroduction ‘The primary objective of this book is to introduce well logging as a formation evaluation techni gineering and geoscience students. Formation evaluation, a subdiscipline of petroleum engiceering, specializes inthe gathering of data and the quantifiation of parameters needed for te practice of the other three major subdisciplines: drilling, production, and reservoir engineering. Formation evaluation methods include rock- and fluid-sample analysis, well logging, and pressure and prodvction testing. A combination of these methods usually is required for @ complete and thorough evaluation Well-logging technology embraces three distinct, but intertwined, areas of expertise. The first area con~ sists of the definition of mathematical and empirical models tht relate a formation property of interest to the property measured withthe logging tool. A petrophysicist usually performs this task. The second area consists of the log measurement itself and encompasses tool design and calibration. Well-logging service compény personnel usually accomplish these tasks. The third area is analysis and interpretation, usually performed by a log analyst. Frequently, petroleum engineers analyze wel logs to extract information necessary for exploration, dril- ing, production, and reservoir management activities. However, because the interpretation process is high- ly affected by measurement quality and the limitations of petrophysical models, the petroleum engineer ‘must be well versed in all three aspects of wel-logging technology. This textbook introduces the reader to all three aspects. For clarity, this text does not cover all current measurement and interpretation options available to well-log users. Such a task is reserved for the SPE Monograph Series ‘The firs three chapters of this book adress the electric, radioactive, and acoustic properties of sedimen- tary rocks and the relationship among these properties and other formation properties, such as porosity and fluid saturations. The exact theoretical treatment of rock propertis to measurement is quite involved and complex. The complexity arises from the relatively involved geometry and the porous nature of the formation of interest. The basic concepts are presented in rigorous but simplified form to provide sufficient insight into well-logging physics to suit the purpose of this textbook. Chaps. 4 through 10 address the openole logging environment and introduce concepts of both old and rodern tools. The simplicity of the design of old tools helps the reader grasp measurement principles, The inclusion of old tools also is necessary because logs measured with these tools are a part of the permanent records of old wells. Analysis ofthese old logs would be required in case of re-entry, recompletion, or abandonment. These chapters also cover the selection of the tool to be run in a particular wellbore environ ment, the judgment of log quality, end the extraction of qualitative end quantitative information from the measurements For historical and practical reasons, the tools are usually identified by Schlumberger’s trademark. Sever: al service companies have tools based on the same measurement principles. These tools usually have simi- lar names and can be identified easily by consulting the companies’ service catalogs ‘The remainder ofthe book, Chaps. 11 through 16, focuses on the detection and evaluation of hydrocarbon- bearing formations. These chapters cover most coramon interpretation problems and address different in- terpretation approaches, along with their limitations. This patt ofthe book also clearly shows that different Jog analysts may achieve diferent results and thet production tests provide theultimate proof ofthe presence of recoverable hydrocarbons. ‘Not all the material presented in this book can be covered in a one-semester course, and different courses ‘may require a different emphasis, The text, however, contains « sufficient amount of material for a se- quence of two or more semester courses. Charts included within the text are for illustration purposes only. In the practice of log interpretation, the reader should use full-scale charts published by service companies. To keep this textbook at a reasona: be length, logs have been reduced.Acknowledgments 1 acknowledge the contributions of individuals and companies in the petroleum producing and service in- dustry who provided the background material for this book. ‘Thanks are due past and present SPE Books Committee members, particularly Donald Pert and Philip Schenewerk, who served a8 reviewers and coordinators for this book. Many Louisiana State U. staff members contributed tothe completion of this textbook. The contributions ‘of the following individuals have been particularly helpful: Janct Easley, who typed the manuscript; Jessica Faust, who provided thorough editing ofthe early drafts; and Norma Duty and Son Nguyen, who prepared the artwork. ‘Special thanks are extended to Christy Magargee, SPE staf editor, who coordinated the lengthy and demand- ing produetion process.3. 4. . Resistivity Logs \dioactive Properties of Rocks . Contents Structure of the Atom .... Energy States and Radioactivity . Nature and Type of Natural Radiation Rate of Radioactive Decay Natural Gamma Ray and Gamma Ray Logging ........ Gamma Ray Interactions ............ Absorption of Gamma Rays Gamma Fay Absorption Logging « The Neutron : 2.10 Neutron Interactions 2.11 Neutron Diffusion 2.12 Neutron Logging Methods Acoustic Properties of Rocks 3.4 3.2 3.3 34 35 Measurement Environment . Measurement Environment Effects ......... ++ 4a 42 43 44 45 48 ‘The Spontaneous Potential Log . .. Introduction... Basic Concepts of Elasticity... Acoustic: Wave Propagation in Fiuid-Filled ‘Acoustic-Wave Propagation in Rocks Porosity/Transit-Time Relationships . Borehole Diameter and Shape Mud, Mud-Filtrate, and Mudeake Properties se Invasion Profile Formation Temperature Record of Measurement Environment Introd Apparent Resistivity... Conventional Electrode Tools: Focused Current Devices Induction Devices... True Resistivity Determination’ Determination of fen From Microresistivi Summary . ‘Naturally Oceurting Electrical Potentiais The SP Log Origin of the SP... Theoretical Esse vs. Measured SP Determination of Formation Water Resistivity Character and Shape of the SP Deflection Borehole ‘Tool Readings trical Resistivity of ROCKS ..........0ccessseeeeeees Introduction... iia Definition of Electrical Resistivity |” Seno Nature of Electrical Resistivity of Reservoir Rocks Formation Resistivity Factor Ettect of Formation-Water Salinity and Temperature on Rock Resistivity . Rock Resistivity/Porosity Relationship Relationship Between Formation Resistivity Facior and Permeability Relationship Between Rock Resistivity and Fluid Saturation Electrical Properties of Shaly Sands