Phn B: K thut x l

nc thi cng ngip

Chng 8: i cng v ti nguyn nc, nhim
ngun nc v cc loi nc thi (t7) ngun nc v cc loi nc thi (t7)
Chng 9: X l nc thi bng pp c hc (t8
Ch 10 X l thi b h l h h Chng 10: X l nc thi bng pp ha l-ha hc
(t9)
Chng 11: X l nc thi bng pp sinh hc (t10 Chng 11: X l nc thi bng pp sinh hc (t10-
t11)
Chng 12: ng dng cc cng ngh x l nc thi Chng 12: ng dng cc cng ngh x l nc thi
1
Chng 8 Chng 8
i cng v ti nguyn nc v
nhim ngun nc
2
Ti nguyn nc
Vai tr ca nc trong i sng v sn xut
Ti nguyn nc: g y
97% nc trn Tri t l nc mn
3% cn li l nc ngt nhng gn hn 2/3 lng nc ny tn ti
d b dng bng.
Tng lng nc ngt c th s dng: 1% (phn b khng ng u)
Ngun nc ngt: nc mt; nc ngm Ngun nc ngt: nc mt; nc ngm
3
Ti nguyn nc
4
Lu vc sng Si Gn-ng Nai: Lu vc sng Si Gn ng Nai:
Mi ngy, dn c 77 khu th (8.4 triu ngi) dc lu vc h thng sng
ng Nai thi ra sng 900.000m
3
nc thi sinh hot. 9.000 doanh nghip sn
xut cng nghip Trong s c rt nhiu c s sn xut phn tn nm xen xut cng nghip. Trong s , c rt nhiu c s sn xut phn tn, nm xen
k trong khu dn c. Mi ngy tip nhn 48.000m
3
nc thi t cc khu cng
nghip v c s sn xut.
Dc lu vc sng ng Nai, c n 56 khu ch xut, khu cng nghip ang
hot ng nhng ch c 21 khu c h thng x l nc thi tp trung. S
cn li u x trc tip vo ngun nc, gy tc ng ln n cht lng p g , g y g g
nc ca cc ngun tip nhn.
5
nhim ngun nc TPHCM
Lu vc sng Si Gn-ng Nai:
Theo s liu kho st do Chi cc BVMT phi hp vi Cty Cp nc Si Gn thc
hin cho thy lng NH (amoniac) cht rn l lng v vi sinh tng cao ti cc hin cho thy lng NH
3
(amoniac), cht rn l lng v vi sinh tng cao ti cc
rch, cng v cc im x nm quanh trm bm Ha Ph, c bit l nhnh
sng Th Tnh nm thng ngun trm bm Ha Ph. Ring vng ca sng
Th T h h l i t t 30 l ti h Th Tnh, hm lng nng amoniac trong nc vt gp 30 ln tiu chun
cho php.
Ti cc trm quan trc Ph Cng, Bnh Phc v Ph An, nc sng ti khu
vc ny b nhim hu c, c bit l nhim du v vi sinh, khng tiu
chun cht lng nc mt dng lm ngun cp nc sinh hot. Ngoi ra, hm
lng du o c ti cc trm quan trc y dao ng khong 0.03mg/l,
trong khi quy nh tiu chun ngun nc th dng vo mc ch cp nc sinh
hot khng cho php iu ny.
6
nhim ngun nc
7
nhim ngun nc-Tc hi
8
nhim nhim
ngun g
nc-Tc
hi hi
9
nhim ngun nc-Tc hi
10
Nc ngm
TP.HCM khai thc khong 500.000 m
3
mi ngy (khong 200 triu
3
/ )
11
m
3
/nm).
Suy thoi cht lng nc ngm Suy thoi cht lng nc ngm
Hin trng
Ngun nc ngm ang c nhng du hiu cn kit, nhim,
nhim mn. Mc nc ca cc tng cha nc khai thc b h
thp lin tc theo thi gian. in hnh nh H Ni, mc nc tng
cha Pleistoxen h thp vi tc 0,4m/nm; TP.HCM l
0 6m/nm C Mau l 1m/nm 0,6m/nm, C Mau l 1m/nm.
Hin tng suy gim cht lng nc cng kh r, c bit l
nhim Asen v vt cht hu c, cc hp cht nit. Cc kt qu , p q
nghin cu ch ra rng, s nng cao ca nng Asen trong
ngun nc ngm khng ch H Ni m cn c cc ni khc
nh H Nam TP HCM Cc thnh phn ha hc khc nh NH nh H Nam, TP.HCM Cc thnh phn ha hc khc nh NH
4
,
NO
2
cng c s bin ng r rt.
c nhng th trn th gii phi ly nuc ngm xa hng trm g g p y g g
cy s bi h thng nuc ngm trong v ven th ca h cn
kit.
12
Suy thoi cht lng nc ngm Suy thoi cht lng nc ngm
Nguyn nhn
Khai thc vt qu tr lng tim nng, gy cn kit ngun
nc nc
Qu trnh th ha l s pht trin ang lm b tng ha b
mt lm thu hp din tch b xung nc t ngun nc ma mt, lm thu hp din tch b xung nc t ngun nc ma,
nc mt cho nc di t (y l ngun nc ht sc quan
trng trong chu trnh ti to ngun nc ngm b khai thc).
S pht trin mnh m ca cc cng trnh cao tng vi cc l
khoan su cng "ng gp" mt phn khng nh vo s gia tng
nhim v suy gim cht lng v ngun nc ngm nhim v suy gim cht lng v ngun nc ngm.
Cng tc thu gom cht thi rn, x l nc thi ti nhiu
th cn rt s khai dn n tnh trng ngun nc bn, cc th cn rt s khai dn n tnh trng ngun nc bn, cc
cht gy nguy hi thm su lm nhim ngun nc
13
Thng s cht lng nc
Water quality parameters
Th t l Thng s vt l
Thng s ha
hc
Thng s vi sinh Thng s vi sinh
14
Ch tiu cht lng nc
W t lit t Water quality parameters
Tiu chun nc sch (B Y T)
Q h i h h t (QCVN 02 2009/BYT) Quy chun nc sinh hot (QCVN 02: 2009/BYT)
Quy chun cht lng nc n ung (QCVN 01:2009/BYT)
Tiu chun nc thi (B TNMT) Tiu chun nc thi (B TNMT)
Quy chun KTQG v nc thi sinh hot (QCVN 14 : 2008/BTNMT)
Quy chun KTQG v nc thi cng nghip (QCVN 24: 2009/BTNMT) y g g p ( )
QCVN 11:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi
cng nghip ch bin thy sn;
QCVN 12 2008/BTNMT Q h k th t i thi QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi
cng nghip giy v bt giy;
QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi y q g
cng nghip dt may;
15
Thng s vt l
Nhit :
Gim lng oxy ha tan, nh hng thnh phn h sinh thi G g o y a ta , g t p s t
c:
Gy ra do cc cht l lng v ht keo do bn, t st
n v o: NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units), FTU (Formazin
Turbidity Units)
mu:
Gy ra do cc cht l lng, cht v c, hu c ha tan
n v o: Pt-Co TCU (True Color Units) n v o: Pt-Co, TCU (True Color Units)
16
Thng s vt l
nhim mi: xc nh bng cm quan
17
Phn loi cht rn trong nc thi
18
Mo Mo I so I so Ihuo Ihuo I ng I ngu u Ih Ihu uo o ng du ng du ng cho cho ng cho cho I ro I ro n n Mo I so Ihuo I ng gu Ihuong du g ng cho cho g I ron
I$ (IoIo| $o||ds) Iong choI ron
ID$ (IoIo| D|so|ved $o||ds) Iong choI ron hoo Ion
I$$ (IoIo| $uspended $o||ds) Iong choI ron |o |ung
IV$ (IoIo| Vo|oI||e $o||ds) Iong choI ron boy ho|
IF$ (IoIo| F|xed $o||ds) Iong choI ron co d|nh
V$$ (Vo|oI||e $uspended $o||d) ChoI ron |o |ung boy ho| V$$ (Vo|oI||e $uspended $o||d) ChoI ron |o |ung boy ho|
F$$ (F|xed $uspended $o||d) ChoI ron |o |ung co d|nh
VD$ (Vo|oI||e D|so|ved $o||d) ChoI ron hoo Ion boy ho| VD$ (Vo|oI||e D|so|ved $o||d) ChoI ron hoo Ion boy ho|
FD$ (F|xed D|so|ved $o||d) ChoI ron hoo Ion co d|nh
19
6
Fh
Fh
u
u
ong pho
ong pho

p xo
p xo

c
c
d
d
|nh cho
|nh cho

I ro
I ro

n
n
Ih| ngh|em xoc d|nh ky h|eu Fhuong phop xoc d|nh
Fh
Fh
u
u
ong pho
ong pho
p xo
p xo
c
c
d
d
|nh cho
|nh cho
I ro
I ro
n
n
Iong choI ron I$ Xoc d|nh bong phuong phop Irong |uong
kho |o phon con |o| sou kh| boy ho| mou
nuoc Iren bep coch Ihuy vo soy kho o nh|eI
do 103-105
o
C cho den kh| Irong |uong
khong do|
Iong choI ron boy ho| IV$ Fhon Irong |uong moI d| kh| nung |uong
choI ron I$ (sou kh| xoc d|nh I$) o nh|eI do choI ron I$ (sou kh| xoc d|nh I$) o nh|eI do
500 50
o
C.
Iong choI ron co d|nh IF$ Fhon Irong |uong con |o| sou kh| nung |uong
choI ron I$ (sou kh| xoc d|nh I$) o nh|eI do choI ron I$ (sou kh| xoc d|nh I$) o nh|eI do
500 50
o
C.
Iong choI ron |o |ung I$$ Hom |uong choI ron kho duoc g|u |o| Iren
g|oy |oc (kh| |oc mou nuoc bong g|oy |oc)
sou kh| soy kho o nh|eI do 103-105
o
C cho
den kh| Irong |uong khong do|.
Iong choI ron hoo Ion ID$ Hom |uong choI ron kho con |o| kh| soy kho
mou nuoc (sou kh| |oc quo g|oy |oc) o nh|eI
20
22
mou nuoc (sou kh| |oc quo g|oy |oc) o nh|eI
do 103-105
o
C cho den kh| Irong |uong
khong do|.
Fh
Fh
u
u
ong pho
ong pho

p xo
p xo

c
c
d
d
|nh cho
|nh cho

I ro
I ro

n
n
Fhuong pho
g p
p xo
p
c d|nh cho
|
I ron
Ih| ngh|em xoc d|nh ky h|eu Fhuong phop xoc d|nh
ChoI ron |o |ung boy ho| V$$ Fhon Irong |uong moI d| kh| nung |uong ChoI ron |o |ung boy ho| V$$ Fhon Irong |uong moI d| kh| nung |uong
choI ron |o |ung I$$ (sou kh| xoc d|nh I$$) o
nh|eI do 500 50
o
C.
ChoI ron |o |ung co d|nh F$$ Fhon Irong |uong con |o| sou kh| nung |uong g | g g g g
choI ron |o |ung I$$ (sou kh| xoc d|nh I$$) o
nh|eI do 500 50
o
C.
ChoI ron hoo Ion boy ho| VD$ Fhon Irong |uong moI d| kh| nung |uong
h I h I ID$ ( kh| d| h ID$) choI ron hoo Ion ID$ (sou kh| xoc d|nh ID$)
o nh|eI do 500 50
o
C.
ChoI ron hoo Ion co d|nh FD$ Fhon Irong |uong con |o| sou kh| nung |uong
choI ron co d|nh ID$ (sou kh| xoc d|nh ID$) choI ron co d|nh ID$ (sou kh| xoc d|nh ID$)
o nh|eI do 500 50
o
C.
ChoI ron |ong duoc Fhon choI ron |o |ung |ong xuong doy Irong
moI khoong Iho| g|on nhoI d|nh, duoc I|nh g g |
bong don v| m| choI ron J | mou.
21
23
$o $o d do o Io Io ng quo ng quo I xo I xo c c d d|nh ho |nh ho m | m |u uo o ng cho ng cho I ro I ro n Irong n n Irong nu uo o c c
22
24
Thnh phn cht rn
Cht rn bay hi &
khng bay hi.
Phn tch bng pp
t 550
0
C
23
Thnh phn cht rn c trng Thnh phn cht rn c trng
ca nc thi sinh hot
Hu o 20%
Hoo Ion
Huu co 20%
Vo co 30%
keo
Huu co 8%
V o 2%
keo
Huyen phu
Vo co 2%
Huu co 15%
V o 5%
Huyen phu
Iop choI Iho vo
choI |o |ung
Vo co 5%
Huu co 15%
24
choI |o |ung
|ong duoc
Huu co 15%
Vo co 5%
Nc thi sinh hot Nc thi sinh hot
25
Tnh cht ha hc ca nc thi
pH - acid kim
Thnh phn v c: Thnh phn v c:
Mui
Kim loi Kim loi
Thnh phn hu c
Cc cht dinh dng (N P) Cc cht dinh dng (N,P)
26
pH - acid kim
acid: lg/l hay mgCaCO3/L
kim: kh nng trung ha acid ca nc do cc anion mui kim: kh nng trung ha acid ca nc, do cc anion mui
ca cc acid yu (borate, silicate, photphate), acid humic, cc ion
bazo. o tnh m ca nc
n v o: mgCaCO
3
/l (chun th tch bng ddH
2
SO
4
0.02N)
27
28
Thnh phn p
v c
29
Oxy ha tan (DO) Oxy ha tan (DO)
Oxy ho Oxy ho o Ion o Ion (D|sso|ved Oxygen DO) (D|sso|ved Oxygen DO) Oxy ho Oxy hoo Ion o Ion (D|sso|ved Oxygen, DO) (D|sso|ved Oxygen, DO)
o hoo Ion oxy cong g|om kh| hom |uong muo| Iong vo nh|eI
do Iong do Iong.
Nh|eI do,
o
C Nong do Ch|or|de, mgJ|
0 5.000 10.000 15.000
5 12.8 12.1 11.4 10.7
10 11.3 10.7 10.1 .6
15 10.2 .7 .1 8.6
20 .2 8.7 8.3 7.4
25 8 4 8 0 7 6 7 2 25 8.4 8.0 7.6 7.2
30 7.6 7.3 6. 6.5
35 7.0 6.6 6.3 6.0
40 6 4 6 1 5 8 5 6
30
3
40 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.6
50 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.8
Thnh phn hu c
31
Thnh phn hu c
32
33
34
BOD
20
1 1
20

=
T
k k
T

1 1
20 T
35
BOD
36
37
COD (chemical Oxygen Demand)
0.25 N solution of potassium dichromate
38
IOC (IoIo| Orgon|c Corbon)
IOC (IoIo| Orgon|c Corbon)
Total organic carbon: Lng carbon hu c tng cng;
Carbon hu c trong nc bao gm nhiu hp cht hu c cc dng
h kh h oxy ha khc nhau
Mt s hp cht hu c C c th b oxy ha bng qu trnh sinh hc
(BOD) hoc qu trnh ha hc (COD). ( ) q ( )
39
33
Cht dinh dng, N, P
40
Fh
Fh
u
u
ong pho
ong pho

p xo
p xo

c
c
d
d
|nh ho
|nh ho

m |
m |
u
u
o
o

ng n|Io
ng n|Io
N|Io Ion Io| Irong nuoc duo| 4 dong chu yeu.
N|IroIe b|eu Ih| quo ch I|eu N-NO
3
-
N|Ir|Ie b|eu Ih| quo ch I|eu N-NO
2
-
2
Amon|o b|eu Ih| quo ch I|eu N-NH
3
N|Io huu co N|Io huu co
41
36
Xo
Xo

c
c
d
d
|nh N
|nh N
-
-
NH
NH
3 3
Fhon ung noy co Ihe duoc m|eu Io bo| phuong
Ir|nh. Ir|nh.
M duo I bo| h I h Ih| N | d d Mou duoc Ioo ro bo| choI ch Ih| Ness|er de dong
duoc nh|n Ihoy duoc.
42
38
Th h h Thnh phn
vi sinh vi sinh
43
Tnh cht nc thi cng nghip
44
Tnh cht nc thi cng nghip
45
Gim thiu nhim Gim thiu nhim
Wastewater minimization
Tch ring cc ngun nc s dng
Tun hon Ti s dng g
46