03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

427

: 1850-1923

17
31
45

:

;

53
57
61

67

: ,

:



:
1860

73
74
78
80
83
87
92

95
96
102
107

115
116

427

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

428

121
128
134

H
,


,

137
139
143
148
155
163
168

AO :

,
,

171
172
183
192
205

[...]
[...]
:
;

, 1914-1923

208
210
213
216

223

: ,
1914-1917

428

229
231
234

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

429

240
247

:
1917:
:

254
255
259
263
270

:
, 1917-1923

273
275
278
284

, 1918-1923:
:
: ,

292
292
298
303

K
;

307
308
311
316

319
319
323
329
334
338

429

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

430

, :
;


,
:

343
344
346
351
357
364
367

:
:

:
:

430

370
374
377
383
i
i
ix
xvii
xxii

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

431

: 1923-2000

435

443

449
450
454
458
462

, 1923-1928

;

468
469
474
477
480

: ,
1930-1938

485
487
495
500
506
431

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

432

:
, 1939-1947

:
: ,
:

510
511
518
524
530
535

: ,
, 1945-1956

( )

542
545
549
554
560
564
567
574
583

1956
H 20

586
587
591
594

597

1968:

432

602
603
606
614
615
620

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

433

:

;

625
630
635

638
639
645
652
657
661

;

,





;

665
666
670
674
677
680
685
688
693

, :

, 1968-1980:
: AP
:

696
697
700
713
722

,
1989

731
734
742

433

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

434

: 1989

751
756
761
768

:

;
:

771
774
775
778
781
786

: ;

790
792
798
806
809
819
822
832
836
841
889
985
985
993
1001
1006

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

435

K A T A O O N

/ Solidarnosc
()

/ European Union
.. / U

/ C
/ European Economic
Community

()
/ GDR
/ Deutsche Demokratische
Republik

/ OEEC
/
Organization for European Economic Cooperation
/ OECD
/
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

ANPI
APO
ATP

Associazione Nazionale Partigiani dItalia /

Auerparlamentarische Opposition /
( )
Arbejdsmarkedets Tillgspension () Tillggspension
() / SAP

435

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

436

Antifasisticko V(ij)ece Narodnog Oslobodenja Jugoslavije /

BCP
Bulgarian Communist Party /
Brigatte Rosse ()
BSP
Bulgarian Socialist Party /
BSP
British Socialist Party /
BT
Bourses du travail / ()
Bund


BWSDP
Bulgarian Workers Social Democratic Party /

CFLN
Comit franais de libration nationale /

CGIL
Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro /

CGL
Confederazione Generale del Lavoro /
()
Confdration gnrale du travail /
CGT
()
Commonwealth of Independent States /
CIS

CLN
Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale /
()
CLPD
Campaign for Labour Party Democracy /
( )
CND
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament /

CNR
Conseil national de la rsistance /
()
CNT
Confederacin Nacional del Trabajo /
()
CPGB
Communist Party of Great Britain /

Ceskoslovensk
socilne demokratick strana delnick /
CSDSD

AVNOJ

436

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

437

CSSD
DA
DAC
DC
DiY
DMV
DNA
EETPU

END
ERP
FAI
FDP
FGDS
FIOM
FPO
FPTSF
FVDG
GLC
GLF
GMB
HAZ
HSP

Cesk
strana socilne demokratick /

Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening /
Direct Action Committee / (
)
Democrazia Cristiana /
Do-It-Yourself /
Deutscher Metallarbeiter-Verband /

Det norske arbeiderparti /

Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications, and Plumbing Union
/ , ,
( )
European Nuclear Disarmament /

European Recovery Program /

Federacin Anarquista Ibrica /

Freie Demokratische Partei /
()
Fdration de la gauche dmocratique et socialiste /
()
Federazione Impiegati Operai Metallurgici /
()
Fareinikte Partisaner Organizatzie /
()
Fdration du parti des travailleurs socialistes de France /

Freie Vereinigung Deutscher Gewerkschaften /
()
Greater London Council /
Gay Liberation Front /
General and Municipal Workers /
( )
Housing Action Zone Manor /
Hungarian Socialist Party /

437

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

438

IAH
ILP
IMF
SB
ISC
IWSA
JCR
JSDS
KAPD
KOR
KPD
KPJ

KSC
LCC
LCS
LCY
LO
LSDWP

438

LSE

Internationale Arbeiter-Hilfe /
()
Independent Labour Party /
( )
International Monetary Fund /
International Socialist Bureau /
International Socialist Committee /

International Woman Suffrage Alliance /

Jeunesse communiste rvolutionnaire /
()
Jugoslovanska social demokratska stranka /

Kommunistische Arbeiter-Partei Deutschlands /

Komitet Obrony Robotnikw /
()
Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands /

Komunistic ka partija Jugoslavije /

Komunistick strana Ceskoslovenska

/

Labour Coordinating Committee /

League of Communists of Slovenia /

League of Communists of Yugoslavia /

Landsorganisationen i Danmark /

Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party (Latvijas
Socialdemokratiska Stradnieku Partija LSSP) /

London School of Economics /

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

439

LSI
MRP
MSzMP
MSZP
NAC
NALGO
NOW
NSF
NUM
NUPE
NUSEC

NUWSS

OS
OSE
P-2
PCE
PCF
PCI
PDL
PDS

Labour and Socialist International /

Mouvement rpublicain populaire /

()
Magyar Szocialista Munksprt /

Magyar Szocialista Prt /

National Abortion Campaign /

National Association of Local Government Officers /

National Organization for Women /
()
National Salvation Front /
()
National Union of Mineworkers /
( )
National Union of Public Employees /
( )
National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship /

( )
National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies /

( )
Organisation Spciale / ()
Observatorio de la Sostenibilidad en Espaa /

Propaganda Due / ()
Partido Comunista de Espaa /
Parti communiste franais /
Partito Comunista Italiano /
Party of Democratic Left /

Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus /

()

439

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

440

PDS
PLA
POB
POUM
PPR
PPS
PPSD
PS
PSDI
PSDR
PSI
PSIUP
PSOE
PSP
PSR
PSU
PSUC
PZPR
RAF
RC
RCP
RSDRP

440

RTS

Partito Democratico della Sinistra /

()
Party of Labour of Albania (Partia e Puns e Shqipris PPSh) /

Parti Ouvrier Belge /
Partido Obrero de Unificacin Marxista /
()
Polska Partia Robotnicza /
Polska Partia Socjalistyczna /
()
Polska Partia Socjalno-Demokratyczna Galicji /

Parti socialiste / ()
Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano /

Partidul Social Democrat Romn /

Partito Socialista Italiano /

Partito Socialista Italiano di Unit Proletaria /

Partido Socialista Obrero Espaol /

Partido Socialista Portugus /
Partidul Socialist Romn /
Parti socialiste unifi / ()
Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya /

Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza /

Rote Armee Fraktion / ()

Rifondazione comunista / ()
Romanian Communist Party (Partidul Comunist Romn PCR /

Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party /

Reclaim The Streets / T

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

441

SAP
SDAP
SDF
SDF
SDI
SDKPiL

SDP
SDP
SDPC
SDPR

SDS
SDSS
SED
SFIO
SNR
SPA
SPD
SP

Sveriges Socialdemokratiska Arbetareparti /

Sociaal Democratische Arbeiders Partij /

Social Democratic Federation /


Strategic Defense Initiative /
()
Socjaldemokracja Krlestwa Polskiego i Litwy /

()
Social Democratic Party /
( )
Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue /

Social Democratic Party of Croatia (Socijaldemokratska Partija
Hrvatske SPH) /
Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (Socjaldemokracja
Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej SdRP) /

Sozialistische Deutsche Studentenbund /

Socilnodemokratick strana Slovenska /

Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschland /
()
Section franaise de linternationale ouvrire /

Slovensk nrodn rada /
Socialist Party of Albania (Partia Socialiste e Shqipris PSS) /

Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands /

Sozialdemokratische Partei sterreichs /

441

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

442

SPS
SR
SSDP
SSP
TAZ
TGWU
UDF
UDI
UGT
UJC-ml
USDP
USDRP
USI
USPD
WAVAW
WIRES

WSPU
WTB
YCLs
ZAG
442

Sozialdemokratische Partei Schweiz /

Socialist Revolutionaries /
Serbian Social Democratic Party /

Slovakian Social Democratic Party /

Tageszeitung ( )
Transport and General Workers Union /
( )
Union of Democratic Forces /
()
Unione Donne Italiane /
Unin General de Trabajadores /
()
Union des jeunesses communistes, marxistes-lninistes /
, - ()
Ukrayinska Sotsial-Demokratychna Partiya /
( )
Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers Party /
()
Unione Sindacale Italiana /
Unabhngige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands /
()
Women Against Violence Against Women /
()
Womens Information, Referral, and Enquiry Service /
,
( )
Womens Social and Political Union /
( )
Woytinsky-Tarnow-Baade / --
()
Young Communist Leagues /
Zentralarbeitsgemeinschaft /

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

443

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

444

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

445

1943, (Jacob Gens),

, (FPO), . ,
,
,
. FPO 1942,
. : , 1941, .
(Abba Kovner), . 1918), FPO,
(Itzhak Witenberg),
.
FPO,
. ,
, , , FPO
. 8 , ,
. ,
FPO ,
.
, .
, FPO
, .
FPO , ,
. 3 ,

15

445

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

446

( ,
), . , , .
FPO,
. FPO .

, .

(20.000 ),
. : , .
FPO. , .
. , FPO.
, , . 16 .
1*
.
1939-45 . , , ,
.

. ,
(Judenrat) , , 2
.
,
446

* . 841.

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

447

,
. . . , , . , .
. , - (Hanna Lvy-Hass), ,
.
1943 ,
, 30
. ,
. T 30
; , . . ,
3
1944 -, .

.
,
1943-45. FPO,
, , ,
.
,


.

. ,
. ,
, , -

447

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

448

. , ,
. ,
4
.
1930. , , , FPO,
5
(Sonia Madeysker, . 1914), .
, .
,
,
.

448

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

449

15

:

1871-1914, , 1918-39
, , .
. : 1917-21
, 19 , .
1936, , 1956, 1968, 1974, 1989.
,
,
. 1917 ,
1
, , .
1920, .
1914,
.
.
,
.
, -

449

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

450

,
. , ,
: , , .
.
: , .
,
,
.
1929, , . 1929,
.
.
,
1930 .

ITPEONTA TA NOHMATA TH EANATAH

, -

450

,
,
. , . , : , , 1929
, ,
,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

451

,

. ,

.

. , , 1919,
, , ,
. , . , 1920
SP.
,
: 1918-19
,
,
, SP
.

, .
1920, , SP . , ,
.
,

. ,
,
2
. .
,

451

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

452

452

,
.
.
,
3
, .
.
, SPD
, , , . 1920,
, ,
, ,
.
,
, . ,

,
. , ,
, , ,
, .
4
, .
SPD 1925
1928, (Fritz Naphtali) : 5
, .
, ,
. , -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

453

. , , ,
.
, , ,
.

,

.

, .
,
,
.
.
, .
, , , , , .
:
, ,
. , ,
6
.
.

1929. , SPD

453

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

454

, , . ,
-- (WTB), 1931-32, ,
SPD
. , WTB ( 1932),
7
. SPD
.
. ,
.
1930, SPD
,
.
, .

YNTAMATOOIHH TH OIAHMOKPATIA

454

. , ,
, . , , ,
. , , , ,
,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

455

. ,
, ,
,
, .
SPD 1932 8
1933, .
1933
, ,
(Hendrik de Man).
,
/ , . ,
,
. 1933-35, , .9
(POB)
. , , , , , , , , . , . ,
.
,
, , , ,
, ,
.
, ,
.

455

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

456

456

,
1934 , .

. .
, , .
1935, (Georges Theunis) ,
POB SPD
SP , ; POB
581.412 481.112
. , . , POB.
30-31 , 519.672 41.902 . .

10
, .


1929, , . ,
, ,
.
,
.

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

457

, .

,
.

, .
, . 1914, 1917-18
1930
1936,
, ,
, ,
. , :
, . , .
, ( ,
),
.
, . POB 1935
1920. , , , , .
, .
,
,
,

457

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

458

1917-23, , ,
1920-21. :
11
. , . .
, , , .

.

OPOPATIMO KAI KOINOBOYEYTIMO

1920 -

458

, .
,

, ,

.
,
, , .
.
.

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

459

.
,
.
, , .

1926, 1929, ,
12
1934, 1936, .

. , ,
,

, . ,
, .
,
, , . , , 13
.
.
,
,
. ,
. ,
.
. , ,

459

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

460

460

.

. . ,
14
.
, 1914-23 ,
, 15
1945. ,
, .
,
. ,


, , ,
.
, .
:
. ,
.
.
,
, ,

. 1917-23
,
,
.
: ,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

461

.
.
16
.
,
.
. , ,
. ,
. ,
.

.
,

, . ,
. ,
,
.
1920 . 1910-26, . , 1914-18 , 1918 (
21 30) .

461

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

462

1917-21. , ,
. , 1918, ( 4), , .

.
,

. (Stanley Baldwin), . , ,
17
. 1918 .
, .
per se ,

18
.

YOI TAEPOOIHH

1917 1920, -

462

. 1920
, (1859-1971 1917-23)
.
1867 1928, ,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

463

.19 ,
, .

, , .
,
20
1926.
. ,
. , , PSI 1917-22
. , ,
, 1926
1929. ,
. ,
, ,

. , ,
, 1930 21
.
. ,
, . , , , , .

463

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

464

464

.
, ,
. , ,
1930,
1938-39.
,
, .

,
.
. , , SPD
, 1930-33. ,

.
,
1927-34,
.

.
SPD
. ,
1930
.
,
.
. ,
1924 1929-31, ,
. ,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

465

, 1924-25 1936-38, . , 1918 1943. , ,

. 1918 , 1920 1926 .
, , ,
,
(Lib-Lab) .
22
.
,
. , ,
, . , .
,
.

.
,
.
,
.
1930 , ,
,
, .
, -

465

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

466

466

. ( PSI 1919-20 SPD 1932-33),

, .
, , .
23
.
,
1929, 1932 1935.
, 1914, 1930. ,
, , ,
,
. ,

.
(1933), (1935) (1938).

.
.
. . , PSI , ,
,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

467

, ,
.
, ,
, . , , .
, , . , . , ,

24
.

467

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

468

16

468

.
, ,
1923-24, . , ,
,
. ,
.
. ,
. 1926 :
,
, 1
.
,
, .

. ,
, .
.
. , -

1917-21,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

469

,
.2

O THN OEBIKOOIHH THN TPITH EPIOO, 1923-1928

, .
, , .
,
,

,
. 1921,
, (), 3
. 4 1922,
. 1923-24
4
.
1920,

,

. ,
, ,
.
, . :
,
.
1920 -

469

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

470

470

, 1923
. 3 1921,
,
6 1928, ,
.
, . 1920, KPD (Paul
Levi) 1921 ,
, ,
(Ernst Mayer) ,
. 1922,
, 1923
.
1924,
,
(Arkadi Maslow),
5
(Ernst Thlmann) .

, ,

. 300.000
, KPD 120.000
1924. 1930,
. , , KPD .
5 (1924),
.
.
, -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

471

.
.
.
.
,

, , , , .
,
, ,
()
.
,
1920
1928,
. , ,
1928, , .

. , , ,
, .
1928 6
, .
1917, . ( 1923)
(1924-28), , . . , ,

471

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

472

472

,
. , , .
, 1917-23,
.
. , .
1928 , . , , . 6 KPD
- (Jules Humbert-Droz),
. , 6
. , ,
,
1928. KPD
SPD
.
(YCLs),
,
. ( ),
.
, ,
. , (Tom Bell)

(Tommy Jackson) [ ]

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

473

, ,
7
.
. 6 , (Angelo
Tasca) (Palmiro Togliatti)
8
. ,
, : ,
,
, 9
, .
, .
. : 1919-24
, 5 6
, 6 7 (
), .
.
, ,
. , -,

1924-28 , , ,

(IAH).10
, 6 , ,
.
1923, -

473

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

474

, .
1928 ,
.

AONTA THN KOMMOYNITIKH APAOH

474

1917-21.
, ,
, .
, 1920, . 1871,
.
, 1919-21
,
.
,
. ,

1923-28.
,
, .
,
1918-19 .
21 . 1921-23,
, 1923,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

475

.
5 , -
1924.
K ,
1920. , 1922
.
.

. 1928. , , ,
.
.
(KSC ) . 1920 (Bohumir Smeral), , 1920.
. 1928, KSC
, 150.000
25.000 1930. , , . ,

11
. , , , , . .
(Klement Gottwald) 1929, 1935 : -

475

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

476

476

.
. ,
12
.
, . 1926,

,
, . ,


. 1928,
.
3 1926,

1934-35. ,
,
. ,
1928 . KPD,
, PCI
.
,
. 1920,
, ,
.
1928 .
,
(1928-56) .
, ,
.

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

477

NIKOI KOMMOYNIMOI;

13
. . ,
. , ,
.
. , , ,
, ex post facto ,
6 1928.
.
.
1938
() ,

-
1960 1970.
( ) . ,
.
14
.
1930
1917-23, . -

477

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

478

478

.
.
,
. ,
, , .
,
, 1918. ,
,
( ), . , , ,
,

. . .
.
. , 15
.


. .

, -. 1930
,
.
,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

479

, , . 16
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
1917-23.17
,
, , .
, 18
.
, ,
, 80% 1930, KPD ,
19
, , .
KPD,
,
, . KPD , 1931 , 20
, 1933.
KPD ,
.

479

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

480

,
. KPD 1930
, SPD
, , .
, , ,
,

. , , , .

, avant la lettre . , , KPD 1928. .
, ,
21
.
.
.
,
. 22
.

YTIKO MAPIMO

480

, ,
.
1914, -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

481

. ,
.
, . (, (Franz Mehring), , , ,
) , .
,
SPD,
. ,
, 1914
,
.
1918.
, ,
. , . . , , , , , , . , , , , , .
. ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
,
23
, 1918 .
, ,

481

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

482

482

1914, . (Karl Korsch),

.
,
, ,
, 20 .
(1923), ( 1923),
LOrdine nuovo 1919-20
.
, (
, ) ,
-
.
KPD 1926,
, ,
24
.
,
1923 1934, .
,
(Karl Wittfogel), (Henryk Grossman)
SPD, (Franz Neumann) (Otto Kirchheimer). , , 1917-18. ,
(Theodor Adorno), .
, , ,

, ,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

483

. .
( ,
) ,
, , . , 25
.
1968
.
, ,
, ,
,
, . ,
.

,
,
.
.
,
. , , .
, , , , .
. ,
1923 ,
1917-21, . , 1929,
, , , , .

483

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

484

, ,
,
. 1928 , , ,
1934. ,
, ,
. . : , .

484

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

485

17

. ,
, , KPD, .
, ,
, . , , . . ,
. (1919-20) (1920-22),
.
. , 1933 , , 1929-31 , .

.
15 1927,
, ,
1930, 1
.
1929, -

1930

,
1930-1938

485

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

486

486

. 1933, 36,2% , 33,4% , 28,8% , 26,9%

2
, 19,9% 14,1% .
2,6% 1928
37,4% 1932, .
, 1918
.
30 1933
, . , SPD KPD,
, ,
3
.
. ,
.
, , , ,
. ,
, , ,
, , .
,
, ,
!.
1920,
. , ,
, , , , (Gyula Gmbs). 1933
,
(Engelbert Dollfuss)
, . 1934,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

487

, ,
1936. , : Schutzbund ( )
12 1934 , 12 1934,
1934, 4
A .
.
SP, . SPD ,
.5 , ,
. . ,
, , , CGT 12 ,
.
(Place de la Nation), .
.

. , ,
.
.6

YPHATNTA TO AKO METO

, . -

487

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

488

488

1928 ,

.
,

, . ,
. 1928 1.000.000 14 , (Union Rpublicaine Dmocratique URD), , 142! , 1929 , . Le Populaire : , 7
.
. ,
. 27 1934 ,
,

. , .
,
. 1933 1934, , ,
, ,
. , .
, .
, .
1930-35 , .

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

489

, 1933-34 , , 1928, . (Georgii

Dimitrov), (Dmitri Manuilski)

(Evzhen Fried []), .8 28 1934,
. , , ,
, . 1934 ,
.
(LSI),
, .
, , . LSI 1917-23,
, , ,
SP, .9
LSI 1933, , , ,
, 7,
. , 1934, LSI .10
, .
11
1935. , ,
, .

. , PCE , , ,

489

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

490

490

.12 20 1935
.

, 2 1935 .

. M
(Maurice Thorez)
1792,
. .
1928
.
7
25 1935.
, .
, ,
13
. ,
. ,
, .
(6) 1928,
.
,
, ,
, . -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

491

,
,
, ,
. ,

. , .
. .
,
. ,
.
,
, .
.
14
.
.
,
1919-21, .
: ,
,
. , . , , ,
, . .

.

491

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

492

492

1920, .
,
( , ), .
, . , : ,

1914-21 ,

(Adolf Hitler), .
. , 1915-16.
, .


, . : ,
.
15
.

.
. , ,
agitprop, .
, -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

493

,
.
, , ,
16
, .

. , ,
1918-19 .

.
1918 , . , , .
1930 . , , .
:

, , , ,
.17
, , ,
,
. 1932-34.
(
),
.

493

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

494

,
. , .

1917-20 ,
, . ,

,
18
.

494

, .
:
.
,
19 ,
.

, ,
19
.
.

: , .


.
. ,

.

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

495

:
(
40% , )
, . , ,
.
.
, 1917-21.
.
, , 1917
,
. , (Piero
Gobetti) (Carlo Rosselli),

20
. , .

KYBEPNHH TOY AKOY METOY TH AIA

, 1935.
(Pierre Laval),
1935, , ,
.
,
11 1936.
500.000 ,
(Lon Blum) Action Franaise
13 1936.
1936, -

495

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

496

496

21
. 1936,
. 600.000 24 22
.
, . 11
1936, , Brguet ,
, .
, ,
, , CGT, . , 2.000.000 ,
23
.
. ,
,
1917-21.
,
, . .
, . , , , ,
24
.
.
7 1938, CGT
( ) 25
. : CGT ,
, 7-15%
-

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

497

10 . , , 40
. ,
,
1918-19. ,
CGT , . . , .
. ,
. 40
. , CGT
. , , 778.000,
4.000.000 1937. ,
(
SPD, , )
. 73 , 133 ,

, ,
,
, . , . . 14 1936 1.000.000

,
. , 600.000

26
(Leo Lagrange).
. :

497

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

498

498

. , . . 1936, 63
54, 1,5
4 16 . .
, . , , 27
. , 1937, ,
,
.
.
, .
22 1937,
, . .
,
1936;
, , 40.000 1934 330.000
1937.
,
.

.
,
.
,
, . , , ,
. . 1936, .28

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

499

.
1937, ,
Goodrich . 1938,
150.000 .
1938
,
30 .
16 1937: ,
, , , , .
29
. , , SPD 1918: ,
,

, , , ,

, , .
,
. , (Roger
Salengro),

, : ,
, .
30
.
. - 1936,
, , ,
.31

499

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

500

PA TH KPIH THN IANIA

500

: . , ,
.
, . , , (
), ,
.

1936,
,
.

17-18 1936 ,
15
. . , 1936 .
, . .
,
,
, ,
, ,

.
. .
1933-36.

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

501

.

, .32
, .
(UGT), ,
,
1931-33. 1933,
(Manuel Azaa), ,
33
. , , , . 1934, , ,
. , .

,

1935.
34
, .
, 1936,
.
,
35
. (Indalecio Prieto)
. , , UGT,
. (Francisco Largo
Caballero) , UGT (Primo de Rivera) 1920, E 1931-32 ,

. 1933,

501

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

502

502

.
1934
1935.
. 1936
.

.
, , .
,
.
1933-36,
,
. : ,
modus vivendi ( ) (1931-33)
(1933-34).
. 1933
, ,
. , , . ,
,
. 4 1936, ,
, 6 1936,
(Jos Miaja),
36
.

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

503

.
, ,
37
1936. ,
,
(Confdration gnrale du travail unitaire CGTU) UGT
(Santiago Carillio),

.
, 250.000 1937.
,
, .
.
,
.

. ,
CNT, , ,
( 38
). 1936, CNT
. , ,

. , ,
CNT :
.
, .
, , , ,
, , .

503

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

504

504

, .
(Narcisco Julian),

: ,
:
. . .
39
.
: .
.
. CNT . ,
,
(FAI),
40
CNT. ,
(PSUC) (Esquerra).41 1937,
, ,
,
. , .
,
(3-8 1937), .
(Juan Negrn).

1937, , -
1938, 1939 27
, 1 -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

505

.
1936,

. , , .
CNT . ,

,
. ,
, .

( 7 ),
-, , , 1937,
( (POUM),
,
). , .
.
, ( CNT) . .
. ,
42
. .
, .
1937, . ,

505

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

506

. ,

. , .
:
, , . ,

,
LSI.

43
, . , 1936 ( guerrilla []
).
. ,
, ,
. , ,
. ,

44
.

OTYXIA KAI HTTA

, -

506

,
. . , -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

507

1936 ,
CNT. .
,
,
, .
.

. , , 1938 Anschluss , ,
.
, . ,
. ,
, 1939 .
, .
, ,
, . 18 (
45
1939) , .

. , , ( 6.000 ), 46
. , , . ,

, . (Gonzalo de Aguilera),
,
.
, pour encourager les autres [
], . -

507

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

508

508

, Chicago Tribune 1.800

. 600
. (Juan de Yage),
, : , . ; 4.000
47
;
,
48
.

. , , ( 26
1937, ) , .
,
, ,
.
(Jason Gurney):
,
.
49
.
40.000 50 ,
15.400 , 5.400 , 5.100 , 5.000
, 3.000 , ,
.
, ,
169
50
. , ,
/ , (Auden)
.51 ,
,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

509

, . , , .

509

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

510

18

18

10 1939, 1935
, . 1939-1947

510

: , , , ,
, , , , ,
.
, ,

.
. , 1939, . , , .
, ,
.
, , .

: , , , ,
. ,
, , ,
, .

.
1
. ,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

511

. , , . , . ,
,
23 1939. , , .
, 1 1939.
,
. 3
.
O EPMANOOBIETIKO YMNO: O KOMMOYNIMO
TA

,
, . , .
. . .
,
, . LSI , . 1939
. ,
, , , . , , , ,
, .
, .

511

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

512

512

,
.
, 2
.

. , , LHumanit, . 26 , , 1944.
1940 2.778 , 629 ,
, 3.400 .
- 1940, 44 : ,
, . 10 1940,

.

. ,
, , (Romano Cocchi) , .
. . , . , , , .
. , , , (William Gallacher), (Neville Chamberlain)
1938. , M .

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

513

(Harry Pollitt) 14 :

, 3
. ( )
.
,
,
, , . . . 2-3 1939
M 21
4
.
,
: .
,

5
. ,
.
, -. ,
, ,
.
( 1940)
(-), . (1939-41)

, . ,
, ,
.

513

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

514

514

: 6
.
7
. . : 680.000 1937-38, 3.000.000 .8 , : ,
, 1936
, ,
, 1937 , , 19
, 1938. : 1.966
17 1934, 59
18 1939 139
24, 98 . : ,
,
, 425 644 .
. ,
35.000 .

. , , ,
, .
. ,
.
. , . , , 1940, 500 (

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

515

) ,
.
,
,
20
1956. , , .
,
.

, (Maurice Conforth),
, :
, , ,
, , , , . ,
(Bill Moore), , ,
, , , , , 9
.
.
.
. .
,

515

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

516

516

1930 . , (Rajani Palme Dutt),

10
. , , 1920.
,
, .
, , ,
.
22 1941,
, , . , ,
28 1940,
27 1941 1941. , .
, ,

1940. : , ,
11
. ,
. (Jacques Duclos)
,
1940
. , ,
. , (OS)
.

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

517

( 1940) (), .
1941,
. , - 1941,

12
100.000 .

, .
, ,
1940, ,
. 3 1941, ,
13
.
,
, ,
8 1941. , ,
. 1942 1943, .
,
7 1941
. . ( 1942),
,
1943. 1944 ,
. ,
1943,
.
1944, ,
,
. , , ,

517

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

518

1945 . 1945
(, , ) ,
. 7 1945, , .

NANTIA TO XITEPOAIMO: ENIKOI KOMMOYNIMOI,

1939
.
,
1939-41, ,

.



.
1944 :
. . , .
. , ,
90%,
50-50;14

518

: - 1943,
1945 1945.15
10 1943,
. ,
,
18 . 1941 , , ,
. -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

519

, , . , . ,
, , .
,
.
,
.
,
. , ,
. ,
, .
, .
1941
. ,
, , ,

16
. (Charles de Gaulle) , , . 1943,
(CNR) , .
1944 (Forces franaises
de lintrieur FFI).
PCF. 1943,
. 1943
, (CFLN), .
,
1940
, ,

519

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

520

520

1939-40.
17
1943.
25 1943. (Vittorio
Emanuele), (Pietro Badoglio).
, . 9 1943, (CLN), , , , (Ivanoe Bonomi). (PSIUP) ,
(Lelio
Basso) . , (Giorgio Amendola), ,
(Luigi Longo), (Pietro Secchia) (Mauro
Scoccimarro), . , ,
27 1944
. PCI , ,
, , CLN
( 1944).
PSIUP,

.18

.19 KSC
1941
,
(Edward Benes), ,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

521

KSC ,
. ,

.
1943, ,
, ,
. ,
.
,
(SNR) 1943,
1944.
,
1945 , .20

, 1938. , . , ,
. 1938,
1942 (PPR). ,
,
. ,
. ,
.
, 1943.
. ,
, -

521

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

522

522

.
, ,
1944, , , ,
1944 , (Vladislav Gomulka)

21
.

,
,
22
. , .
(KPJ) 4 1941 , ,
. (Josip Broz Tito) - (Dragoljub-Draza Mihailovic), ,
1941, . 1942, , , .
(AVNOJ) , , , . 7 1945 ,
.
( 23
) ,
.
, .
. ()
() 1941 , ,
(EA),
1942. , ,
, -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

523

. 1944,
(EEA),
,
,
1944. -
. ,
, 3 1944 .
,
, . , 1945, - , . ,
.
, . , , .24
, ,
(, ) (,
).25 . . , 1942 ,
, ( ),
,
(BCP) 15.000 250.000
26
1944 1945. ,
, :
, .
,

.

523

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

524

PIZONTE TH EYPH: XTIZONTA

ENAN KAYTEPO KOMO

, -

524

. ,
, , , , ,
, . ,
. ,
1928,
: ,
. , 1943,
, .
,
, ,
, , ,
. ,
,
.
27
.
, ,
. 1944 , 28
. .

, , . , , .
, .

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

525

,
29
. ,
.
. 30
.
, . 1943 . , 1945,
(Declaration on Liberated Territories) .
.
.
1944 ,
,
, ,
. .
1945 1930. .
,
(Francisco Franco)
(Antonio de Oliveira Salazar) .
, ,
.
, , .
, .
.
. 1942-43,
,

525

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

526

526

1947-48, .
,
. , 1932-35,
.
,
. .
.
1943-47

1917-18. .
,
. , 1917-23,
, ,
31
.
, ,


, , 32
. , ,
.
, , , .

1944-45 ,
.

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

527

,
. .
:
. ,
, .
, 1930, . ,
, .
,
.
,
33
.
, , . 1945 1946, ,
3/4 74,9% 1945, 74,6%
1946, 86,8% 1946 72%
1946 (. 18.1, . 528).
,
, , , ,
, 10% (. 18.2).
, (MRP) ,
, .

527

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

528

18.1. :
,

1946

1946

1946

1946

32
13

21
26

21
19

28
11

43
9
97

26

35

73

75

31
13
83

18.2.

528

1945
1946
1946
1949
1945
1947
1946
1946
1945
1945
1946
1945
1944
1946
1945

5,4
12,7
26,0
5,7
12,5
5,1
19,5
19,0
13,5
11,9
10,6
16,9
10,3
37,9
23,5

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

529

, , , , 34
. ,
(SFIO), (PSIUP),
.
, ;
(1946), (1947)
(1949) ,
,
. , 1871 1918-19,
,
54,2% 45,8%.
, , ,
. , , ,
1947.
, :
,
,

,
. (CNR), 1945-46.
40 , ,
,
(Jean Monnet),
. , , ,

529

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

530

PCF, SFIO MRP

. ,

,
, , 35
, .
, , , ,
1917-23. 1917
1919-21 , . ,
, , . ,
1944, . , , 24-26
1945, .
;36

ITAIKO KOMMOYNIMO KAI OI PAMOI TH AAH

1944-45, -

530

1917-20 : ,
. ,
,
.
. 1944,
, , . . .37

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

531

.
1944,

. 10 1945, PCF
, .38 ,
. ,
, .

, 1944-47.
.
,
.
(Fausto Gullo)
(Confederazione Generale Italiana del
Lavoro CGIL), 1944. 1946, , , ,
. 1944-49, 1.187 , 250.000 , 165.000 . ,
.
. , ,
.
,
,

PCI . O ,
.

531

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

532

532

Y ,
PCI, ,
,
.

,
, , , . , PCI
.
, , 1917-22.
.

.
, ,
, ,
, , , 39
. , ,
, . , PCI ,
, ,
, , ,
40
, .

, PCI.
,
. ,
1929 ,
. 1947,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

533

.
,

.

. , (Giovanni Grilli),
,
,
. , PCI
, 194 191.
PCI .
,
, ,
, 41
. PCI
, 1944 Rinascita
, , . , . , , 1946, (1948-51).
PCI.

,


. PCI 5.000
1.750.000 1943 1945
. PCI
.

533

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

534

534

, :
42
1945.
, (Partito
Nuovo),
.
, CGIL,

(Associazione Nazionale Partigiani dItalia ANPI)
(UDI). ,
feste dellUnit. 43
1945.
44
. ,
1946 (39,6%) .
, .
. , , .
, Ordine
nuovo 1918-20. ,
1919-20,
. , . :
.45
PCI 1944-47, ,

. . 1948, -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

535

, . (George F. Kennan)
(George C. Marshall) PCI: , .
,
46
.
,
. ,

, , :
,
47
.

IZOATIKH HMOKPATIA KAI TPITOI POMOI

1945, ,
.
. , :
.

,
,
, . :
.

535

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

536

536

. , PCI .
,
. , ,
48
. 1945
, ,
: , ,
,
1/5 . , , , , , ,
. , ,
:
49
.

. ,
1944
(Ian Mikardo) .
. ,
,
,
.50

.
.
,
. ,
, .

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

537

, :
. . ( )
.
. 1945, . 1946 ,
. , 45.000
, . , , .
,

51
. ,
, , , ,
, 52
, .

. 1950
. ,

. ,
, ,
,
. , . , .

537

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

538

538

,
,
. ,
, , 53
: , , , , .
, ,
, .
54
.
.

. 1947, .
(Andr Philip):
,
, 55
.
. , 1945. ,

,
.

.
,
1917-21.
, ,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

539

.
.
,
. 1917-21,

,
. , ,
.
, ,
.
Antifas
. , ,
. , , , ,
.
,
. , , 56
.
,
, .
, ,

539

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

540

540

, .
,

. ,
.
,
. ,
,
, , . , . 1944,
Dfense de la France ,
57
.
.

, , , .

:
, ,
.

, . ,
.

. ,
,
,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

541

.
1930 , ,
, , .
1945 , . , .
,
.

541

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

542

19

,
1945-1956

542

,
,
,
1945.1 . , 17
2 1945, .
1941 ,
1945 . 50 26 1945 .
. 1945,
, , .
, , , -.
, :
1946 ,
.
1946 , . 5 , :
, .

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

543

2
. , .
1947, 80,1% , ,
, 10,3%. , (Harry Truman) 12 1947
,
. .
(Dean Acheson), , :
,
.
,
.
, ,
. M
3
.

1947,
. 1947, 16
( / OEEC),
1948-52 13
4
(ERP). ,
,
1945
. , ,

.
. , -

543

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

544

544

5
.
. , 1947. , ( ) , . ,
.
,
. , (19-25 1948).
,
1948, ,
. 1949, ,
.

. , .
21 1949 ,
. , , ,
.
(1950-53), ,
.
, (1948).
1949, . ,
, 1948
. , .

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

545

.
,
. , ,
. , ,
.

.
1940 1970 , 6
.

AAIZONTA TH HMOKPATIA IA TON KAITAIMO

1943-47,

, , ,
. 1947,
, ,
.
.
, , , ,
.
,
,
.
, .
-

545

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

546

546

,
. , . , 7
.

. ,
. , , , .
,
E,

8
. , , , , .
, , , , ,
9
.
.

, , .
, ,
.
194546, . ,

.

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

547

, . , ,
.
,
. , ,
. ,
, 10
.
, , :
,
.
,
,
,
. .
CGIL,
1944
. PCI,
.
PCI 1947 CGIL 1948,
11
.
;
,
, . : 1948 1955,
100%, 6%. PCI,
1/5 1/3 , . -

547

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

548

548

. : , 12
, .
, . , 1950,
13
.
,
1945
.
(Ernest Bevin), o . ,
, ,

.
(Clement Atlee),
,
.


.
, , .14

.
1947, , , , ,
15
. ,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

549

, .
, .
,
. ,

.
, 16
, .
,
,
.
,


.
. .17

I POOTIKE TH HMOKPATIA
THN ANATOIKH EYPH

.
, , . . , ,
,
. , , -

549

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

550

550

, ,
. 1/5
. : 12,3 , ,
. 4,5 1,9
2,3
,
. , 18
.
, , , . .
. ,
. ,

, .
1945
. , ,
19
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
, , .
, , -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

551

, ,
.

. , ,
.
,
.
. ,
, . ,
()
, , , . ,
, ,
. , :
,
,
.
,
. , ,
.
, ,
.

, . 1925 ,
. 1935 1938,
, , ,

551

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

552

552

.
.
, ,
. , ,
, , . ,
, . ,
.
, . 1945, 20
1946 1947 . , . , , , 21
. , ,
,
22
. 1945-46,
. , ,
,
. , 1947-48,
.
(Matyas Rakosi), ,
23
.
.
,
, (Gyula Illys)
(Istvan Bib), . 1947 ,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

553

.
.
1918-20
1933-34. ,
. , , . (Gyrgy Marosan), ,
. ,
1948
.
1950 1956
24
.
,
. , ,
. . , ,
1947 .
, ,
, , .
( ), . 194852
.

553

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

554

TAINOOIHH TN AKN HMOKPATIN

1947, . -

554

,
,
, , , , . , , (, , , ,
),
. , ,
1947 , .
(Bla Szasz), , , . , 25
.
;
. 1947
, , . ,
. .
, (ERP), .
,
1938
,
26
.


1947 .
. , : , , , -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

555

, , , . . , , , , , ,
. . , ,
, ,
. . 27
.
. : ,

.
,


. , ,
1947 1948. , .
, , . 1948 ,
, 28
, . , , ,
, .
-, . ,
29
.
,

555

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

556

556

1948
1953. (KPJ). 1945, , .
, ,
, ,

. ,
KPJ
.
. , 1948, . ,
, .
KPJ ,
, . ,
, 30
.
.
. : , , , , 31
, . . (James Klugman), , ,
, . (1951)
,

. , -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

557

, . 32
, .
.33 ,
1948 , , . ,
(Enver Hoxha), T (Koi Xoxe),
1948,
. (Trajco Kostov), ,
1949, , ,
. (Laszlo Rajk), , , 1949, .
, ,
.
,
.
: 2.000 , 150.000 350.000
.
[Miklos Horthy] ,
34
.
, (KSC) . ,
. , , 1949 , .
, ,
1948.
1950. ,

557

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

558

558

K K.
, (Vladimir
Clementis), 1950 (Otto Sling), , .
1951
, (Rudolf Slansky). . ,
1951, , KSC
,
35
.
;
.
. 1920, , , .
, , : [ ] , , , , ,
, , , , , , !
. 36
.
. :
, , ,
.
, , ,
,
. , , , ,
, -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

559

.
. ,
, . ,
. ,
,
, KSC ,
.
.
, , .
. 1945 1950 .
, , ,
. . ( ), (Eugen Loebl)
. , ,
, 37
. :
.
38
.

,
1945, .
,

559

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

560

,
,
, .
, ,
:
1948, ,
.
. , 2,5 1/4
, 1948 1952,
250.000 . . : , ,
1948 1952, 200 400
,
. , 1951,
39
77.000 , .
. . ,

.

YTIKOEYPAKA MONTEA METAPPYMIH

560

, 1945. 1947 ,
. ,
,
, 1945 .
,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

561

,
, , . ,
, ,
,
40
.
, . ,
,
,

. , . ,
, .
.
,


41
. , ,
.
, . , . : ,
, ,
, ,
.
1970.

561

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

562

562

:
, , .
, , ,
1918
.
,
.
, , ,
,
, . , . , 42
, .
.
. (Democrazia Cristiana DC),
,
. (Christlich Demokratische Union CDU),
. , ,
, ,
.
, .
SPD ,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

563

, , 43
. ,
1946 ,
. ,
, , .
,
.
:

. ,
, , SPD.
44
.
.
, , , . ,

. 1960 , ,

,

, ,
. ,


.
.
,

563

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

564

, .
,
.
.


45
.

METAOEMIKH OIAHMOKPATIA

564

1945
, .
, ,
, ,
. ,
20-45% , : ,
(, ), ,
.
, .
, .
48,8% 1951, 46,4% 1955
43,8% 1959, SPD,
29,2% 1949, 28,8% 1953 31,8% 1957. (Irish Labour IL)
, -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

565

, 1948
1961, 12% 1957. , , : , , 23,4% 1945
12,6% 1962 20,7% 14,2%
1946-58, 1958 (PSDI)
4,5% . 21 27 1944 1958,
. ,
1970
, ,
.
. .
, ,
,
, ,
. SPD
.
, , .
, .
1945 1960 40% (. 19.1, . 566).
. ,
46
. ,
, .

565

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

566

, , .
.
, . (Guy Mollet), 1946 , ,
1956-57 ,
, 47
. 1950
.

19.1. ,
1945-1960

566

1959
1954
1946
1957
1954
1947
1954
1956
1946
1951
1951
1957
1956
1960
1951

44,8%
38,6%
21,1%
31,8%
41,3%
26,2%
12,0%
18,3%
20,7%
41,4%
48,8%
48,3%
32,7%
47,8%
26,5%

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

567

,
, , ,
. , , ,

,
. , 1915-17
,


48
(LSI) 1930.
,
,
49
.
. ,

, , .
, . ,
,
, , .

KOPOPATIMO

, .

. ,

567

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

568

568

, ,

. ,
, , ,
. . , ,

,
,
.
, .
, , .
. : ,
, , ,
, , ,
, .
,
,
.
, ,
50
.

. -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

569

,
.
,
, , , ,
, ,
(Anthony Crosland), 51
. 1960,
. 1960 ,
. ,
.

,
. , , ,
, ,

.
. ,
.
, .
SPD, 1959 52
, . , ,
.
. ,
,
,
. 1960, SPD, , , . -

569

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

570

570

, , , SPD
, .
(1951-64) CDU
(1949-66) CDU . .
,
53
, . (SAP) ,
. 1917, SAP , 1932 1976
1991 , 1921-85 44,8%.
,
, 1938.
, ,
1960 . 1936-57 ,
,
.
1930. , 1933 ,
,
. , ,
, ,
, . SAP 1938,
. 1944 1948, SAP
, .

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

571

, 1928
(Per Albin Hansson), 1928
1932,
:
, , . A
, , , , , , .54

.

,
1930-35. ,
. , , ,
.
,
, .

1930
.
(Alva Gunnar Myrdal) (1934) , , , 55
.
. 1956 1962, .
1950,
.
, , , , -

571

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

572

572

,
.
, , , . , ,
, .
1959, (ATP),
,
,
, , , . A
. ,
. ,

,
.

SAP .
, ,
. : ,
,
,
.
, SAP.

. SAP

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

573

. , SAP,
1932 1976.
, ,
56
.
1960,
. ,
. , , ,
. ,

, , ,
. . 1955 .
, .
, 2.000 25 1940, , , ,
:
. .

, .57

1945, .

, ,
M , .

573

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

574

I YNAIKE TH EH TOY (KAI OI ANTPE TH IKH TOY)

574

.



1936. ,

.
,
,
, .
1945 .
, .
, , ,
, , .
, , , , . ,
. , , , , ,
. , (Agrupacion de Mujeres Antifascistas),
58
1933, .
(Mujeres Libres),
1936,
, 59
CNT. , , .
. , , , ,
: 1938

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

575

, chef de la famille ( ).
1936 .60 : CNR, o 1944, 1945
.
.

,
.
1936,
, CGT
[], , .61 , , , , ,
.62 ,

.63
.
, , . 1944, (UDI), .
, Noi Donne (, ),
1954 3.500 1.000.000 .64
UDI , .
1947 , .65

,

575

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

576

.
, UDI ,
66
. , , , UDI , .
. 1959 25,9%
, . 1945 1960 5-6% . . CGIL UDI , ,
1950 ,

.
UDI ,
.
. , ,
:
8 ( ), , .
, Noi
Donne, ,
,
.67

576

. 1918, ,
, , 1945,
. , ,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

577

.
:
, .
, , (William Beveridge)
, ,
68
. , , . , ,
.
1952
Pro
Familia, (Hans Harmsen) ,
. 69
.

.
,
, . .
, ,
.
, , ,
,
, .
,
. -

577

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

578

578

. , ,
. 1918, ILP


, SPD
. 1918, :
, SPD

, , .
. 1938,
(Florence Keyworth),
, . ,
(League of Nations Union) (Left Book
Club) ,
, 70
Daily Worker. ,
, . , 70.000 , 35.000 71
. ,
(Ave Albertini) , 1944.
, .
(Teresa Testa), ,
, , , . , (Luciana Viviani), 72
.
,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

579

, 1950
. , ,
. , 1945, . , :
. . , , 1944,
, 73
. ,
:
, -
,
, .
.


, .

. , ,
. ,
,
, . ,
, .
. 1950 .
;

579

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

580

580

. ,
. ,
1988 45-50% , . , : 43,3% , 42,7% 38,5% . 83,2% , 70,1% 65,0%,
67,7%, 59,2%
55,4%. 1980,
, . , , 82% , 30% 52%
, 4% 16%,
14% 23% . ,
, ,
, .
, 69%
, 100% , 95% , 9%
8%
. A ,
: 77% , 32%
74
7%.
,
, , ,
. 1980, , 25% , 40% ,
13%
, .
, .
1989, 80,2% (0-3 )
95,1% (3-6 ),

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

581

3% 67,5%.
:

,
75
.
, , . 1901, 29% , 1939-45. , 1982 39%. , ,
(1950-82), 23%
34%, 35% 76%. ,
13-16% 1939,
1951 40%, 1960 50%. ,
. ,

.

, ,
. , 1950
1956
,
76
1960. , . , 1930 . ,
, , ,
, , ,
77
25 1936.
, -

581

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

582

582

. ,
1930,
,
78
.

(1935-38), , .
, , 20 ,
. , NUWSS, WSPU
(Womens Cooperative Guild) ILP
. 1918, (Womens International League of Peace
and Freedom), 1919
(International Committee of Women for Permanent
Peace) , ,
(Womens Congress) 1915. (No Conscription Fellowship, 1914-19), (No More War Movement) 1920 (Peace Pledge Union) 1934 (No More War) ,
(War Resisters International).
1930

(Womens World Committee Against War and Fascism), , . ,
,
(Womens Sub-Committee of the Northern Council Against Fascism) ,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

583

(Womens Conference on Unity)

1937, , , , ILP
. 1945, ,
(World Peace Council), 1950,
. 1950,

500 , 90%
. , 1956, , (DAC)
(CND), .79

NAMEA TO POIKO KAI TO OITIKO

1950 ,
,

. ,
, . -

. ,
,
, .
. , , , .
,
, - -

583

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

584

584

. , ,
(John Bowlby) ,
, , 80
.
, , , .
.


. 1947, , ,

, . ,
, .
. ,
. 1939
1954, . : ,

. 1950, , 81
.
, ,
,
. , , 82
.
20 , ,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

585

1968. 1945, Daily

Mirror !, , .
, :
1945: : ( ) 6 . ,
. .
, ( ). . ,
, . ,
. , [DiY], , ,
,
(
,
).
. .
. . . , . . ! ( ).83

585

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

586

20

1956
,
. ,
, ,
, .
.1


5 1953 .
.
, , ,
, . 1941-47, .
1947-53, .
, , ,
.
.
,
1953 , , ,

1955. . 1955

586

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

587

1956

,
1954
(Jacoba Arbenz) .
,
. ,
1955 ,
. ,
1955, ,
, ,
, . , , 1955 (Konrad
Adenauer) .
2
.

H AOTAINOOIHH KAI TO 20 YNEPIO

. 17 1953 ,
,
. ,
SPDS ,
3
.
, , S koda , . , , , , ,
1948 1950 .
. , (Imre Nagy)

587

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

588

.
.
, 20 ,
1956, . , . (Vittorio
Vidali), , , 1917
, ,
, , , ,
. , ,
4
. , , :
, .
.
. , , , . , , .
.
, ,
, , ,
. ,
.
. . , .
5
!

588

25

. ,
1930. 1920,
, ,

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

589

1956

, ,
6
.
. . ,
, 194852, .
,
. 1948 (Boleslaw
Bierut) 20 (Edward
Ochab) ,
.
. 28 1956 . , , , 19-20 .
,
. ,
,
.
,
: , 7
.

. 1953 , ,
1955 .
, , ,
,
. ,
,
. , , -

589

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

590

590

, 1956 : .
,
. , ! , 27 , . ,
, , 8
.
18 ,
, (Ern Ger),
, (Ja nos Ka da r)
(Gyrgy Marosan). 6
, ,
.
, ,
. 22-23 , , , ,
. ,
. 30 , , , , ,
, . 1 ,
. 4 ,
9
.
: 29 ,
,
. , A
1954,
1956, -

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

591

1956

. ,
,
.
,
30 , .
6 , HA (Dwight
Eisenhower) .
, ,
.

, .
,
.
, .
.

KPIH TOY KOMMOYNIMOY

. 20 , ,
. , ,
.
,
20 ,


10
, . 1920,
.

591

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

592

592

: ,
400.000 ,
10.000 ( 33.095 24.900).
, , ,
11
. , .
, , , ,
, . ,
, , , 1956
. ,
1956 ,
. ,
,
12
.
, .
,
, : , 13
.
. ,
,
1956,
. 8 1956, . ,
.
, Nuovi argomenti 1956,
,
. :

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

593

1956

,
14
. ,
,
1943-47. 1956,
1964,
.
1957
1960, . 1956,
15
. , 1965
1966. .
1956
. ,
.
1917-23.
1943-45 , 1936
. , .
, 4
11 , , . ,
,
21 . ,

. , -

593

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

594

. ,
16
.
,
. ,
, , . ,

. ,
1945-49
20 .

, ,
,
.
, 1968 1970, , 1945. Hungaricus, 1956 1957.

,
.
17
.

YTIKA TOY OYEZ

594

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

595

1956

. , ,
, , ,
.
: 1956, , , 18
. ,


.
,
1956 . , 1957,
19
.
,
. ,
.
.
, .

. , 1956
20
.
1950 : ,
,
,
. , . , , 21
.
1956
1950, -

595

03-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:28

596

,
. (Stuart Hall),
1950,
,
, , . : . 1956
.
, 22
.

596