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Text Greg Attwood, Alistair David Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, Joe Petran, Keith Pledger, David Wilkins 2008 Examination specification and examination papers Edexcel Ltd First published 2008 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available from the British Library on request. ISBN: 978 0435 519 07 0 Copyright notice All rights reserved. The material in this publication is copyright. You may annotate, copy, or print out sections of text or pictures only where expressly allowed in the product and the accompanying materials, solely for use within your purchasing institution. Creation of LiveText platform and development toolset by 3T Productions Ltd www.3t.co.uk Conversion, mark-up, and production work by Magic Software Pvt. Ltd www.magicsw.com LiveText demo disc produced by Interactive Mediabook Ltd www.e-s-p.eu.com Typeset by Techset, Gateshead Interface design by Pearson Education Design Department Original illustrations Pearson Education Ltd Creation of Exam Caf by Elektra Media Ltd. www.elektramedia.co.uk Interface Design by Michael Heald Solution Bank Created by Ian Grant Typesetting of Solution Bank by Nela Data Care Systems Data encoding of Solution Bank by Elektra Media Ltd. www.elektramedia.co.uk Acknowledgements Photographs

The authors and publisher would like to thank the following individuals and organisations for permission to reproduce photographs: Nature PL/Aflo p1; Fotolia.com/GvOuwerkerk p10; Alamy/Marion Bull p23; Shutterstock/Amy Myers p36; Shutterstock/Michael G Smith p51; Science Photo Library/Peter Menzel p87 Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of material reproduced in this book. Any omissions will be rectified in subsequent printings if notice is given to the publishers.