KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN B mn Mng v Truyn thng cng n tp Kin thc chuyn mn Chuyn ngnh Mng

g my tnh, h Trung cp Phn 1. Mng my tnh 1.M hnh tham chiu OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): vai tr v chc nng ca cc tng trong m hnh ny. M hnh OSI c 7 tng nh sau: a.Tng vt l (Physical) Tng vt l cung cp cc phng tin in, c, chc nng th tc kch hot, duy tr v hu b kiu Vt l gia cc h thng Phng tin in lin quan n s biu din cc bit (mc th hin) v tc truyn cc bit, c tnh c lin quan n cc tnh cht Vt l ca giao din vi mt ng truyn (kch thc, cu hnh). Thuc tnh chc nng ch ra cc chc nng c thc hin bi cc phn t ca giao in Vt l, gia mt h thng ng truyn, cn th tc lin quan n giao thc iu khin vic truyn cc xu bit qua ng truyn Vt l Tng Vt l l tng thp nht giao in vi ng truyn khng c PDU (Protocol Data Unit) cho tng vt l, khng c phn Header cha thng tin iu khin, d liu c truyn i theo dng bit Mt giao thc tng Vt l tn ti gia cc thc th quy nh v phng thc (ng b, d b) v tc truyn. iu ny mong mun l giao thc c lp ti a vi ng truyn Vt l cho mt h thng c th giao din vi nhiu ng truyn Vt l khc nhau. Cc chun cho tng vt l bao gm cc phn t giao thc gia cc thc th v c t ca giao din vi ng truyn m bo yu cu trn b.Tng lin kt d liu (Data-link) Tng lin kt d liu cung cp cc phng tin truyn thng tin qua lin kt vt l m bo tin cy thng qua cc c ch ng b ha, kim sat li v kim sot lung d liu. Tng lin kt d liu (data link layer) l tng m ngha c gn cho cc bt c truyn trn mng. Tng lin kt d liu phi quy nh c cc dng thc, kch thc, a ch my gi v nhn ca mi gi tin c gi i. N phi xc nh c ch truy nhp thng tin trn mng v phng tin gi mi gi tin sao cho n c a n cho ngi nhn nh. Tng lin kt d liu cng cung cp cch pht hin v sa li c bn m bo cho d liu nhn c ging hon ton vi d liu gi i. Nu mt gi tin c li khng sa c, tng lin kt d liu phi ch ra c cch thng bo cho ni gi bit gi tin c li n gi li. c.Tng mng (Network) Tng mng (network layer) nhm n vic kt ni cc mng vi nhau bng cch tm ng (routing) cho cc gi tin t mt mng ny n mt mng khc. N xc nh vic chuyn hng, vch ng cc gi tin trong mng, cc gi ny c th phi i qua nhiu chng trc khi n c

ch cui cng. N lun tm cc tuyn truyn thng khng tc nghn a cc gi tin n ch. Tng mng cung cp cc phng tin truyn cc gi tin qua mng, thm ch qua mt mng ca mng (network of network). Bi vy n cn phi p ng vi nhiu kiu mng v nhiu kiu dch v cung cp bi cc mng khc nhau. Hai chc nng ch yu ca tng mng l chn ng (routing) v chuyn tip (relaying). Tng mng l quan trng nht khi lin kt hai loi mng khc nhau nh mng Ethernet vi mng Token Ring khi phi dng mt b tm ng (quy nh bi tng mng) chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc v ngc li. i vi mt mng chuyn mch gi (packet - switched network) - gm tp hp cc nt chuyn mch gi ni vi nhau bi cc lin kt d liu. Cc gi d liu c truyn t mt h thng m ti mt h thng m khc trn mng phi c chuyn qua mt chui cc nt. Mi nt nhn gi d liu t mt ng vo (incoming link) ri chuyn tip n ti mt ng ra (outgoing link) hng n ch ca d liu. Nh vy mi nt trung gian n phi thc hin cc chc nng chn ng v chuyn tip. Ngoi 2 chc nng quan trng ni trn, tng mng cng thc hin mt s chc nng khc, l: thit lp, duy tr v gii phng cc lin kt logic (cho tng mng), kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu, dn/tch knh, ct/hp d liu,.. d.Tng vn chuyn (Transport ) Tng vn chuyn cung cp cc chc nng cn thit gia tng mng v cc tng trn. n l tng cao nht c lin quan n cc giao thc trao i d liu gia cc h thng m. N cng cc tng di cung cp cho ngi s dng cc phc v vn chuyn. Tng vn chuyn (transport layer) l tng c s m mt my tnh ca mng chia s thng tin vi mt my khc. Tng vn chuyn ng nht mi trm bng mt a ch duy nht v qun l s kt ni gia cc trm. Tng vn chuyn cng chia cc gi tin ln thnh cc gi tin nh hn trc khi gi i. Thng thng tng vn chuyn nh s cc gi tin v m bo chng chuyn theo ng th t. Tng vn chuyn l tng cui cng chu trch nhim v mc an ton trong truyn d liu nn giao thc tng vn chuyn ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht ca tng mng. Ngi ta chia giao thc tng mng thnh cc loi sau: Mng loi A: C t sut li v s c c bo hiu chp nhn c (tc l cht lng chp nhn c). Cc gi tin c gi thit l khng b mt. Tng vn chuyn khng cn cung cp cc dch v phc hi hoc sp xp th t li. Mng loi B: C t sut li chp nhn c nhng t sut s c c bo hiu li khng chp nhn c. Tng giao vn phi c kh nng phc hi li khi xy ra s c. Mng loi C: C t sut li khng chp nhn c (khng tin cy) hay l giao thc khng lin kt. Tng giao vn phi c kh nng phc hi li khi xy ra li v sp xp li th t cc gi tin. e.Tng giao dch, phin (Session ) Tng giao Phin (session layer) thit lp "cc giao dch" gia cc trm trn mng, n t tn nht qun cho mi thnh phn mun i thoi vi nhau v lp nh xa gia cc tn vi a ch ca

chng. Mt giao dch phi c thit lp trc khi d liu c truyn trn mng, tng giao dch m bo cho cc giao dch c thit lp v duy tr theo ng qui nh. Tng giao dch cn cung cp cho ngi s dng cc chc nng cn thit qun tr cc giao dnh ng dng ca h, c th l: iu phi vic trao i d liu gia cc ng dng bng cch thit lp v gii phng (mt cch lgic) cc phin (hay cn gi l cc hi thoi - dialogues) Cung cp cc im ng b kim sot vic trao i d liu. p t cc qui tc cho cc tng tc gia cc ng dng ca ngi s dng. Cung cp c ch "ly lt" (nm quyn) trong qu trnh trao i d liu. Trong trng hp mng l hai chiu lun phin th ny sinh vn : hai ngi s dng lun phin phi "ly lt" truyn d liu. Tng giao dch duy tr tng tc lun phin bng cch bo cho mi ngi s dng khi n lt h c truyn d liu. Vn ng b ha trong tng giao dch cng c thc hin nh c ch kim tra/phc hi, dch v ny cho php ngi s dng xc nh cc im ng b ha trong dng d liu angchuyn vn v khi cn thit c th khi phc vic hi thoi bt u t mt trong cc im . mt thi im ch c mt ngi s dng quyn c bit c gi cc dch v nht nh ca tng giao dch, vic phn b cc quyn ny thng qua trao i th bi (token). V d: Ai c c token s c quyn truyn d liu, v khi ngi gi token trao token cho ngi khc thi cng c ngha trao quyn truyn d liu cho ngi . Tng giao dch c cc hm c bn sau: Give Token cho php ngi s dng chuyn mt token cho mt ngi s dng khc ca mt lin kt giao dch. Please Token cho php mt ngi s dng cha c token c th yu cu token . Give Control dng chuyn tt c cc token t mt ngi s dng sang mt ngi s dng khc. f.Tng trnh by (Presentation ) Trong giao tip gia cc ng dng thng qua mng vi cng mt d liu c th c nhiu cch biu din khc nhau. Thng thng dng biu din dng bi ng dng ngun v dng biu din dng bi ng dng ch c th khc nhau do cc ng dng c chy trn cc h thng hon ton khc nhau (nh h my Intel v h my Motorola). Tng trnh by (Presentation layer) phi chu trch nhim chuyn i d liu gi i trn mng t mt loi biu din ny sang mt loi khc. t c iu n cung cp mt dng biu din chung dng truyn thng v cho php chuyn i t dng biu din cc b sang biu din chung v ngc li. Tng trnh by cng c th c dng k thut m ha xo trn cc d liu trc khi c truyn i v gii m u n bo mt. Ngoi ra tng biu din cng c th dng cc k thut nn sao cho ch cn mt t byte d liu th hin thng tin khi n c truyn trn mng, u nhn, tng trnh by bung tr li c d liu ban u. g.Tng ng dng (Application ) Tng ng dng (Application layer) l tng cao nht ca m hnh OSI, n xc nh giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI v gii quyt cc k thut m cc chng trnh ng dng dng

 giao tip vi mng. cung cp phng tin truy nhp mi trng OSI cho cc tin trnh ng dng, Ngi ta thit lp cc thc th ng dng (AE), cc thc th ng dng s gi n cc phn t dch v ng dng (Application Service Element - vit tt l ASE) ca chng. Mi thc th ng dng c th gm mt hoc nhiu cc phn t dch v ng dng. Cc phn t dch v ng dng c phi hp trong mi trng ca thc th ng dng thng qua cc lin kt (association) gi l i tng lin kt n (Single Association Object - vit tt l SAO). SAO iu khin vic truyn thng trong sut vng i ca lin kt cho php tun t ha cc s kin n t cc ASE thnh t ca n. 2.M hnh tham chiu TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): vai tr v chc nng ca cc tng trong m hnh ny. Tng ng dng Cc nh thit k TCP/IP cm thy rng cc giao thc mc cao nn bao gm cc tng trnh by v tng phin. n gin, h to ra mt tng ng dng kim sot cc giao thc mc cao, cc vn ca tng Trnh din, m ho v iu khin hi thoi. TCP/IP tp hp tt c cc vn lin quan n ng dng vo trong mt tng, v m bo d liu c ng gi mt cch thch hp cho tng k tip. Tng Giao vn Tng vn chuyn cp n cc vn cht lng dch v nh tin cy, iu khin lung v sa li. Mt trong cc giao thc ca n l TCP, TCP cung cp cc phng thc linh hot v hiu qu thc hin cc hot ng truyn d liu tin cy, hiu xut cao v t li. TCP l giao thc c to cu ni (connection-oriented). N tin hnh hi thoi gia ngun v ch trong khi bc thng tin tng ng dng thnh cc n v gi l segment.To cu ni khng c ngha l tn ti mt mch thc s gia hai my tnh, thay v vy n c ngha l cc segment ca tng 4 di chuyn ti v lui gia hai host cng nhn kt ni tn ti mt cch lun l trong mt khong thi gian no . iu ny coi nh chuyn mch gi (packet switching). Tng Internet Mc tiu ca tng Internet l truyn cc gi tin bt ngun t bt k mng no trn lin mng v n c ch trong iu kin c lp vi ng dn v cc mng m chng tri qua. Giao thc c trng khng ch tng ny c gi l IP. Cng vic xc nh ng dn tt nht v hot ng chuyn mch gi din ra ti tng ny. Tng truy xut mng Tn ca tng ny c ngha kh rng v c phn hi ri rm. N cng c gi l tng host-tonetwork. N l tng lin quan n tt c cc vn m mt gi IP yu cu to mt lin kt vt l thc s, v sau to mt lin kt vt l khc. N bao gm cc chi tit k thut LAN v WAN, v tt c cc chi tit trong tng lin kt d liu cng nh tng vt l ca m hnh OSI. M hnh TCP/IP hng n ti a linh hot ti tng ng dng cho ngi pht trin phn mm. Tng vn chuyn lin quan n hai giao thc TCP v UDP (User

Datagram Protocol). Tng cui cng, tng truy xut mng lin kt n cc k thut LAN hay WAN ang c dng. Trong m hnh TCP/IP khng cn quan tm n ng dng no yu cu cc dch v mng, v khng cn quan tm n giao thc vn chuyn no ang c dng, ch c mt giao thc mng IP. y l mt quyt nh thit k c cn nhc k. IP phc v nh mt giao thc a nng cho php bt k my tnh no, bt c u, truyn d liu vo bt c thi im no.

3.Cc loi ng truyn c s dng trong mng my tnh v u, nhc im ca tng loi. Tr li: 1. Mng hnh sao (star): bao gm mt trung tm iu khin v cc nt thng tin. Cc nt thng tin chnh l cc trm u cui, cc my vi tnhca mng. Trung tm iu khin mng iu phi hot ng trong mng. - u im: hot ng theo nguyn l c lp nn mt trm b sai hng th mng vn hot ng bnh thng. Cu trc mng n gin, cc thut ton iu khin n nh. Mng c th m rng hay thu hp kh thun li n gin. Mng star tip nhn tt c cc phng thc thm nhp mng khc nhau - Nhc im:khi trung tm c s c th ton mng s ngng hot ng, mng yu cu phi ni tng cp dy t trung tm n cc my tnh 2. Mng hnh tuyn (bus): Dng mt bus thng tin chung trao i thng tin gia cc nt bt k ca mng. iu khin mng c th theo phng php tp trung hay theo phng php phn b - u im: cc thit b c th thao tc c lp, sai hng ca mt my khng lm nh hng ti ton mng. M rng hay thu hp c th thc hin n gin. S dng t dy so vi cc mng khc. - Nhc im: nu mt im trn bus hng th ton b thng tin s dng li. Phng php thm nhp yu cu phc tp hn m bo trnh s chng cho trn mng gy ra do nhiu trm cng pht s liu ng thi 3. Mng hnh vng (ring): Cc thit b u cui hay cc my tnh c th c kt ni ti bt c v tr no trn bus vng trn ca mng theo kiu ni tip nhau. Vng trn ny thc cht l mt cp thng tin ni khp kn khng c im u v im cui u im: iu khin h thng n gin v gim nhiu kh nng chng cho thng tin v thng tin chy trn mng theo mt chiu duy nht. Tit kim dy dn hn v khong cch gia cc nt c th c tng ln

- Nhc im: nu mt nt no hng th n nh hng n ton b cc nt tip theo sau n. Vic

ni dy yu cu phc tp hn. 4.Mi quan h gia cc tng v cc loi a ch trong m hnh TCP/IP. Cc loi n v d liu giao thc (Protocol Data Unit - PDU) c s dng ti mi tng, v d minh ha. 5.Cc im chnh trong c t k thut ca cc chun IEEE 802.3 10Base-2, IEEE 802.3 10Base-T v IEEE 802.3 1000Base-T; quy tc 5-4-3. 6.S chn ni cho RJ-45 connector theo chun T568-A v T568-B; vai tr ca cc chn khi s dng ni kt mng LAN theo chun Ethernet vi cc tc 10, 100 v 1000 Mbps. 7.C ch lc v chuyn tip frame d liu ca bridge/switch. 8.Giao thc IP (Internet Protocol): khun dng gi IP (IP packet format), c ch truyn mt IP packet t ngun n ch. 9.a ch Ipv4: cu trc v cc lp a ch; chia mng con, private addresses. Bng 1.1 Cc lp a ch IPv4

. Cu trc a ch Ipv4 Trong phin bn 4, mt a ch Internet c thit k bao gm 32 bits nh phn v s dng cc h s thp phn v hexa decimal biu din a ch . Trong , cch biu din mt a ch IP di dng s thp phn l thng dng nht. chuyn i 32 bits nh phn Ipv4 sang biu din di dng s thp phn, 32 bits nh phn ny c chia thnh 4 nhm 8 bits, phn cch nhau bi du chm v chuyn i thnh gi tr thp phn. V d: a ch Ipv4 11001011101000100011100110110111 (32 bits) Nhm thnh: 11001011. 10100010 . 00111001. 10110111 (32 bits)Chuyn i thnh: 203. 162 . 57 . 183 chuyn i 32 bits nh phn Ipv4 sang biu din di dng s hexa decimal, 32 bits nh phn ny c chia thnh 8 nhm 4 bits nh phn v chuyn i sang ch s hexa. Sau tip tc nhm 8 ch s hexa thnh hai nhm phn cch bi du : , khi a ch Ipv4 ny c biu din theo dng s hexa decimal. V d: a ch Ipv4 trn c biu din h c s 16 11001011101000100011100110110111 (32 bits) Nhm thnh: 1100. 1011. 1010. 0010. 0011. 1001. 1011. 0111 (32 bits) Chuyn i thnh: C.B.A.2.3.9.B.7 Nhm thnh: CAB2:39B7 h tr cho vic nh tuyn, mt a ch Ipv4 gm c 2 phn: phn a ch mng v phn xc nh my tnh trong mng. Phn xc nh mng: mt s nht nh cc bits, tnh t tri qua trong a ch Ipv4, dng xc nh mng (Network ID). Phn ny cn c gi l tin t mng (network prefix) hay gi tt l tin t (prefix). Phn xc nh my tnh trong mng: s cc bits cn li trong a ch s c s dng xc nh cc my tnh (Host ID) trong mt mng nht nh.

a ch Ipv4 c biu din nh sau: mt mng Ipv4 gm mt di cc a ch Ipv4, trong a ch u tin trong di s kt hp vi di cc bits tin t biu din cho di a ch. Cu trc nh sau: a ch Ipv4 u tin ca mng / di cc bits tin t V d: 192.168.1.0/24 s xc nh di a ch t 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.255. 10.Cc cch chnh cp a ch IP cho mt nt (node) mng; s hot ng ca giao thc DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). 11.Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): vai tr v c ch hot ng. 12.Giao thc NAT (Network Address Translation): vai tr v c ch hot ng. 13.nh tuyn trn mng IP: nh tuyn tnh, ng. 14.Phn bit vai tr, chc nng v cc c tnh c bn ca hai giao thc TCP v UDP.

Phn 2. Qun tr mng 1. Kin thc c bn v h thng Active Directory (AD): chc nng ca AD trong m hnh qun l mng ca Windows Server. 2. Cu trc ca AD: OU, Domain, Tree, Forest, Sites; chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong AD. 3. Cc i tng trong AD: User, Printer, Contact, Group; chc nng ca mi i tng trong AD. 4. Chc nng ca my qun l min (Domain Controller), chc nng Schema, Chc nng ca Global Catalog Server. 5. Khi nim ngi dng (User). 6. Khi nim nhm: kiu nhm (Security group, Distribution Group), phm vi nhm (Global Group, Domain Local Group, Universal Group); phn bit s khc nhau gia 2 kiu nhm v gia cc phm vi nhm. 7. Cc kin thc v chnh sch nhm (Group policy). 8. Qun l quyn truy cp vo ti nguyn (phn quyn truy cp vo ti nguyn trn ngi dng v trn nhm). 9. Ci t, cu hnh v s dng mt s dch v trong mng (dch v Web vi IIS, dch v FTP, dch v DHCP)