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Networks II (Course Outline) : What This Course Covers
Networks II (Course Outline) : What This Course Covers
Routing:
Network Structures, Dijsktra, Bellman-Ford and Frank-Wolfe Algorithms.
Statistics in Networks
Traffic Assumptions (Poisson, Heavy-Tail Distributions, Long-Range Dependence)
Course texts:
Bertsekas/Gallager: Layers Model: Section 1.3 IP: Section 2.8+ 2.9 Tanenbaum: Layers Model: Section 1.4 IP: Section 5.5
Model Layers
1) Physical layer
Purpose: Necessary infrastructure. Think "wires in the ground and switches connecting them". This is the physical hardware of the internet. Wires/optical cables/wireless links and other technologies provide a way for transmission of raw bits (0s and 1s). Routers and switches connect these cables and direct the traffic.
4) Transport Layer
Purpose: Ensure that data gets between A and B. Think: From the source and destination, I make sure that the data gets there. Ensures a data gets between source and destination. If necessary ensure that connection is lossless (resend missing data). Provides flow control if necessary (send data faster or slower depending on the network conditions).
7) Application layer
Purpose: The computer programs which actually do things with the network. Think: I deliver the mail, browse the web etc. For example, your email client program which will talk to the email server at the other end. At this layer, we have many protocols (http, snmp, smtp, ftp, telnet) which different bits of software use. We often talk in terms of client and server architecture for the software.
IP Networks(1)
IP addresses use less significant bits first to indicate sub-networks. IP address: 123.45.67.89 Netmask:255.255.255.0 (no holes allowed) If two IP addresses are the same when bitwise ANDd against the netmask then they are on the same subnet. 123.45.67.?? is always on the same subnet in the above example.
IP Networks(2)
IP networks were originally subdivided into class A, B, C, D and E networks.
Start End
127.255.255.255
191.255.255.255 223.255.255.255 239.255.255.255 247.255.255.255
Networks
Hosts/network
A
B C D E
1.0.0.0
128.0.0.0 192.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0
126
16,382 2 million Multicast Reserved
16 million
64K 254
Subnet examples
IP Addresses:
A= 132.128.208.32 10000100.10000000.11010000.00100000 B= 132.128.217.63 10000100.10000000.11011001.00111111 Subnet mask 1: 255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 Subnet mask 2: 255.255.240.0 = 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
A and B would be on the same subnet if the subnet mask was 1 but different subnets if the mask was 2.
The IP header
IP packets all have a header as shown
IPv6
IPv4 allows over 4 billion computers (but not really) inefficient subnetting is using these up. IPv6 allows 16 octet addresses (4 octets in IPv4). 3x1038 addresses (> Avogadros number). 7x1023 IP addresses per square meter of the earths surface. Why so many? Electrical devices may want IP addresses your house could be its own subnetwork. Why NOT? Better security than current IP(v4). Allow roaming hosts. Pay more attention to type of service (for real time data).
Next Lecture
IP tells us how to get a message from A to B. However, the IP protocol is lossy (it doesnt guarantee that anything will actually get there). In the next lecture we will look at TCP/IP and UDP/IP which sit on top of IP and deal with the sending of the messages.