Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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VARIATIONS IN ABBREVIATIONS
Some single letter abbreviations are used to represent several different words. The letter R stands for radius, Rankine, road, room, and thermal resistance. Generally speaking, the location of the single letter abbreviation indicates what that particular abbreviation stands for. Some words have more than one abbreviation. The word DOWN can be written as DWN or DN. Either abbreviation is correct, but the drafter should choose one and then use it throughout the drawing. Some abbreviations (single letter or several letters) have a period after the last letter to eliminate confusion for the reader. It is not necessary to place a period after an acronym.
VARIATIONS IN SYMBOLS
When symbols are drawn by hand, templates are usually used. Templates are commercially prepared patterns made of sheets of plastic with the shapes of various symbols cut out of the plastic. To insert a symbol at the proper place on the drawing, the drafter draws around the cut-out portion of the template. If the symbol is a complicated one, two or more templates may be required. Computer-aided design (CAD) systems have a library of symbols from which the exact symbol can be selected and plotted on the drawing. This library contains symbols for various materials and pieces of equipment in each section of drawings (architectural, plumbing, mechanical, and electrical sections). In some cases, there is no standard symbol for a material or piece of equipment. For example, there is no standard symbol for EARTH when shown on the plan view of a drawing. When there is no standard symbol, the drafter notes on the drawing what the material or equipment is. Some symbols for the same material are shown differently on different drawings. For example, when brick is shown on the elevation views of a building, the drafter usually shows the brickwork as it will look when the wall is complete. The mortar joints and the brick are shown in true perspective. When drawn on the floor plan, this brick wall is shown with crosshatching (parallel lines drawn close together at a 45-degree angle). It is important for the reader of the drawings to keep these variations in mind.
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SYMBOLS
Without the use of symbols, architects cannot show all necessary information regarding materials, methods, and location of components.
for the mason to provide for electrical switch boxes, heating units, or built-in plumbing fixtures. Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 3 shows typical electrical and plumbing symbols.
Types of Symbols
The types of symbols used include those used in elevation views and those in sectional views. Elevation symbols are easily recognized, as they look very much like the actual material or object. An elevation view is a vertical picture of an object showing the front, side, or rear view of an object, room, or structure as one would view it while facing it. The materials shown in an elevation view appear differently in a sectional view. A sectional view shows the object as if it were sliced vertically, showing of what the object would be composed. For example, a sectional view of a masonry wall would show the thickness of the joints and the units, how the wall ties are installed, and, many times, the exact height of the wall. The mason should be familiar with some of the more common symbols for the mechanical trades, as they may affect the work when building in or around certain equipment. For example, it may be necessary
SCHEDULES
A schedule, in a set of plans, is a list added separately to the plans that describes such items as windows, doors, floors, and wall finishes. The mason must be able to recognize and interpret schedules correctly, or great expense could result from necessary changes made at the conclusion of the job so that the job conforms to the finished schedule. As mentioned before, windows and doors are designated by a number or letter on plans. The same letter or number is duplicated in the schedule, with a brief description of the item. Typical door and window schedules must show their relationship to the floor plan. It should be remembered that schedules consist of brief descriptions; workers must also consult the drawings and specifications to obtain all the necessary information. Schedules help greatly in estimating the cost of a job.
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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 1. Elevation masonry symbols. Notice both materials used and construction details.
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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 2. Architectural symbols showing materials in the sectional view.
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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 4. Schedule for a small job, including information on windows, doors, and lintels.
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WHEN NOTES ARE REQUIRED TO BE VERTICAL ON THE PLAN, THEY ARE LETTERED SO THEY CAN BE READ FROM THE RIGHT HAND END OF THE PLAN. (THIS NOTE IS AN EXAMPLE.)
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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 6. Types of doors and their plan symbols.
REFERENCE MARKS
MATERIALS SYMBOLS
The drawing of an object shows its shape and location. The outline of the drawing may be filled in with a material symbol to show what the object is made of, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 9. Many materials are represented by one symbol in elevations and another symbol in sections. Examples of such symbols are concrete block and brick. Other materials look pretty much the same when viewed from any direction, so their symbols are drawn the same in sections and elevations. When a large area is made up of one material, it is common to only draw the symbol in a part of the area, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 10. Some drafters simplify this even further by using a note to indicate what material is used and omitting the symbol altogether.
A set of drawings for a complex building may include several sheets of section and detail drawings. These sections and details do not have much meaning without some way of knowing what part of the building they are meant to show. Callouts, called reference marks, on plans and elevations indicate where details or sections of important features have been drawn. To be able to use these reference marks for coordinating drawings, you must first understand the numbering system used on the drawings. The simplest numbering system for drawings consists of numbering the drawing sheets and naming each of the views. For example, Sheet 1 might include a site plan and foundation plan; Sheet 2, floor plans; and Sheet 3, elevations. On large, complex sets of drawings the sheets are numbered according to the kind of drawings shown. Architectural drawing sheets are numbered A-1, A-2, and so on for all the sheets. Electrical drawings are numbered E-1, E-2, and E-3. A view number identifies each separate drawing or view on the sheet.
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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 8. Windows and doors can be measured in several ways.
EARTH METAL
ROCK
STONE FILL
REINFORCING BARS
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
BLOCK
ALUMINUM
STRUCTURAL STEEL
PLYWOOD
FINISH
ROUGH
CUT STONE
RUBBLE
COMMON
FACE
GYPSUM
INSULATION
PLASTER ON MASONRY
BLOCK
BOARDS OR QUILTS
ELEVATION SYMBOLS
RUBBLE STONE
SQUARED STONE
SHEET METAL
GLASS
CONCRETE PLASTER
SHINGLES
BRICK
CERAMIC
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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 10. Only part of the area is covered by the brick symbol, although the entire building will be brick.
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CIRCUITING
Electric symbols are used to simplify the drafting and later the interpreting of the drawings. Electrical symbols are not standardized throughout the industry. Most drawings will have a symbol legend or list. You must be knowledgeable of the symbols specifically used on each project, since designers modify basic symbols to suit their own needs. Many symbols are similar (circle, square, etc.). The addition of a line, dot, shading, letters, numbers, and so forth gives the specific meaning to the symbol. Learning the basic form of the various symbols is the best starting point in developing the ability to interpret the drawings and their related symbol meanings. Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 14 lists the most common and recommended electrical symbols. The School Addition drawing E-1, Symbol Legend A-4 contains an electrical symbol list for the project. From the symbol list, it can be seen that there are duplex receptacles, switches, telephone outlets, special purpose outlets, and fire alarm devices mounted at various heights. Then there is the General Note in the Symbol Legend that specifies that all mounting heights are to be verified and modified as directed. This is an example of why the installer must become familiar with the drawings and specifications far in advance of the installation scheduled time. The installer must request clarification or direction and give the designers reasonable time to clarify the questionable specified instructions.
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Duplex Receptacle Outlet (Split Wired) Triplex Receptacle Outlet (Split Wired) 250-V Receptacle Single Phase. Use Subscript Letter to Indicate Function (DWDishwasher, RARange, CDClothes Dryer) or Numeral (with explanation in symbol schedule). 250-V Receptacle Three Phase Clock Receptacle Fan Receptacle Floor Single Receptacle Outlet Floor Duplex Receptacle Outlet Floor Special-Purpose Outlet Floor Telephone Outlet (Public) Floor Telephone Outlet (Private) Example of the use of several floor outlet symbols to identify a 2, 3, or more gang flow outlet. * C F
Circuiting Wiring Exposed (Not in Conduit) Wiring Concealed in Ceiling or Wall Wiring Concealed in Floor Wiring Existing* Wiring Turned Up Wiring Turned Down Branch Circuit Home Run to Panel Board
2 1
Number of arrows indicates number of circuits. (A number of each arrow may be used to identify circuit number.) Bus Ducts and Wireways Trolley Duct Busway (Service, Feeder, or Plug-in) Cable Trough Ladder or Channels Wireway Panelboards, Switchboards, and Related Equipment Flush-Mounted Panelboard and Cabinet Surface-Mounted Panelboard and Cabinet Switchboard, Power Control Canter, Unit Substations (Should be drawn to scale.) Flush-Mounted Terminal Cabinet (In small scale drawings the TC may be indicated alongside the symbol.) Surface-Mounted Terminal Cabinet (In small scale drawings the TC may be indicated alongside the symbol.)
T B T B
C W
Underfloor duct and junction box for triple, double, or single duct system as indicated by the number of parallel lines. Example of use of various symbols to identify location of different types of outlets or connections for underfloor duct or cellular floor systems.
TC
TC
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Pull Box (Identify in Relation to Wiring System Section and Size.) Motor or Other Power Controller (May Be a Starter or Contactor.) Externally-Operated Disconnection Switch Combination Controller and Disconnection Means Power Equipment Electric Motor (hp As Indicated) Power Transformer Pothead (Cable Termination) Circuit Element (e.g., Circuit Breaker) Circuit Breaker Fusible Element Single-Throw Knife Switch Double-Throw Knife Switch Ground Battery Contactor Photoeletric Cell Voltage Cycles, Phase Relay Equipment Connection (As Noted) C
PE 1/4
Neutral wire may be shown longer. Unless indicated otherwise, the wire size of the circuit is the minimum size required by the specification. Identify different functions of wiring system, e.g. signaling system by notation or other means. Identify by notation or schedule.
Remote Control Stations for Motors or Other Equipment Push Button Station Float Switch (Mechanical) Limit Switch (Mechanical) Pneumatic Switch (Mechanical) Electric Eye (Beam Source) Electric Eye (Relay)
CB
PB
F L P
Temperature Control Relay Connection (3 Denotes Quantity.) Solenoid Control Valve Connection Pressure Switch Connection Aquastat Connection Vacuum Switch Connection Gas Solenoid Valve Connection Flow Switch Connection Timer Connection Limit Switch Connection Lighting Ceiling Surface or Pendant Incandescent Fixture (PC = Pull Chain) Surface or Pendant Exit Light Blanked Outlet Junction Box B J
TYPE
Ex: 480/60/3 R
Wall
SWITCH
PC WATTS CIRCUIT
*Note: Use heavy weight line to identify service and leaders. Indicate empty conduit by notation CO (conduit only). Note: any circuit without further identification indicates two-wire circuit for a greater number of wires, indicate with cross lines, e.g.:
3 wires
4 wires
R 3 S P A V G F T L
B J
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Recessed Incandescent Fixtures Surface or Pendant Individual Fluorescent Fixture Surface or Pendant Continuous1 Row Fluorescent Fixture 100 (Letter Indicating Controlling Switch) Bare-Lamp Fluorescent Strip*
*In the case of continuous-row bare-lamp flourescent strip above an area-wide diffusing means, show each fixture run using the standard symbol; indicate area of diffusing means and type by light shading and/or by light shading and/or drawing notation. A
Fixture No. Wattage
Underground Direct, Burial Cable (Indicate type, size, and number of conductors by notation or schedule.) Underground Duct Line (Indicate type, size, and number of ducts by crosssection identification of each run by notation or schedule. Indicate type, size, and number of conductors by notation or schedule.) Street Light Standard Feed From Underground Circuit
Identify by notation or schedule.
Electric Distribution or Lighting System, Aerial Pole Steel or Parking Lot Light and Bracket Transformer
Signaling System Outlets Institutional, Commercial, and Industrial Occupancies I. Nurse Call System Devices (Any Type) Basic Symbol (Examples of individual item identication. Not a part of standard.) Nurses Annunciator (Adding a number after it indicates number of lamps, e.g., + 1 24.) Call Station, Single Cord, Pilot Light Call Station, Double Cord, Microphone Speaker Corridor Dome Light, 1 Lamp Manhole Handhole Transformer Manhole or Vault Transformer Pad M H TM Transformer Any Other Item on Same System (Use Numbers as Required.) II.Paging System Devices (Any Type) TP Basic Symbol 1
Primary Circuit Secondary Circuit Down Guy Head Guy Sidewalk Guy Service Weather Head
2 3 4 5 6
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(Examples of individual item identification. Not a part of standard.) Keyboard Flush Annunciator Two-Face Annunciator Any Other Item on Same System (Use Numbers as Required.) III. Fire Alarm System Devices (Any Type) Including Smoke and Sprinkler Alarm Devices Basic Symbol (Examples of individual item identification. Not a part of standard.) Control Panel Station 10" Gong Presignal Chime Any Other Item on Same System (Use Numbers as Required.) IV. Staff Register System Devices (Any Type) Basic Symbol (Examples of individual item identication. Not a part of standard.) Phone Operators Register Entrance Register (Flush) Staff Room Register Transformer Any Other Item on Same System (Use Number as Required.) V. Electric Clock System Devices (Any Type) 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4
Basic Symbol (Examples of individual item identification. Not a part of standard.) Master Clock 12" Secondary (Flush) 12" Double Dial (Wall Mounted) 18" Skeleton Dial Any Other Item on Same System (Use Numbers as Required.) VI. Public Telephone System Devices Basic Symbol (Examples of individual item identification. Not a part of standard.) Switchboard Desk Phone Any Other Item on Same System (Use Numbers as Required.) VII. Private Telephone System Devices (Any Type) Basic Symbol (Examples of individual item identification. Not a part of standard.) Switchboard Wall Phone Any Other Item on Same System (Use Numbers as Required.) VIII. System Devices (Any Type) Basic Symbol (Examples of individual item identification. Not a part of standard.)
1 2 1 2 3
1 2 3 4
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ALL PIPING RELATED SYMBOLS ARE GENERIC AND DO NOT REPRESENT A CONNECTION OR MATERIAL TYPE. MANY PLAN VIEWS ARE ALSO USED ON SECTION AND SIDE VIEW DRAWINGS
GATE VALVE (HANDLE ILLUSTRATED IS OPTIONAL) GLOBE VALVE (HANDLE ILLUSTRATED IS OPTIONAL) BALL VALVE (HANDLE ILLUSTRATED IS OPTIONAL) TEE UP (PLAN VIEW) TEE DOWN (PLAN VIEW) 90 DEGREE FITTING UP (PLAN VIEW) 90 DEGREE FITTING DOWN (PLAN VIEW)
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COLD WATER (SINGLE DOT) HOT WATER (DOUBLE DOT) HOT WATER RETURN (TRIPLE DOT) VENT (CONTINUOUS DOTTED LINE) TANK TYPE TOILET (WATER CLOSET)
BATHTUB
LAVATORY
KITCHEN SINK
SHOWER
CAP REDUCER
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 16. Common plumbing symbols.
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CONDUCTOR OR WIRE CROSSING CONDUCTORS (NOT CONNECTED) CROSSING CONDUCTORS (CONNECTED) TERMINAL OR BINDING POST SINGLE POLE SINGLE THROW (SPST) SWITCH MOTOR GROUND
S S3
THREE-WAY SWITCH
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+ -
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
or
HOMERUN
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SYMBOLS FOR RECEPTACLES HAVING AN ATTACHED ABBREVIATION INDICATE DESIGNATION OF RECEPTACLE WP = WEATHERPROOF W = WASHING MACHINE GF = GROUND FAULT R = RANGE REF = REFRIGERATOR D = DRYER
AMPERAGE RATING MAY ALSO BE ATTACHED TO RECEPTACLE SYMBOLS. EXAMPLE: 20 = 20 AMPS AND WP = WEATHERPROOF THIS SYMBOL INDICATES A 20 AMP WEATHERPROOF DUPLEX RECEPTACLE
20 WP
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 19. Common electrical symbols.
EF
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BD
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WELDING SYMBOL
A standard welding symbol and weld symbols have been developed by the American Welding Society. The symbols developed by the American welding Society are covered in detail in the units that follow. The standard welding symbol Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 22 consists of reference line, an arrow, and a tail. Each component has a particular function. The reference line is used to apply weld symbols and other data, and the arrow connects the reference line to the joint or area to be welded. The tail is added only when needed for the purpose of including a specification process or other reference. The phrase welding symbol refers to the SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 22. Standard total symbol including all information added welding symbol. to it to specify the weld(s) required. Weld symbol on the other hand, refers to the symbol for a specific type of weld. The weld symbol is only part of the total information that may be contained in the welding symbol. The arrow of the welding symbol may be shown with or without a break. When shown with a break, the break is made toward the member of the joint that is to be prepared or SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 23. Variations in shaped, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 23. the application of the arrow. Note that if there is no preference as to which joint member is to be prepared, or it is obvious which member is to be prepared, the arrow need not be shown with a break. The arrow is always drawn at an angle to the reference line. It is never drawn parallel (horizontal) to or in the same plane as the reference line. Multiple arrows may be added to the reference line to show the same weld required in SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 24. Arrow side, several different locations, as in the case of a other side locations. group of spot or fillet welds, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 23. The reference line of the welding symbol also has a particular significance that remains the same regardless of the elements added to it, and it is always drawn horizontal to the bottom of the print. The lower side of the reference line is termed the arrow side and the upper side is termed the other side, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 24. It should be noted that the terms, arrow side and other side apply to the location of the weld with respect to the joint. The direction of the arrow has no bearing on the significance of the reference line (refer to Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 25(a)). The arrow simply indicates a point to which the significance of the reference line and its elements are applied.
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(b)
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 25. Application of multiple reference lines to the standard welding symbol.
Multiple reference lines may also be used within the basic welding symbol, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 25(b). Additional information on multiple reference lines is presented later in this unit.
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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 31. Two-joint fillet weld (both sides of joints).
FINISH SYMBOL CONTOUR SYMBOL GROOVE WELD SIZE DEPTH OF BEVEL; SIZE OR STRENGTH FOR CERTAIN WELDS SPECIFICATION, PROCESS, OR OTHER REFERENCE
F A R
OTHER SIDE SIDES
ROOT OPENING; DEPTH OF FILLING FOR PLUG AND SLOT WELDS LENGTH OF WELD PITCH (CENTER-TO-CENTER SPACING) OF WELDS FIELD WELD SYMBOL
S(E) T
L-P
WELD-ALLAROUND SYMBOL
(N)
NUMBER OF SPOT, SEAM, STUD, PLUG, SLOT, OR PROJECTION WELDS
BOTH
WELD SYMBOL
ARROW CONNECTING REFERENCE LINE TO ARROW SIDE MEMBER OF JOINT OR ARROW SIDE OF JOINT
ELEMENTS IN THIS AREA REMAIN AS SHOWN WHEN TAIL AND ARROW ARE REVERSED
WELD SYMBOLS SHALL BE CONTAINED WITHIN THE LENGTH OF THE REFERENCE LINE
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 32. The welding symbol, its elements, and their locations.
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The specific elements to be applied to the welding symbol to denote the types of welds are illustrated in Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 33. A standard set of supplementary symbols may also be added to the basic welding symbols, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 34. Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 35 shows the kinds of basic weld symbols applied to a welding symbol and their location with respect to the reference line of the basic welding symbol. Note that all symbols do not have an arrow side, other side, or both sides application. Also note that an arrow with a break is generally necessary with bevel and J-groove symbols. In cases where it is obvious which joint member is to be prepared, an arrow with a break is not required.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 35. Basic weld symbols and their location significance on the reference line.
158
CONTENTS
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PREFERRED SYMBOLS
Field Weld, WeldAll-Around Symbols
Welds extending continuously around the joint are indicated by placing the weld-all-around symbol at the break of the reference arrow line, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 37. Welds not made in the shop are identified as field welds and are indicated by placing the field weld symbol or at the break in the reference arrow line. Note that the flag of the field weld symbol may point in either direction with respect to the arrow of the welding symbol, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 38. A field weld symbol and the weldall-around symbol may be used together, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 38.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 38. Weld-all-around and field weld symbol.
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The finish symbols commonly used are shown in SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 41. Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 40 and Symbols Application of finish symbols. and Abbreviations Figure 41. However, manufacturers may use their own designations for finishing. Although the degree of finish is not included in the AWS standards, many manufacturers do indicate a desired finish, particularly in the case of flush welds. An example of such a specification is the 250-microinch finish requirement shown in Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 40. The method of obtaining this finish may or may not be indicated.
Figure
42.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 43. Designation of weld on chamfered or beveled members.
There are definite locations on the welding symbol for designations of size or strength of the weld, length of the weld, pitch (center-to-center-spacing), and the number of welds (in the case of plug, slot, spot, or projection welds). These locations are determined by the side of the reference line on which the weld symbol is placed,
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GROOVE ANGLE; INCLUDED ANGLE OF COUTERSINK FOR PLUG WELDS A ROOT OPENING OR DEPTH OF FILLING FOR PLUG AND SLOT WELDS S(E) R (BOTH SIDES) OTHER ARROW SIDE SIDE PITCH (CENTER-TOCENTER SPACING) L-P OF WELDS LENGTH OF WELD
S(E)
R A (N)
L-P
(b) LOCATION OF DIMENSIONS WHEN WELD SYMBOL IS ON ARROW SIDE OF REFERENCE NUMBER OF SPOT, SEAM STUD, PLUG, OR PROJECTION WELDS LINE
(a) LOCATION OF DIMENSION WHEN WELD SYMBOL IS ON OTHER SIDE OF REFERENCE LINE
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 45. Size dimensions applied to weld symbols.
Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 44(a) and (b). The location for the number of spot or projection welds may be either above or below the symbol since there may be no arrow side or other side significance for these symbols. Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 45 shows how dimensions are applied to symbols. A detailed explanation of their application is presented in later units which refer to specific welds.
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Note that the term back gouge indicates removal of weld metal and base metal from the other side of a partially welded joint. This ensures complete joint penetration when welding the gouged side of the joint. There are circumstances when weld symbols are not added to the reference line of a welding symbol. This may occur when the drawing permits optional joint preparation with only complete penetration specified. This is so indicated by placing the letters CJP in the tail of the arrow and omitting the weld symbol, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 46B. A note is added to the print that signifies this option. It should be noted that when the letters CJP are found in the tail of the arrow, a complete joint penetration weld is required regardless of the type of weld or joint preparation that is used. The welding symbol may not always be adequate to denote the weld required, such as for skewed joints (joints that deviate from a straight line). When this is the case, a cross section or detail drawing of the joint and shape of the weld is shown on the print. Data, in the form of notes, may be added to the drawing to further clarify the joint or weld required. Reference is made to the detail or section drawing by a note or notes added to the reference line of the welding symbol with an arrow side, other side, or both sides significance, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 46B and Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 46C. In such cases, a weld-symbol is not shown on the reference line. A weld symbol may be omitted form the reference line if the type of joint preparation is not specified. The weld size is indicated on the desired side(s) of the reference line, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 46D.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 46A. Specifying additional information in the tail of the welding symbol.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 46B. Specifying Complete Joint Penetration (CJP) in the tail of the welding symbol.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 46C. Application of information to reference line of welding symbol.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 46D. Size of groove weld applied to welding symbol without reference to a weld symbol.
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DUPLICATE WELDS
To save drafting time and to reduce drafting costs, it is common practice to designate similar welds by additional (multiple) arrows, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 48(a), or by an indication placed in the tail or the symbol, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 48(b). It should be noted, however, that any indication such as 4 places must refer to obvious welds. If there is any doubt where these 4 places are on the print, separate symbols for each weld should be applied, Note that the abbreviation TYP for typical may be used to indicate a repetition of identical welds and is shown in the tail of the welding symbol.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 48A. Sequence of operations signified by multiple reference lines.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 48B. Application of weld symbols to multiple reference lines.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 48C. Application of supplementary data to second reference line.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 49. Application of field weld symbol and tails to multiple reference line.
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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 50A. Finish abbreviations, also called finish symbols.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 50C. Suffixes indicating method of applying welding process.
Note: AW MA
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 50D. Application of weld symbol dimension tolerance.
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Plumbing Symbols
CONTENTS
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Electrical Symbols
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ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLS
NOTE: The following are architectural symbols that are frequently used on construction drawings. Note that the architectural symbols for the same material are often different in the elevation view, plan view, and section view.
Building Materials
Elevation Plan Section
EARTH
BRICK
CONCRETE
CONCRETE BLOCK
GLASS
OR
GLASS BLOCK
INSULATION
OR
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Exterior Walls
Elevation Plan
FACE BRICK FACE BRICK ON RUBBLE RUBBLE FACE BRICK FACE BRICK ON CONCRETE BLOCKS CONCRETE BLOCK
FACE BRICK FACE BRICK ON STUD WALL
Section
PLASTER
STUD
WALL FINISH
WOOD STUD
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Symbol
N
Description
WALK PROPERTY LINE
Symbol
GRADE POINT FUEL GAS LINE CONTOUR LINE FIRE HYDRANT POWER POLE WITH GUY MH ELECTRICAL SERVICE LINE WATER LINE TREE FIRE LINE NATURAL GRADE (CONTOUR LINE) NUMBER INDICATES ELEVATION IN FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL FINISHED GRADE LINE F
60
MANHOLE
E W
60
MECHANICAL SYMBOLS
Description
RECTANGULAR OR SQUARE SUPPLY DUCT TURNED UP
Symbol
Description
Symbol
RECTANGULAR OR SQUARE SUPPLY DUCT TURNED DOWN RECTANGULAR CEILING DIFFUSER RECTANGULAR OR SQUARE EXHAUST DUCT TURNED UP ROUND CEILING DIFFUSER RECTANGUALR OR SQUARE EXHAUST DUCT TURNED DOWN FLEXIBLE CONNECTION ROUND SUPPLY DUCT TURNED UP
FOT
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S.D.
200 CFM
10 x 10
A.D.
PNEUMATIC OPERATED DAMPER TURNING VANES IN A SQUARE THROAT ELBOW THREE-WAY VALVE P.O.D.
OFF-SET UP IN DIRECTION OF ARROW DUCT DIMENSIONSFIRST FIGURE IS THE SIDE OF DUCT SHOWN (12 X 10)
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Symbol
FLEXIBLE CONNECTOR
BALL VALVE STRAINER, BLOW DOWN BUTTERFLY VALVE THERMOMETER DIAPHRAGM VALVE THERMOMETER WELL
PIPING SYMBOLS
Description
LOW PRESSURE STEAM LOW PRESSURE CONDENSATE PUMPED CONDENSATE FUEL OIL SUPPLY FUEL OIL RETURN HOT WATER SUPPLY HOT WATER RETURN COMPRESSED AIR
Symbol
LPS
Description
REFRIGERANT SUCTION
Symbol
RS
REFRIGERANT LIQUID REFRIGERANT HOT GAS CONDENSATE DRAIN FUEL GAS CHILLED WATER SUPPLY CHILLED WATER RETURN
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PLUMBING SYMBOLS
Description
METER SPRINKLER PIPING SPRINKLER HEAD FLOOR DRAIN CLEAN-OUT F.D.
Symbol
M
Description
Symbol
MANHOLE
MH
TUB YARD HYDRANT Y.H. TANK-TYPE WATER CLOSET FLUSH VALVE WATER CLOSET
Symbol
Description
ACID WASTE LINE VACUUM LINE COMPRESSED AIR LINE BACKFLOW PREVENTER GATE VALVE F G GLOBE VALVE CHECK VALVE (ARROW INDICATES DIRECTION OF FLOW)
Symbol
AW V A BFP OR OR
PLUMBING VENT LINE COLD WATER (DOMESTIC) HOT WATER (DOMESTIC) HOT WATER RETURN (DOMESTIC) FIRE LINE FUEL GAS LINE
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Symbol
Description
TEE OUTLET DOWN TEE OUTLET TO SIDE
Symbol
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
Description
SINGLE CONVENIENCE OUTLET DOUBLE CONVENIENCE OUTLET CONVENIENCE OUTLET OTHER THAN DUPLEX, TRIPLEX, OR DOUBLE DUPLEX, ETC. SPECIAL PURPOSE OUTLET (DESCRIBE IN SPECIFICATIONS) FLOOR OUTLET
Symbol
1
Description
FUSED SWITCH
Symbol
F
GANG OUTLET SWITCH AND CONVENIENCE OUTLET JUNCTION BOX LAMP HOLDER WALL-MOUNTED LAMP HOLDER CLOCK OUTLET C J L L S 1 OR M F
3, 4
FAN OUTLET
GENERATOR
BRANCH CIRCUIT HOME RUN TO PANEL (NUMBER INDICATES THE NUMBER OF THE CIRCUIT BREAKERS IN PANEL) 2 BRANCH CIRCUIT (HASH MARKS INDICATE NUMBER OF WIRES) MOTOR
SINGLE-POLE SWITCH
DOUBLE-POLE SWITCH
THREE-WAY SWITCH
BELL P
WATERPROOF SWITCH
CONTENTS
180
Symbol
F
Description
TELEPHONE SWITCHBOARD
Symbol
CONTENTS
181
ABBREVIATION
Abbreviation
C F A AAC AAW AB ABS AC
Description
Celsius or Degrees Centigrade Degrees Fahrenheit Area Air Carbon Arc Cutting Air Acetylene Welding Arc Brazing or Anchor Belt Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Air Conditioning, Arc Cutting, or Alternating Current Access Door or Area Drain Americans with Disabilities Act Addendum Above Finished Floor Aboveground American Gas Association Aggregate Air Handling Unit Atomic Hydrogen Welding American Institute of Electrical Engineers Air Conditioning American Iron and Steel Institute Aluminum Alarm Ampere Oxygen Arc Cutting Access Panel American Petroleum Institute Approved Approximate Architect, Architectural American Standards Association Asbestos American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers
Abbreviation
ASHVE
Description
American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers American Society of Mechanical Engineers Asphalt American Society of Refrigeration Engineers Associate, Association American Society for Testing Materials Acoustical Tile Average Acid Waste or Arc Welding American Wire Gauge American Water Works Association Bath, Brine, or Brazing Bell and Spigot Base Plate Back to Back Bathroom Baseboard or Block Brazing Barrel Balancing Damper, Board, or Building Drain Between Back Feed Backflow Preventer Boiler House Bidet Book Shelves Breaker Building Line Building Black or Block Blocking Blower Boiler Beam or Bench Mark Bare Metal Arc Welding Blow-Off Bottom Of Duct
ASME ASPH ASRE ASSOC ASTM AT AVE AW AWG AWWA B B&S B PL B to B or B B BA BB bbl or BBL BD BET BF BFP BH BID BK SH BKR BL or BLD LIN BLD, BLDG BLK BLKG BLO BLR BM BMAW BO BOD
AD ADA ADD AFF AG AGA AGGR AHU AHW AIEE AIR COND AISI AL or ALUM ALM AMP AOC AP API APPD APPROX ARCH ASA ASB ASHRAE
CONTENTS
182
Abbreviation
BOP BOT or BOTT BP BR BRK BRM BS BSMT BT BTR BTU BV BVL BWV C
Description
Bottom of Pipe Bottom Blueprint or Bypass Bedroom or Boiler Room Brick Broom Closet Building Sewer or Bureau of Standards Basement Bathtub Better British Thermal Unit Ball Valve or Butterfly Valve or Branch Vent Beveled Back Water Valve Centigrade, Hundred, Center, Courses, or Thermal Conductance Centerline, Center Line, or Closet Center to Center Center to Face Copper by Copper Copper by Copper by Copper Copper by Female Copper by Male Acetylene Butane Cabinet Carbon Arc Cutting Carbon Arc Welding Gas Carbon Arc Welding Shielded Carbon Arc Welding Twin Carbon Arc Welding Catch Basin or Cinder Block Cubic Centimeter Cement Cement Floor Cement Mortar Cement Plaster Coextrusion Welding Cubic Foot/Feet Counter Flashing Cubic Feet Per Minute Cubic Feet Per Second Channel Chilled Water Chilled Water Return
Abbreviation
CHWS CI or C. I. CI or CU IN CIR CIR BKR CK CKT CLG HT C L CLKG CLNG or CLG CLR CM CMU CND CNTR CO CO2 COD COL COM COMP CONC COND CONN CONST CONT CONTR CONV CONV ENCL COP CORRUG COV COV PL CP CPM CPVC CR PL CRNRS CS CSG CSP CTR CU CU FT CU IN
Description
Chilled Water Supply Cast Iron Cubic Inch Circle Circuit Breaker Cast Iron Circuit Ceiling Height Center Line or Centerline Caulking Ceiling Clear Centimeter Concrete Masonry Unit (concrete block) Conduit Center or Counter Cleanout, Clean-Out, or Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide Cleanout Door Column Common Composition, Compression, or Companion Concrete Conductor Connection Construction Contact or Continuous Contractor Convector Convector Enclosure Copper Corrugated Cover Cover Plate Cesspool, Chrome Plated, or Control Point Cycles Per Minute Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride Chrome Plated Corners Cast Steel, Cast Stone, or Carbon Steel Casing Central Switch Panel Center Copper Cubic Foot Cubic Inch
C or CL C to C or C C C to F C C C C C C F C M C2H2 C4H10 CAB CAC CAW CAW-G CAW-S CAW-T CB CC CEM CEM FL CEM MORT CEM PLAS CEW CF or CU FT CFLG CFM CFS CHAN CHW CHWR
CONTENTS
183
Abbreviation
CUR CV or CK V CW CWP CY or CU YD CYL d D D S, DS DBL DC DCP DEG, DET DF DFB DFU DFW DH DIA, DIAM, or DIAG DIF DIM DISC DMPR DN DO DP DR DR DS DT DW DWG DWN, DN DWV E E to C or E C E to E or E E EASP EBC EBW EBW-HV EBW-MV EBW-NV ECO
Description
Current Circuit Vent or Check Valve Cold Water or Cold Welding Circulating Water Pump Cubic Yard Cylinder Penny (nail size) Diameter or Dryer Downspout Double Direct Current Dimmer Control Panel Degree Detail Drinking Fountain Diffusion Brazing Drainage Fixture Unit Diffusion Welding Double Hub Diameter Diagram Diffuser Dimension Disconnect Damper Down Ditto Dampproofing, Deep, Depth, or Dip Brazing Dining Room Door, Drain, or Drainage Downspout Dust Tight Dishwasher or Dry Well Drawing Down Drainage Waste and Vent East End to Center End to End Electric Arc Spraying Electron Beam Cutting Electron Beam Welding Electron Beam Welding High Vacuum Electron Beam Welding Medium Vacuum Electron Beam Welding Nonvacuum End Cleanout
Abbreviation
EDR EF EGW el or EL ELEC ELEV EME ENCL ENGR ENT EP EQ EQUIP ESP EST ESW EWC EWH EXC EXIST EXP EXP JT EXT EXW F DR F EXT F to F or F F FAB FACP FAI FB FBRK FCAW FCO FCU FD FDR FDT FF FG FHY FIG FIN FIN FL FIP FL FL or FLR FLB FLG
Description
Equivalent Direct Radiation Exhaust Fan Electrogas Welding Elevation Electric Elevation or Elevator Emergency Enclosure Engineer Entrance Explosion Proof Equal Equipment Emergency Switch Panel Estimate Electroslag Welding Electric Water Cooler Electric Water Heater Excavate Existing Exposed or Expansion Expansion Joint Exterior Explosion Welding Fire Door Fire Extinguisher Face to Face Fabricate Fire Alarm Control Panel Fresh Air Intake Fixture Branch or Furnace Brazing Firebrick Flux Cored Arc Welding Floor Cleanout Fan Coil Unit Fire Damper, Floor Drain, or Fixture Drain Feeder Foundation Finished Floor Fuel Gas Fire Hydrant Figure Finish Finished Floor Female Iron Pipe Flashing Floor Flow Brazing Flange
CONTENTS
184
Abbreviation
FLGD FLOW FLR FND FOB FOC FOT FOUND or FDN FOW FP FPM FPRF FPS FR FRW FS FT, ' FTG FU FURN FV FW G GA GAL GALV GAR GFCI GFI GI GL GL BL GMAC GMAW GMAW-P GMAW-S GND GP GPF GPH GPM GPS GR or GRD GT GTAC GTAW GTAW-P GTV or GV
Description
Flanged Flow Welding Floor Foundation Flat On Bottom Chemical Flux Cutting Flat On Top Foundation Forge Welding Fireplace or Full Port Feet Per Minute Fireproof Feet Per Second Font Friction Welding Floor Sink Feet or Foot Footing or Fitting Fixture Unit Furnish Flush Valve Flash Welding Gas, Ground, or Grounded Gauge Gallon Galvanized Garage Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter Ground Fault Interrupter Galvanized Iron Glass Glass Block Gas Metal Arc Cutting Gas Metal Arc Welding Gas Metal Arc Welding Pulsed Arc Gas Metal Arc Welding Short Circuiting Arc Ground Gauge Pressure Gallons Per Flush Gallons Per Hour Gallons Per Minute Gallons Per Second Grade Grease Trap Gas Tungsten Arc Cutting Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Gas Tungsten Arc WeldingPulsed Arc Gate Valve
Abbreviation
GYP BD HB
Description
Gypsum Board Height (see HGT), Hose Bib (Bibb), or Horizontal Branch Hollow Core Door Hollow Core Wood Heavy Duty or Hub Drain Header Mercury Height (see HB) Heating Hot Water Heating Hot Water Return Heating Hot Water Supply Hollow Metal Horizontal High Point, High Pressure, or Horse Power (Horsepower) Hot Pressure Welding Height Heater or Heating Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Hot Water Hot Water Heater High Water Mark Hot Water Return I Beam or Insulation (see INS) Induction Brazing Inside Diameter Invert Elevation Inch or Inches Increaser Information Insulate, Insulation Insulation Interior Invert International Plumbing Code Iron Pipe Size Infrared Brazing Indirect Waste or Induction Welding Junction Box Janitors Closet Janitor Sink Joists Joint Kelvin, Kitchen, or Kilopound (See KIP)
HPW HT or HGT HTG HVAC HW HWH HWM HWR I IB ID IE IN, " INC INFO INS INSUL INT INV IPC IPS IRB IW J JCL JS JSTS JT K
CONTENTS
185
Abbreviation
KIP KG KM KO KS KVA KW KWHR L L or LGTH LAD LAU LAV LB LB, # LB/CU/FT LBC LBC-A LBC-EV LBC-IG LBC-O LBW LDG LEV LH LIB LIN LIN FT LIQ LKR R LOC LP LPG LPS LR LT LV LW LWC M MAC MAINT MALL MANUF MAS MATL
Description
Kilopound Kilogram Kilometer Knock Out Kitchen Sink Kilovoltage Amperes Kilowatt Kilowatt Hour Angle, Left, or Length (see LGTH) Length Ladder Laundry Lavatory Pound Pound Pounds Per Cubic Foot Laser Beam Cutting Laser Beam CuttingAir Laser Beam Cutting Evaporative Laser Beam Cutting Inert Gas Laser Beam Cutting Oxygen Laser Beam Welding Landing Level Left-Handed Library Linen Closet Linear Feet Liquid Locker Room Oxygen Lance Cutting Low Pressure Liquid Petroleum Gas Liters Per Second Living Room Light Loop Vent, Low Voltage, or Louver Light Weight Light Weight Concrete Meter, Motor, or Thousand Metal Arc Cutting Maintenance Malleable Manufacturer Masonry Material
Abbreviation
MAX MECH MED MEZZ MFG MFR MH MI MIN, ' MISC MLDG MM MN MO MOD MR MRR MS MSS MT MTG MTL MV N N/F N2 NAT NC NEC NFPA NFWH NG NH NIC NIP NL NO NOM NPS NT or NTS O O.H. Door o/ O2 OAW OC OD OFC OFC-A
Description
Maximum Mechanical Medium Mezzanine Manufacturing Manufacturer Manhole Malleable Iron and Mile Minimum or Minute Miscellaneous Moulding Millimeter Main Masonry Opening Modular Marble, Mop Receptor Mens Rest Room Mop Sink Manufacturers Standardization Society Empty, Mens Toliet Mounting Metal Millivolt North Now or Formerly Nitrogen Natural Normally Closed National Electric Code National Fire Protection Association Non Freeze Wall Hydrant Natural Gas No Hub Not In Contract Nipple Night Light Normally Open or Number Nominal National Pipe Size Not To Scale Offset Overhead Door Overhead or Over Oxygen Oxyacetylene Welding On Center or Oxygen Cutting Outside Diameter Oxyfuel Gas Cutting Oxyacetylene Cutting
CONTENTS
186
Abbreviation
OFC-H OFC-N OFC-P OFF OFW OHW OPG OS&Y OSB OVLD OZ P&T PAC PAN, PAL PAW PB PC
Description
Abbreviation
PW PWR QTY R R&L RA RAD RAG RB RCP RD RECIR, RECIRC RED REF REG REINF REM REP REQ RET REV RF RGH RGH OPNG RH RI RL RM ROB ROW RPM RPS RPZ RSEW RSEW-HF RSEW-I RSW RT RTU RV RW RWL S S&P
Description
Projection Welding Power Quantity Radius, Range, Recessed, or Risers Right and Left Return Air Radiator Return Air Grille Resistance Brazing Reinforced Concrete Pipe Road or Roof Drain Recirculate Reducing or Reducer Refrigerator Register Reinforcement or Reinforced Remove Repair Requirement Return Revision Roof or Roof Flashing Rough Rough Opening Right-Hand Rough-in Roof Leader Room Run of Bank (gravel) Right of Way or Roll Welding Revolutions Per Minute Revolutions Per Second Reduced Pressure Zone Valve Resistance Seam Welding Resistance Seam WeldingHigh Frequency Resistance Seam WeldingInduction Resistance Spot Welding Rain Tight or Right Roof Top Unit Relief Vent or Relief Valve Resistance Welding Rain Water Leader Sink, Sewer, South, or Switch Shelf and Pole
Oxyhydrogen Cutting Oxynatural Gas Cutting Oxypropane Cutting Office Oxyfuel Gas Welding Oxyhydrogen Welding Opening Outside Screw and Yoke Oriented Strand Board Overload Ounce Pressure and Temperature Plasma Arc Cutting Panel Plasma Arc Welding Lead Plumbing Contractor, Pre-cast Concrete, or Pull Chain PCF Pounds Per Cubic Foot PE Plain End or Polyethylene PERF Perforated PEW Percussion Welding PEX Cross Linked Polyethylene PG Pressure Gauge PGW Pressure Gas Welding PH Phase or Power House PI Pressure Indicator PL Plate PLAS Plaster PLG, PLMG, or PLUMB Plumbing PL GL Plate Glass PLYWD Plywood POC Point of Connection PORT Portable PRCST Precast PREFAB Prefabricated PRES Pressure PROP Proposal PRV Pressure Reducing Valve PS Pipe Shaft PSF Pound Per Square Foot PSI Pounds Per Square Inch PSIA Pounds Per Square Inch Absolute PSIG Pounds Per Square Inch Gauge PT Pint or Pressure-Treated Lumber PTD Painted PTN Partition PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
CONTENTS
187
Abbreviation
SA SAG SAN SAW SAW-S SCD SCH or SCHED SCM SCRND SD SEC SEW SF SH SHT SHTG SHR or SHWR SIM SIN SK SL SLD SM SMAC SMACNA
Description
Shock Absorber or Supply Air Supply Air Grille Sanitary Submerged Arc Welding Series Submerged Arc Welding Screwed Schedule Square Centimeter Screened Split Damper or Storm Drain Second Sewer Square Foot or Square Feet Shower or Single Hub Sheet Sheathing Shower Similar Square Inch Sketch or Sink Slate or Sliding Solder Square Meter Shielded Metal Arc Cutting Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association Shielded Metal Arc Welding Side Outlet Shut-Off Valve Soil Pipe or Static Pressure Specifications Sprinkler Square Square Foot Square Inch Square Yard Stainless Steel (See SST), Sanitary Sewer, Soil Stack, or Service Sink Stainless Steel Solid-State Welding Standard Steel Story
Abbreviation
SUP SUPT SV
Description
Supply Superintendent Stack Vent, Safety Valve, or Service Weight Pipe Stud Arc Welding or Switch Switchboard Square Yard System Toilet or Travel Tongue and Groove Temperature and Pressure Torch Brazing Temporary Bench Mark Thermal Cutting Twin Carbon Arc Brazing Trench Drain Temperature Temperature Gauge Thermostat (see TSTAT) Threaded Thermometer Thick Threshold Temperature Indicator Toilet Top of Concrete Top Of Duct Trap Primer or Tie-in Point Thermostat (see TH) Thermit Welding Typical Underground Unit Heater Underwriters Laboratories Unfinished Unless Noted Otherwise Urinal United States Standard U.S. Standard Gauge Ultrasonic Welding Upset Welding Upset WeldingHigh Frequency Upset Welding Induction Volt, Vent, or Valve Voltage Amperes Vacuum Variable Air Volume
SW SWBD SY SYS T T&G T&P TB TBM TC TCAB TD TEMP TG TH THD THERM THK THOLD TI TLT TOC TOD TP TSTAT TW TYP UG UH UL UNFIN UNO UR USS USSG USW UW UW-HF UW-I V VA VAC VAV
CONTENTS
188
Abbreviation
VB
Description
Vacuum Breaker, Valve Box, or Vapor Barrier Vitrified Clay Pipe Vinyl Composite Tile Volume Damper Velocity Vertical Vestibule Verify In Field Volume, Volt Vent Shaft Vapor Tight Vent Through Roof West, Watt, Wire, Width, or Washing Machine Washer and Dryer Wardrobe Washer Box Water Closet Wall Cleanout Wood Window Water Heater, Wall Hydrant, Weatherhead, or Weephole
Abbreviation
WI WM WP
Description
Wrought Iron Washing Machine or Water Meter Water Pump, Waterproof, Weatherproof, or Weatherproofing Womens Rest Room Waste Stack With Water Supply Fixture Unit Water Tight, Weight, Womens Toliet Wall Vent Water Working Pressure Cross Section Transfer Transformer Extra Heavy Extra Strong Cross Section Double Extra Heavy Double Extra Strong Yard Yard Drain Inlet Yard Hydrant Yellow Year
WRR WS W/ WSFU WT WV WWP X SECT XFER XFRMR XH or XHVY XS X-SECT XXH XXS YD YDI YH YLW YR