Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

Chng trnh Cao ng Cng ngh k thut in t Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh

Phn 3 K THUT THU HNH

1. NGUYN L TRUYN HNH
1.1 QUT XEN K
1.1.1 Cch thu nhn hnh nh ng Trong camera en trng: Hnh nh ng c ghi nhn li di dng mt chui nh tnh (= frame) lin tip, gm 25 nh tnh trong mi giy (theo tiu chun truyn hnh D/K). Mi nh tnh c phn chia thnh nhiu dng, mi dng c chia thnh nhiu im nh (= pixel) c din tch rt nh. Theo mt trnh t nht nh (th d nh theo trnh t t tri sang phi trong tng dng, t dng trn xung dng di trong tng nh tnh), chi ( sng ti) ca cc im nh ln lt c c v bin i thnh tn hiu in, to ra tn hiu chi Y, hay cn gi l tn hiu video ca truyn hnh en trng. 1.1.2 Cch to li hnh nh ng Trong n hnh en trng: Da vo gi tr tc thi ca tn hiu video, tia in t trong n hnh s "v" li chi ca cc im nh theo trnh t ging y nh trnh t c cc im nh trong camera, to li nh tnh. Do kh nng phn gii km ca mt ngi, v s im nh trn mi nh tnh ln (hay ni cch khc l din tch im nh nh), ta khng th phn bit c cc im nh lin tip trn mi dng cng nh khng th phn bit c cc dng k tip trn mi nh tnh m ch nhn thy nh tnh nh l mt tng th lin lc, khng b chia ct. Trong mi giy, 25 nh tnh lin tip s c n hnh "v" li, to li cm gic v hnh nh chuyn ng trn mn hnh, nh vo kh nng lu nh trong mt ngi. 1.1.3 Qut hnh (= Scanning) Trnh t phn tch mt nh tnh thnh cc im nh, cng nh trnh t tng hp cc im nh thnh mt nh tnh c gi chung l qut hnh. Qut hnh theo trnh t t tri sng phi, t trn xung di trn tng nh tnh lin tip nhau nh va trnh by trn c gi l qut lin tc (= progressive scanning). Trong truyn hnh, gim bt hin tng chp hnh hay nhp nhy hnh (= flicker) m khng cn phi tng gp i s lng nh tnh trong mi giy (s lm tng gp i tn s tn hiu video), thng dng cch qut xen k (= interlaced scanning). Trong cch qut ny mi nh tnh (= frame) c chia thnh 2 bn nh (= field): bn nh l gm cc dng l v bn nh chn gm cc dng chn. Cc im nh vn c qut theo th t t tri sang phi trn tng dng, t trn xung di nhng theo tng bn nh. Khi qut tng nh tnh, bn nh l c qut trc, bn nh chn c qut tip theo sau.

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

1.1.4 Qut xen k trong truyn hnh Hi ngang Tin ngang

Tin dc (287,5 dng)

Hi dc (25 dng)

Tin dc (287,5 dng)

Hi dc (25 dng)

Qut bn nh l (312,5 dng)

Qut bn nh chn (312,5 dng)

Qut 1 nh = 625 dng (theo tiu chun truyn hnh D/K) Hnh 1 Qut xen k trong truyn hnh Hnh 1 minh ha cch qut xen k trong truyn hnh vi cc thng s c xc nh theo tiu chun truyn hnh D/K (OIRT). Trong khi qut mt dng t tri sang phi, tia in t s c hoc "v" li chi ca cc im nh (theo ng tin ngang). Sau , tia in t s b tt (= b xa) v quay t phi v tri (theo ng hi ngang) chun b qut dng k tip ca bn nh. Qu trnh qut tng dng, t tri sang phi (tin ngang) ri t phi quay v tri (hi ngang) c gi l qut ngang. Trong khi qut cc dng ca mt bn nh t trn xung di, tia in t s ln lt c hoc "v" li chi ca cc dng (theo ng tin dc). Sau tia in t s b tt (= b xa) v quay t di ln trn (theo ng hi dc) chun b qut bn nh k tip. Qu trnh qut tng bn nh, t trn xung di (tin dc) ri t di quay v trn (hi dc) c gi l qut dc. Nh vy qut hnh l hot ng phi hp gia qut ngang v qut dc mt cch chun xc c tng im nh trn nh tnh (phn tch nh) cng nh v li chnh xc tng im nh ca nh tnh (tng hp nh). S bn nh qut c trong mi giy c gi l tn s qut dc fV o fV = 2 bn nh / nh 25 nh / giy = 50 bn nh / giy = 50 Hz. S dng qut c trong mi giy c gi l tn s qut ngang fH o fH = 625 dng / nh 25 nh / giy = 15.625 dng / giy = 15.625 Hz. Thi gian qut mt dng chnh l chu k qut ngang TH o TH = 1 / fH = 1 giy / 15.625 = 64 s Trong : 52 s: thi gian tin ngang. 12 s: thi gian hi ngang. Thi gian qut mt bn nh chnh l chu k qut dc TV o TV = 1 / fV = 1 giy / 50 = 20 ms Trong : 18,4 ms: thi gian tin dc. 1,6 ms: thi gian hi dc.

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1.2 TN HIU VIDEO TNG HP EN TRNG

Tn hiu video tng hp (= Composite Video Signal) trong truyn hnh en trng tiu chun D/K, nu xt tng i chi tit, bao gm cc thnh phn sau: 1.2.1 Tn hiu chi Y (= Luminance Signal) Gi tr: th hin chi ca cc im nh theo th t qut xen k, nm trong khong t mc en n mc trng (xem Hnh 2). Tn s: th hin r nt ca hnh nh en trng: 0 6 MHz. o Tn s thp tng ng vi cc mng hnh nh ln. o Tn s cao tng ng vi cc chi tit nh, sc so ca hnh nh. Thi gian: ch xut hin trong cc khong thi gian tin ngang ca ng tin dc. in p Mc trng Tn hiu chi Y Xung xa ngang Xung ng b ngang

Mc en Mc xa Mc ng b
Tin ngang = 52s Chu k qut ngang = 64s

Thi gian t
Hi ngang = 12s

Hnh 2 Dng sng tn hiu video tng hp truyn hnh en trng 1.2.2 Xung xa ngang (= Horizontal Blanking Pulse) Xung xa ngang l cc xung hnh ch nht dng xa ng hi ngang. Gi tr: mc xa (thp hn mc en). Tn s: fH = 15.625 Hz. Thi gian: xung c rng bng thi gian hi ngang (12 s). 1.2.3 Xung xa dc (= Vertical Blanking Pulse) Xung xa dc l cc xung hnh ch nht dng xa ng hi dc. Gi tr: mc xa. Tn s: fV = 50 Hz. Thi gian: xung c rng bng thi gian hi dc (1,6ms). 1.2.4 Xung ng b ngang (= Horizontal Synchro Pulse) Xung ng b ngang l cc xung hnh ch nht dng bo hiu qut ht ng tin ngang ca mt dng. Gi tr: mc ng b (thp hn mc xa). Tn s: fH = 15.625 Hz. Thi gian: xung c rng 4,7s, nm gn u qung thi gian hi ngang. 1.2.5 Xung ng b dc (= Vertical Synchro Pulse) Xung ng b dc l cc xung hnh ch nht dng bo hiu qut ht ng tin dc ca mt bn nh.
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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

Gi tr: mc ng b. Tn s: fV = 50 Hz. Thi gian: xung c rng khong 2,5TH = 160s, nm gn u qung thi gian hi dc. Ghi ch: Xung ng b dc thc ra l 1 dy xung phc tp hn, bao gm 5 xung cn bng trc, 5 xung b st, 5 xung cn bng sau.

1.3 KNH TRUYN HNH V BNG SNG TRUYN HNH

1.3.1 Knh truyn hnh (= TV Channel) Tn hiu video tng hp c iu bin AM cc tnh m vo sng mang hnh to ra tn hiu cao tn hnh AM, chim mt di tn s xung quanh sng mang hnh, gi l ph tn hnh hay ph hnh. Tn hiu video tng hp v trn Hnh 2 l tn hiu video tng hp cc tnh dng, nu o ngc tn hiu ny li ta c tn hiu video tng hp cc tnh m vi mc ng b c gi tr cao nht v mc trng c gi tr thp nht. iu bin AM cc tnh m tn hiu video tng hp ngha l iu bin AM tn hiu video tng hp cc tnh m. Di bin di ca ph tn hnh b ct ngn bt, ch cn khong 1,25MHz (vi mc ch l va tit kim di tn s, va thun tin khi chn lc thu knh truyn hnh sau ny). V vy cch iu bin hnh trong truyn hnh c gi l iu bin AM di bin ct VBS (= Vestigal Side Band). Trong cch iu bin AM VBS ny, thnh phn tn s nh hn 1,25MHz ca tn hiu video tng hp c truyn i mnh gp hai ln so vi thnh phn tn s cao hn. Tn hiu audio c iu bin FM vo sng mang ting to ra tn hiu cao tn ting FM, chim 1 di tn s xung quanh sng mang ting, gi l ph tn ting hay ph ting. Sng mang hnh cng vi ph tn hnh (tng ng vi tn hiu cao tn hnh AM) v sng mang ting cng vi ph tn ting (tng ng vi tn hiu cao tn ting FM) ca mt chng trnh truyn hnh, s chim mt di tn s nht nh rng khong t 6MHz n 8MHz c gi l knh truyn hnh. T.h. cao tn hnh AM t Phn ct bt fh Sng mang ting Sng mang hnh Ph hnh f T.h. cao tn ting FM t Ph ting f Ph hnh Hnh 3 Ph tn s ca knh truyn hnh (tiu chun D/K)
1,2 5

Smh Smt

ft

Ph ting f

fh

6,5 8,0

ft

0,2 5

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

1.3.2 Bng sng truyn hnh (= TV Band) Truyn hnh mt t c pht trn 2 bng sng chnh: VHF (Very High Frequency) v UHF (Ultra High Frequency). Cch phn b cc knh truyn hnh trong cc bng sng ty thuc vo tng tiu chun truyn hnh. a) Bng VHF (hay bng I, II, III) Bao gm 12 knh t R1 R12 theo tiu chun D/K. C th chia bng sng VHF thnh 2 bng sng nh: + VHF Low (VL): knh R1 R5 + VHF High (VH): knh R6 R12 b) Bng UHF (hay bng IV, V) Bao gm cc knh t R21 R81 theo tiu chun D/K. Bng 1 Cc bng sng truyn hnh tiu chun D/K Bng sng Knh I 1, 2 VL II 3, 4, 5 VHF III VH 6 12 IV 21 34 UHF V 35 81 Khong tn s (MHz) 48 66 76 100 174 230 470 582 582 958

1.4 TIU CHUN TRUYN HNH (TV STANDARD)

1.4.1 Gii thiu v tiu chun truyn hnh Cc tiu chun truyn hnh en trng, cn c gi khng chnh xc l h truyn hnh en trng, khc bit nhau cc thng s k thut nh: + S bn nh trong 1 giy. + S dng trong 1 nh. + Di tn s tn hiu video. + Khong cch tn s gia sng mang ting v sng mang hnh. + Di tn ca mt knh truyn hnh. + Cch phn b cc knh truyn hnh trong bng sng.... Cho ti nay c n 14 tiu chun truyn hnh khc nhau, c k hiu: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, K (K1), L, M, N. Trong , mt s tiu chun truyn hnh hin nay khng cn c s dng na nh A, C, E, F Mt s tiu chun truyn hnh ph bin: + M hay FCC (M, Nht, Hn Quc...) + B/G hay CCIR (nhiu nc chu u, , Phi) + D/K hay OIRT (Lin x v cc nc XHCN trc y, VN) + I (Anh) + L (Php) 1.4.2 c im chnh ca 3 nhm tiu chun truyn hnh ph bin

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

Bng 2 c im chnh ca 3 nhm tiu chun truyn hnh ph bin Tn gi Bng Di tn Khong Di tn S bn S dng S tiu chun sng 1 knh cch tn hiu nh/giy /nh dng/giy truyn hnh smh v video hay tn hay tn s smt s dc (dng) ngang Theo Theo (MHz) (MHz) (MHz) (Hz) (Hz) t chc ABC VHF FCC M 6 4,5 4,2 60 525 15.750 UHF B VHF CCIR 7 5,5 5,0 50 625 15.625 G UHF D VHF OIRT 8 6,5 6,0 50 625 15.625 K UHF Ghi ch: FCC: Federal Communication Commission (Hi ng truyn thng lin bang). CCIR: Commit Consultatif International de Radio Communication (Hi ng t vn quc t v truyn thng v tuyn). OIRT: Organisation International de Radio et Tlvision (T chc quc t v pht thanh v truyn hnh).

2. NGUYN L TRUYN HNH MU

2.1 MU SC
2.1.1 nh sng v mu sc nh sng kh kin hay nh sng nhn thy c l 1 dng sng in t chim mt di tn s hp f = 3,8 . 1014 7,8 . 1014 Hz (tng ng vi di bc sng = c / f = 380 780 nm), lan truyn trong khng gian vi vn tc c = 3.108 m/s. nh sng nhn thy c tn s nm gia tn s ca tia hng ngoi (IR = Infrared) v tn s ca tia cc tm hay tia t ngoi (UV = Ultraviolet).

Hnh 4 Ph tn s ca nh sng trong ph sng in t Ni chung, nh sng c tn s khc nhau khi tc ng vo mt cho ta cm gic v mu sc khc nhau. Di tn s nh sng cho ta tt c cc mu sc ca cu vng. 3,8 1014 7,8 1014 Tn s f Bc sng
780nm 380 nm

Hng ngoi Cam Vng Lc Lam L Tm Cc tm Vng nh sng nhn thy Hnh 5 Mu sc ca nh sng nhn thy

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2.1.2 Ba c tnh ca mu sc Xt v mt cm th ch quan ca mt ngi, ta c th phn chia mu sc thnh 2 thnh phn: chi (Luminance) v mu (Chrominance). mu li c th c phn thnh 2 thnh phn: sc iu (Tint / Hue) v bo ha mu (Colour saturation). Tm li, mu sc c 3 c tnh cm th ch quan l: chi, sc iu v bo ha mu. Bng 3 Ba c tnh ca mu sc Ba c tnh ca mu sc Cm th v mu sc Thng s tng ng ca nh sng chi (LUMINANCE) Mu sng / ti Bin (cng ) mnh / yu Sc iu (TINT / HUE) Mu g ? Tn s chnh (Tn s tri) bo ha mu (COLOUR SATURATION) Mu m / lt Dng ph tn s hp / rng

2.2 CCH THU NHN V TO LI MU SC TRN MU

2.2.1 Nguyn tc trn mu Dng ba mu c bn R (), G (lc), B (l) trn li vi nhau theo cc liu lng thch hp s to ra mi mu sc cn thit.

Lc L Vng Lam Ta Trng en

RED (R) = 1R + 0G + 0B GREEN (G) = 0R + 1G + 0B BLUE (B) = 0R + 0G + 1B YELLOW (Y) = 1R + 1G + 0B CYAN (C) = 0R + 1G + 1B MANGENTA (M) = 1R + 0G + 1B WHITE (W) = 1R + 1G + 1B BLACK (Bl) = 0R + 0G + 0B Hnh 6 Trn mu

R Trng W Ta M L B

en Bl Vng Y Lc G

Lam C

V vy xc nh 1 mu sc no , ch cn bit ba liu lng pha trn tng ng ca R, G, B. 2.2.2 Cch thu nhn mu sc Cnh mu c camera mu bin i thnh 3 cnh R, G, B tng ng. Thc hin qut xen k 3 cnh R, G, B to ra 3 tn hiu mu c bn R, G, B. Th d minh ha: 3 tn hiu mu c bn R, G, B ca Biu sc mu (phn tng ng vi thi gian tin ngang) c trnh by trn Hnh 7. 2.2.3 Cch to li mu sc Mn hnh mu bao gm cc im nh mu. Mi im nh mu bao gm 3 im nh con R, G, B nm st cnh nhau. C th coi nh: o Tt c cc im nh con R hp thnh mn hnh R. o Tt c cc im nh con G hp thnh mn hnh G. o Tt c cc im nh con B hp thnh mn hnh B. Trong n hnh mu, 3 tn hiu mu c bn R, G, B s iu khin 3 tia in t v li 3 mn hnh R, G, B tng ng theo th t qut xen k. Do kh nng phn gii km ca mt ngi, ta nhn thy 3 im nh con R, G, B nm cnh nhau s chp vo nhau thnh mt
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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

im nh mu v do 3 mn hnh R, G, B s "chp" vo nhau to li mt mn hnh mu duy nht.

Cnh mu ca Biu sc mu

Biu sc mu gm 8 sc t tri sang phi: Trng, Vng, Lam, Lc, Ta, , L, en

Tn hiu R Cnh R () ca Biu sc mu t

Cnh G (lc) ca Biu sc mu

Tn hiu G Lc t

Cnh B (l) ca Biu sc mu

Tn hiu B l l l l t

Hnh 7 Cch thu nhn v to li mu sc ca Biu sc mu

2.3 CCH TRUYN MU SC

2.3.1 Yu cu tng hp gia truyn hnh en trng v truyn hnh mu K thut truyn hnh mu phi c pht trin trn nn tng k thut truyn hnh en trng, phi gi li cc thnh tu c ca truyn hnh en trng. Nh vy, nu cng tiu chun truyn hnh, TV en trng (c) vn thu c chng trnh truyn hnh mu (mi) di dng hnh nh en trng. V ngc li, nu cng tiu chun truyn hnh, TV mu (mi) vn thu c chng trnh truyn hnh en trng (c) di dng hnh nh en trng. y chnh l yu cu tng hp gia truyn hnh en trng v truyn hnh mu.

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

My PH en trng A (tiu chun D/K)

TV en trng (tiu chun D/K) Tng hp

A en trng B en trng

My PH mu B (h PAL D/K)

TV mu (h PAL D/K)

A en trng B mu

Hnh 8 S tng hp gia truyn hnh en trng v truyn hnh mu 2.3.2 M ha mu Gii m mu M ha mu l cch x l 3 tn hiu mu c bn R, G, B (trong camera) to ra tn hiu video, m bo yu cu tng hp gia truyn hnh en trng v truyn hnh mu. Gii m mu l cch x l tn hiu video (trong TV mu) to li 3 tn hiu mu c bn R, G, B (hoc to li 3 tn hiu hiu s mu RY, GY, BY). R G B M ha mu (Colour Encoder) Trong Camera Hnh 9 M ha mu v gii m mu 2.3.3 Cc h truyn hnh mu C 3 h truyn hnh mu chnh: NTSC, PAL v SECAM, khc bit nhau ch yu cch m ha mu v gii m mu. Mi h truyn hnh mu ny li c th tng hp vi cc tiu chun truyn hnh khc nhau cho ra nhiu h truyn hnh mu khc nhau. Th d: o H PAL tng hp vi tiu chun B/G PAL B/G (u chu). o H PAL tng hp vi tiu chun D/K PAL D/K (Vit Nam). o H PAL tng hp vi tiu chn I PAL I (Anh). 2.3.4 Nguyn tc m ha mu chung ca cc h truyn hnh mu a) Nguyn tc 1: Truyn tn hiu chi Y Tn hiu chi Y chnh l tn hiu video ca truyn hnh en trng, cho bi : Y = 0,30 R + 0,59 G + 0,11 B Di tn ca tn hiu Y khong vi MHz (c th l t 4,2 n 6,0 MHz, ty thuc tiu chun truyn hnh) m bo r nt ca hnh nh en trng trong truyn hnh mu. Vic truyn tn hiu chi Y l yu t quyt nh m bo yu cu tng hp gia truyn hnh en trng v truyn hnh mu. V d minh ha: Tn hiu Y ca Biu sc mu (tng ng vi thi gian tin ngang) c dng nh Hnh 10. Gi tr Y ca 8 sc trn Biu sc mu c tnh ph thuc vo 3 thnh phn R, G, B theo cng thc nu trn v ghi li trong Bng 4. Video Video Gii m mu (Colour Decoder) Trong TV mu R (R-Y) G (G-Y) B (B-Y)

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Bng 4 Gi tr cc tn hiu tng ng vi Biu sc mu Tn hiu Trng Vng Lam Lc Ta R 1 1 0 0 1 G 1 1 1 1 0 B 1 0 1 0 1 Y 1 0.89 0.70 0.59 0.41 R-Y 0 0.11 -0.70 -0.59 0.59 G-Y 0 0.11 0.30 0.41 -0.41 B-Y 0 -0.89 0.30 -0.59 0.59 Tn hiu chi Y
1 .89.70 .59.41 .30 .11

1 0 0 0.30 0.70 -0.30 -0.30

L 0 0 1 0.11 -0.11 -0.11 0.89

en 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trng

Xm m dn

en

Biu sc mu (dng o th) in p Tn hiu chi Y Mc trng Mc en Tn hiu Y Mc ng b Xung ng b ngang Hnh 10 Dng sng tn hiu chi Y ca Biu sc mu. Tn hiu chi Y th hin chi ca mu sc, c chnh bi CONTRAST (PICTURE) v BRIGHT (BRIGHTNESS) trn TV: o in p trung bnh VDC th hin sng trung bnh ca mn hnh, c iu chnh bi BRIGHT (BRIGHTNESS) trn TV. o in p bin nh nh Vpp th hin tng phn sng ti ca hnh nh, c chnh bi CONTRAST (PICTURE) trn TV. t VDC Vpp

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

b) Nguyn tc 2: Truyn thm hai tn hiu hiu s mu RY, BY Hai tn hiu hiu s mu c truyn thm cng vi tn hiu chi Y, l: o RY = 0,70 R 0,59 G 0,11 B o BY = - 0,30 R 0,59 G + 0,89 B Nh vy, thay v truyn 3 tn hiu mu c bn R, G, B ta truyn tn hiu chi Y mang thng tin v chi ( m bo yu cu tng hp vi truyn hnh en trng) cng 2 tn hiu na mang thng tin v mu. Nhng thay v chn 2 trong 3 tn hiu mu c bn R, G, B, ta chn 2 trong 3 tn hiu hiu s mu RY, BY, GY truyn thm thng tin v mu (l do l khi truyn hnh mu ang truyn chng trnh truyn hnh en trng th RY, BY, GY u bng 0 p ng tt hn yu cu tng hp, trong khi R, G, B vn khc 0). Lu rng i vi chng trnh truyn hnh en trng th Y = R = G = B. Trong 3 tn hiu hiu s mu RY, BY, GY, ta khng chn GY, v GY c bin nh nh nh hn so vi 2 tn hiu hiu s mu cn li (tham kho cc s liu v RY, BY, GY trong Bng 4) nn d b tc ng bi nhiu hn. Di tn ca tn hiu RY, BY khong 1,5 MHz, do mu sc trn mn hnh ch l cc mng mu t thm ln hnh nh en trng. Do c th xem nh hnh nh mu trn mn hnh chnh l hnh nh en trng c t thm mu. Hai tn hiu hiu s mu RY, BY th hin mu ca mu sc bao gm sc iu v bo ha mu: o Bin nh nh Vpp ca tn hiu RY, BY, th hin bo ha mu, c chnh bi COLOUR trn TV. Nu chnh COLOUR mc thp nht tng ng vi bo ha bng 0, tc l RY = 0 v BY = 0 th hnh nh mu trn mn hnh ch cn l hnh nh en trng. o T l gia RY, BY th hin sc iu, c chnh bi TINT trn TV (ch c tc ng ring i vi h NTSC). Th d minh ha: Tn hiu RY, BY ca Biu sc mu (tng ng vi thi gian tin ngang) c dng nh Hnh 11 di y vi cc gi tr c tnh ton trong Bng 4.
.70 0 -.59 -.11 .89 0 -.30 t t

Tn hiu R-Y

.11

.59

-.70

Tn hiu B-Y

.30

.59

-.89

-.59

Hnh 11 Dng sng tn hiu R-Y, B-Y ca Biu sc mu c) Nguyn tc 3: Dng sng mang ph iu bin 2 tn hiu hiu s mu RY, BY Dng 1 hoc 2 sng mang ph iu bin hai tn hiu hiu s mu RY, BY, to ra tn hiu sc C. Sau cng chung tn hiu sc C (th hin mu) vi tn hiu chi Y (th hin chi) to thnh tn hiu video tng hp (= Composite Video Signal), gi tt l tn hiu video hay tn hiu CVBS (= Colour Video Baseband Signal).

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

Dng sng ca tn hiu video tng hp tng ng vi Biu sc mu thng dng o th tn hiu video c dng nh Hnh 12 v Hnh 13.

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

Biu sc mu Tn hiu C Mc trng Mc en Tn hiu Y Mc ng b Xung ng b ngang Hnh 12 Dng sng tn hiu video tng hp ca Biu sc mu.

Hnh 13 Dng sng tn hiu video tng hp ca Biu sc mu trn Oscilloscope V mt tn s, ph mu (ca tn hiu sc C) c lng an xen vo vng tn s cao ca ph hnh en trng (ca tn hiu chi Y). Ph hnh en trng v ph mu u c dng ph vch. Tn s sng mang ph c tnh ton chnh xc cc vch ph hnh en trng v cc vch ph mu an xen vo nhau, trnh chng ln nhau gy nhiu cho nhau. Ph hnh en trng (Ph tn hiu chi Y) Sng mang ph Ph hnh en trng Y Ph mu (Ph t.h. C)
0 4,4 6,0 3

Sng mang hnh Sng mang ting Ph ting f (MHz)

1,2 5

Sng mang ph Ph mu fh 4,4

3 8,0

f (MHz)

fsc

ft

0,2 5

6,5

Hnh 14 Ph tn ca Tn hiu video h PAL D/K

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Hnh 15 Ph tn ca Knh truyn hnh mu h PAL D/K 13

Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

d) S m ha mu Kt hp c 3 nguyn tc nu trn, ta c s m ha mu tng qut nh Hnh 16. R G B Ma trn Y R-Y B-Y iu bin sng mang ph Y C Cng Video

Sng mang ph Hnh 16 S m ha mu tng qut Ba tn hiu mu c bn R, G, B hay ba tn hiu Y, R-Y, B-Y c gi l tn hiu video thnh phn (= Component Video Signal). Hai tn hiu Y, C c gi l tn hiu S-Video (Y/C Separate Video Signal). Tn hiu video l tn gi tt ca tn hiu video tng hp (= Composite Video Signal). 2.3.5 th vect mu Ta c th xc nh mt mu sc bt k bng 3 gi tr Y, RY, BY thay v 3 gi tr R, G, B ca n. Trong Y th hin chi cn RY, BY th hin mu (sc iu v bo ha mu) ca mu sc . th vect mu: c th biu din ring mu ca mu sc bng mt im hay mt vect trong h trc ta vung gc BY, RY nh trong Hnh 17. R-Y
R (Red = ) 0,70 0,59 Y (Yellow = Vng) 0,89 0,59 0,30 0,11 0,30 0,59 0,89 0,11 B (Blue = L) M (Magenta = Ta)

B-Y

G (Green = Lc)

0,59 C (Cyan = Lam) 0,70

Hnh 17 th vect mu Nh vy, nu khng k n chi Y, mi vect mu trong th vect mu xc nh mt mu sc nht nh, trong : o Gc pha ca vect mu: th hin sc iu.

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

o di ca vect mu: th hin bo ha mu.

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

3. S KHI MY THU HNH MU

3.1 PHN TCH S KHI TV EN TRNG
3.1.1 S khi S khi TV en trng c trnh by trong Hnh 18. 3.1.2 Nhim v cc khi a) Phn cao tn (hay B chn knh): RF AMP (Khuch i cao tn): Khuch i v chn lc tn hiu cao tn ca 1 knh truyn hnh bao gm tn hiu cao tn hnh AM (c tn s trung tm l fh) v tn hiu cao tn ting FM (c tn s trung tm l ft). OSC (Dao ng ni): To ra dao ng hnh sin c tn s fd ln hn tn s fh ca tn hiu cao tn hnh AM ang thu mt tr s c nh ng bng tn s tn hiu trung tn hnh AM ftth (ftth = 38MHz i vi tiu chun D/K): fd = fh + ftth = fh + 38 MHz (tiu chun D/K) MIX (Trn tn): o Trn dao ng ni (fd) vi tn hiu cao tn hnh AM (fh) to ra tn hiu trung tn hnh AM (ftth): ftth = fd - fh = 38 MHz (tiu chun D/K) o Trn dao ng ni (fd) vi tn hiu cao tn ting FM (ft) to ra tn hiu trung tn ting FM (ftth): fttt = fd - ft = fd - (fh + 6,5) = 31,5 MHz (tiu chun D/K) b) Phn trung tn: 1, 2, 3 VIF AMP (Khuch i trung tn hnh 1, 2, 3): Khuch i v chn lc tn hiu trung tn hnh AM (38 MHz) v tn hiu trung tn ting FM (31,5 MHz) tng ng vi knh truyn hnh ang thu. VIDEO DET (Tch sng hnh): o Tch sng AM tch tn hiu video ra khi tn hiu trung tn hnh AM (38 MHz). o Trn tn hiu trung tn hnh AM (38 MHz) vi tn hiu trung tn ting FM (31,5 MHz) to ra tn hiu trung tn ting FM th 2 (fttt2): fttt2 = ftth fttt = 38 31,5 = 6,5 MHz VIDEO AMP (Khuch i hnh): Khuch i tn hiu video v tn hiu trung tn ting FM th 2 (6,5 MHz). AGC (T ng iu chnh khuch i): Da vo bin tn hiu video, to ra in p t ng iu chnh khuch i ca tng Khuch i trung tn hnh 1 v tng Khuch i cao tn. c) Phn hnh: VIDEO OUT (Xut hnh): Khuch i tn hiu video ln khong 100Vpp vi cc tnh m cung cp cho catt n hnh. CRT (n hnh): Bin i tn hiu video thnh hnh nh ng trn mn hnh. d) Phn ting: 1, 2 SIF AMP (Khuch i trung tn ting 1, 2): Khuch i v chn lc tn hiu trung tn ting FM th 2 (6,5 MHz). SOUND DET (Tch sng ting): Tch sng FM tch tn hiu audio ra khi tn hiu trung tn ting FM th 2 (6,5 MHz). AUDIO AMP (Khuch i m tn): Khuch i in p tn hiu audio. AUDIO OUT (Xut m): Khuch i cng sut tn hiu audio cung cp cho loa.

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

SP (Loa): Bin i tn hiu audio thnh m thanh.

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Hnh 18 S khi TV en trng

T.h.t.t.h. AM T.h.t.t.t. FM T.h.c.t.h. AM T.h.c.t.t. FM

Phn ting

T.h. Audio

1,2 SIF AMP (KTT ting 1, 2)

SOUND DET (Tch sng ting)

AUDIO AMP (K m tn)

AUDIO OUT (KCS m tn) T.h.t.t.t.2 FM

SP (Loa)

T.h.video, T.h.t.t.t.2 FM T.h.Video (-) ANT ti RF AMP (K cao tn) Dao ng ni Phn cao tn OSC (Dao ng ni) IF. AGC RF. AGC AGC (T iu khuch) Phn trung tn MIX (Trn tn) 1,2,3 VIF AMP (KTT hnh 1, 2,3) VIDEO DET (Tch sng hnh) VIDEO AMP aD9 (K hnh) VIDEO OUT (Xut hnh) T.h.Video T.h.Video (a i tch xung .b.) K

H. Yoke V. Yoke CRT (n hnh) G1G2G3 Phn hnh Phn qut dc A

Phn ng b SYN SEP (Tch xung) Phn ngun Tch phn

Xung b dc V. OSC (Dao ng dc) Phn qut ngang v phi hi V. DRIVE (Thc dc) V. OUT (Xut dc)

Xung phi hi

Dao ng dc 50Hz H. DRIVE (Thc ngang) H. OUT (Xut ngang) FLYBACK (Phi hi) HV BH HV BH>100V

POWER SUPPLY Cp ngun

REGULATOR (n p)

B = 12V

Vi phn

AFC (So pha) Xung b ngang

H. OSC (Dao ng ngang)

Dao ng ngang 15.625Hz Bin son: Nguyn Quc Anh

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

e) Phn ng b: SYN SEP (Tch xung): Tch cc xung ng b dc, xung ng b ngang ra khi tn hiu video. Tch phn: Tch ly xung ng b dc 50Hz. Vi phn: Tch ly xung ng b ngang 15.625Hz. f) Phn qut dc: V.OSC (Dao ng dc): To ra dao ng dc c dng hnh rng ca hay hnh thang 50Hz, c ng b v tn s v pha bi xung ng b dc t mch tch phn a ti. V.DRIVE (Thc dc): Khuch i dao ng dc. V.OUT (Xut dc): Khuch i cng sut dao ng dc c dng hnh thang cung cp cho 2 cun Yoke dc to t trng qut dc trong n hnh. g) Phn qut ngang v phi hi: AFC (So pha): Nhn xung ng b ngang t mch Vi phn a ti v dao ng ngang t mch Dao ng ngang a v so pha, to ra in p AFC c tc dng ng b dao ng ngang v tn s v pha. H.OSC (Dao ng ngang): To ra dao ng ngang c dng hnh rng ca hay hnh thang 15.625Hz, c ng b v tn s v pha vi xung ng b ngang mt cch t ng thng qua in p AFC. H.DRIVE (Thc ngang): Khuch i dao ng ngang. H.OUT (Xut ngang): Khuch i cng sut dao ng ngang to dng xung phi hi, cung cp cho 2 cun Yoke ngang to t trng qut ngang trong n hnh. FLY BACK (Phi hi): Bin p phi hi phi hp vi mch Xut ngang to ra cc dng xung phi hi vi mc in p Vpp khc nhau. HV (Ngun siu cao): Xung phi hi c 20 KVpp c nn v lc to ra in p siu cao HV cung cp cho ant n hnh, to lc ht tia in t trong n hnh bay ti p vo mn hnh. BH (Ngun phi hi): Xung phi hi c > 100Vpp c nn v lc to ra ngun phi hi BH khong 100VDC cp cho mch Xut hnh, li G2 ca n hnh. h) Phn ngun: POWER SUPPLY (Cp ngun): Nhn in p 220VAC, bin i thnh 12VAC ri nn v lc thnh in p DC. REGULATOR (n p): To ra in p ngun 12VDC n nh cung cp cho hu ht cc mch in trong my thu hnh. .

3.2 PHN TCH S KHI TV MU 1 H

3.2.1 S khi TV mu 1 h S khi TV mu 1 h c trnh by trn Hnh 19 3.2.2 Nhim v cc khi Nhim v ca cc phn mch sau: Phn cao tn, Phn trung tn tch sng hnh, Phn ting, Phn ng b v dao ng dc ngang, Phn xut dc, Phn xut ngang v phi hi tng t nh trong s khi TV en trng. Do , phn ny ch trnh by thm nhim v ca cc khi mch mi. a) Phn gii m mu

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

X l tn hiu video ly c sau mch Tch sng hnh to li 3 tn hiu mu c bn R, G, B. C th chia phn gii m mu thnh 4 phn nh nh sau: Phn tn hiu chi Y: Khuch i v lm tr tn hiu chi Y. Phn tn hiu mu: Nhn tn hiu sc C khuch i v tch sng, to li 2 tn hiu hiu s mu RY, BY. Phn ng b mu: Nhn xung ng b mu (Burst hoc Ident) to tc ng: o Hoc h tr phn tn hiu mu (nu ng h). o Hoc kha phn tn hiu mu (nu sai h). Phn ma trn mu: Gm 2 ma trn: o Ma trn GY: X l 2 tn hiu RY, BY to li tn hiu GY: G Y = 0,51 (RY) 0,19 (BY) o Ma trn RGB: Phi hp tn hiu RY, BY, GY vi tn hiu Y to li 3 tn hiu mu c bn R, G, B: (RY) + Y = R (GY) + Y = G (BY) + Y = B b) Phn xut mu Xut R: Khuch i v o pha tn hiu R cung cp cho catt KR n hnh mu. Xut G: Khuch i v o pha tn hiu G cung cp cho cat KG n hnh mu. Xut B: Khuch i v o pha tn hiu B cung cp cho catt KB n hnh mu. c) n hnh mu Dng ba tia in t v li 3 mn nh R, G, B theo s iu khin ca ba tn hiu mu c bn R, G, B. Ba mn nh R, G, B s "lng ghp" an xen vo nhau to ra mn nh mu. d) Phn vi x l Nhn lnh iu khin my t ngi s dng thng qua cc nt n trn TV hoc trn b pht iu khin t xa. Pht ra cc lnh iu khin TV mu : o Tt m my, tt m hn gi. o Chn i. o iu chnh m thanh, hnh nh, i h mu... o Hin th cc ch s trn mn hnh. e) Phn ngun chnh, ngun siu cao, ngun phi hi V c bn, nhim v cc phn ngun ny cng nh trong TV en trng, nhng to ra nhiu mc ngun khc nhau, cung cp cho cc mch in trong TV mu.

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh T.h. audio T.h. trung tn ting 2 FM T.h. cao tn hnh AM T.h. cao tn ting FM

Phn ting SIF, SOUND DET, AUDIO

Loa

Hnh 19 S khi TV mu 1 h

Phn vi x l MICRO PROCESSOR

T.h. trung tn hnh AM T.h. trung tn ting FM RF IN

T.h. video (Y + C + Burst)

Phn gii m mu (Color Decoder)

Y Phn tn hiu chi Y LUMINANCE (VIDEO) C + Burst R

Phn cao tn VHF-UHF TUNER Pht iu khin t xa

Phn trung tn, tch sng hnh VIF / V. DET

Chn i chnh trc PRETUNING

Xut R R. OUTPUT Xut G G. OUTPUT Xut B B. OUTPUT

-R

n nt

Phn tn hiu mu CHROMA

n nt

Tia hng ngoi

Pht iu khin t xa

Burst iu chnh Phn ng b mu VOL/BRI/ CHROMA CONT/ COLOR/ MUTE dc, ngang) Tt m ngun T.h. video (a i tch xung ng bng dc Dao POWER ON/OFF Xut dc Hin th trn mn hnh ON SCREEN DISPLAY

Phn ma trn mu B-Y MATRIX

R-Y

-G

-B

n hnh mu (Color Picture Tube)

Phn ng b v dao ng dc ngang SYN SEP V. OSC, H. OSC

V. OUTPUT

V. Yoke H. Yoke Ngun siu cao HV Ngun phi hi

B2 = 12V (15 / 18 / 24V) B3 = 24V (36 / 48V) BH= 150 200 V ..

HV # 20KV FOCUS # vi KV SCREEN # vi trm V

80 260VAC

80 260VDC

Mch cp in POWER SUPPLY

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Mch n p tt m SWITCHING REGULATOR

B1= 85 135V 5V 30V

Xut ngang Phi hi H. OUTPUT Dao ng ngang FLYBACK

Xung phi hi

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

3.2.3 Dng s khi khc ca phn Gii m mu v Xut mu Trong nhiu TV mu, ngi ta b bt Ma trn RGB. Lc 3 mch Xut mu m nhn thm vai tr ca Ma trn RGB v ta c s khi phn Gii m mu v xut mu c dng nh hnh 20. Ti 3 catt n hnh mu

Video

Phn tn hiu chi Y

-Y R-Y R-Y

Xut R

-R -G -B

Ma trn G-Y Phn tn hiu mu Xut G B-Y Hnh 20 Dng s khi khc ca phn gii m mu v xut mu

3.3 PHN TCH Sb mu Phn ng KHI TV MU A H

Xut B 3.3.1 Cc im khc bit chnh ca cc h mu a) Khc cch m ha / gii m mu B-Y Phn gii m mu NTSC 3,58 (X l tn hiu video v to li cc tn hiu Y, R-Y, G-Y, B-Y) NTSC 4,43 (s dng ring cho bng video) PAL SECAM Nu khng ph hp gia bn pht v bn thu: hnh en trng, mt mu hoc sai mu. b) Khc rng di tn knh truyn hnh 6,0 MHz (tiu chun M) 7,0 MHz (tiu chun B/G) 8,0 MHz (tiu chun D/K) Nu khng ph hp gia bn pht v bn thu: hnh tt th ting xu, hnh xu th ting tt. c) Khc tn s trung tn ting 2 (2nd SIF) 4,5 MHz (tiu chun M) 5,5 MHz (tiu chun B/G) 6,0 MHz (tiu chun I) 6,5 MHz (tiu chun D/K) Nu khng ph hp gia bn pht v bn thu: Mt ting hoc ting xu. d) Khc ng b dc hay tn s dao ng dc 50 Hz 60 Hz Nu khng ph hp gia bn pht v bn thu: hnh c th b tun dc v co gin dc. 3.3.2 c im s khi TV mu a h So snh vi TV mu 1 h, s khi TV mu a h c cc c im khc bit chnh nh sau:

G-Y

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

a) S dng mch gii m mu a h: Y Video FDR,FDB, IDENT Phn tn hiu chi Y (chung mi h: khong 95%) R-Y Phn t.h. mu, .b. mu SECAM (chung vi PAL: khong 20%) Phn t.h. mu, .b. mu PAL (chung vi SECAM: khong 20%, NTCS4.43: khong 60%, NTSC3.58: khong 50%) Phn t.h.mu, .b. mu NTSC4.43 (chung vi PAL: khong 60%, NTSC3.58: khong 90%) Phn t.h.mu, .b. mu NTSC3.58 (chung vi PAL: khong 50%, NTSC4.43: khong 90%) B-Y Phn Ma trn mu (chung mi h: 100%) Y R-Y G-Y B-Y

C(4.43) Pal Burst

C(4.43) NTSC Burst C(3.58) NTSC Burst

Hnh 21 Mch gii m mu a h

V nguyn l, mch gii m mu a h bao gm 4 mch gii m mu NTSC 3,58, NTSC 4,43, PAL, SECAM mc song song vi nhau. Nhng tit kim linh kin, nhiu b phn mch in c chuyn mch thch hp dng chung cho nhiu h. Vic ni mch tng ng vi tng h mu c thc hin bng cc chuyn mch in t dng diode, transistor, hoc IC. b) S dng mch chuyn ting a h: Cc tn hiu trung tn ting 2 FM c cc tn s khc nhau: 4,5, 5,5, 6,0, 6,5 MHz s c mch chuyn ting (SOUND CONVERTER) di tn s v mt gi tr c nh (thng chn l 5,5 MHz) trc khi a vo mch Khuch i trung tn ting. T.h.trung tn ting 2 FM (4.5/5.5/6.0/6.5) Sau mch Tch sng hnh Mch chuyn ting (hay Di tn ting) SOUND CONVERTER Hnh 22 Mch chuyn ting a h c) S dng b lc trung tn hnh a h phn u mch "K trung tn hnh", thng c b lc SAW (SAW FILTER) chn di tn tn hiu trung tn hnh v ting tng ng vi knh truyn hnh ang thu. Trong TV mu a h, thng dng 2 b lc SAW rng, hp khc nhau, mc song song, ph hp vi rng di tn knh truyn hnh ang thu. Vic ni b lc SAW tng ng vi tng h mu c thc hin bng chuyn mch in t. d) S dng mch qut dc a h T.h.trung tn ting 2 FM 5,5 MHz ti mch KTT Ting

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Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

Trong mch Dao ng dc (V.OSC) v Xut dc (V.OUT) ca TV mu a h phi c cc chuyn mch in t iu chnh tn s v bin dao ng dc tng ng vi 2 tn s: 50Hz v 60Hz.

4. M HA V GII M MU PAL
4.1 M HA MU PAL
4.1.1 S khi

K U
0 - 1,5MHz

AMCS
U

CU

Cng 1

Dy tr

Dy Y K tr

Cng 2
C CV

Camera
B

Ma trn

K V
0 - 1,5MHz

AMSC
V

Tn hiu Video tng hp PAL

4,43 MHz / 0o +90o

4,43/+90o 4,43/-90
o o

Dao ng
4,43MHz

4,43/ 90o

-90o +135

4,43/+135o 4,43/-135o

SW1

-135o

4.1.2 Nhim v cc khi PAL Burst Camera: Bin i hnh nh ng mu thnh tn hiu R, G, B. To PAL fH Burst Ma trn: T hp ba tn hiu R, G, B to ra ba tn hiu Y, U, V. To xung b Dy dc, ngangtr: Lm chm tn hiu Y (v tn hiu Y c tn s ln nn truyn nhanh hn) tn xung ng b dc fV, xung ng tn hiu H hiu Y n mch Cng 2 cng lc vib ngang fC. Khuch i Y: Khuch i tn hiu Y. Khuch i U, Khuch i V: Khuch i v chn lc tn hiu U, tn hiu V vi di tn 0 1,5MHz. Dao ng 4,43MHz v cc mch di pha: To ra dao ng sng mang ph tn s 4,43MHz, c pha : o 00 cp cho mch AMSC U. o 900 cp cho mch AMSC V. 24
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SW2 Hnh 23 S khi mch M ha mu PAL 4,43/ 135o Flip Flop Xung f / 2
H

Hc phn Thi tt nghip Kin thc ngnh: Phn K thut thu hnh

o 1350 cp cho mch To PAL Burst. AMSC U: Dng sng mang ph tn s 4,43MHz, pha 00 iu bin AMSC tn hiu U to ra tn hiu CU. AMSC V: Dng sng mang ph tn s 4,43MHz, pha 900 (o pha theo tng dng) iu bin AMSC tn hiu V to ra tn hiu CV. Mch cng 1: Trn tn hiu CU, tn hiu CV to ra tn hiu sc C. To xung ng b dc, xung ng b ngang : o To xung ng b ngang fH t sng mang ph 4,43MHz: 4,43361875 fH = = 15.625 Hz 283,75 o To xung ng b dc fV t dao ng ngang fH: f f V = H = 50 Hz 625 2 Flip Flop: Chia i tn s xung ng b ngang fH to ra xung ch nht tn s fH/2 dng iu khin chuyn mch SW1, SW2 o v tr theo tng dng qut. SW1: Chuyn mch in t la chn dao ng tn s 4,43MHz pha +900 hoc 900 cp cho mch AMSC V. SW2: Chuyn mch in t la chn dao ng tn s 4,43MHz pha +1350 hoc 1350 cp cho mch To PAL Burst. To PAL Burst: Da vo xung ng b ngang fH v dao ng sng mang ph tn s 4,43MHz , pha 1350 (thay i theo tng dng qut) to xung ng b mu PAL Burst. Mch cng 2: Trn tn hiu chi Y, tn hiu sc C, xung ng b dc, xung ng b ngang, xung ng b mu PAL Burst to ra tn hiu video tng hp h PAL.

4.2 GII M MU PAL (PHN TN HIU MU, NG B MU)

4.2.1 S khi T.h. video
+ 2CU
C + Burst

+
C tr

BPF 4,43 (Lc 4,43)

Chroma Amp (K sc)

B-Y Demod (TS B-Y) R-Y Demod (TS R-Y)

B-Y
Ti phn Ma trn mu

PHN T.H. MU

C trc tip

1H Delay (Tr 1 dng)

_
2CV

R-Y

PHN Tch NG B burst MU

ACC/Killer (ACC v in p Trit mu) ACC/killer

burst APC VCO 4,43 (Dao ng)

4,43 (00)

4,43 (900) Pal SW

+900 -900

Burst Gate (Cng le)

So pha

fH

Line Ident Det (Tch dng)

in p sa sai Pal SW

Flip Flop

fH

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Hnh 24 S khi mch PAL (phn Tn hiu mu v ng b mu) 4.2.2 Nhim v cc khi Lc 4,43: Lc tch ly tn hiu sc C v Burst t tn hiu video tng hp mu PAL. K sc: K chn lc tn hiu sc C. Tr 1 dng: Lm tr tn hiu sc C li 64 s, tng ng vi 1 dng qut. Mch cng v mch tr: Cng v tr tn hiu sc trc tip v tn hiu sc tr 1 dng to ra 2 tn hiu +2CU v 2CV. Tch sng B-Y: nhn tn hiu +2CU v dao ng 4,43MHz, pha 0o tch sng ra tn hiu B-Y. Tch sng R-Y: nhn tn hiu 2CV (o pha theo tng dng) v dao ng 4,43MHz, pha 90o (o pha theo tng dng) tch sng ra tn hiu R-Y. Cng le: Nh vo xung ngang tch ring Burst. ACC v trit mu: T ng iu chnh K ca mch K sc t ng chnh bo ha mu (nu ng h) hoc tt mch K sc (nu sai h). VCO 4,43: to ra dao ng 4,43MHz ng b vi Burst. So pha: so snh tn s v pha ca dao ng 4,43MHz vi Burst to in p APC t ng ng b tn s v pha ca dao ng 4,43MHz theo Burst. Cc mch +90o, -90o: cc mch di pha tng ng +90o, -90o. Flip Flop: Nhn xung ngang tn s fH to ra xung o v tr cng tc PAL c dng xung hnh ch nht, tn s fH / 2. PAL SW: cng tc PAL, o v tr theo tng dng qut cung cp ng pha +90o, -90o ca dao ng 4,43MHz cho mch tch sng R-Y. Mch tch dng: da vo pha ca Burst nhn bit dng ang truyn c CV(90o) hay CV(-90o), t to in p sa sai (nu cn) chnh li v tr cng tc PAL thng qua mch Flip Flop.

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