Bi 3:

LI GII
GI TR THC: Gi tr thc t ca bin o. Gi tr c tm thy bng cch o lng.
Thng dng ch gi tr trung bnh thc s ca bin m s cho kt qu t mt mu v
hn di s kim sot php th hon ho.

C LNG TT NHT: l xp x gn nht ca gi tr ch thc c th c thc
hin vi cc d liu c sn. N da trn b d liu v chnh xc v sai s h thng ri
lin quan n vic o lng. N thng c cung cp bi gi tr trung bnh ca mu v
c nh gi bng khong thi gian chnh xc ca n.

GA TR TRUNG BNH : bng tnh ton chnh xc ca trung bnh hoc xu hng
trung tm ca mt tp hp d liu dc o. Gi tr trung bnh ca mt tp hp d liu
hu hn c cho bi gi tr trung bnh mu ca n .

TIN CY : c lng ca s chnh xc v sai s h thng ri lin quan n vic
c tnh gi tr ca mt bin. l phm vi ca cc li c th xy ra m nh hng n
kt qu o lng.

KHONG TIN CY : phm vi (hoc khong thi gian) ca cc gi tr m gi tr thc
c d kin s nm nm trong vi mt vi xc sut. Khong tin cy mt phn da
trn khong chnh xc (tS
x
) tho lun trong Chng 4 hon ton do s bin thin trong
tp hp d liu o, nhng n cng s bao gm tt c cc sai s ngu nhin v cc sai s
h thng khc lin quan n o lng.



Bi 6
BIT: My o tc bng tn hiu lin tc
phn gii: 5 vong/pht
chnh xc: trong vng 1% gi tr c
TM: u
d
10, 500, 5000 vng/ pht
LI GII:
tin cy giai on thit k l:

2 2 1/2
( )
d o c
u u u = +
Vi
u
o
= 2,5 vng/ pht
u
c
= 1% gi tr c
Ta c
Tc u
c
u
o
u
d

[v/p] [v/p] [v/p] [v/p]
10 0,1 2,5 2,5
500 5 2,5 5,6
5000 50 2,5 50
tin cy ng bin vi tc quay. tc thp, n b quyt nh bi kh
nng c ng h tc ( phn gii). tc nhanh hn, th sai s h thng quyt
nh.
NHN XT:
Li pht biu chnh xc l 1 khi nim chung chung ca nh sn xut, th m
him khi c nh ngha r rang. Li pht biu chnh xc c hiu rng cc sai s
tng th khong vt qu 1%. Chng ta nghi ng ci vic kt hp nhng nh hng cc
tt c cc phn t sai s bit. Ci tn gi nhm ln ny gy ra s nhm ln. Thay v
l mt bng m t chi tit.















Bi 9:
BIT: Bn in tr c sn: 2 ci c R = 500 50 v 2 ci R = 2000 5%.
TM: Thit k mch tt nht c R
T
= 1000
LI GII:
Ta c th ni mch ni tip hoc song song. Ta cn nhc Trng hp 1 l ni tip,
Trng hp 2 l song song.
Trng hp 1:
R
T
= R
1 +
R
2

Nu ta s dng 2 in tr 500 th

1
2
50
50
R
R
d
d
u
u
= O
= O

tin cy theo R
T
c c lng
( )
1 1 1 1
1/2
2 2
2 2 1/2
1 1
( ) 71 (95%)
R R R R
T
T T
d d d d d
R
R R
u u u u u
R R
(
| | | | c c
( = + = + = O
| |
c c
(
\ . \ .


Trng hp 2:
1 2
T
1 2
R R
R
R +R
=
Nu ta s dng 2 in tr 2000 th

1
2
100
100
R
R
d
d
u
u
= O
= O

tin cy theo R
T
c c lng
( )
( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
1/2
2 2
1 1
1/2
2 2
2 1 2 1 1 2
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
R R R R R R
R +R R +R
R +R R +R
35 (95%)
R R
T
R R
T T
d d d
R
d d
R R
u u u
R R
u u
(
| | | | c c
( = +
| |
c c
(
\ . \ .

(
| | | |
( = + | |
| |
(
\ . \ .

= O


Cch 2 cho khong tin cy nh giai on thit k. Ta chp nhn cch ny.
NHN XT:
y l mt minh chng in hnh ca vic s dng phn tch tin cy xc nh
nhng phng php khc nhau no tt hn .

Mc d ring mi in tr trong Trng hp 2 tin cy tuyt i ln hn so vi trong
Trng hp 1, chng ta thy rng s kt hp ca hai in tr trong trng hp 2 sn sinh
ra tin cy thp hn ng k. iu ny khng r rng khi qua s kim tra ring bit.
Kt qu la chn thit k ca chng ta t mt phn tch nhy mt cch st sao ca s
tng hp tng tin cy gp phn. Cc mch trong Trng hp 2 ch t nhy hn so
vi mi tin cy ring.






Bi 12:
BIT:

( )
0 0
0 0
,
0, 01
40 313
20 293
c h
h
c
f T T
u
T C K
T C K
q
q
q
=
= s
= =
= =

TM: u
h
, u
c
cn thit
LI GII:
Ta gi s rng tin cy trong khi o v nhit l ging nhau (u
T
= u
Tc
= u
Th
).
Lu rng nhit phi nm trong gi tr tuyt i v 1
0
C thay i bng 1 K thay i

1/2 1/2
2 2 2 2
2
1
c
Tc Th Tc Th
c h h h
T
u u u u u
T T T T
q
q q
( (
| | | | | | | |
c c
( ( = + = +
| | | |
c c
( (
\ . \ . \ . \ .


V 0, 01 u
q
q = s nn u
T
(

= u
Tc
= u
Th
gi s) s0.1 K hay 0.1
0
C
NHN XT:
Trong mi trng phng th nghim, bin thp ny ca tin cy khi o nhit s
c th t c nhng vi s cn thn v hiu chnh ng k. trong hu ht cc thit b
x l k thut, gi tr ny s rt kh t c.







Bi 15:

Phn Tch Giai on Thit K: Cung cp mt c lng nhanh chng (nhng khng
chnh xc v tin cy da trn mt phng php c k hoch. Ni chung, s phn tch
ny c thc hin ti mt thi gian khi ch c thng tin v tin cy trong thit b o
lng v cc hng s k thut ph hp phn tch bit hoc c lng. Phn tch
gi nh s kim sot mt cch hon ho ca qu trnh o lng v th tc ca n.

Phn Tch Giai on Nng Cao: Cung cp mt c lng chnh xc tin cy trong mt
kt qu da trn kin thc chi tit ca qu trnh o lng. c s dng khi ch c mt
(hoc rt t) php o c k hoch. Phn tch nh vy c xy dng da trn phn tch
giai on thit k bao gm cc c lng ca tin cy, chng hn nh kim sot th
tc, setability( s cn chnh cc dng c k thut) ca iu kin hot ng, v s lp li
ca bin o.










Bi 18:
BIT: H o lng trong bi 5.17

x
N = 20 x = 17.2 mm = 1.72 cm S = 1.7 mm = 0.17 cm
TM: x
GI S:
Vic o lng th c kim sot mt cch y tt c nhng sai s c ngu
nhin ha v cn nhc trong d liu o
LI GII:
Cc php o cung cp thm thng tin v tin cy lin quan n bng cch s
dng h thng o lng ny v tham gia vo vic o bin c th ny. Chng ti s tip
cn vn nh l mt vn v o lng phn tch nhiu tin cy. S dng cc th tc
ca vn 5.17 nhng vi x =1.72 cm (trong 5.17 th l 2.0 cm)
0, 0105 (95%)
0, 0017 (95%)
T
E
d
d
u cm
u cm
=
=

Sau , chng ta c th xc nh hai yu t sai s h thng ngun thu thp d
liu (xem Bng 5.2) sai s do b chuyn i, B2, v sai s do thit b u ra, B4 (Lu :
tham kho cc ghi ch theo th t trong cc sai s c th c lit k trong Bng 5.2
- chng ta c th ch cn lit k chng l sai s bit 1 v sai s bit 2 mt cch d
dng)
2
4
0, 0105 (95%)
0, 0017 (95%)
T
E
d
d
B u cm
B u cm
= =
= =

Chng ta c th thit lp cc sai s ngu nhin trong c hai nhng yu t ny khng
(khng c d liu cung cp).
2 4
0 P P = =
Hai mi php o c gi nh l c thc hin mt cch tt nht ngu nhin ha
cc tc ng khng lin quan n bin o.Cc php o cung cp mt tp hp cc s liu
thng k hu hn m t mt khong chnh xc trong vic c lng gi tr trung bnh
thc c th c to ra. Bt u bng cch c lng sai s ngu nhin do s bin thin
tm thi ca i tng o:
9
/ 0,038
x x
P S S N cm = = =
vi bc t do, v =19
Sai s h thng c tnh l:
`
2 2 1/2
2 4
[ ] 0.0108 B B B = + =
v sai s o t thng thng c cho l:
0.038 P =
Khong tin cy l
( )
1/2
2
2
19,95
0.08 (95%)
x
u B t P cm
(
= + =


da trn thong tin cho.
NHN XT:
Lu rng chng ta c th s dng thng tin ny nh nn tng cho mt cch c lng
tin cy dn gin bng cch s dng ci hiu sut th nghim thu c 17.2 mm
tng trng cho h thng o lng v cc th tc c dung v cc bin c o t.
Thng tin ny c th c s dng cp nht phng php phn tch giai on thit k
bi trc.
Bi 21:
BIT: Sai s c bn cn chnh ngun, K=3
TM: tin cy ngu nhin da trn cc sai s cn chnh
LI GII:
Vi ba sai s ngu nhin bit
1/2 1/2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2
0.9 1.1 0.09
1.424 N/m
P P P P ( ( = + + = + +

=

Vi bc t do,
( )
2
3
2
2
2 2 2
1
4 4 4 4 3
1
0.9 1.1 0.09
23
0.9 1.1 0.09
20 9 14
k
k
k
k k
P
v
P
v
=
=
| |
|
+ +
\ .
= = ~
+ +

Bi 24:
BIT:
1061
22
23
S kPa
N
o
o =
=
=

TM: P ( lit k trong bng 5.2 l P theo bin thin tm thi)
GI S: lch chun da trn bin thin tm thi
LI GII:
tin cy ngu nhin chun tc, P, l gi tr trung bnh ca ng sut, o , vi sai
s ngu nhin bi lch chun, S
o
, l
/ 22/ 23 4.6 P S N kPa
o
= = =
Vi v = N-1 = 22 bc t do









Bi 27:
BIT: Khi lng ring ca hp kim c quyt nh bi c lng khi lng.
Phi mu c hnh tr
Gi tr danh ngha cho phi in hnh:
4.5 lb
6 in
4 in
m
m
L
D
~
~
~
0.1 lb
0.04 in
u 0.0005 in
m
L
D
o m
o
o
u
u
=
=
=

/
m
o
u m = 1% gi tr c ; /
L
o
u L = 1% gi tr c; /
D
o
u D = 1% gi tr c
danh ngha l gi tr xp x hay in hnh trong mt tnh hung cho trc
TM:
P
o
u
LI GII:
2 2
/ 4 v / 4 / D L m m D L t t = = =
1/ 2
2 2 2
1/ 2
2 2 2
2 3 2
4 8 4
m D L
m D L
u u u u
m D L
m m
u u u
D L D L D L

t t t
(
c c c | | | | | |
= + +
(
| | |
c c c
\ . \ . \ .
(

(

| | | | | |
= + +
(
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(


( )
( )
( )
1/2
1/2
2
2 2 2
1/2
1/2
2
2 2 2
1/2
1/2
2
2 2 2
0.1 0.01 4.5 0.11
0.005 0.01 4 0.04 0.0034
0.05 0.01 6 0.078 0.0065
m o c m
D o c
L o c
u u u lb
u u u in ft
u u u in ft
(
( = + = + =


(
( = + = + = =


(
( = + = + = =



Khi
u
h
= (0.07)(150) = 10.5 W/m
2
-K
u
D
= 0.0005 m
u
k
= (0.02)(0.6) = 0.012 W/m-K
V vy, ta c lng h s Nusselt l
Nu = hD/k uNu = 5 0.4 (95%)
Vy, s Nusselt c th xc nh trong vng 8% khong gi tr ny.
NHN XT
Mc phn tch tin cy (giai on thit k, giai on thit k nng cao, ...) trong kt
qu ph thuc vo mc gi tr tin cy c cho hoc c sn. Li gii ca bi tp
cung cp s truyn ca tin cy t cc bin n kt qu.







Bi 30:
BIT: S cn chnh i vi mt tiu chun
D liu cn chun c cho trc
TM:
a) Hm th cn chnh
b) tin cy trong c lng T bt k
LI GII:
a) tnh ton hm th cn chnh, cc d liu ph hp vi mt a thc s dng
phng php phn tch bnh phng nh nht (cc chng trnh bng tnh c kh
nng ny). Hm th bc mt chp nhn c dng y = a
0
+ a
1
x tS
yx
c tm
bng :
E [mV] = -0.0219 + 0.0416T[
o
C] 0.086 mV (95%) vi t
4,95
= 2.770
v S
yx
= 0.031mV
th ny c nhy tnh l 0.0416mV/
o
C. N ng vi th:
T[
o
C] = 0.540 + 24.03E[mV] 2.08
o
C (95%) vi S
yx
= 0.75
o
C
trong c nhy tnh l 24.03
o
C/mV. Chng ta thy rng mt s thay i rt
nh v in p tng ng vi mt s thay i ln v nhit ! y l cp nhit in in
hnh.
b) T bi cho, chng ta c th xc nh hai sai s t ngun hiu chnh:
B
1
= 0.05
o
C
B
2
= 5
o
C/m x 0.010m = 0.05
o
C
Mi gi tr ca bin c lp c o mt ln v kt qu c kt hp li to thnh
hm th trong phn a. Sai s h thng o lng bng in p khng c ch ra nhng
s c mt trong cc d liu o. Thiu cc thng tin khc, chng ta s lm cho gi thit
rng cc sai s ny l bin ca phn gii ca cc dng c, chng ta thit lp:
B
3
= 0.001mV = 0.024
o
C
(Lu : kinh nghim hoc thng s k thut ca nh sn xut, chng ti c th thay i
gi tr ny ln hoc xung - nhng chng ta li nh l y).
Sai s ngu nhin trong h thng o lng c cho bao gm trong cc hm th cn
chnh. Cc sai s ngu nhin trong cc ng cong hiu chun c c tnh l
P
4
= S
yx
= 0.75
o
C vi = 4.
Nn
1/2 1/2
2 2 2 2 2 2 0
1 2 3
0
1/2 1/2
2 2 2 2 0
0.05 0.05 0.024 0.075
0.75 v = 4
u ( ) 0.075 (2.77*0.75) 2.08 (95%)
T
B B B B C
P C
B tP C
( ( = + + = + + =

=
( ( = + = + =


y l lch chun ca d liu trn hm th c nh hng ln nht tin cy. Trong
thc t, sai s h thng c th nhiu hn mt dy bin cao hn c s dng y.