A.

nh gi cht lng nc h nm 2011

1. p lc
H t nhin A c din tch 353 km2, su trung bnh l 25 m, a hnh tng i
ng nht nhn nc t mt lu vc rng 3200 km2. H nhn nc thi t 22
cng thi ca cc c s sn xut kinh doanh trn lu vc. Tt c nc thi ny
u cha qua x l m thi trc tip ra h, gy nhim nc h. Cc cht
nhim tc ng xu ti s a dng ca cc sinh vt thy sinh sng trong h, c
th l ti s a dng sinh hc to trong h.
To l loi thc vt nh c kh nng quang hp, sng l lng trong nc v mt
s c kh nng chuyn ng. Nhng nhm chnh ca to sinh sng trong h gm:
to lc (Green algae chlorophyta), to mt (Euglenophyta), to vng nh
(Chrysophyta), to gip (Pyrrhophyta), to lam (Blue-green algae,
Cyanobacteria).
To s dng sc t quang hp Chlorophyll v mt s cht mu quang hp khc
hp th nh sng bin i thnh nng lng ha hc d tr trong adenosine
triphosphat (ATP) v mt s cht kh khc. Nng lng ha hc thu c s
c dng kh CO2 thnh dng C hu c (ng n) t ngun C v c (CO2)
l mt qu trnh phn ng quang ha (quang hp) phc tp v c th vit tm tt:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + nh sng --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
phn ng quang hp xy ra c trong c th thc vt cn c cc nguyn liu:
CO2, nc, nh sng v mt s cc loi dinh dng cng nh nguyn t vi lng.
Quang hp l phn ng kh. Nng lng cho phn ng kh c ly t nng
lng ca nh sng v mt phn nng lng ca nh sng c chuyn ha
thnh nng lng ha hc tch tr trong hydrat carbon. Trong qu trnh quang
hp kh Oxy c to ra do vy nn to c vai tr quan trng trong vic cung cp
oxi ha tan cho cc sinh vt sng trong h.

2.

Hin trng

Tnh gi tr trung bnh thng cc thng s ton h t im xo trn hon ton t cng
thi v im gia h theo trng s (im xo trn hon ton c trng s l 22 v
im gia h c trng s l 6), ta c kt qu sau:
Gi tr mt s thng s c trong h A nm 2011
Thng s
(X)
Thng
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Trung
bnh (Xtb)
Max
Min
QCVN
S2
S
Xtb S

DO

N-NH4+

P-PO43-

BOD5

COD

2.4
2.9
2.84
3.35
3.14
2.91
2.95
4.02
3.6
3.25
3.34
3.47

1.02
1.0
0.96
1.72
1.35
0.29
0.71
1.22
1.47
0.19
0.48
0.6

0.37
0.3
0.7
0.6
0.59
0.34
0.39
0.24
0.86
0.46
0.45
0.23

17.66
16.56
18.14
22.19
23.49
21.09
20.08
19.36
20.74
19.64
18.25
17.21

27.71
30.5
35.14
43.07
46.79
40.71
41.21
36.71
39.64
37.64
34.86
32.71

3.18

0.92

0.46

19.56

37.22

4.02
2.4
4
0.178
0.422
3.18
0.422

1.72
0.19
0.5
0.229
0.478
0.92
0.478

0.86
0.23
0.3
0.037
0.192
0.46
0.192

23.49
16.56
15
4.324
2.079
19.56
2.079

46.79
27.71
30
29.639
5.444
37.22
5.444

nh gi kt qu DO

R dng mc bin ng DO nm 2011 khng ln: [2.4; 4.02] trong duy nht
thng 8 l c gi tr DO 4 (4.02 mg/l) cn li cc thng khc u thp hn QCVN
cho php, hn na ta thy [DO]tb< QCVN cho php (4mg/l).
Nh vy c du hiu nhim trong h A.

Mc bin ng DO
4.5
4

DO (mg/l)

3.5
3
2.5
2

DO tb ton h

1.5

QCVN

1
0.5
0
1

9 10 11 12

Thng

Biu 1: mc bin ng hm lng DO h A nm 2011

nh gi kt qu N-NH4+
Mc bin ng N-NH4+nm trong khong [0.19; 1.72] trong a s cc thng
u c gi tr QCVN (0.5 mg/l) nhiu ln, ch c thng 6, 10, v thng 11 l thp
hn QCVN cho php (nhng cng xp x).
Ta thy [N-NH4+]tb
nhim NH4+.

QCVN cho php, nh vy c th khng nh h A c du hiu

Mc bin ng N-NH4+
2
1.8

N-NH4+ (mg/l)

1.6
1.4
1.2
1

N-NH4+

0.8

QCVN

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1

10 11 12

Thng

Biu 2: mc bin ng hm lng N-NH4+ h A nm 2011

nh gi kt qu hm lng P-PO43-

Mc bin ng P-PO430.8
0.7
P-PO43- (mg/l)

0.6
0.5
0.4

P-PO43- tb ton h

0.3

QCVN

0.2
0.1
0
1

9 10 11 12

Thng

Biu 3: mc bin ng hm lng P-PO43- h A nm 2011

Tng t, khong bin ng l [0.23; 0.86], a s cc thng [P-PO43-] u cao hn
nhiu QCVN cho php (0.3 mg/l) ch ring thng 8 v 12 l thp hn mt cht (0.23
v 0.24 mg/l).

Theo tnh ton ta thy [P-PO43-] 0.3

h A b nhim PO43-.

nh gi kt qu hm lng BOD5

Mc bin ng BOD5
25

BOD5 (mg/l)

20
15
BOD5 tb ton h

10

QCVN
5
0
1

9 10 11 12

Thng

Biu 4: mc bin ng hm lng BOD5 h A nm 2011

Tng t, hm lng BOD trong nc h tt c cc thng u vt QCVN cho php
(15 mg/l).
Khong bin ng ca [BOD] l [16.56; 23.49] (thp nht l thng 2) vi
[BOD]tb = 19.56 15 h A nhim cht hu c dphn hy.
nh gi kt qu COD
Cng nh cc thng s trn, gi tr COD cng vt qu quy chun cho php
(QCVN cho php l 30 mg/l trong khi [COD]tb l 37.22 mg/l, cao hn nhiu quy
chun cho php). Duy nht thng 1 l thp hn QCVN (27.71 mg/l) cn li u cao
hn nhiu quy chun cho php.

COD (mg/l)

Mc bin ng COD
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

COD tb ton h
QCVN

9 10 11 12

Thng

Biu 5: mc bin ng hm lng COD h A nm 2011

Kt lun: H A b nhim do cc hot ng x thi ca 22 c s sn xut trong khu
vc. Cc thng s o c u vt qu quy chun QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT ca B
TN&MT. c bit lu ti hm lng N-NH4+, y chnh l nguyn nhn gy s
pht trin mt kim sot ca to trong h.

3. p ng
To cn nc, nh snh v cht dinh dng nh m (N), ln (P), carbon (C)...
tng trng v sinh sn. Hu ht cc loi to s dng m dng NH4+ v NO3-,
mt s to lam s dng N2, c bit khi m v c trong nc b thiu. Thng
thng, nc ao c hm lng ln rt thp so vi nhu cu pht trin ca to. Tuy
nhin theo kt qu quan trc nm 2011, hm lng NH 4+ c trong nc h vt
qu tiu chun cho php, iu ny lm cho to trong h pht trin mnh dn n
mt kim sot, gy tc ng xu ti mi trng v sc khe con ngi cng vi
cc loi ng vt. Khi mi trng b nhim, nc qu giu cht hu c s to
iu kin cho cc to phiu sinh pht trin mnh, dn n hin tng n hoa ca
to. Khi to n hoa, kh nng tit ra c t cng cao.

Cc loi c, tm, nghu s, c hn sng trong mi trng ny cng s tch ly c

t microcytin. Loi c t ny khng h b phn hy khi un nu, khng c mi v
trong mn n nn rt kh pht hin. Khi dng vo c th s tc ng n gan v
thn kinh, gy ra hin tng i ma, au u v tiu chy.
c th trnh tnh trng pht trin qu mc ca to, nht l cc loi to c, cn
c cc bin php:
p dng cc bin php kim sot nghim ngt cht lng nc thi c
thi ra ngoi mi trng theo cc quy chun, tiu chun k thut ca B
TN&MT.
Cc cng ty, nh my sn xut bt buc phi x l nc thi ca mnh trc
khi thi ra ngoi mi trng.

B. Xy dng chng trnh quan trc cho nm 2012

Mc tiu: Xc nh nh hng ca cht lng nc h ti a dng sinh hc
ca to trong h. (mc tiu 9)
Thng s quan trc: pH , DO, TSS, COD , BOD5, NH4+ , PO43- , Chlorophyla
Phng n quan trc:
i tng quan trc: nc trong h A
Loi hnh quan trc: quan trc c nh ti cc v tr khc nhau trong
h. Cc v tr l gi nguyn trong ton b cc ln ly mu
H thng nh gi:
- Ly mu theo TCVN 5994-1995
- Bo qun mu theo TCVN 5993-1995
- K thut ly mu theo TCVN 5992-1995
- So snh kt qu: so snh vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT ct A
Cch thc t chc:
Quan trc trong vng 1 nm mi thng ly mu mt ln vo lc 9h
ngy 21 hng thng. Cc thng s pH , DO o ngay ti hin trng
cn cc thng s cn li s mang v phng phn tch phn tch

 Phng php ly mu:

- S lng mu cn ly: ta thy trong cc thng s phn tch th
thng s cp 1 gm NH4+ , PO43- , Chlorophyl-a. Da vo ct A2
QCVN08-2008 th nng ti a cho php ca NH4+ , PO43- l
0.2 mg/l. Sai s e khng th ln hn 0.2 mg/l. Ly e = 0.16
Da vo cu A ta c
n = t2*s2/e2 = t 0.05;27*s2/0.162 = 28 mu
(chn e=0.16 v y l sai s ca P-PO43- y l thng s cp 1
v c hm lng cho php nh nht)
Ta c 2.0522*s2/0.162 = 28 => s= 0.413
Gi s ly 20 mu
n = t0.05;192*0.4132/0.152 = 2.0932*0.4132/0.162 = 34 mu
gi s ly 34 mu
n= t 0.05;332*0.4132/0.152= 2.0422*0.4132/0.162 =32 mu
lch = (32/34)*100=94%<95%
gi s ly 32 mu
n = t 0.03;312*0.4132/0.152=2.042*0.4132/0.162=32 mu
vy ta s ly 32 mu
- Ly mu theo phng php ly mu phn lp theo khng gian. Do
ven h c 22 cng x nn gi tr cc thng s ven b h s cao hn
gia h. Thm vo h ny kh rng nn s c s khc bit ng
k v gi tr cc thng s c o gia h v ven b h. Theo
s ly 22 mu ti im xo trn hon ton cu 22 cng x ven h. 10
im cn li s ly ngu nhin ti v tr xung quanh khu vc gia h.
- Tn sut ly mu: 1 thng 1 ln vo ngy 21 hng thng
Phng php phn tch:
- Xc nh pH theo TCVN 6492-1999
- Xc nh oxy ha tan: theo TCVN 5499-1995.phng php Winkler
- Xc nh cht rn l lng bng phng php lc qua si thy tinh:
theo TCVN 6625-2000
- Phng php cy pha long xc nh BOD5 theo TCVN 6001-1995
- Xc nh COD theo TCVN 6491-1999
- Xc nh amoni bng phng php chng ct v chun theo
TCVN 5988-1995

- Xc nh orthophotphat theo TCVN 6494-1999

Phng php x l s liu: Kt qu phn tch tng ln s c hiu chnh v x
l bng phn mm x l thng k. Sau kt qu s c biu din trn excel

Phng php trnh by v cng b s liu: S liu c trnh by thnh bo

co nghin cu khoa hc sau khi bo co v c nh gi xong th c ng
ln mng.