SIGN TEST

Example. A study is being conducted on whether entering college

students gain weight during the freshman year. Below are the "Before" and "After" weights for a random sample of 30 students. Test to see whether there is a significant "gain" in weights after the freshman year in college.
Before After Before After

133 152 169 156 178 220 145 138 218 140 148 98 142 170 108

135 160 180 154 185 226 150 140 225 140 143 102 138 182 112

121 144 106 182 122 110 130 165 158 106 160 122 146 112 145

125 140 108 175 120 114 134 165 160 105 166 125 155 115 144

H0: p=0.5 : There is no difference between the two types of before and after weights

H1: ab : There is difference between the two types of before and after weights There are 20 persons who increased in weight (positive changes) out of 28 persons who actually changed weight (changes). If there were "no difference" then p=.5.

1st Method: Results: No. of + signs No. of signs(S) No. of 0s Total 20 08 02 30

But for calculations we ignore 0s. For =.05 K={ (n-1)/2} {(.98)n} ={ (28-1)/2} {(.98)28} =8.31 S=8, K=8.31 As K>S, so Null hypothesis is rejected. So there is tendency to gain weight.

2nd Method Results:

No. of + signs No. of signs(S) No. of 0s Total

20 08 02 30

But for calculations we ignore 0s Std Error= npq= 28*.5*.5 = 2.645 Z=( bar X- )/ Std Error = 2.268 For =.05, z=1.96 As calculated Z > Tabulated Z therefore we reject null hypothesis. So there is tendency to gain weight.

The Mann-Whitney U-test

The Mann-Whitney U-test is used to test whether two independent samples of observations are drawn from the same or identical distributions. In order to apply the Mann-Whitney test, the raw data from samples A and B must first be combined into a set of N=na+nb elements, which are then ranked from lowest to highest, including tied rank values where appropriate. These rankings are then re-sorted into the two separate samples. H0: a=b : There is no difference between the two populations, so they have the same mean H1: ab : There is difference between the two populations, in particular they have different means

The value of U reported in this analysis is the one based on sample A, calculated as na(na+1) UA = nanb + 2 where TA = the observed sum of ranks for sample A, and and na and nb are the sizes of the first and second samples respectively. We next compare the value of calculated U with the value given in the Tables of Critical Values for the Mann-Whitney U-test, where the critical values are provided for given na and nb , and accordingly accept or reject the null hypothesis. TA

As na and nb increase, the sampling distribution of TA becomes a reasonably close approximation of the unit normal distribution. If na and nb are both equal to or greater than 5, this page will also calculate the value of z, along with the corresponding one-tailed and two-tailed probabilities. Note, however, that the approximation to the normal distribution is best when na and nb are both equal to or greater than 10. In such a case, z value is calculated as follows: Z={ UA [Na*Nb]/2} (Na)(Nb)(Na+Nb+1)]/12

AN EXAMPLE
Consider the following samples.
Sample A Observation Rank Sample B Observation Rank 18 6.5 14 2 13 1 15 3.5 17 5 19 9.5 18 6.5 20 12 19 9.5 25 15.5 25 15.5 19 9.5 21 13 22 14 19 9.5 15 3.5

Here, TA = 80.5, na = 7, n2 = 9.Hence, U = (7 * 9) + [{7 * (7+1)}/2] 80.5 = 10.5.

We next compare the value of calculated U with the value given in the Tables of Critical Values for the Mann-Whitney U-test, where the critical values are provided for given na and nb , and accordingly accept or reject the null hypothesis. Even though the distribution of U is known, the normal distribution provides a good approximation in case of large samples.

The Kruskal-Wallis(H) Test

Raw Measures A 6.4 6.8 7.2 B 2.5 3.7 4.9 C 1.3 4.1 4.9 Ranked Measures A 11 12 13 B 2 3 5.5 C 1 4 5.5

8.3 8.4 9.1 9.4 9.7

5.4 5.9 8.1 8.2

5.2 5.5 8.2

17 18 19 20 21

8 7 10 9 14 15.5 15.5 58 42

sum of ranks 131

H0: a=b=c : There are no differences among the three populations, so they have the same mean H1: abc : There are differences among the three populations, in particular they have different means
12 N(N+1) 12 H = 21(21+1) = 9.84

H =

( (

(Tg)2 ng

)
+

3(N+1) (42)2 + 6

(131)2 8

(58)2 7

3(21+1)

Now we use chi square table =.05 and 3-1=2 degrees of freedom = 5.991, so we reject H0