Nghien Cuu Cong Nghe Dien Thoai Tren INTERNET

Nghin cu ng dng cng ngh in thoi trn Internet (
Internet Telephony)
Phm Vit Dng lp DTTH1 K40 Tr-ng i hc Bch khoa H
Ni 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHNG1 u th v xu hng pht trin ca in thoi
Internet: 1
1.1 Nhng u th ca dch v thoi qua internet. .................................. 8
1.2 S pht trin ca cc dch v in thoi Internet: ........................ 10
1.2.1 Thoi thng minh ............................................................................. 11
1.2.2 Dch v tnh cc cho b gi ........................................................... 11
1.2.3 Dch v Callback Web ..................................................................... 11
1.2.4 Dch v fax qua IP ............................................................................ 12
1.2.5 Dch v Call center .......................................................................... 12
1.3 Th trng hin nay ................................................................................ 12
1.4 Xu hng th trng thoi Internet trong tng lai ..................... 15
CHNG2 Cng ngh c s ........................................................................... 17
2.1 K thut nn tn hiu thoi ................................................................... 17
2.1.1 Tng quan ........................................................................................... 17
2.1.2 Nguyn l chung ca b m ho CELP ........................................ 20
2.1.3 Nguyn l m ho CS-ACELP ....................................................... 22
2.1.3.1 Nguyn l chung cu b m ho ................................................ 22
2.1.3.2 Nguyn l b m ho CS-ACELP ............................................. 23
2.1.3.3 Nguyn l b gii m CS-ACELP ............................................. 25
2.1.4 Chun nn G.729A ........................................................................... 26
2.1.5 Chun nn G.729B ............................................................................ 28
2.2 Bo hiu DTMF (Dial tone Multi Frequency ) ................................ 30
2.2.1 Bo hiu DTMF qua bn tin UserInputIndication ....................... 30
2.2.1.1 Thit b u cui thu pht DTMF ............................................... 30
2.2.1.2 Gateway thu pht DTMF ............................................................. 31
Nghin cu ng dng cng ngh in thoi trn Internet ( Internet Telephony)

Phm Vit Dng lp DTTH1 K40 Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni 2

2.2.1.3 Gate Keeper thu v pht cc tn hiu m thanh D.323. .......... 31
2.2.2 DTMF c truyn thng qua giao thc thi gian thc RTP
(Real time Transport Protocol) .................................................................................... 31
2.3 Kh ting vng ......................................................................................... 32
2.4 C ch bo mt. ....................................................................................... 32
2.4.1 nh ngha v khi nim .................................................................. 33
2.4.2 Thu tc Authentication gia hai u cui ..................................... 34
2.4.2.1 Th tc Authentication ca Diffie-Hellman ............................. 34
2.4.2.2 Th tc Authentication da vo nhn dng. ............................. 35
2.4.3 Th tc Authentication gia u cui v Gatekeeper ................. 35
2.4.3.1 Th tc Authentication khng c thng tin ngm nh trc.35
2.4.3.2 Th tc Authentication da trn thng tin ngm nh trc . 36
2.4.4 Th tc m ho bo mt lung d liu. ......................................... 36
2.4.5 X l khi nhn thy mt an ton ..................................................... 36
2.4.6 V d bo mt bng cch s dng Token ...................................... 36
CHNG3 Cu trc mng v cu hnh chun ca mng IP. ......... 38
3.1 Tng quan v cu hnh chun ca mng VoIP ............................... 38
3.2 Cc cu hnh chun v chc nng ca cc phn t ....................... 39
3.2.1 Thit b u cui ................................................................................ 39
3.2.2 Mng truy nhp IP ............................................................................ 40
3.2.3 Gatekeeper (GK) ............................................................................... 40
3.2.4 Gateway(GW) .................................................................................... 41
3.3 Cc giao din chun ................................................................................ 44
3.3.1 Mt th d v cu hnh mng VoIP ............................................... 46
CHNG4 X l cuc gi v tnh cc ..................................................... 48
4.1 ng k dch v ....................................................................................... 48
4.2 Thit lp cuc gi .................................................................................... 49
4.2.1 Cuc gi t u cui H.323 ti thu bao trong SCN. ................. 49
4.2.2 Cuc gi thu bao trong mng SCN ti u cui H.323:........... 51


4.2.3 Phi hp hot ng vi bo hiu DTMF: ..................................... 53
4.2.4 La chn nh cung cp mng: ........................................................ 54
4.3 Thc hin cuc gi .................................................................................. 54
4.3.1 Khi nim chung ............................................................................... 54
4.3.2 Cc trng hp ngoi l trong giai on thc hin cuc gi ..... 54
4.4 Gii phng cuc gi: ............................................................................... 54
4.5 Nhn dng thu bao ch gi ................................................................. 55
4.6 M hnh tnh cc v cch tnh cc trong mng VOIP ............. 55
CHNG5 nh s v chuyn i a ch ............................................... 61
5.1 Yu cu chung .......................................................................................... 61
5.1.1 Yu cu vi cuc gi t IP n PSTN: ......................................... 61
5.1.2 Yu cu i vi cuc gi t PSTN n IP: ................................... 62
5.1.3 Yu cu i vi cuc gi t PSTN n IP n PSTN: ............... 62
5.1.4 Yu cu i vi cuc gi t IP n PSTN n IP: ...................... 62
5.1.5 Cc phng thc quay s: ............................................................... 63
5.1.6 Cc s la chn ................................................................................. 63
5.2 Phng php nh s thu bao: ......................................................... 64
5.2.1 Yu cu i vi quy tc nh s: ................................................... 64
5.2.2 Quy tc nh s h tr ti giao din i vi mng PSTN: ... 65
5.2.3 Phng php nh s thu bao ....................................................... 65
5.2.3.1 Quy tc ca IETF .......................................................................... 65
5.2.3.2 Khuyn ngh ca ETSI ................................................................. 66
5.3 Phng php chuyn i s E.164 v a ch IP: ........................... 69
5.3.1 Khuyn ngh ca IETF ..................................................................... 69
5.3.2 nh tuyn cho cc loi hnh dch v ............................................ 70
5.4 Phng php nh tuyn gia PSTN v IP ...................................... 72
5.4.1 Cch th nht ..................................................................................... 72
5.4.2 Cch th hai. ...................................................................................... 72
5.4.3 Cch th ba ......................................................................................... 72


5.5 Kt lun ...................................................................................................... 72
CHNG6 nh gi cht lng dch v .................................................. 74
6.1 nh gi theo ch quan ......................................................................... 74
6.2 nh gi theo khch quan .................................................................... 74
6.3 nh gi theo tr ............................................................................... 77
CHNG7 Kh nng trin khai dch v ................................................... 78
7.1 Cc ng lc chnh ................................................................................. 78
7.2 kh nng ph bin dch v thoi qua Internet ................................ 78
7.2.1 Phng n 1: Dch v thoi Internet l th yu ........................... 79
7.2.2 Phng n 2 :dch v thoi Internet chim lnh th trng. ....... 80
7.3 S nh hng n cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng ............. 82
7.3.1 Tng lai ca mng vin thng ...................................................... 83
7.3.2 S thay i nhu cu ca khch hng .............................................. 83
7.3.3 V tr ca IP v s lin quan vi mng chuyn mch knh. ...... 83
7.3.4 Chin lc ca cc nh khai thc dch v vin thng vi dch
v IP. 85
7.3.4.1 Nh khai thc mng truy nhp v mng ng di. ................ 86
7.3.4.2 Nh khai thc mng ng trc .................................................. 87
7.3.4.3 Nh khai thc mng truy nhp. ................................................... 87
CHNG8 thit k Gateway thoi Internet v m t phn mm
VIPGATE. 89
8.1 Mi trng pht trin ............................................................................ 89
8.1.1 tng quan ............................................................................................ 89
8.1.2 Cu trc phn cng : ......................................................................... 90
8.2 Gii php thit lp b m . ................................................................. 93
8.2.1 Phng php truyn d liu qua 3 b m. .................................. 95
8.2.2 Phng thc truyn d liu qua hai b m. ............................... 96
8.3 Trit ting vng ........................................................................................ 96


8.4 Phn mm VIPGate ................................................................................ 97
8.4.1 Gii thiu chung ................................................................................ 97
8.4.2 Cu trc chng trnh ....................................................................... 97
8.4.2.1 iu khin x l cuc gi ............................................................ 97
8.4.2.2 Nn Tn hiu thoi. ....................................................................... 98
8.4.2.3 iu khin truyn d liu trn mng IP .................................... 98
8.4.3 c tnh k thut ca VIPGate ....................................................... 99
8.4.3.1 Tnh nng v yu cu k thut .................................................... 99
8.4.3.2 Giao din ngi s dng .............................................................. 99
CHNG9 th nghim Dch v thoi Internet .................................... 103
9.1 Cu hnh th nghim ........................................................................... 103
9.2 Cu hnh o kim .................................................................................. 103
9.3 Kt qu nh gi cht lng dch v. .............................................. 105



li ni u

u nm 1995 cng ty VocalTec a ra sn phm phn mm thoi qua Internet
(kt ni im -im) u tin trn th gii .Sau ,nhiu cng ty u t nghin cu
v a ra cc sn phm thng mi.Thng 3/1996 ,VocalTec kt hp vi Dialogic
a ra sn phm cng kt ni PSTN v Internet u tin trn th gii.Hip hi cc nh
sn xut thoi qua my tnh ECTF ra i nhm a ra cc tiu chun thoi qua
Internet .Hip hi bao gm 36 cc cng ty my tnh v vin thng hng u th gii
nh AT&T ,IBM,Sun Microsystems,Digital,Ericsson,v.v...

Mc d cng ngh thoi qua Internet c thng mi ho t nm
1995,nhng vic nghin cu v lnh vc ny Vit Nam cn qu t.Vi li th gi
cc thp ,dch v thoi qua mng Internet thc s lm nhiu nh kinh doanh vin
thng quan tm.

Trong thi gian thc tp t 1/12/1999 em c may mn c tham gia cng nhm
nghin cu ng dng cng ngh thoi trong mng Internet Vit Nam ti phng
Chuyn mch Vin Khoa Hc K Thut Bu in.V thi gian c hn nn trong khun
kh bn n tt nghip ny ch xin cp n nhng vn c bn ca cng ngh
Internet Telephony v nhng kt qu cng vic m em thu thp v thc hin trong
thi gian qua.
Hin ti dch v Thoi qua Internet vn cha c xem l hp php Vit
Nam nhng vic nghin cu dch v ny l rt cn thit c th theo kp v nm bt
c cng ngh mi trong tng lai.Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio Ng Vn
Ton khoa in t vin thng trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni,k s Nguyn Ngc


Thnh cng ton th cc cn b nghin cu phng chuyn mch Vin Khoa hc K
Thut Bu in gip Em thi gian qua.

Sinh vin :Phm Vit Dng.



C h a p t e r 1
CHNG1 u th v xu hng pht trin ca in thoi
Internet:
1.1 Nhng u th ca dch v thoi qua internet.
u nm 1995 cng ty VocalTec a ra sn phm phn mm Internet
Telephony u tin trn th gii .Sau nhiu cng ty vin thng ln u t a ra
nhng sn phm thng mi nhng kt qu cn nhiu hn ch .Gn y cng vi s
pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin ,cht lng ca thoi Internet gn t n cht
lng ca thoi truyn thng PSTN .Mt s hng vin thng ln nh AT&T Sprint v
Telstra thng bo v vic chuyn cc mng vin thng ch o sang nn chuyn
mch gi .iu ny c ngha l phn ln lu lng thoi s c truyn qua mng
mch gi trong thi gian khng xa .in thoi qua Internet gy c s ch mnh
m nht v c kh nng tr thnh nn tng cho mng thoi cng ngh chuyn mch
gi .Mt b quyt thnh cng ca dch v thoi qua mng Internet l kh nng p ng
nh dch v thoi truyn thng c bit l trong thoi ng di .
Bng 1:Gi thnh ca dch v thoi Internet *

Giao dch
in thoi
Gi chun
(1)
Gi chit
khu (1)
Gi tit
kim (1)
Gi dch v thoi
qua Internet (2)
USA -Germany $1.36 $0.89 $0.78 $0.10-$0.45
USA-Ngeria $1.86 $1.41 $1.28 $0.10-$0.45
usa-Saudi Arabia $1.87 $1.40 $1.27 $0.10-$0.45
USA-Singapore $1.56 $1.03 $0.90 $0.10-$0.45
*C hiu lc t 12/97

Ch : (1) Bng gi trn do AT&T nh cho cc giao dch in thoi t M ti mt s
nc v c tnh cho mi pht .Gi Chun tnh t 14:00h n 20:00h;Gi chit khu
c tnh t 20:00h n 03:00h;Gi tit kim c tnh t 03:00h n 14:00h hng
ngy.

(2) Mc gi nh sn ca dch v thoi qua Internet t M ti mt s nc.



Nguyn nhn khin dch v thoi qua Internet c gi thnh thp l do hiu qu
k thut v li th kinh t v mt lu di (IDC trong ITU,1997).Theo Cian Pablo
Villamil ,qun l ti Andersen Consulting:Ban u ngi ta cho rng c hi ny s
mt i khi gi bt u gim xung .Gi y, chng ta mi nhn thy rng dch v thoi
Internet c li th kinh t lu di do chi ph cho cc thit b ngy cng gim i
(Evagora ,1997).
Cng ngh chuyn mch gi s dng hiu qu hn so vi cng ngh chuyn mch knh
truyn thng .Khi mng PSTN c lp t ( vo cui th k 19,u th k 20) ,thit b
chuyn mch rt t trong khi chi ph cho dy dn li thp.n nhng nm 70,gi
thnh ca cc thit b my tnh gim.V vy gi thnh ca cc thit b chuyn mch
cng h rt nhanh ,tc gim chi ph cho lp t cp cng khng theo kp .(Theo
kin ca Gordon Moore,mt trong nhng nh sng lp cng ty Inlel).Ngy nay cc b
Touter vi gi thnh thp thay th b chuyn mch v dy dn vi gi thnh ang
tng dn ,th nhng chuyn mch gi tit kim hn,do s cung cp c d liu c
hiu qu hn nhiu. i vi chuyn mch gi ,gi thnh l khong 4US cents /1Kbyte,
so vi 15cents /1Kbytes d liu ca chuyn mch knh
Mt s ngi vn bn khon v vic chia tn hiu thoi thnh mt s lng ln
cc gi v vic thm phn mo u vo mi gi a ra lung d liu.iu ny t
nhiu c ngha quan trng trong vic cp nht k thut nn m c to ra bi cc
u cui ca Internet hn l nng cp phn cng ca PSTN .Trong h thng chuyn
mch knh ,ton b phn cng trong ton b mng cn c nng cp tn dng
c cc tin b ca k thut nn.Cc u cui Internet ,cc PC chun c th thc hin
bt k cng ngh nn tt nht hay khng ,v bt k l chng u.
Khch hng c th s dng IP cho mi vic do c c mng chung cho c
dch v thoi trn Internet hoc Intranet nh multimedia.
Ngay c trong trng hp n gin nht ,ting ni c chuyn qua Internet
cng kh m sai lch hn so vi ting ni trong dng tng t truyn qua cp ng
xon .Vn ch yu khi ng gi phn mm m ho tn hiu thoi thnh cc gi cng
b bin i.Nhiu nh ton hc cho rng phi cn n SuperComputer hot ng
trong vi tun , thm ch vi thng thc hin c cuc gi trong hai pht.
Tnh kinh t ca quy m rt thy r trong h thng , bi v Internet cng nh PSTN l
mt h thng gm nhiu mng .Thm ch mt PSTN nh cng tn dng c kt ni
vi cc mng khc.
Cc tiu chun chung cho dch v thoi qua Internet
Hu ht cc nh u t trn th trng u chp nhn tiu chun H.323 v
T.120 m c kh nng hot ng trong phm vi quc t. (Thc hin tiu chun ny c
mt ngha l bt k mt ngi s dng IP no cng c th ni chuyn c vi mt


IP khc.) .Theo Fost v sullivan ,ngi ta hi vng rng tiu chun quc t mi ny s
dn n s tng trng mnh trn th trng ca dch v thoi Internet trong nhng
nm ti .
Chnh sch tr gip cng cng ,c bit M , lm cho qu trnh pht trin t
tn km hn so vi PSTN.Sut trong thi gian pht trin qua, nh c cc c quan nh
nc nn ngi ta khng cn n b phn nghin cu v pht trin th trng thu
hi vn t nht l M ,cc ISP khng phi tr ph truy nhp.
Dch v thoi Internet b qua h thng tnh gi quc t.Mt nh cung cp dch v
thoi Internet vi Gateway trong phm vi nc ngoi ch phi tr ph giao dich quc t
ca quc gia , hoc chi ph cho cuc gi ni ht ch khng phi l thanh ton chi ph
quc t.
1.2 S pht trin ca cc dch v in thoi Internet:

Nm 1994 1998
Mi trng s
dng
PC-PC -PC-PC
-PC-Fax
-PC-in thoi
-in thoi -in thoi
Loi khch hng Nh pht trin phn mm
VoIP
-ISP
-Nh bn l
-Nh khai thc mng
Kh nng hot ng
vi cc mng khc
Theo tiu chun ca ring
tng hng pht trin
Tng thch tiu chun ITU H323,
cho php hot ng gia cc
Gateway
Cht lng dch v km Gn bng cht lng thoi qua PSTN

Bng 1.2 S pht trin ca thoi qua IP

in thoi Internet khng ch cn l cng ngh cho gii s dng my tnh m
cho c ngi s dng in thoi quay vo Gateway.Dch v ny c mt s nh khai
thc ln cung cp v cht lng thoi khng thua km cht lng ca mng thoi thng
thng,c bit l trn cc tuyn quc t . Mc d vn cn mt s vn v tng
thch ca cc Gateway ,cc vn ny s sm c gii quyt khi tiu chun H.323
ca ITU c s dng rng ri.
sut t khi cc my tnh bt u kt ni vi nhau ,vn cc mng phc hp
lun l mi quan tm ca mi ngi .Mng my tnh pht trin bn cnh mng in
thoi .Cc mng my tnh v mng in thoi song song tn ti ngay trong cng mt c
cu ,gia cc c cu khc nhau ,v trong mng rng WAN .Cng ngh thoi IP khng


ngay lp tc e do n mng in thoi ton cu m n s dn thay th thoi chuyn
mch knh truyn thng. Sau y l cc ng dng ca dch v thoi Internet tiu biu:
1.2.1 Thoi thng minh
H thng in thoi ngy cng tr nn hu hiu : r ,ph bin ,d s dng ,c
ng .Nhng n hon ton ng ngn .N ch c 12 phm iu khin. Trong nhng
nm gn y ,ngi ta c gng to ra thoi thng minh , u tin l cc thoi
bn ,sau l n cc server .Nhng mi c gng u tht bi do tn ti cc h thng c
sn.
Internet s thay i iu ny . K t khi Internet ph khp ton cu ,n s
dng tng thm tnh thng minh cho mng in thoi ton cu .Gia my tnh v
mng in thoi tn ti mt mi lin h .Internet cung cp cch gim st v iu khin
cuc gi mt cch tin li hn. Chng ta c th thy c kh nng kim sot v iu
khin cc cuc thoi thng qua mng Internet .
1.2.2 Dch v tnh cc cho b gi
Thoi Internet gip bn c kh nng cung cp dch v tnh cc cho b gi n
cc khch hng nc ngoi cng ging nh khch hng trong nc. thc hin c
iu ny ,bn ch cn PC vi h iu hnh Window98 (hoc Window 2000) ,a ch kt
ni Internet (tc 28,8 kbps hoc nhanh hn ),v chng trnh phn mm chuyn i
chng hn nh Quicknets Technologies Internet PhoneJACK.
Thay v gi qua mng in thoi truyn thng ,khc hng c th gi cho bn
qua Internet bng vic s dng chng trnh phn mm chng hn nh Internet phone
ca Vocaltec hoc Netmeeting ca Mcrosoft .Vi cc chng trnh phn mm ny
,khch hng c th gi n cng ty ca bn cng ging nh vic h gi qua mng
PSTN.
Bng vic s dng chng trnh chng hn Internet Phone JACK ,bn cng c
th x l cc cuc gi cng ging nh x l cc cuc gi khc.Bn c th nh tuyn
cc cuc gi ny ti nh vn hnh ,ti cc dch v t ng tr li ,ti cc ACD. Trong
thc t ,h thng in thoi qua Internet v h thng in thoi truyn thng hon ton
nh nhau.
1.2.3 Dch v Callback Web
Worldwide Web lm cuc cch mng trong cch giao dch vi khch
hng ca cc doanh nghip. Vi tt c cc tim nng ca Web ,in thoi vn l mt
phng tin kinh doanh quan trng trong nhiu nc. in thoi Web hay bm s
(ckick to dial ) cho php cc nh doanh nghip c th da thm cc phm bm ln trang
Web kt ni ti h thng in thoi ca h . Dch v bm s l cch d dng nht v


an ton nht a thm cc knh trc tip t trang Web ca bn vo h thng in
thoi.
1.2.4 Dch v fax qua IP
Nu bn gi nhiu fax t PC ,c bit l gi ra nc ngoi th vic s dng
dch v Internet fax s gip bn tit kim c tin v c knh thoi. Dch v ny s
chuyn trc tip t PC ca bn qua kt ni Internet .Hng nm ,th gii tn hn 30t
USD cho vic gi fax ng di. Nhng ngy nay Internet fax lm thay i iu ny
.Vic s dng Internet khng nhng c m rng cho thoi m cn cho c dch v fax
.Mt trong nhng dch v gi fax c a chung nht l comfax .
Khi s dng dch v thoi v fax qua Internet ,c hai vn c bn:
- Nhng ngi s dng dch v thoi qua Internet cn c chng trnh phn mm
chng hn Quicknets Technologies Internet PhoneJACK .Cu hnh ny cung
cp cho ngi s dng kh nng s dng thoi Internet thay cho s dng in
thoi bn truyn thng.
- Kt ni mt Gateway thoi qua Internet vi h thng in thoi hin hnh. Cu
hnh ny cung cp dch v thoi qua Internet ging nh vic m rng h thng
hin hnh ca bn.
1.2.5 Dch v Call center
GateWay call center vi cng ngh thoi IP cho cc nh kim duyn trang Web vi cc
PC trang b multimedia kt ni c vi b phn phn phi cc cuc gi t ng
(ADC) .Mt u im ca thoi IP l kh nng kt hp c thoi v d liu trn cng mt
knh.

1.3 Th trng hin nay
Hin nay ,trn th trng in thoi Internet c mt s nh cung cp dch v ln
bao gm cc nh vn hnh mng nh AT&T ,Deutsche Telekom v Sonera nhng ch
yu vn l cc nh cung cp dch v th v bn li.in thoi qua Internet ( Ch yu
qua mng Internet cng cng ) c th gip cc nh bn l dch v thoi gim c chi
ph tng li .Mt s nh cung cp chnh cc loi dch v ny l Delta-3 , IDT , v USA
GlobalLink .Cc nh cung cp dch v ny khng ni r dch v ca h l thoi Internet
v thng s dng tuyn Internet nh mt tuyn chnh nhm gim chi ph v n l
tuyn r nht. Hng triu ngi khng bit l mnh tng s dng in thoi Internet.
in thoi Internet cng to c hi cho mt s hng mi xm nhp th trng nh
Bestelsmann c .i vi cc nh vn hnh mng mi ang trin khai dch v
Internet dung lng cao,in thoi Internet l mt dch v mi cung cp cho khch


hng , doanh nghip v c s tip cn th trng dn c v SME. i vi cc nh
cung cp dch v Internet ,y l mt dch v b sung lm c s cho vic cnh tranh v
to ngun thu mi.

Hnh 1-1 Chui gi tr
Mt chui gi tr ring c hnh thnh trong th gii in thoi Internet ,ni
m cc nh vn hnh mng trn phm vi ton cu v cc nh mi gii dch v cung cp
kt ni ,thng tin cc v qun l mng cho cc nh cung cp dch v in thoi
Internet c th khng s hu mng truy nhp cho dch v.iu ny lm ch cc nh
cung cp mi thm nhp th trng h ch cn k vi mt nh mi gii ,tht lp mt
POT 24 cng dng truy nhp my ch chy Windows NT,s dng mng c sn truy
cp dch v ( c th cc nh vn hnh mng ny cng khng bit iu g ang din ra )
v c ngun thu nhp ngay lp tc.Cho cc nh cung cp dch v c s hu mng truy
nhp , hoc c khch hng ,vic tr thnh nh cung cp dch v in thoi Internet
cn d dng hn nhiu vi ch mt t u t v thi gian
Nh mi gii Nh vn hnh
mng trn phm
vi ton cu
Nh cung cp
truy nhp
ISP& nh
cung cp
ntruy nhp
Doanh
nghip

ITSP

SME &dn c
Nh cung cp
kt ni ton
cu
Nh cung
cp dch
v
Khch
hng



Mc d hin cn tng i nh ( ch vi phn trm ca th trng vin thng ) , th
trng ny ang tng trng nhanh chng .S tng trng ny c thc y do gi c
v c bit i vi mt s tuyn .N c bit thnh cng cho cc tuyn kt ni ti cc
nc ni m khng m ca th trng vin thng cho cnh tranh. y ,cc nh cung
cp dch v thoi Internet c th li dng cc k h trong quy nh hay ch n thun hi
vng vic lm ca mnh khng b .Tuy nhin,in thoi Internet khng th cnh
tranh c cc th trng c cnh tranh mnh v tha dung lng.
in thoi Internet hin tc ng ng k ln thi lng cuc gi mt s
tuyn v tc ng ny c th cn tip tc tng.
in thoi Internet c mt s u im xt trn hiu qu k thut v iu ny
ng ngha vi vic ct gim ph vn hnh :
- Mng IP t ng ct qung lng gi tin khng dc to ra khi khng c m
thanh .
- Mng IP c tin cy cao
C hai iu trn cho thy tnh u vit ca mng IP so vi mng chuyn mch
knh ,c bit kh nng tit kim dung lng v ct gim chi ph ,ti nguyn d tha
.Tuy nhin , in thoi Internet c th chim lnh c th trng thoi ,cn thit phi
thay i ton b cu trc ca th trng Internet .

Hnh 1-2 Thi lng cuc gi t USA n JAPAN 1998-
2000(Analysys,1998)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
IP
telephony
Resale and
call back
PSTN


1.4 Xu hng th trng thoi Internet trong tng lai
C mi nm trong sut thp k va qua ,Internet li tng gp i quy m ca
n .
Trong cc cng ty nghin cu th trng Internet ,th c mt nhn nh thng nht l
tng doanh s bn trong nm 1996 l t 2 t n 3 t USD .Mc tiu t ra l th
trng s tng trng rng ln vi dao ng t 110% n 175% .Forrester d on l
n nm 2001 ,tr gi giao dch s t mc 327 t USD,Active Media l 314 t
USD...
Theo kin ca Kelly ca ITU ,th trng giao dch thoi quc t c phn
thnh 3 lnh vc sau:

Gia cc quc gia ,nhng tp on quc t nh Concert .Global One v AT&T-
Unisource s cho bn thit b kt ni u cui n u cui (end to end) .Nhng tp
on ny s phi i mt vi s cnh tranh ngy cng tng ln t pha dch v thoi
Internet ,t cc ch cc phng tin quc t ( chng hn nh ngi iu hnh v tinh
,cc nh iu hnh cp t nhn ...) bn trc tip cho khch hng v t pha cc th
trng giao ngay vi mc gi bn li.

i vi cc cuc gi gc ,cnh tranh s ngy cng tr ln gay gt bi nhng ngi mi
thm nhp th trng nh cc call back, thoi Internet ,v nhng ngi bn li thng
qua vic ku gi s dng card v bn quyn.

i vi nhng u cui cuc gi ,cnh tranh s b chm li bi v cc nh c quyn
trc kia s tip tc thng tr v nh ra cc mc gi cho cc cuc gi quc t .V tr
c quyn ca h s b suy yu mt cch chm chp nn s phi mt mt thi gian di
v mt lng u t ng k trin khai cc mng mi. Do vy PTO vn nh gi cao
nht m h c th cho cc u cui cuc gi khi m h vn ang v tr c quyn .

Theo ITU , th vic kim tra kh nng tn ti ca thoi Internet v vic trin khai n
mt cch rng ri l cch tt nht .Thm ch cc nh cung cp dch v thoi Internet
hoc cc cng ty pht trin phn mm u c th mua cc ISP.

Do u im gi thnh r v cc dch v m rng nh trnh by trn , dch v thoi
Internet v ang to ra mt th trng rng ln gm mi i tng s dng nh: cc
thu bao gia nh ,cc doanh nghip ,cc t chc v cc c quan nh nc...


- Theo d bo ca IDC ,s cc giao dch quc t theo phng php truyn thng
s t 79 t pht vo cui nm 1999, v hng nm s tng 15%.Theo nhn nh
ca ng Fischer th tng gi tr giao dch trn th trng l 60 t USD . Cc
ngun tin tng t cng cho bit ,giao dch qua Internet ngy nay t 198 triu
pht v s tng ln mc 220% hng nm.
- D on th trng s t mc 600 triu USD vo cui nm 1999.Khi c
hn 16 triu ngi s dng. Tng gi tr giao dch qua th trng thoi qua
Internet d on t mc 1.89 t USD vo cui nm 2001. Theo Frost &
Sullivan th trng s t mc tng trng hng nm l 149% trong 5 nm lin
- D bo trong nm 2000 ,mt s b phn ln dn c s s dng thoi Internet
.Ch tch kim gim c iu hnh RSL COM ,Itzhak Fischer d bo rng n
nm 2000 s c 15% cuc gi thoi quc t c tin hnh qua Internet ,v mt
s ngi cho rng n nm 2005 con s ny s tng ln 34% .Phillip Tarifica
cng bo co rng s ngi s dng thoi truyn thng s gim do s dng
Email v thoi qua Internet .
- Th trng in thoi Internet s tng trng v t doanh thu c 2,7 t USD vo
nm 2002 (Mc Kinsey Telecom Practice ).



C h a p t e r 2
CHNG2 Cng ngh c s
2.1 K thut nn tn hiu thoi
2.1.1 Tng quan
Trong mng in thoi thng thng tn hiu c m ho theo lut A hoc
lut vi tc 64kbs .Vi cch m ho ny ,cho php khi phc mt cch tng i
trung thc cc m thanh trong gii tn ting ni .Tuy nhin trong mt s ng dng c
bit yu cu truyn m thanh vi tc thp hn v d nh truyn tn hiu thoi trn
Internet .T xut hin mt s k thut m ho v nn tn hiu ting n xung tc
thp c th nh G.723.1,G.729A,GSM...
V c bn cc b m ho ting ni c ba loi :m ho dng sng (waveform)
,m ho ngun (source)v m ho lai (hybrid) (c ngha l kt hp c hai loi m ho
dng trn ).
Nguyn l ca m ho dng sng l m ho dng sng ca ting ni.Ti pha
pht ,b m ha s nhn cc tn hiu ni tng t lin tc v m thnh tn hiu s trc
khi truyn i.Ti pha thu s lm nhim v ngc li khi phc tn hiu ting
ni.Khi khng c li truyn dn th dng sng ca ting ni khi phc s rt ging vi
dng sng ting ni gc.C s ca b m ho dng sng l :nu ngi nghe nhn c
mt bn sao dng sng ca ting ni gc th cht lng m thanh s rt tuyt vi.Tuy
nhin , trong thc t,qa trnh m ho li sinh ra tp m lng t (m thc cht l mt
dng mo dng sng ),song do tp m lng t ny thng nh khng nh hng
n cht lng ting ni thu c.u im ca b m ho loi ny l : phc tp,gi
thnh thit k , ch v cng sut tiu th thp.Ngi ta c th p dng chng m
cc tn hiu khc nh: tn hiu bo hiu,s liu gii m thanh...v c bit vi nhng
thit b iu kin nht nh th chng cn c kh nng m ho c c tn hiu m
nhc .B m ho dng sng n gin nht l iu ch xung m (PCM).iu ch Delta
(DM)...Tuy nhin , nhc im ca b m ho dng sng l khng to c ting ni
cht lng cao ti tc bit di 16 kbps ,m iu ny c khc phc b m ho
ngun.Nguyn l b m ho ngun l m ha kiu pht m(vocoder),v d nh b m
ho d bo tuyn tnh (LPC).Cc b m ho ny c th thc hin c ti tc bt c
2 Kbps .Hn ch ch yu ca m ho kiu pht m LPC l gi thit rng: tn hiu ting
ni bao gm c m hu thanh v v thanh.Do ,i vi m hu thanh th ngun kch
thch b my pht m s l mt dy xung ,cn i vi cc m v thanh th n s l mt


ngun nhiu ngu nhin.Trong thc t , c rt nhiu cch kch thch c quan pht m
.V n gin ho,ngi ta gi thit rng ch c mt im kch thch trong ton b
giai on ln ging ca ting ni ,d cho l m hu thanh hay v thanh.
Vo nm 1982 .Atal ra mt m hnh mi v kch thch ,c gi l kch
thch a xung.Trong m hnh ny ,khng cn bit trc l m hu thanh hay v
thanh , c phi l giai on ln ging hay khng.S kch thch c m hnh ho bi
mt s xung (thng thng l 3 xung trn 5ms ) c bin v v tr c xc nh bng
cc tiu ho sai lch ,c tnh n trng s th cm ,gia ting ni gc v ting ni tng
hp.Vic a ra m hnh ny to ln mt s ch to ln v l m hnh u tin
ca mt th h mi ca cc b m ho ting n phn tch bng tng hp.Chng c kh
nng cho ting ni cht lng cao ti tc bit quanh 10 kbps v c th n tn 4,8
kbps.Tn hiu kch thch s c ti u ho mt cch k lng v ngi ta s dng k
thut m ho dng sng m ho tn hiu kch thch ny mt cch c hiu qu..Hnh
2.1 a ra m hnh tng qut ca m ho ting ni theo phng php LPC phn tch
tng hp.

Hnh 2-1 M hnh m ho ting ni LPC phn tch bng tng hp
Trong u(n) :tn hiu kch thch
S*(n): :tn hiu ting ni tng hp
S* (n) Ting ni tng hp
b/ B Gii m
Ting ni gc
B to tn hiu
kch thch
B lc tng hp
Tnh trng
s sai s
Cc tiu ho sai
s
B to tn hiu
kch thch
B lc tng hp
u(n)
S*(n) e(n)
a/ B m ho
ew(n)


S(n) : Tn hiu ting ni gc
E
w
(n ) :tn hiu sai s

M hnh bao gm 3 phn chnh:
- Phn th nht : B lc tng hp LPC ,l b lc ton cc bin i theo thi gian
m hnh ho ng bao ph ngn hn ca dng sng ting ni .u ra ca n
lc tng hp l tn hiu ni tng hp.
- Phn th 2 : B to kch thch .B ny s cho ra dy kch thch cp cho b lc
tng hp to ra ting ni ti to my thu.Vic kch thch s c ti u ho
bng cc cc tiu ho sai lch,cc tnh trng s th cm,gia ting ni gc v
ting ni tng hp.
- Phn th 3 : Thur tc c s dng trong vic ti thiu ho sai lch (Gm 2 khi
:tnh trng s sai s v cc tiu ho sai s). Tiu chun cc tiu ho sai lch
c s dng rng ri nht l sai lch bnh phng trung bnh (mes:mean
squared error).Trong m hnh ny ,tiu chun cc tiu ho sai s c s dng l
:tn hiu sai lch e
w
(n) c a qua mt b lc nh gi trng s sai s ,c tnh
trng s th cm ,v b lc ny s to dng ph tp m theo mt cch no
cng sut tn hiu s tp chung nht ti cc tn s formant ca ph ting ni.

Th tc m ho :bao gm 2 bc :bc 1 :thng s ca b lc tng hp c xc nh
t mu ting ni.Bc 2 :dy kch thch ti u i vi b lc ny c xc nh bng
cch cc tiu ho sai s,c tnh trng s th cm ,gia ting ni gc v ting ni tng
hp.Khong thi gian ti u ho kch thch khong 47.5 ms, thp hn khung thi gian
cp nht thng s LPC.Khung ting n c chia thnh nhiu khung con ,vic kch
thch c xc nh ring r cho tng khung con .Cc tham s ca b lc v tn hiu
kch thch s c lng t ho trc khi gi n pha thu

Th tc gii m :Cho tn hiu kch thch c gii m qua b lc tng hp ting
ni c khi phc.

C rt nhiu phng php m hnh ho s kch thch:Phng php kch thch a xung
(MPE),phng php kch thch xung u (RPE),phng php d on tuyn tnh kch
thch m (CELP). y em ch cp n phng php d on tuyn tnh kch thch
m CELP. Hin nay phng php ny tr thnh cng ngh ch yu cho m ho
ting ni tc thp.



2.1.2 Nguyn l chung ca b m ho CELP

Tn hiu kch thch l mt mc t ca mt bng m rt ln c phn b mt cch ngu
nhin .
S nguyn l ca phng php tng hp CELP c a ra trong hnh 2.2
Hnh 2-2 S nguyn l ca phng php tng hp CELP
Ti pha pht :Cc tham s ca b lc tng hp cng tng ch v tr ca cc
bng m (bao gm bng m thch ng v bng m ngu nhin )c truyn i .Ti pha
thu :cng s dng nhng bng thch ng v ngu nhin nh th xc nh tn hiu
kch thch ti li vo b lc tng hp LPC to ting ni tng hp.

Bng m kch thch gm L t m (l cc vc t ngu nhin ) c di N mu (thng
thng L=1024,N=40 mu ng vi mt khung kch thch 5ms) .Bng cch tm kim
trit ton b bng m ngu nhin ngi ta s chn c tn hiu kch thch ca mt
khung ting ni di N mu.B lc tng hp tnh trng s c cho bi :
) ( 1 /( 1 ) / ( / 1 ) (
1
= =
P
k
k k
k
z a z A z w

Trong :
S*(n) Ting ni tng hp
B lc tng
hp
Tr khung
con
Bng m thch ng
Khuch i
Khuch i
Bng m ngu nhin
u(n)


l mt phn s t 0 n 1.
{a
k
} l cc tham s b lc tng hp LPC hay cn gi l h s d on.
P l bc ca b lc tng hpLPC hay bc ca b d on.

Sau khi xc nh c cc tham s ca bng m thch ng ( bao gm c tng ch v
tr ln ging) th ting n tng hp tnh trng s s*(n) c cho l :

) ( * ) ( ) ( * ) ( ) ( *
0
n s n Gy n h n c n s
k
+ + =
o
|

Trong :
Tch chp l khng nh.
c
k
(n) l t m kch thch vi ch s k.
| l h s t l.
h(n) l phn ng xung ca b lc tng hp tnh trng s W(z).
s
0
*(n) l phn ng li vo ca b lc tng hp tnh trng s.
G l tng ch ca bng m thch ng.
y
o
(n) = c
o
(n)*h(n) l phn ng trng thi khng ca b lc tng hp tnh trng s
vi t m c
o
(n) c la chn t bng m thch ng.

Sai s tnh trng s gia ting n tng hp v ting ni gc c cho bi:

) ( * ) ( ) (
-
n s n s n e =

Trong :
s*(n) : Tn hiu ting ni tng hp
s(n) : Tn hiu ting ni gc.
e
w
(n) : Tn hiu sai s
Sau sai s ny s c cc tiu ho bng phng php sai lch bnh phng trung
bnh (mes):

| |
=
=
1
0
2
-
) (
N
n
n e E

phc tp ca b m ho ny tng khi tc bit gim.Th d CELP c th cho ting
ni tc thp ti 4.8 kbps vi tr gi rt cao v i hi tnh ton do : tn hiu kch
thch ti u c tm kim thng qua bng m rt ln (kch thc bng m thng gm
khong 1024 mc t ) .i vi bng m c 1024 t m v mt khung kch thc 40
mu th cn thc hin khong 40.000 php nhn sot bng m .


C th nhn xt rng : nhc im ca phng php CELP l : c mt th tc i hi
tnh ton rt ln rt kh c th thc hin trong thi gian thc .Vy c mt phng php
n gin ho th tc sot bng m sao cho khng nh hng ti cht lng ting ni
. l phng php s dng cc bng m i s ACELP (Algebraic CELP) trong
cc bng m c to ra nh cc m sa li nh phn c bit .V nng cao hiu qu
r sot bng m,ngi ta s dng cc bng m i s c cu lin kt CS-ACELP
(Conjugate-Structure ACELP) .Khuyn ngh ITU G.729 a ra nguyn l ca b m
ho ting ni s dng phng php CS-ACELP m ho ting ni tc thp 8kbps.
2.1.3 Nguyn l m ho CS-ACELP

Tn hiu PCM 64 kbps u vo (theo quy lut A hoc ) qua b m ho thut ton CS-
ACELP ,c ly mu ti tn s 8khz ,sau qua b chuyn i thnh tn hiu PCM
u 16 bit a ti u vo b m ho .Tn hiu u ra b gii m s c chuyn i
thnh tn hiu PCM (theo quy lut A hoc ) theo ng tn hiu vo .Cc c tnh u
vo / u ra khc ,ging tn hiu PCM 64 kbps (theo khuyn ngh ITU G.711),s c
chuyn i thnh tn hiu ra PCM theo ng quy lut ca tn hiu u vo b gii m
.
2.1.3.1 Nguyn l chung cu b m ho
B m ho CS-ACELP da trn c s ca b m d bo tuyn tnh kch thch m
CELP .
B m ho CS-ACELP thc hin trn cc khung ting ni chu k 10 ms tng ng
vi 80 mu ti tc l mu 8000 mu /s.C mi mt khung 10 ms ,tn hiu ting n
li c phn tch trch ly cc tham s ca b m CELP ( l :cc h s ca b lc
d bo thch ng ,ch s cc bng m c nh v bng m thch ng cng vi tng ch
ca bng m ). Cc tham s ny s c m ho v truyn i.S phn b bit ca cc
tham s m ho c trnh by bng 2.1.3.1

Tham s

T m
S bit
trong
khung
con 1
S bit
trong
khung
con 2
Tng s
bit trong
1 khung
Cc cp vch ph L0,L1,L2,L3 18
tr m thch ng P1,p2 8 5 13


chn l tr trc P0 1 1
Ch s m c nh C1,C2 13 13 26
Du m c nh S1,S2 4 4 8
Cc khuch i m
(bc1)
GA1,GA2 3 3 6
Cc khuch i m
(bc2)
GB1,GB2 4 4 8
Tng cng 80
bng 2.1.3.1 S phn b bit ca cc tham s ca thut ton CS-ACELP tc 8
kbit/s (khung 10 ms)
Ti pha thu :s dng cc tham s ny khi phc cc tham s tn hiu kch thch v
cc tham s ca b lc tng hp .Tn hiu ting ni s c khi phc bng cch lc
cc tham s tn hiu kch thch ny thng qua b lc tng hp ngn hn.
B lc tng hp ngn hn da trn c s b lc d bo tuyn tnh LP bc 10 .B lc
tng hp di hn ,hay b lc tng hp cao dung cho vic lm trn m thch ng .Sau
khi khi phc ,nh b lc sau ting ni s lm tng trung thc.
2.1.3.2 Nguyn l b m ho CS-ACELP
S khi b m ho c m t nh hnh 2.3



Hnh 2-3S khi b m ho
Tn hiu u vo a qua b tin x l ,b ny c hai chc nng :lc thng cao
v tnh ton tn hiu.Tn hiu u ra b tin x l l tn hiu u vo ca cc khi tng

hp tip sau.S tng hp d bo tuyn tnh (LP)c thc hin mt ln trong mt
khung 10ms tnh cc h s ca b lc d bo tuyn tnh (LP).Cc h s ny c
bin i thnh cc cp vch ph (LSP) v c lng t bng phng php lng t
ho vc t d bo hai bc (VQ) 8 bit.Tn hiu kch thch c la chn bng cch cc
tiu ho sai s ,c tnh n trng s th cm ,gia ting ni gc v ting ni tng
hp.Cc tham s kch thch (gm :bng m c nh v bng m thch ng)c xc
dnh qua tng khung con 5ms(tng ng 40mu).Cc h s ca b lc LP c
lng t v cha c lng t c s dng cho phn khung th 2 ,cn ti phn
khung th nht cc h s ca b lc LP c ni suy s c s dng (trong c hai
trng hp lng t v cha lng t). tr bc mch vng h s c tnh ton
mt ln trong mt khung 10ms da trn ln tn hiu thoi .Sau cc php tnh ny
s lp li trong tng phn khung tip theo.Tn hiu ban u x(n) c tnh bng cc lc
d LP thng qua b lc tng hp W(z)/A(z).Trng thi ban u ca b lc ny L
Tn hiu li gia tn hiu d LP v tn hiu kch thch .S phn tch bc ca mch
vng ng s thc hin sau ( tm tr m thch ng v khuch i )dng tn
Khi tin
x l
Khi tng hp LP
s l-ng t ho v
ni suy
B lc
tng hp
+
+
Bng m
thch ng
Bng m
c nh
B lc tng
hp cao
Tm bng
m c nh
cm
nhn
S l-ng t ho
khuch i
S l-ng t
ho
khuch i
lung bit
pht i
LPC info
LPC info
ting ni
u vo
LPC info
Gc
Gp


hiu ban u x(n) v c tuyn xung h(n) ,bng cch lm trn gi tr tr bc ca
mch vng h. tr bc c m ho bng m 8 bit trong phn khung th nht ,
vi sai ca tr c m ho bng m 5 bit trong phn khung th 2 .Tn hiu x(n) l
tn hiu ca 2 tn hiu :tn hiu ban u x(n) v tn hiu m thch ng l tn hiu m c
nh.Tn hiu ny c dng trong vic tm tn hiu kch thch ti u .Gi tr kch thch
m c nh c m ho bng m i s 17 bit(trong :ch s bng m c nh c
m ho bng t m C1,C2-13 bit ; Du bng m c nh c m ho bng t m
S1,S2-3bit).Cc b khuch i bng m c nh v bng m thch ng c lng t
ho bng vc t 7 bit(Trong : bc 1 c m ho bng t m GA1,GA2 -3 bit ;
bc 2 c m ho bng t m GB1,GB2-4 bit ).ti y s d on trung bnh ng
MA cho b khuch i m c nh .Cui cng ,da vo cc b nh lc s xc nh
c tn hiu kch thch.
2.1.3.3 Nguyn l b gii m CS-ACELP
S khi ca b gii m c m t trong hnh 2.4

Hnh 2-4S nguyn l ca b gii m CS-ACELP
u tin ,cc ch s ca cc tham s c trch ra t bung bit thu.Cc ch s
ny s c gii m thu li cc tham s ca b m ho trong 1 khung ting ni 10
ms .Cc tham s l :cc h s LSP ,2 phn tr bc( tr bc v vi sai ca
tr bc),2 vec t bng m c nh (ch s m c nh v ch s bng m c nh
),v 2 tp hp khuch i bng m c nh v bng m thch ng .Cc h s LSP
c ni suy v c chuyn i thnh cc h s b lc LP cho mi phn khung.Sau
,c mi phn khung thc hin cc bc tip theo:
Gi tr kch thch c khi phc l tng ca vc t bng m c nh v bng m thch
ng nhn vi cc gi tr khuch i tng ng ca chng.
Bng m c
nh
Bng m thch
ng
B lc
ngn
hn
b x l
trm
Gc
Gp


Ting ni c khi phc bng cch lc gi tr kch thch ny thng qua b lc tng
hp LP
Tn hiu ting ni khi phc a qua bc x l trm ,bao gm b lc thch ng da
trn c s cc b lc tng hp ngn hn v di hn ,sau qua b lc thng cao v b
nng tn hiu.

Bng 1.2 :Cc tham s ca b m v gii m CS-ACELP

k
hiu
m t cc
bit
L0
L1
L2
L3
Cc ch s d bo MAchuyn mch ca b lng t LPS
Vec t bc u tin ca b lng t LPS
Vec t thp bc th hai ca b lng t LPS
Vec t cao bc th hai ca b lng t LPS
1
7
5
5
P1
P0
S1
C1
GA1
GB1
tr ln ging ca khung con th nht
Bit chn l dnh cho tr ln ging
Du ca cc xung bng m c nh ca khung con th nht
Bng m c nh ca khung con th nht
Khuch i bng m (bc 1 )ca khung con th nht
Khuch i bng m (bc 2 )ca khung con th nht
8
1
4
13
3
3
P2
S2
C2
GA2
GB2
tr ln ging ca khung con th hai
Du ca cc xung bng m c nh ca khung con th hai
Bng m c nh ca khung con th hai
Khuch i bng m (bc 1)ca khung con th hai
Khuch i bng m (bc 2)ca khung con th hai
5
4
13
3
4

2.1.4 Chun nn G.729A
G.729A l thut ton m ho ting ni tiu chun cho thoi v s liu ng thi s ho
(DSVD). G.729A l s trao i lung bit vi G.729 ,c ngha l :tn hiu c m ho
bng thut ton G.729A c th c gii m thng qua thut ton G.729 v ngc
li.Ging nh G.729 ,n s dng thut ton d bo tuyn tnh m kch thch i s
c cu trc lin kt (CS-ACELP) vi cc khung 10ms.Tuy nhin ,mt vi thut ton
thay i s c gii thiu m kt qu ca cc thut ton ny lm gim 50% phc
tp .



Nguyn l chung ca b m ha v gii m ca thut ton G.729A ging nh G.729
.Cc th tc lng t ho v phn tch LP ca b khuch i bng m c nh v thch
ng ging nh G.729.Cc thay i thut ton so vi G.729 s tng kt nh sau:
B lc trng s th cm s dng cc tham s b lc LP lng t v c biu din
l (z) =A(z)/A(z/) vi gi tr =0,75.

Phn tch ln ging mch vng h n gin ho bng cch s dng phng php
decimation (c ngha l trch ly 10 mu ) trong khi tnh s tng quan ca ting n
trng s.
Cc tnh ton phn ng xung ca b lc tng hp trng s W(z)/A(z) ,ca tn hiu ban
u ,v vic thay th W(z) bng 1/A(z/).
Vic tm bng m thch ng c n gin ho .Vic tim s cc i ho gi tr tng
quan gia kch thch trc v tn hiu ban u lc trc ( nng lng ca kch thch
trc lc l khng ng k ).
Vic tm bng m c nh c n gin ho.Thay v tp trung mch vng t ong
,gii php tm s hnh cy su trc c s dung.
Ti b gii m , ho ba ca b lc sau s c n gin bng cch s dng ch cc
tr nguyn.

Chc nng WPOPS C50 MIPS
G.729 G.729A G.729 G.729A
Tin x l
Phn tch LP
Lng t ho v ni suy LSP
Bin i LSP thnh A(z) & trng s
Ln ging mch vng h
Ln ging mch vng ng
Bng m i s
Lng t ho cc b khuch i
Tm kch thch v cp nht b nh
0,20
1,63
0,95
0,30
1,45
5,83
6,35
0,46
0,21
0,20
1,28
0,95
0,12
0,82
1,55
1,86
0,46
0,08
0,226
1,957
1,390
0,461
1,563
3,453
8,406
0,643
0,278
0,226
1,696
1,390
0,173
0,955
1,778
3,046
0,643
0,112
Tng Cng (m ho) 14,38 7,32 18,377 10,019
Gii m
B lc sau
X l sau
0,68
2,13
0,22
0,68
0,73
0,22
1,133
2,539
0,266
1,133
1,000
0,226
Tng cng gii m 3,03 1,63 3,938 2,399
Tng cng (m ho +gii m) 17,41 8,95 22,315 12,418

Bng 2.3 Cc thng s WMOPS v MIPS ca G.729 v G.729A .



MIPS :(Million Instructions Per Second ) : triu cu lnh trn mt giy
WMOPS: (Weighted Milion Operations Per Second): triu thao tc trn 1 giy.
C hai b m ho G.729 v G.729A c th nghim trn vi mch T1TMS320C50
DSP.Trong th nghim USH, thut ton m ho song cng G.729A yu cu 12,4 MIPS,
trong khi G.729 yu cu 22,3 MIPS .Vic gim phc hp ca c hai b m ho G.729
v G.729A c a ra trong bng 2.3 cho c hai phn m ho v gii m. phc tp
y th hin qua 2 s hng :C50 MIPS v WOPS ca thut ton c s .V yu cu
G.729A yu cu t hn 2k RAM v 10k ROM trong khi G.729 yu cu khong 2k RAM
v 11k ROM.Hin nhin vi vic s dng G.729A gim c khong 50% phc tp
so vi G.729, vi vic gim mt t cht lng trong trng hp 3 b i (m ho / gii
m) v trong trng hp c tp m nn.

2.1.5 Chun nn G.729B
G.729B a ra mt nguyn l nn im lng tc bt thp c thit k v ti u ho
lm vic chung c vi c G.729 v G.729A phc tp thp. t c vic nn im
lng tc bit thp cht lng tt ,mt m un b d hot ng thoi khun c bn l
yu t cn thit d cc khung thoi khng tch cc,gi l cc khung tp m nn hoc
khung im lng.i vi cc khung thoi khng tch cc d c ny, mt m un
truyn gin on o s thay i theo thi gian ca c tnh tn hiu thoi khng tch cc
v quyt nh xem c mt khung m t thng tin im lng mi khng c th c gi i
duy tr cht lng ti to ca tp m nn ti u thu.Nu c mt khung nh th c
yu cu ,cc tham s nng lng v ph m t cc c tnh cm nhn c ca tp m
nn c m ho v truyn i mt cch hiu qu dng 15b/khung .Ti u cui thu ,m
un to tp m ph hp s to tp m nn u ra s dng tham s cp nht pht hoc
cc tham s c trc .Tp m nn tng hp t c bng cch lc d bo tuyn
tnh tn hiu kch thch gi trng c to ra trong ni b ca mc iu khin .Phng
php m ho tp m nn tit kim tc bit cho ting n m ho ti tc bit trung bnh
thp 4kbps trong cuc m thoi ting ni bnh thng duy tr cht lng m thoi.

i vi cc ng dng DSVD (Digital Simultaneous Voice and data: thoi v s liu
ng thi s ho ) v nhy tc bit khc ,G729B l mt iu kin ti cn thit
gim tc bit hn na bng cch s dng cng ngh nn im lng.Khi khng c ting
ni ,tc bit c th gim,gii phng dung lng knh cho cc ng dng xy ra ng
thi,v d nh ng truyn ting khc trong in thoi t bo a truy nhp phn knh
theo m/theo thi gian (TDMA/CDMA) hoc truyn s liu ng thi.Mt phn ng
k trong cuc m thoi thng thng l im lng ,trung bnh ln ti 60% ca mt cuc


m thoi 2 chiu. Trong sut qu trnh im lng ,thit b u vo ting,v d nh tai nghe
,s thu thng tin t mi trng n .Mc v c tnh n c th thay i ng k,t mt
phng im lng ti ng ph n o hoc t mt chic t chuyn ng nhanh,Tuy
nhin ,hu ht cc ngun tp m thng mang thng tin t hn thng tin ting ,v vy,
trong cc chu k khng tch cc t s nn s cao hn .Nhiu ng dng in hnh, v d
h thng ton cu i vi in thoi di ng GSM ,s dng vic d tm chu k im lng
v chn tp m ph hp to c hiu qu m ho cao hn.

Xut pht t quan nim v d tm im lng v chn tp m ph hp dn n cc cng
ngh m ho ting mu kp..Cc mu khac nhau bi tn hiu u vo ,c hin th l
:thoi tch cc i vi ting ni v thoi khng tch cc i vi im lng hoc tp m
nn,c xc nh bi s phn loi tn hiu.S phn loi ny c th c thc hin bn
trong hoc bn ngoi b m ho ting ni.B m ho ting ton tc c th c tc dng
trong qu trnh ting thoi tch cc,nhng c mt nguyn l m ho khc c dng i
vi tn hiu thoi khng tch cc,s dng t bit hn ,t s nn trung bnh cao hn.S
phn loi ny c gi chung l b d hot ng thoi (VAD: Voice Activity Detector )
v u ra ca b ny gi l mc hot ng thoi.Mc hot ng thoi l 1 khi c mt
hot ng thoi v l 0 khi khng c hot ng thoi.

Thut ton VAD v b m ho ting ni khng tch cc ,ging vi cc b m
ho G.729 v G.729A, c thc hin trn cc khung ca ting ni c s ho.
ph hp kch thc cc khung ging nhau c dng cho mi s v khng c tr
thm vo no c to ra bi thut ton VAD hoc b m ho thoi khng tch cc i
vi nn cao hn .u vo b m ho ting ni l tn hiu ting ni n c s ho
.Vi mi khung ting ni u vo ,VAD a ra mc hot ng thoi ,mc ny c
dng nh mt chuyn mch gia cc b m ho thoi tch cc v khng tch cc.Khi b
m ho thoi tch cc c tc dng,lung bit thoi tch cc s gi ti b gii m tch cc
cho mi khung.Tuy nhin,trong cc chu k khng tch cc ,b m ho thoi khng tch
cc c th c chn gi i cc thng tin mi nht gi l b m t vic chn im lng
(SID :Silence Insertion Descriptor ) ti b gii m khng tch cc hoc khng gi g c
.K thut ny c tn l truyn gin on (DTX :Discontinuous Transmission ) .Vi mi
khung ,u ra ca mi b gii m c dng lm tn hiu khi phc.

Ngoi cc chun nn c nu trn cn mt s chun nn nn tn hiu
thoi tc thp nh GSM 10.6 ;G.723 trong khuyn ngh H.323...



2.2 Bo hiu DTMF (Dial tone Multi Frequency )
Cng nh cc thu bao in thoi thng thng ,mi thu bao trong mng in
thoi Internet c mt a ch th hin di dng s .Cc s ny c truyn di dng
tn hiu DTMF ,trong phn ny em xin trnh by s lc cc phng thc truyn bo
hiu DTMF trong mng.

2.2.1 Bo hiu DTMF qua bn tin UserInputIndication
Tt c cc phn t H.323 trong mng u phi c kh nng nhn tn hiu
DTMF trn bn tin UserInputIndication ca H.245 v truyn n ti cc phn t khac
trong mng .Bng 4 lit k tt c cc trng hp trao i bo hiu DTMF ca cc phn
t mng.

Ngun ch
u cui
H.323
Gateway
H.323
Gatekeeper
H.323
Mng phi H.323
u cui H.323 M/O M/O M/O N/A
Gateway H.323 M/O M/O M/O M/O
Gatekeeper H.323 M/O M/O M/O N/A
Mng phi H.323 N/A M/O N/A N/A
Ch thch: -M/O :bt buc hoc la chn
-N/A: Khng s dng

Bng 4.

2.2.1.1 Thit b u cui thu pht DTMF

Ti pha pht , trnh cho gateway khi b nhm gia tn hiu m thanh H.323 v tn
hiu DTMF trong bn tin UserInputIndication H.225 ,thit b u cui H.323 s khng
m ho tn hiu DTMF trong lung d liu m thanh H.323.

Ti pha nhn ,thit b u cui D.323 s chuyn cc tn hiu DTMF nhn c trn bn
tin UserInputIndication thnh dng ngi s dng c th cm nhn c v d nh tn
hiu tone hoc gi tr ghi vo mt hp thoi.



2.2.1.2 Gateway thu pht DTMF
Do nhim v lm cu ni trung gian gia mng H.323 v mng phi H.323 nn tt c cc
gateway u phi c kh nng chuyn i t dng tn hiu DTMF nhn c t pha
mng phi H.323 thnh bn tin UserInputIndication H.245 truyn i trong mng H.323
v ngc li.
Khi nhn c tn hiu DTMF t pha mng phi H.323 th ngoi vic chuyn i trn n
s loi b tn hiu ny khi lung tn hiu m thanh.
Khi pht tn hiu DTMF cho mng phi H.323 th gateway s gi thit rng khng c mt
tn hiu DTMF no trn lung tn hiu H.323.

2.2.1.3 Gate Keeper thu v pht cc tn hiu m thanh D.323.
Gatekeeper c th thc hin vic khi phc tn hiu DTMF trong bn tin
UserInputIndication nhn c t mt phn t H.323 v truyn n cho mt phn t
H.323 khc c lin quan ti cuc gi.
2.2.2 DTMF c truyn thng qua giao thc thi gian thc RTP (Real
time Transport Protocol)
y l mt phng php c la chn s dng truyn DTMF thng qua mt RTF
ring bit c trnh by trong bn tho ca IETF (draft-ietf-avt-dtmf-00.txt).Nu c
th nghim t kt qu tt v c VoIP forum thng qua th n s tr thnh mt trong
hai phng php m cc u cui c th la chn truyn DTMF.
Kh nng thu pht tn hiu theo phng thc c trnh by trong draft-ietf-avt-dtmf-
00.txt ca mt thit b u cui c thit lp bng mt bn tin H.245
TerminalCapabilitySet .u cui s s dng cc bit nhn dng IMTC DTMF ch ra
kh nng m ho v gii m RTP DTMF.
Ccbit IMTC DTMF ch ra kh nng nhn RTP DTMF sp sp theo th t:
CapabilityTable.capability.ReceiveAudioCapbility.nonStandar.nonStandarIdentifier.obj
ect

Cc bit nhn dng IMTC DTMF ch ra kh nng truyn RTP DTMF sp sp theo th
t
CapabilityTable.capability.TrnmitAudioCapbility.nonStandar.nonStandarIdentifier.obj
ect



Khi mt thit b u cui h tr phng thc thu pht DTMF c trnh by trong draft-
ietf-avt-dtmf-00.txt th H.245 s m knh logic cn c vo bn tin H.245
openLogicalChanel

2.3 Kh ting vng

Trong mng IP ng truyn ting vng l ng trn (round trip) v to ra do mch
hybrid (chuyn 2 dy-4 dy) ,mt khc tn hiu s tch lu qua cc qu trnh x l (m
ha v gii m ,ng gi v gii gi ) v truyn dn tn hiu. V vy ting vng l
mt trong nhng yu t ch yu nh hng n cht lng cuc thoi trn mng Internet
.
Thng thng vic kh ting vng c thc hin trong cc Gateway v khi ny tun
theo cc khuyn ngh G.165 v G.167. Hnh 1.3 sau y m t ng truyn ca tn hiu
trn c cc mch trit ting vong.

Hnh 2-5Mch trit ting vng
2.4 C ch bo mt.
i vi cc dch v da trn c s khuyn ngh H.323 v khuyn ngh H.245
ca ITU-T m c th mt trong cc dch v ny l Thoi Internet ,c ch bo mt ca
chng c thc hin theo khuyn ngh H.235 ca ITU-T.C ch bo mt trong khuyn
ngh ny ch yu nhm chng li mi c gng thc hin nghe trm trong mng cng nh
mi c gng lm lch hng cc lung d liu.
E
c
h
o
C
a
n
c
e
l
l
e
r
Speech
Decoding
Packe
t
Buffer
Speech
Encoding
E
c
h
o
C
a
n
c
e
l
e
r
Speech
Decoding
Packe
t
Buffer
Speech
Encoding
Echo
-
+
Echo -
+
P
a
c
k
e
t

T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
Telephone Telephone


Hnh 2-6 Phm Vi tc ng ca khuyn ngh H.235
Hnh 2.4 th hin phm vi tc ng ca c ch bo mt theo khuyn ngh H235 vo m
hnh phn lp trong khuyn ngh H323

2.4.1 nh ngha v khi nim
Authentication: l th tc kim tra thu bao mun s dng dch v l ai.Authentication
c s dng thc hin kt ni ngi s dng v tng i da trn cc
Certificate.Th tc ny cng c tng i s dng thc hin trao i thng tin ring
gia hai phn t nh mt khu tnh hoc l trao i trc mt vi thng tin ngm nh
.Authentication c tc dng ngn chn ngi l s dng dch v
Certificate: l cc thng tin cha c im nhn dng.Thng thng Certificate bao
gm thng tin nhn dng nh cung cp dch v,nhn dng ngi s dng.Certificate
c s dng thit lp cc knh an ton(knh bo hiu cuc gi v iu khin cuc
gi)
Knh H.245 an ton: l knh H.245 m trn trc khi trao i cc bn tin iu khin
H.245 ,cc phn t phi thc hin th tc bt tay v th tc Authentication.
Termial control and Management
Data
App
AV App
G.XXX
H.26
X
Encryption
RTP RTCP
H.225.0
Terminal to
Gatekeeper
Signaling
(RAS)
H.224.0
Call
Signaling
H.245
Sec.
Cap.
T.124
T.125
T.123
Transport Security
Unreliable Transport
Reliable Transport
Network Sercurity Network Layer
Link Layer
Physical Layer


Knh H.245 khng an ton: knh H.245 cng c th hot ng theo ch khng an
ton v khi hai phn t s thit lp mt knh logic an ton gia chng thc hin
th tc Authentication (v d nh TLS hoc IPSEC c s dng m mt knh logic
ng vi mt gi tr encryptionData).
2.4.2 Thu tc Authentication gia hai u cui
Th tc Authentication gm hai loi: loi th nht l m ho i xng khng yu cu
thng tin ngm nh trc no gia hai phn t ,loi th hai l c mt vi thng tin
ngm nh trc gia hai phn t.
2.4.2.1 Th tc Authentication ca Diffie-Hellman
Th tc Authentication ny thuc loi th nht .Ngha l trc ht phi trao i
thng tin ngm nh (c th l t kho ) gia hai phn t phc v cho cc giao tip c
tnh ring t.
Sau khi trao i xong t kho c hai phn t s la chn thut ton x l n .Sau
t kho ny s c s dng m ho mi thong tin hi -p.Mt trng hp hn hu
c th xy ra l th tc Diffie-Hellman pht hin t kho c cng dng km th mt
trong hai phn t s hu b kt ni v ti thit lp kt ni vi t kho khc.Nh th hin
trn hnh 2.7, trong giai on 1 hai phn t trao i t kho trong th tc Diffie-Hellman
,giai on hai m t giao thc hi p Authentication.

Hnh 2-7Th tc Authentication ca Diffie-Hellman
clearToken[Dh
a
-
,random
b
,time
a
)..],cryptoToken[...({generallD
a
time
b
Dh
b
.]
clearToken[Dh
a
-
,time
a
)..],cryptoToken[...({generallD
a
time
a
Dh
a
.]
Phase
1
Phase
2
EP
A
EP
B
Req
ues
t
clearToken[...({generallD
b
XOR
random
b
XOR...}E
DH secret
)...]
clearToken[...({generallD
a

random
bt
)...]
Respo
nse


[... ] th hin chui c th t cc Token
() ch ra mt token c bit gm nhiu yu t.
{} E
DH-Secret
ch ra cc phn t nm trong n b m ho bo mt s dng gi tr E
DH-Secret

theo th tc Diffie-Hellman.
u cui A bit t kho gii m generallD
a
ng vi u cui B cgenerallD
b

l Dh
a
v n s gi t kho cho B trong giai on 1 v ngc li u cui B cng gi
t kho Dh
b
cho A.
Trong giai on 2 thc hin thut ton i vi t kho thu c gi tr E
DH-Scet
dng
m ho cc bn tin hi p.
2.4.2.2 Th tc Authentication da vo nhn dng.
Th tc ny thuc vo loi th hai tc l c trc thng tin ngm nh. Mc d cc th
tc ny bnh thng c thc hin trn c hai hng truyn nhng n cng c th ch
thc hin trn mt hng nu nh ch cn Authentication theo hng .C 3 th tc
Authentication thuc loi ny :mt khu m ho i xng ,mt khu ngu nhin ,xc
nhn ch k.
1 Mt khu m ho i xng
giao thc ny c trnh by trong tiu chun ISO9798-2(mc 5.2.1) .
2 Mt khu ngu nhin
Giao thc ny c trnh by trong tiu chun ISO 9798-4(mc 5.2.1).
3 Cng nhn ch k
Giao thc ny c trnh by trong tiu chun ISO9798-3(muc 5.2.5)

2.4.3 Th tc Authentication gia u cui v Gatekeeper
Th tc Authentication gia u cui v GateKeeper cng chia lm hai loi.loi 1 l m
ho i xng v khng c thng tin ngm nh trc gia u cui v Gatekeeper ;loi 2
l Authentication da trn thng tin nhn dng tn ti di hai hnh thc l mt khu v
xc nhn quyn truy cp. Cc bn tin ca th tc ny c truyn trn knh RAS ni
gia u cui v Gatekeeper.
2.4.3.1 Th tc Authentication khng c thng tin ngm nh trc.
Th tc Authentication ny trao i bn tin theo th tc Diffie-Hellman nh trnh by
trong mc 2.4.2.1 .Trong giai on 1,u cui v GateKeeper trao i cp bn tin
GRQ/GCF trong c cha t kho m ho.Sau t kho s c s dng m ho
cp bn tin tip theo RRQ/URQ .Nu Gatekeeper hot ng ch ny m nhn c
bn tin GRQ khng c t kho DH
set
n s tr li bng bn tin DRJ c cha m nguyn
nhn t chi securityDenial.


2.4.3.2 Th tc Authentication da trn thng tin ngm nh trc
C 3 loi thng tin ngm nh trc l :mt khu m ho i xng ,mt khu
ngu nhin ,cng nhn da trn ch k.Cng ging nh trao i gia hai u cui nh
trnh by mc 2.4.2.2.
2.4.4 Th tc m ho bo mt lung d liu.
Lung d liu sau khi m ho s c chia thnh cc gi .Cc gi ny s c
a vo khi m ho bo mt .Ti y vic m ho bo mt s c thc hin da vo
cc t kho sau cc gi d liu mi c chn thm phn mo u tng ng ri mi
truyn i.Qu trnh gii m bo mt s din ra ngc li.
Cc t kho (h235Key) nm trong bn tin encryptionUpdate truyn trn knh
iu khin H.245 khi truyn i cc h235key c dng chui octet c m ho theo
chun ASN.1
Ti mi thi im khi hi thoi ,u cui nhn hoc truyn u c th yu cu t kho
mi bng bn tin encryptionUpdateRequest .Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n
hin tng ny l nu nghi ng mt trong nhng knh logic mt ng b .Khi u cui
ng vai tr Master nhn c yu cu ny n s pht i t kho mi v n cng pht i
yu cu cp nht t kho mi bng bn tin encryptionUpdate .Nu l cuc gi hi ngh
gm nhiu u cui ,th MC hoc u cui Master s c nhim v a t kho mi ti
tt c cc thnh vin trc khi t kho mi c hi lc trn knh d liu.
2.4.5 X l khi nhn thy mt an ton
Nu mt u cui nhn thy mt an ton trn mt trong cc knh sau: knh
H245,knh d liu an ton(knh iu khin h235) hoc knh ni kt cuc gi ,ngay lp
tc n s kt thc cuc gi theo th tc giao thc H323 .
Nu mt u cui pht hin thy mt an ton trn mt trong cc knh logic ,th
ngay lp tc n s yu cu mt t kho mi bng bn tin encryptionUpdateRequest
v ng knh logic li .Ti MCU nu nhn thy mt privacy trn mt trong nhng
knh logic c th n s ng tt c cc knh logic hoc yu cu t kho mi ,khi
MCU s pht bn tin encryptionUpdateRequest v encryptionUpdate ti tt c cc
u cui.
2.4.6 V d bo mt bng cch s dng Token
Bng cch s dng Token ta c th lm n i cc thng tin v a ch ch ca
cuc gi.V d nh trong mng c th hin trn hnh 2.4.6 Trong tnh hung ny thu
bao b gi(in thoi B) khng mun cho thu bao ch gi (u cui A) bit a ch vt


l ca n m cuc gi vn thc hin c .Cc bc bo hiu thc hin cuc gi m vn
bo m yu cu trn nh sau.
u cui A gi bn tin ARQ ti GateKeeper ca n c cha a ch hnh thc ca in
thoi B i vi Gateway .Khi Gatekeeper nhn thy a ch B ch c c tnh Privacy ,
thc hin c cuc gi n phi tr li a ch ca in thoi B i vi Gateway.
Khi Gatekeeper tr li u cui A bng bn tin ACF vn cha thng tin v a ch ny
c th kt ni vi in thoi B nhng n m ho bng cch chn Token vo .Khi
u cui A khng th gii m hiu c a ch ny .
u cui A gi bn tin SETUP n Gateway c cha a ch m ho token ny
Gateway khi nhn c bn tin SETUP s gi bn tin ARQ c cha a ch m ho
token nhn c ti Gatekeeper.
Gatekeeper s gii m a ch ny v tr li Gateway bng bn tin ACF c cha s b
gi.

Hnh 2-8Cuc gi in thoi Internet t PC ti in thoi
Endpoin
t A
POTS
B
Gatew
ay
Endpoint
X
Gatekee
per


C h a p t e r 3
CHNG3 Cu trc mng v cu hnh chun ca mng IP.
3.1 Tng quan v cu hnh chun ca mng VoIP
Cu hnh chun ca mng VoIP c th bao gm cc phn t sau:
Thit b u cui kt ni vi mng IP;
- Mng truy nhp ;
- Mng IP;
- Gateway (GW);
- Gateway iu khin phng tin (MGWC);
- Gateway phng tin (MGW);
- Gateway bo hiu (SGW);
- Gatekeeper (GK);
- Mng SCN;
- Thit b u cui kt ni mng SCN;
- Back end Service.
Hnh 3.1 sau y a ra mt v d c th v cu hnh chun v cc giao din c bn
trong mng VoIP.

Hnh 3-1Cu hnh chun c bn ca mng VoIP

GK GK Back End
H.323
Terminal
Media GW
controller
Signaling
GW
Media GW
E.b
E.a
N B
A
D G
F
C
J


Cu hnh th hin trn hnh 3.1 bao gm hai GK v giao din gia chng l loi D s
c cp n sau.Mi thit b u cui giao tip vi mt GK v giao tip ny ging
vi giao tip gia thit b u cui v GW.Mi GK s chu trch nhim qun l mt
Domain, nhng cng c th nhiu GK chia nhau qun l tng phn ca mt Domain
trong trng hp mt Domain c nhiu GK.
Trong vng qun l ca cc GK,cc tn hiu bo hiu c th c chuyn tip qua mt
hoc nhiu GK.Do cc GK phi c kh nng trao i thng tin vi nhau khi cuc gi
c lin quan nhiu GK.C th s dng cc cch thc ni sau y kt ni hai GK hoc
mt GK v mt GW:Delicated ,non-delicated,long live ,on-demand.

3.2 Cc cu hnh chun v chc nng ca cc phn t
3.2.1 Thit b u cui
- Mt thit b u cui l mt nt cui trong cu hnh chun ca mng VoIP ,n c
th c kt ni vi mng IP s dng mt trong cc giao din truy nhp s c
trnh by sau y.Mt thit b u cui c th cho php mt thu bao trong mng
IP thc hin mt cuc in thoi n mt thu bao trong mng SCN .Cc cuc
gi s c s gim st ca GK m thit b u cui ng k.
- Mt thit b u cui c th bao gm cc chc nng sau y:

- Chc nng u cui H.225.0: thu v nhn cc bn tin H.225.0;
- Chc nng u cui H.245 :thu v nhn cc bn tin H.245;
- Bo mt knh truyn ti :m bo tnh bo mt ca knh truyn ti thng tin
kt ni vi thit b u cui.
- Bo mt knh bo hiu : m bo tnh bo mt ca knh bo hiu kt ni vi
thit b u cui;
- Chc nng xc nhn : thit lp c im nhn dng khch hng ,thit b hoc
phn t mng;
- Non-repudiation evidence gathering : thu thp cc thng tin dung xc nhn
l bn tin bo hiu hoc bn tin cha cc thng tin c truyn hoc nhn
cha;
- Chc nng qun l: giao tip vi h thng qun l mng ;
- Chc nng nghi cc bn tin s dng : xc nh hoc ghi li cc thng tin v s
kin (truy nhp ,cnh bo ) v ti nguyn;
- Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng: bo co cc bn tin s dng c
ghi ra thit b ngoi vi.


3.2.2 Mng truy nhp IP
Mng truy nhp IP cho php thit b u cui ,GW,GK truy nhp vo mng IP thng
qua c s h tng mng sn c .Sau y l mt vi loi giao din truy nhp IP c s
dng trong cu hnh chun ca mng VoIP.
- Truy nhp PSTN;
- Truy nhp ISDN;
- Truy nhp GMS;
- Truy nhp cp;
- Truy nhp LAN;
- Truy nhp BRAN;
- Truy nhp DECT.

Trn y khng phi l tt c cc giao din truy nhp IP,mt vi loi khc ang c
nghin cu s dng trong mng VoIP .c im ca cc giao din ny c th gy
nh hng n cht lng v tnh bo mt ca cuc gi VoIP.

3.2.3 Gatekeeper (GK)

GK l phn t trong mng chu trch nhim qun l vic ng k ,chp nhn v trng
thi ca cc thit b u cui v GW.GK c th tham gia vo vic qun l vng ,x l
cuc gi v bo hiu cuc gi.N xc nh tuyn truyn bo hiu cuc gi v ni
dung i vi mi cuc gi. GK c th bao gm cc khi chc nng sau y:
- Chuyn i a ch E.164 : chuyn i a ch E.164 sang tn gi H.323;
- Chuyn i tn gi H.323: chuyn i tn gi H.323 sang s E.164;
- Chuyn i a ch H.225.0 :Chuyn t tn gi H.323 sang a ch IP truyn
cc bn tin H.225.0 ,hoc nhn v truyn a ch IP truyn cc bn tin
H.225.0,bao gm c m la chn nh cung cp mng;
- Dch a ch knh thng tin :nhn v truyn a ch IP ca cc knh truyn ti
thng tin ,bao gm c m la chn nh cung cp mng;
- Dch a ch knh H.245 : nhn v truyn a ch IP phc v cho bo hiu
H.245, bao gm c m la chn nh cung cp mng;
- GK H.225.0 :truyn v nhn cc bn tin H.225.0;
- GK H.245 : truyn v nhn cc bn tin H.245;
- Giao tip gia cc GK : thc hin trao i thng tin gia cc GK;


- ng k : cung cp cc thng tin cn ng k khi yu cu dch v;
- Xc nhn :Thit lp cc c im nhn dng ca khch hng ,thit b u cui
hoc cc phn t mng.
- iu khin GK chp nhn knh thng tin :cho php hoc khng cho php s
dng cc knh truyn ti thng tin;
- Non-repudiation evidence gathering : thu thp thng tin dng xc nhn l
bn tin bo hiu hoc bn tin cha thng tin c truyn hoc nhn cha;
- Bo mt knh bo hiu : m bo tnh bo mt ca knh bo hiu kt ni GK
vi thit b u cui;
- Tnh cc: thu thp thng tin tnh cc;
- iu chnh tc v gi cc: xc nh tc v gi cc s dng;
- Chc nng qun l : giao tip vi h thng qun l mng;
- Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng : xc nh hoc ghi li cc thng tin v s
kin (truy nhp ,cnh bo ) v ti nguyn;
- Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng :bo co cc bn tin s dng c
ghi ra thit b ngoi vi.

3.2.4 Gateway(GW)

Mt GW c th kt ni vt l mt hay nhiu mng IP vi mt hay nhiu mng SCN
.Mt GW c th bao gm :SGW,MGW,MGWC .Mt hay nhiu chc nng ny c th
c thc hin trong GK hay mt GW khc :

Gateway bo hiu (SGW ):
SGW cung cp knh bo hiu gia mng IP v mng SCN.N c th h tr chc nng
hoc knh bo hiu gia mng IP (v d nh H.323 ) v bo hiu trong mng SCN (v
d nh R2 ,CCS7 ).
SGW c th bao gm cc khi chc nng sau :
- Kt ni cc giao thc iu khin cuc gi SCN;
- Kt ni bo hiu t mng SCN : Phi hp hot ng vi cc chc nng bo hiu ca
MGWC;
- Chc nng bo hiu :chuyn i gia bo hiu mng IP vi bo hiu mng SCN khi
phi hp hot ng vi MGWC;
- Bo mt knh bo hiu : bo m tnh bo mt ca knh bo hiu t GW;
- Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng :xc nh v ghi cc bn tin x dng ra thit b
ngoi vi ;


- OAM&P: vn hnh, qun l v bo dng ,thng qua cc giao din logic cung cp
cc thng tin khng trc tip phc v cho iu khin cuc gi ti cc phn t qun
l h thng;
- Chc nng qun l :giao din vi h thng qun l mng ;
- Giao din mng chuyn mch gi :kt ni mng chuyn mch gi;

a) Gateway phng tin (Media Gateway )

MGW cung cp phng tin thc hin chc nng chuyn i m ho .N chuyn i
gia cc m truyn trong mng IP (truyn trn RTP/UDP/IP )vi m ho truyn trong
mng SCN (PCM,GSM).
MGW c th bao gm cc khi chc nng sau :
- Chc nng chuyn i a ch knh thng tin: cung cp a ch IP cho cc knh
thng tin truyn v nhn ;
- Chc nng chuyn i lung :chuyn i gia cc lung thng tin gia mng IP v
mng SCN bao gm vic chuyn i m ho v trit ting vng;
- Chc nng dch m ho : nh tuyn cc lung thng tin gia mng Ip v mng
SCN;
- Bo mt knh thng tin :m bo tnh ring t ca knh thng tin kt ni vi GW;
- Kt cui chuyn mch knh :bao gm tt c cc phn cng v giao din cn thit
kt cui cuc gi chuyn mch knh ,n phi bao gm cc b m ho v gii m
PCM lut A v PCM lut ;
- Kt cui chuyn mch gi : cha tt c cc giao thc lin quan n vic kt ni knh
thng tin trong mng chuyn mch gi bao gm cc b m ho gii m c th s
dng c .Theo chun H.323 th n bao gm RTP/RTCP v cc b m ho gii m
nh G.711,G.723.1;
- Giao din vi mng SCN :kt cui cc knh mang (v d nh DS0) t mng SCN v
chuyn n sang trng thi c th iu khin bi chc nng x l knh thng tin;
- Chc nng chuyn i knh thng tin gia IP v SCN :chuyn i gia knh
mang thng tin thoi ,fax,d liu ca SCN v cc gi d liu trong mng chuyn
mch gi .N cng thc hin chc nng x l tn hiu thch hp v d nh :nn tn
hiu thoi,trit ting vng ,trit khong lng,m ho,chuyn i tn hiu fax v iu
tit tc modem tng t.Thm vo n cn thc hin chuyn i gia tn hiu
DTMF trong mng SCN v cc tn hiu thch hp trong mng chuyn mch gi khi
m cc b m ho tn hiu thoi khng m ho tn hiu DTMF.Chc nng chuyn i
knh thng tin gia IP v SCN cng c th thu thp thng tin v lu lng gi v cht


lng knh i vi mi cuc gi s dng trong vic bo co chi tit v iu khin
cuc gi;
- Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng : xc nh v ghi cc bn tin bo hiu v cc bn
tin thng tin truyn v nhn;
- Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng ; bo co cc bn tin s dng ra thit b
ngoi vi ;
- OAM&P :vn hnh ,qun l v bo dng ,thng qua cc giao din logic cung cp
cc thng tin khng trc tip phc v cho iu khin cuc gi ti cc phn t qun l
h thng;
- Chc nng qun l :giao din vi h thng qun l mng;
- Giao din mng chuyn mch gi:kt cui mng chuyn mch gi.

b) Gateway iu khin phng tin (MGWC-Media Gateway Controller)

MGWC ng vai tr phn t kt ni MGW ,SGW,v GK .N cung cp s l cuc gi
cho GW ;n iu khin MGW;n nhn thng tin bo hiu SCN t SGW v thng tin bo
hiu t IP t GK.
MGWC c th bao gm cc khi chc nng sau :

- Chc nng GW H.225.0 :truyn v nhn cc bn tin H.225.0;
- Chc nng GW H.245 : truyn v nhn cc bn tin H.245;
- Chc nng xc nhn :Thit lp c im nhn dng ca ngi s dng ,thit b hoc
phn t mng;
- Chc nng iu khin GW chp nhn lung d liu :cho php hoc khng cho
php mt lung d liu;
- Non -repudiation evidence gathering :thu thp thng tin dng xc nhn l bn
tin bo hiu hoc bn tin ch thng tin c truyn hoc nhn cha;
- Bo hiu chuyn mch gi:bao gm tt c cc loi bo hiu cuc gi c th thc
hin bi cc u cui trong mng. V d nh theo chun H.323 th bao gm: H.225.0,
Q.931, H.225.0 RAS v H.245. i vi mt u cui H323 ch nhn th n bao gm
H.225.0 RAS m khng bao gm H.245;
- Giao din bo hiu chuyn mch gi: kt cui giao thc bo hiu chuyn mch gi(
v d nh H.323, UNI, PNNI). N ch la li va cc thng tin trng thi qun
l giao din. V thc cht giao din bo hiu chuyn mch gi trong MGWC khng
kt ni trc tip vi MGW nh l cc thng tin truyn t MGWC ti MGW thng
qua chc nng iu khin cuc gi;


- iu khin GW: bao gm cc chc nng: iu khin kt ni logic, qun l ti
nguyn, chuyn i giao din( v d nh t SS7 sang H.225.0);
- Gim st ti nguyn t xa: bao gm gim st kh dng ca cc knh trung k ca
MGW, gii thng v kh dng ca mng IP, t l nh tuyn thnh cng cuc gi;
- Chc nng iu khin cuc gi: lu gi cc trng thi cuc gi ca GW. Chc nng
iu khin cuc gi bao gm tt c cc iu khin kt ni logic ca GW.
- Qun l ti nguyn MGW: cp pht ti nguyn cho MGW;
- Chc nng bo hiu: chuyn i gia bo hiu mng IP v bo hiu mng SCN
trong phi hp hot ng vi SGW;
- Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng: xc nh v ghi cc bn tin bo hiu v cc bn
thng tin truyn v nhn;
- Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng: bo co cc bn tin s dng ra thit b
ngoi vi;
- OAM&P: vn hnh, qun l v bo dng, thng qua cc giao din logic cung cp
cc thng tin khng trc tip phc v cho iu khin cuc gi ti cc phn t qun l
h thng;
- Chc nng qun l : giao din vi h thng qun l mng;
- Giao din mng chuyn mch gi: kt cui mng chuyn mch gi.

Back-end service

Back- end service cGW v GK s dng thc hin cc chc nng ca chng(v d
nh: xc nhn, tnh cc,iu chnh tc v gi cc,chuyn i a ch).

3.3 Cc giao din chun
Giao din A

A l giao din gia u cui H.323 v GK. Cc thng tin chuyn qua giao din A phi h
tr bo hiu cuc gi v thng tin cuc gi bao gm H.225.0 v H.245 nh c trnh
by trong khuyn ngh H.323.
Giao din B

B l giao din gia u cui H.323 v MGW. Cc thng tin chuyn qua giao din B phi
h tr lung d liu gia thit b u cui H.323 v MGW bao gm RTP, c th c
RTCP nh c trnh by trong khuyn ngh H.225.0 v tham chiu trong khuyn ngh
H.323.


Giao din C

C l giao din gia MGWC v GK. Cc thng tin chuyn qua giao din C phi h tr bo
hiu cuc gi v thng tin cuc gi bao gm H.225.0 v H.245 nh c trnh by trong
khuyn ngh H.323.
Giao din D

D l giao din gia hai GK. Cc thng tin chuyn qua giao din D phi h tr cc chc
nng sau:
- Tm kim: c ch mt GK tm kim GK khc;
- Thng tin trao i: khi m mt GK thng bo cho mt GK khc l n h tr quay
s kiu khc cc thit b c th s dng dch v;
- Xc nhn: khi hai GK xc nhn c im nhn dng ln nhau chp nhn trao i
thng tin;
- Bo mt: khi hai GK bo mt cc thng tin trao i;
- Xc nhn vi Proxy: khi mt GK xc nhn c im nhn dng ca mt phn t vi
mt GK khc. Chc nng ny thng s dng trong iu kin phi ng k v xc
nhn vi Proxy;
- ng k vi Proxy: khi mt GK ng k i din cho mt phn t vi mt GK khc;
- Cho php Proxy: khi mt GK cho php mt phn t hot ng(v d nh: thc hin
cuc gi, i din cho mt phn t khc) trao i thng tin vi mt GK khc.
- Bo hiu cuc gi: xc nh knh no v bn tin bo hiu no c truyn gia hai
GK;
- Tnh cc: trao i thng tin tnh cc.
Giao din E

C hai loi giao din E l Ea v Eb, trong Ea l giao din gia MGW v mng
SCN, cn Eb l giao din gia SGW v mng SCN. Cc thng tin chuyn qua giao din
E c th c chia lm hai phn nh sau:
Ti giao din Ea: phi h tr cc lung d liu kt li gia mng IP v mng SCN;
Ti giao din Eb: phi h tr bo hiu gia mng IP v mng SCN.
Giao din F l giao din gia Back-end service v MGWC
Giao din G l giao din gia Back-end service v GK
Giao din H l giao din gia u cui H.323 hoc GK v mng truy nhp IP
Giao din I l giao din gia mng truy nhp IP v phn cn li ca mng IP
Giao din J l giao din gia SGW v MGWC


Giao din N l giao din gia MGWC v MGW. Cc thng tin trao i qua giao din N
phi h tr cc chc nng sau:
- To, thay i, xo mt lung d liu kt ni qua MGW;
- Xc nh cc thng s k thut c s dng ca cc lung d liu truyn qua MGW
khi thit lp mt kt ni v sau l trong sut khong thi gian kt ni tn ti;
- Yu cu chn cc tn hiu tone v cc m thng bo vo lung d liu theo yu cu
trc tip ca MGWC hoc bi ch th chn cc tone hoc m thng bo bt u v kt
thc khi pht hin mt s c trong bn thn MGW;
- Yu cu thng bo v c th thc hin hot ng khc phc khi pht hin li trn
lung d liu;

3.3.1 Mt th d v cu hnh mng VoIP
Cu hnh trin khai trn hnh 3.2 bao gm 3 GW ring bit.GW th nht l
SGW kt ni vi mng bo hiu SS7 ca mng SCN .Chc nng ca SGW cho php tp
trung cc knh bo hiu v duy tr m im bo hiu SS7.
GW th 2 l MGWC ,n giao tip vi mng SCN thng qua SGW v kt ni
vi mng IP thng qua GK. Chc nng ca MGWC l gii phng vic s l cuc gi v
cc dch v mng tr tu khi cc cng vt l .Cc chc nng ca MGWC c th chy
trn cc PC phc v mc ch chung v khng cn thit phi thay th m ch cn s dng
cng vt l mi kt ni vo mng ca nh cung cp dch v.
GW th 3 l MGW cha cc kt ni vi mng SCN v IP .MG bao gm cc cng vt
l kt ni vi MGWC .Cc cng mi ny c a vo s dng trong mng ca cc nh
cung cp dch v ,n cho php kt ni thm MGW m khng lm nh hng ti cc
MGW sn c trong mng.
Cu hnh ny khng c kh nng x l cc tn hiu bo hiu trung k trong bng (inband)
v tt c cc tn hiu bo hiu u phi nhn thng qua mt SGW.



Hnh 3-2V d v cu hnh mng VoIP

GK GK
BES
MGWC
MGW
SGW
H.323
Terminal
G
D
C
A
B E.a
E.b J
2
1
3
N


C h a p t e r 4
CHNG4 X l cuc gi v tnh cc

Theo tiu chun TS 101 322 v.1.0.0 ca ETSI [11], qu trnh x l cuc gi
c chia thnh 3 giai on : ng k ,thit lp v gii phng cuc gi. Th tc bo hiu
cuc gi trong mng VoIP tun theo cc khuyn ngh H.323,H.225.0 v H.245 ca ITU-
T ,trong trng hp c yu cu m ho v bo mt th qu trnh bo hiu v x l cuc
gi cn phi tun theo khuyn ngh H.235 ca ITU [17],cc quynh v bo mt c
trnh by trong khuyn ngh H.225.0 {16},H.245 {8} ca ITU-T c s dng iu
khin bo hiu v iu khin logic trong mng chuyn mch gi .Cc phn tip theo
trong trng ny ti s miu t 3 giai on ca qu trnh x l cuc gi.

4.1 ng k dch v
C thit b u cui H.323 v GW u phi ng k vi mt hay nhiu GK .Th tc
ng k phi tun theo khuyn ngh H.323 ca ITU-T.Cc u cui c th s dng c
ch t ng tm Gatekeeper .Mt GK c cha ton b cc thng tin v cc GK khc c
th truy cp n v s dng trng alternateGatekeeper trong bn tin
GatekeeperConfirmation (GCE) trao i thng tin ny vi cc phn t khc trong
mng.
ch : GW c th hot ng trong ch m nu GK s dng ch th PregrantedARQ
trong bn tin Registration Confirm (bn tin RAS) (RCE) khi xc nhn mt GW ng
k thnh cng.
C hai c ch ng k c h tr l:
- ng k xc nhn;
- ng k v danh vi GK
ng k Xc nhn:
ng k xc nhn phi tun theo cc quy nh bo an c trnh by trong TS 101 323
ca ETSI {14};
ng k v danh:
Trong trng hp bn tin RegistrationRequest (RAS message) ( RRQ) khng cha
Token truy nhp ,th ng k v danh ch c p dng i vi cuc gi t mt u cui
H.323 ti mt thu bao trong mng SCN.
ch 1: loi ng k ny ch c p dng i vi mt s loi cuc gi v d nh cuc
gi min ph v c quy nh bi nh cung cp dch v.


Ch 2: Trong vng cc phn t H.323 tt c cc cuc gi t mt thu bao ca mng
SCN ti mt u cui H.323 c kch hot bi GW u phi c ng k xc nhn
.Tuy nhin cc dch v nh cuc gi min ph vn c th c cung cp thng qua cc
bn in thoi vin ca mng SCN.
ng k thi hn s dng
Cc thit b u cui c th c h tr th tc ng k thi hn s dng nh c trnh
by trong mc 7.2.2 v 8.4.2 khuyn ngh H.323 ca ITU-T[15] .Nu vic dng ng k
l hp l (v d nh kt ni gia u cui H.323v GK li v mt vi l do
no ) th GK s loi b ng k v gii phng tt c cc cuc gi c lin quan n
u cui ny .Khi phi thc hin mt th tc ng k mi theo quy nh c trnh
by trong mc 5.2.2 khuyn ngh H.323 ca ITU-T.
4.2 Thit lp cuc gi

iu kin ban u : cuc gi gia cc thu bao trong mng IP v thu bao trong mng
SCN s ch c thit lp sau khi ng k thnh cng theo cc th tc c trnh by
trong mc 4.1
4.2.1 Cuc gi t u cui H.323 ti thu bao trong SCN.
Th tc bo hiu kiu en-bloc
Khi thit b u cui H.323 nhn c tr li bng bn tin CALLPROC ,th thnh phn
thng tin Sending complete s c chn vo bn tin SETUP v truyn ti cc phn t
mng tip theo (v d nh GK hoc GW tip theo).
Th tc bo hiu kiu Overlap
Khi nhn c bn tin SETUP c cha s thu bao b gi m GK khng xc nh c
th n s khi ng b nh thi T302 (gi tr ca b nh thi T302 c ch ra trong
khuyn ngh Q.931 ca ITU-T[19] sau n gi tr li bn tin SETUP
ACKNOWLEDGE.
GK s khi ng li b nh thi T302 khi nhn c tt c cc bn tin
INFORMATION khng cha ch th Sending complete v c cha thnh phn thng
tin s thu bao b gi vi t nht mt k t c ngha.
Thit lp knh thng tin
1.Th tc kt ni nhanh
Th tc kt ni nhanh s dng trong mng VoIP c trnh by trong mc 8.7.1 khuyn
ngh H.323 ca ITU-T [15].
ch 1:th tc ny cho php trao i thit lp knh thng tin theo khuyn ngh H.245
hoc quay tr li th tc bo hiu D.245 ti mi thi im ca cuc gi.
ch 2: M ho bn tin H.245 trong bn tin H.225.0


Mng VoIP cho php m ho bn tin H.225.0 nh c trnh by trong mc 8.2.1,khuyn
ngh H.323 ca ITU-T.

Ch :vic m ho bn tin H.245 trong bn tin H.225.0 khng c nh hng n cc
knh H.245 v n c nh hng rt ln.
Thit lp cuc gi c bn
Cuc gi c bn c thit lp theo th tc c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh H.323
ca ITU T theo cc iu kin sau:
- Theo khuyn ngh ny th mt cuc gi s ch c s dng mt knh kt ni vi
mng SCN .Cc cuc gi yu cu s dng nhiu knh khng c h tr.
- GK v GW do n qun l phi h tr c hai kiu bo hiu en-bloc v overlap
Cc thng tin bo hiu trong bng

1.Trong giai on thit lp cuc gi.
Nu GK kt ni vi mng SCN nhn c bn tin PROGRESS (trc khi nhn c
bn tin ALERTING) hoc bn tin CALL PROCEEDING c cha thng tin ch th
Progress t pha mng SCN ,th S s gi bn tin PROGRESS ti GK .Bn tin ny cha
thng tin ch th Progress nhn c.

Nu nhn c bn tin CALL PROCEEDING t pha mng SCN trong khi cha gi bn
tin CALL PROCEEDING ,th GW s gi bn tin CALL PROCEEDING .Bn tin ny c
cha thng tin ch th Progress.

Khi nhn c bn tin CALL PROCEEDING c cha thng tin ch th Progress th GK
(trc khi truyn bn tin CALL PROCEEDING ) s dng mi b nh thi gim st
cuc gi ang chy v khi ng nh thi T301.
Khi GK nhn c bn tin PROGRESS (trc khi nhn bn tin ALERTING) c cha
thng tin ch th Progress (nhng khng cha thng tin Cause ) th GK (trc khi truyn
bn tin PROGRESS) s dng mi b nh thi gim st cuc gi ang chy v khi
ng b nh thi T301.
Khi u cui H.323 nhn c bn tin PROGRESS (trc khi nhn bn tin
ALERTING) c cha thng tin ch th Progress (nhng khng cha thng tin ch th
cause) ,u cui H.323 s dng mi b nh thi gim st cuc gi ang chy v khi
ng b nh thi T301.
2.Trong giai on gii phng cuc gi.


Nu GW kt ni vi mng SCN nhn c thng tin ch th Progress trong bn tin
DISCONNECT t pha mng SCN th GW s gi bn tin PROGRESS ti GK .Bn tin
ny s cha c thng tin ch th Progress v ch th Received cause.
ch :Nu GW nhn c bn tin PROGRESS c cha thng tin ch th cause v
Progress th bn tin ny s c gi nguyn v g n GK.
Khi GK nhn c bn tin PROGRESS c cha thng tin ch th Progress v Cause th
GK (trc khi gi i bn tin PROGRESS)s dng mi b nh thi gim st cuc gi
ang chy v khi ng b nh thi T301.
Khi u cui H.323 nhn c bn tin PROGRESS c cha thng tin ch th Progress
v cause th GK s dng mi b nh thi gim st cuc gi ang chy v khi ng b
nh thi T301.
GK dch a ch s b gi

Bn tin ARQ gi t u cui H323 n GK c cha s thu bao b gi trong
trng destinationInfo v destExtraCallInfo .Cn c vo GK s dch s thu bao
b gi nhn c t u cui H.323 thnh a ch tng ng v cc thng tin b sung.
Trong trng hp cuc gi c nh tuyn trc tip (khng qua GK) cc
thng tin dch ny s c gi tr li u cui H.323 trong bn tin ACF s dng cc
trng destinationInfo,destExtraCallInfo v remoteExtensionAddress . Cn c vo
cc thng tin nhn c u cui H.323 s gi bn tin SETUO ti u cui ch.u
cui H.323 c th che cc thng tin ny trnh khch hng s dng truy nhp .Nu
khng tm thy cc thng tin ny th u cui H.323 s s dng cc s gi trong bn tin
ARQ gi trong bn tin trong bn tin SETUP.Nu tm thy cc trng thng tin ny
nhng khng c ni dung th u cui H.323 s khng gi thng tin v thu bao ch
trong bn tin SETUP .Trong trng hp GK s cung cp thng tin nh tuyn trong
cc Token che i cc thng tin ny t u cui.
Nu mng mun bo v cc thng tin nh tuyn khi cc k truy nhp trm t u cui
H.323 ,th n s s dng m hnh GK nh tuyn cuc gi (GKC) bng trng thng tin
preGranted trong bn tin ARQ.
4.2.2 Cuc gi thu bao trong mng SCN ti u cui H.323:
nh v thu bao b gi H.323:
Nu GW nhn c mt yu cu cuc gi t mng SCN th n s c gng nh v thu
bao b gi H.323.
Cch thc GK nh v GK c trnh by trong ph lc D ca tiu chun k thut TS
101 322.
Bo hiu kiu Overlap:


GK phi h tr truyn tn hiu bo hiu kiu Overlap trong giao din vi mng SCN.
Nu u cui H.323 cng h tr phng thc truyn bo hiu ny th GK cng s s
dng kiu bo hiu Overlap vi u cui.
Ch : Nu mng SCN s dng kiu truyn bo Overlap th GW hoc GK qun l n
phi lu cc s a ch nhn c cho n khi tm thy u cui H.323 ch.
Bo hiu kiu En- bloc:
Khi u cui H.323 c GK nh v th th tc bo hiu En- bloc s c s dng.
Khi GW( trong trng hp cuc gi nh tuyn trc tip) hoc GK ( trong trng
hp cuc gi do GK nh tuyn) s gi phn gi thng tin Sending complete ti u
cui H.323.
Thit lp knh thng tin:
1/Th tc kt ni nhanh
Mng VoIP c th s dng th tc kt ni nhanh c trnh by trong mc 8.1.7, khuyn
ngh H.322 ca ITU-T.
Ch 1: th tc ny cho php trao i thit lp knh thng tin theo khuyn ngh
H.245 hoc quay tr li th tc bo hiu H.245 ti mi thi im ca cuc gi.
Ch 2: th tc ny cho php trao i cc thng tin trong bng(in- bland) trong giai
on thit lp cuc gi.
2/ M ho bn tin H.245 trong bn tin H.225.0
Mng VoIP cho php m ho bn tin H.245 trong bn tin H.225.0 nh c trnh by
trong mc 8.2.1, khuyn ngh H.323 ca ITU- T.
Ch : Vic m ha bn tin H.245 trong bn tin H.225.0 khng c nh hng n cc
knh H.245 v n c nh hng rt ln.
iu khin hi m chung:
Khi u cui H.323 p ng bn tin ALERTING th GK qun l u cui H.323 b gi
s pht hi m chung v pha thu bao ch gi. Sau khi pht hi m chung, GK s
chn phn t thng tin ch th vi PI c thit lp gi tr l 8 c ngha l cho php trao
i thng tin bo hiu trong bng.
Nu GW nhn c bn tin ALERTING khng c cha phn t thng tin ch th
Progress vi PI c gi tr l 8 th GWs bt u pht hi m chung.
Khi GW nhn c bn tin ALERTING trong khi nhn c cuc gi t SCN th cho
php trao i thng tin ch th Progress vi PI c thit lp l 8 c ngha l cho php
trao i thng tin bo hiu trong bng nu nh thng tin ny cha c thit lp.
Thit lp cuc gi c bn:
Cuc gi c th thit lp theo th tc c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh H.323 ca
ITU-T theo cc iu kin sau:


Theo khuyn ngh ny th cuc gi ch c s dng mt knh kt ni vi mng SCN.
Cc cuc gi yu cu s dng nhiu knh khng c h tr.
GK v GW do n qun l phi h tr c hai kiu bo hiu en- bloc v overlap.
Hnh 4.1 th hin mt th tc bo hiu kiu Overlap cho cuc gi t mt thu bao trong
mng SCN ti u cui H.323.

Hnh 4-1Thit lp nhanh cuc gi- bo hiu kiu Overlap.
4.2.3 Phi hp hot ng vi bo hiu DTMF:
Vic truyn cc tn hiu DTMF trong mng IP c th hin trong bn tin
uerInputIndication- khuyn ngh H.245 ca ITU-T [18].
Cc thng tin nhn c t u cui H.323 trong bn tin uerInputIndication s c
tch ra v chn vo knh thng tin bng cch s dng cc tn hiu DTMF. N c GW
kt ni vi mng SCN thc hin.
Cc tn hiu DTMF nhn c t mng SCN s c GW tch ra t lung thng tin v
m ho trong bn tin uerInputIndication.
SCN
Gateway
Gatekeeper
H.323 Terminal
Setup
ARQ
ARJ
ARQ
ACF
Setup
Call Proc
Call Proc
Setup
ARQ
ACF
Call Proc
Alerting
Alerting
Alerting
Connect Connect
Connect
Media channel in bot h directions activ at ed


4.2.4 La chn nh cung cp mng:
La chn nh cung cp mng c thc hin bng truyn cc thng tin cn thit ti GK
v GW trong trng hp s thu bao b gi. Chc nng ny khng hn ch kh nng
truyn thng tin bo hiu kiu Overlap.
4.3 Thc hin cuc gi
4.3.1 Khi nim chung
i vi mt cuc gi ti thu bao trong mng SCN, giai on thc hin cuc gi c
tnh t khi thu bao b gi tr li v GW nhn c bn tin Connect. i vi cuc gi
t mng SCN th giai on thc hin cuc gi c tnh t khi GW truyn ch th tr li
mng SCN.
Khi pht hin c li ca cuc gi trong mng IP th li ny s c thng bo cho khi
chc nng ghi cc.
Ch 1: pht hin li cuc gi trong mng IP cho mc ch qun l v tnh cc,
GK phi xc nh chu k kim tra knh truyn th hin bng gi tr ca trng
irrFrequency trong bn tin AdmissionConfirm (ACF).
4.3.2 Cc trng hp ngoi l trong giai on thc hin cuc gi
Nu GK nhn thy c li, n s thc hin gii phng cuc gi nh s c trnh by
trong mc 4.4.
Nu GK nhn thy c li, n s thc hin gii phng cuc gi v pha mng SCN sau
gii phng cuc gi pha mng IP nh c trnh by trong mc 4.4.
Nu u cui H.323 nhn thy c li n s kch hot vic kt thc cuc gi nh c
trnh by trong mc 4.4.
4.4 Gii phng cuc gi:
Cuc gi c th c gii phng bi mt trong cc thit b: u cui H.323, GW( khi
u cui trong mng SCN kch hot gii phng cuc gi) hoc GK. Nguyn nhn gii
phng cuc gi c th l d kt thc cuc gi mt cch bnh thng hoc pht hin c
li trong khi thc hin cuc gi.
Hin tng xung t bn tin c phc hi bi mt trong cc thit b: u cui H.323,
GK, GW.
Ch : Hin tng xung t bn tin xy ra khi c u cui ln GW gii phng cuc gi
vo cng mt thi im.


4.5 Nhn dng thu bao ch gi
Thng tin nhn dng thu bao ch gi CLI c th c thu bao ch gi cung cp v c
th c truyn ti thu bao b gi. Khi mt khch hng mun cho bit s ch gi n s
cung cp thng tin ny trong cc phn t ca bn tin bo hiu c trnh by trong
khuyn ngh H.225.0 ca ITU- T [16].
Cc khch hng c th cung cp s ca chng bng cch s dng thng tin s thu bao
ch gi l phn t la chn trong bn tin SETUP.
Ch : Cc th tc v giao thc iu khin thng tin nhn dng thu bao ch gi ny
c quy nh trong tng vng v tng quc gia.
Theo khuyn ngh H.225.0 cc s khng c ch r tng ng vi cc thng tin trong
Octet 3a ( Presentation Indicator v Screening Indicator) nh c trnh by bng t 4
n 11 trong khuyn ngh Q.931 ca ITU-T [19]. Do l do khng c thng tin trong
Octet 3a nn thng tin v s thu bao ch gi s c x l tng ng vi Octet 3a c
gi tr sau:
Presentation allowed;
uer- provided not screened.
V kt qu ca vic l GW s khng chn thng tin s thu bao ch gi IE vo bn
tin SETUP khi truyn n v pha mng IP nu nh thng tin s thu bao ch gi nhn
c t mng SCN c ch th hn ch.

4.6 M hnh tnh cc v cch tnh cc trong mng VOIP
in thoi qua Internet ang l dch v bng n hin nay .Mc d th phn ca
Internet Telephony l cha ln, nhng trong tng lai khng xa s c nh hng n cc
dch v in thoi c in v dch v truy cp Internet.u tin ta hy xem nh hng
ca Internet Telephony n cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) v m hnh kinh t
no l ph hp nht i vi cc ISP ITSP (Internet Telephony Service Provider ).
Chi ph ca mi ISP c th chia lm nm loi chnh nh sau:
Chi ph cho c s h tng ,gm c phn cng v phn mm .u t cho c s h tng c
th tnh c da trn dung lng yu cu ca knh truy cp vo mng ,s lng thu
bao d tnh cc loi...
Chi ph thu bao knh truy nhp v mng Internet :cng ph thuc vo s lng thu
bao d tnh cc loi.
Chi ph phc v cc thu bao (Customer Support ) ,bao gm chi ph cho nhn vin v
cc phng tin cn thit.
Cc chi ph nh k duy tr hot ng ( Operation Cost) , bao gm cc chi ph v in
,nc ,vn phng ... chi ph bo dng thit b ,lng cho nhn vin vn hnh...


Cc chi ph cn li nh chi ph cho cc b phn bn dch v, Marketing, b phn iu
hnh...
Thc ra ISP c th chia lm hai loi : ISP cung cp mng xng sng v ISP cung cp
mng truy nhp.Mi ISP cung cp mng truy nhp thu bao knh ca ISP cung cp
mng xng sng cung cp dch v.M hnh chi ph ca c hai loi ISP ny ht sc
phc tp ,ph thuc hn 300 tham s u vo .Trong khun kh bn n ny ti xem
xt m hnh kinh t ca mt ISP cung cp mng xng sng cng vi tt c ISP cung
cp mng truy nhp thu bao l thu bao ca n.

Cc thu bao ca ISP cung cp mng truy nhp c th chia lm cc loi nh sau:
Cc thu bao t nhn,truy nhp vo mng qua ng dy in thoai thng thng.
Cc thu bao doanh nghip ,cng truy nhp qua ng dy in thoi
Cc thu bao ISDN (128 kb dial-in)
Cc thu bao 56KB
Cc thu bao lung E
1
(T
1
)
Vi cc ISP ch cung cp dch v c in nh truy nhp trang Web:
Cc nghin cu cho php rt ra kt lun:
Khng c loi chi ph no l thc s p o trong cc chi ph ca ISP
Phn b chi ph cho cc loi thu bao khc nhau l khc nhau ng k
Tng chi ph ca ISP phn b ph thuc vo thnh phn thu bao v s phn b ca chi
ph cho tng loi thu bao.
Chi ph cho tt c cc loi thu bao u cha mt phn quan trng l chi ph khng
thuc v mt k thut.
ISP ni chung l b l (Ti Hoa K)
i vi cc ISP m khch hng c dng Internet Telephony PC to PC th cc loi chi ph
u tng ln .Nu nh dch v Internet Telephony ch mi c khai thc va phi thi
th tng thu nhp ca ISP tng t m chi ph li tng ng k.V th ISP cn tm cch
gim chi ph v tng thu nhp nh Internet Telephony .Th d phn b chi ph cho ISP
trong trng hp cc thu bao dng Internet Telephony v khng dng Internet
Telephony c trnh by trn hnh 4.6.1
Nu cc thu bao dng Internet Telephony th i vi cc ISP chi ph cho thu bao knh
( Transport Cost ) tr thnh ln nht .iu c ngha l s khai thc knh truy nhp tr
ln hiu qu hn (i vi cc thu bao ) .Ngc li ISP cng b thit ,c bit l nu s
lng thu bao dial-in l tng i ln ,mc d trong trng hp ny s thi gian khch
hng truy nhp mng tng mnh.



Hnh 4-2 T l chi ph /Tng thu nhp ca ISP
Kt lun:

Nu khch hng dng Internet telephony PC-to-PC th tc tng chi ph ca
ISP xp x gp i tc tng tng thu nhp.
Chi ph thu bao knh ca ISP tr thnh ln nht trong nm loi chi ph.
Chi ph phi k thut vn chim phn ng k trong chi ph ca ISP ,c bit l i vi
cc thu bao qua dy thoi (dial-in)
Chi ph cho cc thu bao qua dy thoi ph thuc ch yu vo cng truy nhp v chi
ph cho phc v khch hng (Customer Support ).Chi ph cho cc thu bao T
1
( E
1
) ph
thuc ch yu vo dung lng knh thu bao.
Nh vy cc ISP c nguy c l nng hn v cc thu bao s dng VoIP .V th cn c s
thay i chnh sch thu cc ph i vi trng hp ny.Ngoi ra cc cng ty in thoi
ni ht cng yu cu c tng thu cho cc ng dy thoi cc b c s dng cho
Internet Telephony .Chnh v th chi ph ca ISP cng tng.Mt trong nhng chnh sch
ngh l thu tin theo tng pht i vi thu bao dial-up (ti Hoa K).S i mi ny
gip cho cc ISP tng thu nhp trc tip t cc thu bao loi ny.Tuy nhin gii php
ny cha gii quyt nhng vn ng trc mt ISP.
Dch v Internet Telephony c th chia lm cc loi nh sau:
1. PC to PC
2. PC to Phone
3. Phone to PC
4. Phone to Phone
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
res bus ISDN 56kb T1


tt c cc nc trn th gii hin nay cc thu bao mng Internet c th dng cc phn
mm client dng nh Microsoft Netmeeting thc hin cc cuc gi PC to PC m
khng cn phi tr thm cc .Tuy nhin ,vic t chc thu cc dch v in thoi PC-
PC trong tng lai l vic hon ton c th thc hin c v mt k thut i vi nh
cung cp dch v .Nhng d sao chng na cc cuc gi PC-PC s r hn ng k so vi
cc cuc gi loi 2,3,4 bi v cc ISP khng cn phi u t thm g ng k phc v
cc cuc gi ny ,ngoi vic m bo dung lng knh truy nhp mng v tng s
modem bi thi gian lm vic trung bnh ca mt thu bao s tng ln ng k.
Nu s dng codec G.723 v dng k thut Silence Detection th dung lng knh trung
bnh phc v mt cuc gi l xp x 8.3kbps.i vi cc cuc gi cn li cc nh
cung cp dch v s phi u t thm trang b Gatway Server.Nu s dng gii php
ca VocalTech th chi ph cho mt Gatway Server l nh bng 4.6
Bng 4.6 Chi ph cho h tng c s cung cp dch v VoIP

Chi ph S tin
Phn mm Internet Telephony /knh thoi $1,350
Phn mm Internet Telephony / knh fax $995
Chi ph / 1 cng ca Dialogic Card $1,400
Chi ph cho fax modem $150
Chi ph cho mua my ch $3,000

Nh vy nu s dng phn cng 4 cng ca Dialogic th tng chi ph cho mt cng
Gateway Server l xp x $4635.Tuy nhin nu t pht trin ly Gateway th chi ph cho
tng cng s gim i rt ng k.
Ngoi ra cn c thm cc chi ph ci t,vn hnh ,bo dng cc thit b v
phn mm ni trn.Chi ph cho b phn bn dch v ,b phn Marketing ,b phn h tr
khch hng,b phn iu hnh v cc chi ph nh k khc chim mt phn ng k
trong tng chi ph ca ITSP .Nh chng ta thy ,m hnh chi ph ca ITSP cng cha
nm thnh phn nh l m hnh chi ph ca ISP.
Gi thnh ca mt pht cuc gi c th tnh da trn m hnh sau y .Chng
ta gi chi ph cho c s h tng l C
equip
,chi ph ny bao gm c chi ph phn cng v
phn mm Gateway Server ,cho knh truy nhp mng v cho mt s c s h tng cn
thit khc .
C
trans
l chi ph hng thng thu bao knh truy nhp mng phc v cho Internet
Telephony.
C
cust
l chi ph hng thng h tr khch hng (Customer Support )


C
oper
l chi ph hng thng duy tr hot ng (Operations Cost )
C
other
l tt c chi ph cn li ca ITSP.

Gi s n l tng s cng ca Gateway Server ,t l thi gian (tnh theo thng )m ITSP d
nh s thu hi vn u t cho c s h tng ,N l s pht hot ng trung bnh ca
mt cng Gateway Server trong thng .Nh th gi thnh ca mt pht cuc gi c th
tnh nh sau:

)
`
+ + + + =
other oper cust trans
equip
C C C C
t
C
n N
m
.
1

Sau khi tin hnh iu tra v s phn b ca cc cuc gi theo chng loi (PC to
Phone,Phone to PC, Phone to Phone ) ,v theo a im cuc gi chng ta c th xc
nh c gi thnh mt pht cuc gi ca tng loi mt n a im cho trc.

Tuy nhin vic nh cc cuc gi cho khch hng l mt vn kh phc tp. V nhiu
l do khch quan nh cung cp dch v kh c th m bo c cht lng cuc gi
(QoS) khng i trong sut thi gian cuc gi. Ngoi ra mng IP cho php chuyn ng
thi c m thanh v d liu,v th vic nh cc cho dch v cng tr nn phc tp hn.
Cng nh cc dch v khc trong mng, vic nh cc Internet Telephony da trn hai
thng s chnh sau:
thi gian cung cp dch v
kch thc gi c chuyn qua mng
Khc vi dch v truy nhp mng ,cc Internet Telephony cn ph thuc vo a im
cuc gi v cht lng cuc gi.
Hin nay trn th gii c hai cch chnh tnh cc Internet Telephony .Cch
th nht l cch c in ,da trn thi gian v a im cuc gi.Theo cch ny th cc
cuc gi ch l hm ca gi thnh cuc gi : b=f(m) .Cch ny s dng c nu nh
cung cp dch v c th bo m c cht lng .Cch th hi l cch tnh cc ph
thuc vo cht lng cuc gi (dynamic billing ) .Theo cch ny th cc s thay i
trong sut thi gian cuc gi :b=f(m,QoS);
Cc ITSP hin nay cha c chnh sch thng nht v thu cc Tnternet
Telephony .Tuy nhin phng php tnh cc th nht l thng dng hn.
Ch tnh cc theo thi gian thc s ca cuc gi
Cc cuc gi khng ph thuc vo khong cch gia hai ni thit lp cuc gi
Cc cuc gi ph thuc ch yu vo gi truy nhp mng ti hai ni thit lp cuc gi
vo c s h tng Internet ti .


Cc cuc gi t l nghch vi nhu cu lin lc ca hai im thit lp cuc gi
Chnh v th cc cuc gi gia hai nc cng nghip pht trin l rt thp,khng ph
thuc vo khong cch gia hai nc y.V cht lng cuc gi tng i cao nn
Internet Telephony l i th cnh tranh ng k i vi dch v thoi quc t.Tuy nhin
,ti phn ln cc nc ni m dch v Internet Telephony pht trin th dch v ny
vn cha cnh tranh c vi dch v thoi ng di trong nc.
Cch thu cc Internet Telephony cng tng t nh thu cc thoi thng
thng hoc thoi di ng.
Thu tin hng thng ,tc l thu cc sau khi cc cuc gi c thit lp
Dng Card ,tc l tr t account cc cc cuc gi
Vn xy dng h thng tnh cc l mt vn phc tp bi v h thng tnh cc
phi c c nhng chc nng sau:
Cho php khch hng truy nhp vo mng v mua dch v trong thi gian thc . Cung
cp cho khch hng thng tin v gi dch v c cung cp trong thi gian thc (real
time billing).
Cho php khch hng la chn cch tnh cc :theo cch tnh cc c hoc dynamic
billing.
Tng doanh thu cho ITSP nh vic thu thp thng tin v cc dch v c cung cp
y hn v thng xuyn hn.
Cho php ITSP trin khai cung cp dch v mt cch nhanh chng.
Thc hin chc nng nghin cu th trng trong thi gian khch hng ang mua dch
v (Online enhanced target marketing) bng cch thu thp thng tin v khch hng v
qung co .
Chng s gian ln ca mt s khch hng nh kim tra ti khon ca khch hng trong
thi gian thc .
Xy dng h thng tnh cc tho mn cc iu kin trn l mt ti ring ln vt
khi khun kh ca bn n ny.



C h a p t e r 5
CHNG5 nh s v chuyn i a ch
5.1 Yu cu chung
ETSI a ra hai khuyn ngh TS 101 324 Ver.2.1.1 [20] v TR 101 327 Ver.1.1.1
[21] v yu cu nh s i vi thu bao VoIP m bo vic phi hp hot ng gia
hai mng IP v mng PSTN. Sau y l mt s yu cu chung:
1. Mng VoIP phi nhn dng c mi s b gi theo chun E.164 c s dng
trong mng quc t;
2. Mng VoIP phi nhn dng c mi s b gi theo chun E.164 c s dng
trong mng quc gia;
3. Mng VoIP phi nhn dng c mi s b gi trong mng ni b( trong trng
hp mng IP ni b kt ni vi mng SCN ni b;
4. Mng VoIP phi truyn c y mi tn khch hng yu cu hn ch nhn
dng thu bao ch gi;
5. Mng VoIP phi h tr c ch la chn nh cung cp mng theo quy nh ca
tng quc gia trong trng hp c nhiu nh cung cp.
6. Ch : Vic la chn nh cung cp mng c th c thc hin bng nhiu cch:
t ngm nh, la chn trc bi ngi s dng, quay s m truy nhp v m
nhn dng ca nh cung cp mng, hoc bng cch thc khc do quc gia quy
nh.
7. Mng VoIP phi h tr chc nng phn tch s la chn nh cung cp dch v
nu cn thit;
8. Ch : Cc quc gia khc nhau c yu cu khc nhau v s la chn nh
cung cp dch v. Mt vi quc gia yu cu chc nng b sung trong mng khi
pht cuc gi v mng chuyn tip.
5.1.1 Yu cu vi cuc gi t IP n PSTN:
Trong trng hp ny( trng hp 1), mng VoIP phi cung cp cc chc nng sau:
1. Thu bao ch gi trong mng VoIP phi nhn dng c s thu bao b gi kiu
E.164 trong mng PSTN, hoc s s dng trong mng SCN ni b trong trng
hp mng IP ni b kt ni vi mng SCN ni b;
Ch : Trong trng hp quy tc nh s khc s dng trong mng VoIP,
th tn gi trong mng IP s c chuyn i sang s E.164 hoc chuyn i


sang s s dng trong mng SCN ni b trong trng hp mng IP ni b kt
ni vi mng SCN ni b.
2. Mng VoIP phi c kh nng cung cp nhn dng thu bao ch gi( CLI) cho
mng PSTN nu c yu c ngay c khi thu bao ch gi kch hot dch v hn
ch CLI. Cc thng tin CLI phi nhn dng c hoc u cui hoc ngi s
dng hoc c hai;
Ch : Cc thng tin CLI c mng yu cu phc v mc ch qun l
thm ch k c khi n khng c chuyn n thu bao b gi.
3. Trong trng hp mng c s dng cc m tin t( v d nh m vng), th mng
VoIP cng phi h tr m tin t.
4. Trong trng hp mng c s dng cc s dch v c bit( v d nh 116, 113,
115...) th mng VoIP cng phi h tr s dng cc s ny.
5.1.2 Yu cu i vi cuc gi t PSTN n IP:
Trong trng hp ny( trng hp 2), mng VoIP phi cung cp cc chc nng sau:
1. Mng VoIP phi xc nhn i vi mi yu cu hn ch nhn dng thu bao ch
gi nhn c t mng PSTN;
2. Trong trng hp c nhiu nh cung cp dch v th mng VoIP phi h tr vic
la chn ny.
5.1.3 Yu cu i vi cuc gi t PSTN n IP n PSTN:
Trong trng hp ny( trng hp 3), mng VoIP phi cung cp cc chc nng
sau:
Mng VoIP phi truyn c cc thng tin CLI, cc thng tin bo hiu tng ng c
cung cp bi mng PSTN khi pht v cc s thu bao b gi c th thit lp thnh
cng cuc gi.
Ch : Trong trng hp ny mng IP ch cung cp kt ni gia cc mng PSTN, v vy
s thu bao ch gi v b gi chnh l s ca chng trong mng PSTN v chng c th
khng c a ch IP tng ng. V vy vic nh tuyn cuc gi trong mng IP s da
trn cuc gi xut pht t u trong mng PSTN v cc phn ca s thu bao b gi
theo nh dng E.164 v d nh m quc gia, m vng hoc m nt ca mng ni b
nh tuyn cuc gi n ch trong mng PSTN.
5.1.4 Yu cu i vi cuc gi t IP n PSTN n IP:
Trong trng hp ny( trng hp 4), mng VoIP phi cung cp cc chc nng nh
trong cc trng hp 1 v 2.


5.1.5 Cc phng thc quay s:
Phng thc thu bao ch gi quay s thit lp cuc gi vi thu bao b gi c
chia lm hai loi: phng thc thit lp mt giai on v phng thc thit lp hai giai
on [31].
- Phng thc thit lp mt giai on: thu bao ch gi c th kt ni trc tip
vi thu bao b gi bng cch bm s vi ch mt chui s lin tip l s in
thoi ca thu bao b gi. Chui s c bm loi ny c th bao gm mt
prefix v m ca nh cung cp mng hoc nh cung cp dch v.
- Phng thc thit lp hai giai on: thu bao ch gi trc tin phi kt ni
vi mt trm trung gian, v d nh im truy nhp ca nh cung cp dch v hoc
PBX t ti to nh ni thu bao b gi bng cch bm s in thoi ca trm .
Sau khi kt ni c vi trm trung gian, thu bao ch gi phi bm tip s
in thoi ca thu bao b gi thit lp cuc gi. Thng thng ln bm s th
hai ny xy ra sau khi thu bao ch gi nhn c tn hiu phc p t trm
trung gian.
i vi ngi s dng, phng thc thit lp mt giai on thng dng v
thun tin hn bi v s lng ch s ngi s dng phi bm t hn so vi phng thc
hai giai on. Bn cnh , nh cung cp mng v nh cung cp dch v cng thch
phng thc thit lp mt giai on hn so vi thi quen ca ngi s dng.
5.1.6 Cc s la chn
Nm 1999, ITU- T nghin cu v phng thc v cch nh s la chn trong mng
SCN v a ra tiu chun quc t cho cc s ny. Theo ITU- T, cc s la chn bao
gm 3 loi sau:
- La chn vng: cho php thu bao ca mng SCN gi nguyn s E.164 khi h di
chuyn t vng ny sang vng khc.
- La chn nh cung cp dch v: cho php thu bao ca mng SCN gi nguyn s
E.164 khi ngi chuyn t s dng dch v ca nh cung cp ny sang nh
cung cp dch v khc.
- S la chn dch v: cho php thu bao ca mng SCN gi nguyn s E.164 khi
ngi chuyn t s dng dch v ny sang dch v khc.
Trong khuyn ngh ca ITU-T, cc s la chn c gi s l c th thc hin c
gia cc s E.164 trong cng mt quc gia.
Mc d vic nghin cu v cc s la chn ch yu c ng dng trong mng SCN,
tuy nhin khi nim v s la chn cn c th c p dng trong cc dch v vin
thng khc bao gm c dch v in thoi IP.IETE v ETSI a ra cc khuyn ngh
ring bit v khi nim nh a linh hot trong dch v in thoi IP.


Bng 5.1. Vn gii quyt i vi cc lp kt ni trong in thoi IP(bng 3.1
[31])

Lp kt ni V tr TB
ch gi
V tr IP
b gi
S GW trn ng
kt ni
Cc vn cn gii quyt
Lp 1 (t
in thoi -
in thoi qua
Internet
SCN SCN -GW ca TB ch
gi
-GW ca TB b gi
(thng qua hai
GW)
-To ra cu trc a ch thu
bao b gi thch hp
-Phong thc tm G tng
ng trong mng SCN
lp 2-1 (in
thoi ti PC)
SCN Internet Mt GW gia
mng SCN v
Internet
-Cn bo m s E.164 tng
ng vi a ch TB b gi
-Phong thc tm GW tng
ng trong mng SCN
-Cch tm a ch IP ca TB b
gi (C ch chuyn i thng
tin a ch ca TB b gi)
lp 2-2 (T
PC ti in
thoi)
Internet SCN Mt GW gia
mng SCN v
Internet
-Phng thc tm GW tng
ng trong mng Internet (C
ch chuyn i t s E.164 ca
TB b gi thnh a ch IP ca
GW )
lp 3 (t PC
ti PC)
Internet Internet Khng qua GW -Phng thc tm a ch ca
TB b gi (C ch chuyn i
thng tin a ch ca TB b gi
).

5.2 Phng php nh s thu bao:
5.2.1 Yu cu i vi quy tc nh s:
Quy tc nh s trong mng VoIP c trnh by trong khuyn ngh TS 101 324
Ver.2.1.1 [20] v TR 101 327 Ver.1.1.1 [21] ca ETSI phi p ng cc yu cu ti
thiu sau y:
1. Cc s c th ch bao gm cc s thp phn;
2. di ca s thu bao c th c s dng trong mng ton cu hoc trong vic
phi hp gia cc mng ni b;


3. S thu bao phi l duy nht trong phm vi ton cu i vi mng cng cng;
4. Cc s thu bao phi cho php ngi s dng quay s mt cp;
5. Cc s phi h tr vic di ng trong mt vng l lin vng theo khuyn ngh TR
101 388 [22];
6. Cc s phi h tr chn nh cung cp dch v trong khi vn gi nguyn s.
5.2.2 Quy tc nh s h tr ti giao din i vi mng PSTN:
Quy tc sau phi c p dng i vi mi trng hp cuc gi
a)i vi mng VoIP cng cng:
Trong mng VoIP cng cng, cc s a ch trao i vi mng PSTN phi tun theo
khuyn ngh E.164 ca ITU-T [23].
Ch : Khuyn ngh E.164 ca ITU- T a ra nhiu cch la chn nh skhc nhau. C
th cng mt lc la chn mt hay nhiu khun dng nh s ny. i vi mng VoIP
khng cn thit phi nh s tng ng mt- mt gia mt s E.164 i vi mt u
cui trong mng VoIP v c th c nhiu ngi s dng cng mt u cui VoIP.
b)i vi mng VoIP ni b:
Trong mng VoIP ni b, cc a ch trao i vi mng SCN ni b phi tun theo
khuyn ngh ETS 300 189 [24] hoc ISO/IEC 11571 [25].
Trong mng VoIP ni b, cc a ch trao i vi mng PSTN phi tun theo khuyn
ngh E.164 ca ITU-T.
5.2.3 Phng php nh s thu bao
5.2.3.1 Quy tc ca IETF
Theo IETF, h thng nh s cho in thoi IP da trn nguyn tc mi s E.164 c
ng k cho mi ngi s dng c th truy nhp Internet thng qua bt c mt u
cui no ca mng. Nm 1998 Lee v Orsis a ra hai u im ca vic n nh s
E.164 i vi ngi s dng my tnh truy cp Internet. Vic n nh s E.164 cho
php ngi s dng d dng hn trong vic s dng cng in thoi gi cho ngi
khc s dng my tnh. Bn cnh , nhng chc nng sn c trn mng Internet c th
c s dng cung cp cho dch v in thoi IP( mc 4.1 [31]).
Khi vic nh tuyn trn Internet da trn s E.164 ng k ng vi thu bao b gi,
th s E.164 cn phi chuyn i thnh a ch IP tng ng. Vic chuyn i ny c
thc hin thng qua c s d liu ca mng c t phn tn ti mi GW ca nh
cung cp dch v. C 3 phng n i vi cu trc hnh cy c u tin ca c s d
liu chuyn i gia s E.164 v a ch IP.
a) S dng h thng tn theo vng cho in thoi IP( mc 4.1.1 [31]:


Nm 1998 Faltsrom a ra nguyn tc s dng h thng tn vng( DNS) cho dch
v in thoi IP. DNS cung cp chuyn i gia tn vng v a ch IP. Khi s E.164
c ghi theo dng tn vng th DNS c th thc hin chuyn i t s E.164 v a
ch IP cho dch v in thoi IP.
Nguyn tc: to mt min ph e164.int v ghi li s E.164 di dng tn vng. Trong
cu trc s E.164, u tin l m quc gia(CC), sau l m nc thu bao b
gi(NDC), ri n s ca thu bao b gi(SN). Mt khc, cu trc ca tn vng l: u
tin l vng mc thp, sau l vng mc cao. Chnh v vy tn vng ca s E.164 c
cu trc i lp vi s E.164 ban u v vit theo th t ngc li.
V d: S E.164 l: + 1 555 123 4567
S tn vng ca n l: 7.6.5.4.3.2.1.5.5.5.1.e164.int.
b)S dng vng ph tcp.int cho in thoi IP:
Vng ph tcp.inf c a ra nm 1993 phc v mc ch chia s my ch fax v
phc v cho mc ch gi fax qua th in t.
Nguyn tc gi Fax qua th in t: dch v gi fax s dng vng ph tcp.int, mi
my ch fax ng k mt tn vng dng tcp.inf vi h thng my ch fax bao gm s
E.164 m bn tin fax c gi ti. D liu v s E.164 c ghi li di dng tn vng
trong khong tn tcp.int.
C hai cch thc thc hin iu ny c minh ho thng qua hai v d di y:
V d 1: S E.164 l: + 1 555 123 4567
S tn vng ca n l: 7.6.5.4.3.2.1.5.5.5.1.tcp.int.
V d 2: S E.164 l: + 1 555 123 4567
S tn vng ca n l: 15551234567.idd.tcp.int.
Cu trc a ch ca dch v fax s dng vng ph l:
Remote- printer.recipient name@fax number.idd.tcp.int
Trong , recipient_name l tn ca ngi nhn c s fax l s E.164 ng k.
ng dng nguyn tc trn bng cch s dng phng thc vng ph tcp.int cho dch v
in thoi IP. Nm 1998, Brown xut cu trc c s d liu ca s E.164 cho
php nh x trong cu trc hnh cy. Trong cu trc hnh cy ca mt c s d liu,
mi ch s ca E.164 ng vai tr nh mt im nt. C s d liu ny em li nhiu
li th trong vic trin khai cc dch v trong tng lai. V vy, Mr Brown cng a
ra cch thc chuyn i s E.164 trong c s d liu, nh c th truy nhp thng
qua dch v danh b c sn nh: DNS, DAP, LDAP va X.500.
5.2.3.2 Khuyn ngh ca ETSI
ETSI nghin cu v ng dng ca in thoi IP v tn d n ca n l TIPHON.
Nhng yu cu i vi loi hnh kt ni PC- in thoi:


. Thu bao b gi s dng in thoi phi ng k s E.164 trong SCN.
. Thu bao ch gi s dng my tnh thng qua Internet c th quay s E.164 xc
nh thu bao b gi. S E.164 s c lm r phn no l a ch cng, phn no l a
ch u cui hoc ngi s dng.
. Vic chuyn i t s E.164 thnh dng a ch IP cn phi c sn sng, s E.164
c s dng nhn ra c thu bao b gi v thit lp ng ni t PC n in
thoi.
V th s E.164 c quy nh l thng tin a ch c chuyn thng qua SCN v
Internet.
Bn cnh , dch v in thoi IP cng yu cu nhn dng c thu bao ch gi,
nhn dng c loi ch gi nh nhng cuc gi cp cu khn cp.v.v. V vy SCN
cng yu cu thu bao ch gi phi ng k s E.164, v ch c s E.164 mi c th
c s dng nhn dng thu bao ch gi trong mng SCN.
ETSI a ra 3 kiu cu trc ca s E.164 nn s dng trong dch v in thoi IP
l: s nh v theo vng a l quc gia, s cho cc quc gia khng chia vng a l v
s nh v ton cu.
ETSI cng khuyn ngh nn s dng 3 kiu cu trc ny trong tng trng hp c th
(mc 4.5 [31]).
Loi I: S theo vng a l quc gia.
S E.164 c ng k cho ngi s dng trn Internet c cu trc ging nh s in
thoi trong mng SCN. NDC trong s E.164 c ng k cho my tnh cng c gi
l m vng. Dch v in thoi thng v in thoi IP dng chung NDC trong mi
vng s. Do vy dung lng ca n b gii hn l khong nh hn 10 s cho mi NDC(
mi s in thoi c 7 ch s). iu ny to ra nhng nhc im khng nh do nhu
cu v vic s dng s E.164 s tng mnh trong tng lai.
Loi 2: S cho cc quc gia khng phn vng a l:
Trong trng hp ny, ngi ta quy nh mt NDC ring trong s E.164 cho nhng
thu bao s dng my tnh trn Internet nhn dng c nhng thu bao ny. Tuy
nhin i vi nhng cuc gi quc t th c th cc NDC cho in thoi IP khng c
nhn ra v mi quc gia c mt quy nh v NDC ring.
Dung lng ngi s dng trong trng hp ny cng b gii hn c n*10
7
vi n l s
m NDC c s dng.
S nh v ton cu:
Trong trng hp ny, in thoi IP c nhn dng nh l mt dch v ton cu. Phn
CC v GSN trong s E.164 c s dng ch ra khch hng s dng PC trong mng
Internet.


V CC c dnh ring s dng cho dch v in thoi IP nn dung lng c m
rng tu thuc vo dung lng ti a i vi mi CC. Do phn CC ch c ti a l 3
ch s v GNS c ti a l 12 ch s nn dung lng tng ln c 10
12
cho mi CC.
S lng ny c th p ng c cho nhng nhu cu trong tng lai. Bng 5.2 th
hin cc trng hp nh s E.164 cho ngi s dng PC kt ni Internet.

Bng 5.2. nh s E.164 cho ngi s dng my tnh kt ni Internet.

Cu trc s E.164
ng k cho ngi s
dng dch v in
thoi Internet
V d vi cc loi
hnh ng k
Dung lng C th xc nh dc
v tr ngi s dng
in thoi IP khng?
1.S theo vng a l
quc gia.
Cc thu bao mng
SCN v in thoi IP
dng chung m vng
V d ti Boston
+1-617-Nxx-xxxx
Rt nh Khng
2.S khng theo vng
a l quc gia.
Nhn ra cc thu bao
s dng dch v in
thoi IP thng qua
NDC .Vi NDC l
800 cho dch v
in thoi min ph

NDC bng 777
c ng k cho
dch v in thoi IP
M vi cu trc:
+1-777-xxx-xxxx

Nh C i vi cc cuc
gi trong nc
Khng vi cc cuc
gi quc t

3. S nh v ton cu
.
Nhn dng thu bao
Coi CC bng 777 l
ng k cho cc thu
bao in thoi IP ton
C


in thoi IP ton cu
thng qua CC.Nh
CC bng 800 cho
dch v in thoi
quc t min ph
cu
+777-xxxxx...
(15 ch s tt c

5.3 Phng php chuyn i s E.164 v a ch IP:
5.3.1 Khuyn ngh ca IETF
Nm 1998, Rosenberg v Schulzrinne a ra c ch chuyn i gia s E.164 v a
ch IP trong trng hp kt ni in thoi- in thoi v PC- in thoi . H a ra
cc c tnh c bn ca GW cho dch v in thoi IP v xut cc my ch nh v
.Mi GW c xc nh bi 3 thng s:
- . Vng s E.164 m n c th cung cp dch v.
- . S lng dch v m n c th cung cp c.
- . Kiu dch v m n c th cung cp.
Nhng c im ny c s dng my ch la chn GW v thit lp ng truyn
cho cuc gi.
Nm 1998, Agapi v mt s ngi khc a ra c cu chuyn i a ch vi loi
hnh kt ni PC- in thoi v PC- PC v a ra 3 m hnh kinh doanh s dng phi
hp hot ng vi my ch nh v .
Cc ITSP cung cp dch v chuyn tip theo cc thng tin a ch chia s .Khi mt thu
bao ca mng SCN b gi th my ch ca ITSP s chuyn i s E.164 thnh a ch
IP ca GW ph hp nht.Khi mt thu bao PC kt ni Internet b gi th my ch s
chuyn i s E.164 thnh a ch IP ca thu bao .
Mi ITSP c th la chn m hnh thch hp cho mc ch kinh doanh ca
mnh .Tuy nhin mi ITSP ch c th chn mt trong 3 m hnh ,khng th chn 3 m
hnh hoc nhiu hn ti cng mt thi im .Vic chuyn i thng tin a ch gia cc
ITSP cn phi h tr ln nhau.
Trong m hnh lin kt mng ring ,do tt c cc hot ng i hi chuyn i
a ch u do ITSP thc hin nn ITSP c th s dng nhng giao thc ring cho
vic chuyn i. Tuy nhin trong m hnh lin kt mng ring c nhng hn ch v
cung cp dch v do s gii hn ca cc GW.Bn cnh ,n khng cung cp c cc
dch v chuyn tip khi thu bao b gi l my tnh s dng Internet ng k dch v
vi mt ITSP khc.
Trong m hnh nhm quan h mt thit ,ITSP cn s dng giao thc thng
thng cho vic chuyn i .Giao thc ny c th c lp vi cc lin kt .Do cc GW


c chia s vi cc ITSP khc trong lin kt nn m hnh nhm quan h mt thit s
c t hn ch hn trong vic cung cp dch v so vi m hnh lin kt mng ring .Tuy
nhin ging m hnh lin kt mng ring ,n khng cung cp c cc dch v chuyn
tip khi thu bao b gi l my tnh s dng Internet ng k dch v vi cc ITSP
khng nm trong lin kt .
Bn cnh ,i vi h thng lin kt m, vic lin kt gia cc GW c th
khng gii hn cc dch v m ITSP cung cp. Tuy nhin, ITSP cn s dng giao thc
chun cho vic chuyn i.
5.3.2 nh tuyn cho cc loi hnh dch v
a)nh tuyn trong kt ni in thoi -in thoi.
Trong loi hnh lin kt ny ,thu bao ch gi la chn IVSP c th cung cp
dch v chuyn giao cho h.ITSP c chn s la chn mt cng ring thit lp
ng dn ti thu bao b gi.
Nu ITSP c la chn theo m hnh lin kt mng ring ,n cn la chn
cng .Nu s lng cng c th chia s cng nhiu th kh nng la chn cng cao .Khi
qung ng truy nhp vo SCN s ngn hn hoc ta s c mt vng cung cp dch
v ln hn.Vi loi hnh lin kt theo h thng m c th s mang li cho ITSP mt
kh nng la chn ln nht cho cng ring bit v mt khong truy nhp ngn nht
trong SCN.
b)nh tuyn trong kt ni in thoi my tnh
Trong loi hnh lin kt ny ,ITSP cung cp vic thit lp dch v cho thu bao
b gi.Thu bao ch gi s dng in thoi SCN c th khng bit thu bao b gi s
dng my tnh trn Internet.Thu bao ch gi khng c nh s dng dch v chuyn
giao trong loi hnh dch v in thoi IP.Khi ,thu bao ch gi ch bm s E.164
ca thu bao b gi.Do vy ,trong cu trc ca s E.164 ca thu bao b gi cn phi c
mt phn c bit b phn nh tuyn trong SCN c th nhn ra thu bao b gi s
dng my tnh trn Internet v truy nhp vo cng ca ITSP.M nhn dng (IC) hoc
mt vi ch s ca m nc b gi (NDC) c th s dng nh l mt phn ca s E.164
cho vic thng bo dch v in thoi IP.iu ny s gy thm s phc tp trong h
thng nh tuyn trong SCN.
c)nh tuyn trong kt ni t My tnh-in thoi.
Trong loi hnh kt ni t my tnh n in thoi ,ngi ta la chn ITSP c
kh nng cung cp dch v chuyn giao cho h .ITSP cung cp dch v chuyn giao cho
thu bao ch gi cn la chn cng thch hp thit lp ng dn n thu bao b
gi thng qua n. Cc phng thc khc nhau a ra cc ng dn khc nhau.


Nu ITSP c la chn theo mt m hnh lin kt mng ring ,n cn la
chn cng .Nu s lng cng c th chia s cng nhiu th kh nng la chn cng
cao.Khi qung ng truy nhp vo SCN s ngn hn hoc ta s c mt vng cung
cp dch v ln hn. Vi loi hnh lin kt theo h thng m c th s mang li cho
ITSP mt kh nng la chn ln nht cho cng ring bit v mt khong truy nhp
ngn nht trong SCN.
d)nh tuyn trong kt ni My tnh-My tnh.
Trong loi hnh kt ni My tnh My tnh ,thu bao ch gi la chn ITSP c
kh nng cung cp dch v chuyn giao cho h.Bn cnh ,ITSP cung cp dch v
u cui cho thu bao b gi. ITSP c la chn bi thu bao ch gi cn tm ra a
ch IP ca thu bao b gi thng qua s E.164 c bm bi thu bao ch gi.Cn phi
lu rng ITSP c la chn bi thu bao ch gi cn phi khc vi ITSP cung cp
dch v u cui cho thu bao b gi.V th nhng g xy ra vi vic nh tuyn trong
loi hnh kt ni gia my tnh vi my tnh cng ging nh trong loi hnh in thoi
vi my tnh khi thu bao ch gi c nh s dng dch v chuyn giao ca dch v
in thoi IP.
Nu ITSP c la chn bi thu bao ch gi cung cp nhng dch v u cui
cho thu bao b gi. ITSP c th khi phc li c a ch IP ca thu bao b gi t c
s d liu ca n bt k m hnh lin kt ca ITSP.V th ITSP c th thit lp ng
dn t thu bao ch gi n thu bao b gi.
Mt khc ITSP c la chn t thu bao ch gi khc vi ITSP cung cp dch
v u cui cho thu bao b gi.
Vi ITSP hot ng theo m hnh lin kt mng ring bit,ITSP c th cung
cp dch v chuyn giao cho thu bao ch gi li khng th truy nhp c s d liu
theo thng tin a ch ca thu bao b gi c lu tr v do ng dn khng
c thit lp.
Vi ITSP hot ng theo m hnh lin kt ng gi v nhng ITSP khc khng
c cng mi lin kt ,ITSP khng th truy nhp c s d liu theo thng tin a ch ca
thu bao b gi c lu tr v do ng dn khng th thit lp
Nu c hai ITSP hot ng theo m hnh lin kt ng gi trong cng mt mi
lin kt hoc nu c hai ITSP hot ng theo m hnh lin kt h thng m,ITSP c th
khi phc li c a ch IP ca thu bao b gi t c s d liu chia s.
Ging nh biu hin ca vic nh tuyn trong kt ni in thoi my tnh ,khi
mt thu bao ch gi c nh s dng dch v chuyn giao ca in thoi IP,mt phn
c bit trong s E.164 ca thu bao ch gi thng bo dch v in thoi IP khng
c s dng cho vic nh tuyn trong trng hp ny.


5.4 Phng php nh tuyn gia PSTN v IP
Khi thc hin mt cuc gi m thu bao ch gi v thu bao b gi nm ring
r trong mng SCN v Internet ,thu bao ch gi phi a thng tin a ch ca thu
bao b gi h thng nh tuyn trong mng SCN v mng Internet cn c vo
nh tuyn cuc gi.C 3 cch khc nhau nh tuyn cuc thoi IP gia cc thu bao
nm ring r trong mng SCN v Internet .
5.4.1 Cch th nht
Thm cc chc nng mi cho mng SCN x l cc thng tin nh tuyn s
dng trong mng Internet .Cc thng tin a ch c s dng trn Internet c th l a
ch IP ,tn vng ,a ch e-mail .v.v.Nhng ngi s dng dch v in thoi IP cn
c ng k a ch IP.Thu bao ch gi s ch nh thu bao b gi thng qua cc
thng tin a ch ca thu bao b gi .Cu trc ca n ging nh cu trc tn vng bng
vic s dng cc ch s t 0-9 v cc k hiu # v * .Do cn phi a ra cc quy
c khi s dng nhng k t ny .Tuy nhin iu ny c th khng kh thi do vic a
a ch vo s rt phc tp.
5.4.2 Cch th hai.
Thm cc chc nng mi cho SCN giao tip vi s E.164 trn Internet .Mi
thu bao s dng dch v thoi IP c ng k s E.164 .Mi chc nng mi ra i
cn a ra php chuyn i t s E.164 sang a ch IP .Khi ngi s dng ch a
vo s E.164 v h thng coi l thng tin a ch ca ngi s dng dch v in
thoi IP.Tuy nhin do dch v in thoi IP s dng chung s E.164 vi cc dch v
khc nn dung lng ngi s dng dch v in thoi IP s b gii hn.
5.4.3 Cch th ba
Thm cc cch thc nh a ch mi c lp vi h thng a ch IP v s
E.164.Mt h thng nh a ch mi cn c s dng cho dch v in thoi IP.H
thng ny cn phi ci tin t cc h thng nh a ch c v p dng cho c thu bao
ch gi v thu bao b gi.
Tuy nhin cng ging nh h thng nh a ch IP ,iu ny c th khng kh
thi do vic a a ch vo s rt phc tp .
5.5 Kt lun
Gii php ph hp nht i vi h thng nh s trong mng in thoi qua Internet
bao gm 3 yu t sau:
- nh s E.164 ton cu cho ngi s dng theo my tnh u cui trn Internet


- Phng php h thng m i vi c ch lp s gia E.164 v cc a ch IP
- Yu cu i vi cc tr gip cho quay s mt giai on khng qua m truy
nhp nh cung cp dch v.
S kt hp gia cc yu t ny em li dung lng nh s ln cho ngi s dng trn
Internet ,cho php sp xp d dng cc ng dng di chuyn s v trnh trng hp
ng dn khng th thit lp.
C quan c thm quyn nn quyt nh cch thc v mc m in thoi qua
Internet c coi l dch v in thoi .C quan c thm quyn cn phi xem xt cc
kha cnh sau y khi ra chnh sch:
- H thng phn b E.164 cn phi thay i ng thi phn cho ngi s dng
trn Internet.
- Cn c quy tc phi hp gia nh cung cp dch v VoIP (ITSP) v nh cung
cp dch v trn SCN cho in thoi qua Internet
- ng dng di chuyn s cho in thoi qua Internet c th i hi vic cng c
cc ITSP v nh cung cp dch v trn SCN.
C s d liu cho dch v in thoi qua Internet c chia thnh c s d liu hnh
chnh gm thng tin phn a ch v c s d liu thi gian thc nh tuyn. Trong
khi c s d liu hnh chnh cn phi c qun l di quyn phn thng tin a
ch,vic qun l c s d liu s dng thi gian thc c th khng cn ph thuc v
quyn ny. Tuy nhin giao thc chun m l cn thit trao i d liu lp s gia
cc c s d liu s dng thi gian thc vi nhau.
Vic phn s E.164 cho ngi s dng trn Internet c coi l i hi ti
thiu i vi mi quan h qua li gi SCN v Internet .Nhng h thng a ch khc
vi h thng E.164 c th c s dng trong kt ni PC n PC. H thng phn a
ch ph hp khc cho kt ni PC n PC cn phi c nghin cu thm.



C h a p t e r 6
CHNG6 nh gi cht lng dch v

6.1 nh gi theo ch quan
Phng php nh gi cht lng ting ni theo ch quan c trnh by trong
khuyn ngh P.800 ca ITU-T[26]. nh gi theo ch quan tc l cn c vo cm nhn
ca con ngi nh gi cht lng dch v . im ca phng php ny l a ra
kt qu tng hp trc tip da vo nh gi ch quan ca con ngi .Tuy nhin kt qu
nh gi theo phng php ny ch c tnh nh tnh m khng c tnh nh lng .Do
nh gi theo ch quan m mi c nhn c cch nh gi rt khc nhau, n n mun c
kt qu chnh xc cn phi ly kin ca nhiu c nhn . Chnh v vy nh gi theo
phng php ny tn rt nhiu thi gian v chi ph thc hin cng ln.
Theo khuyn ngh P.800, nh gi theo ch quan c thc hin trong cc iu kin :
phng th nghim ( ch nghe v hi thoi ) v trong thc t bng cch thm d kin
khch hng.
nh gi trong iu kin hi thoi: tc l hai ngi hi thoi vi nhau trong iu kin
th nghim . st vi iu kin thc t ,khong cch thc hin hi thoi khi nh gi
cng xa cng tt.Mt im cn ch na khi tin hnh nh gi l phi chn cc c
nhn thch hp cng nh chn cc thng s mch in ph hp vi thc t v chng cn
c kim tra trc v sau mi th nghim .
nh gi trong iu kin ch nghe : y ngi tham gia nh gi ch nghe cc m
thng bo .Mc ch ca nh gi trong iu kin ny l loi b nh hng qua li
gia hai chiu ting ni ng thi nh gi cht lng khi thay i cc thng s vt l
ca th nghim.
Thm d kin : y l phng php nh gi da trn vic tng hp kt qu khi thu
thp kin nh gi ca mt s lng ln khch hng.u im ca phng php ny l
nh gi da trn kin trc tip ca khch hng s dng. Nhng n c mt nhc
im l phi thc hin phng vn nhiu khch hng v kt qu rt ph thuc vo ni
dung phng vn v cm nhn ca khch hng.

6.2 nh gi theo khch quan
nh gi theo khch quan tc l s dng my o o cc thng s c lin quan n
cht lng ting ni . C 3 phung php thc hin nh gi theo khch quan:


phng php so snh da vo cc tn hiu chun bit theo khuyn ngh P.681 ca
ITU ;phng php xc nh gi tr tuyt i theo khuyn ngh p.561 ca ITU-T [27]

1/phng php so snh vi tn hiu chun theo khuyn ngh P.861 [28]
Hnh v 6.1 l s khi nh gi cht lng mng bng phng php so snh vi tn
hiu chun.

Hnh 6-1 nh gi cht lng ting ni ca ton mng
Phng php ny nh gi cht lng c thc hin ln lt qua cc bc sau:
- Chun b bng ghi ting ni pht i hoc cc b pht tn hiu chun
- t cc thng s th nghim ph hp vi iu kin thc t
- Xy dng cc b m ho chun
- nh gi khch quan da vo cc thng s v cht lng thoi o c
- Chuyn i t nh gi cht lng theo cc thng s khch quan sang ch quan
nu cn thit
- X l kt qu
Trong phng php ny ting ni hoc tn hiu chun c truyn ti theo hai hng :
mt hng qua b m chun (G.711,G.726,GSM FR), mt hng qua mng thc t .Tn
hiu sau khi truyn qua hai hng ny c a vo mt b so snh .Cn c vo cc
thng s ca b m ho chun bit, sau khi so snh ta s thu c kt qu l cc tng
B m ho chun
G.711,G.726,
GSM FR
B phn so
snh m chun
Mng TIPHON
ITU-T
Tin ni hoc
tn tiu chun
Phn in
Phn m
thanh
Phn in
Phn m
thanh
im o
So snh theo
ch quan
u cui
u cui


s cht lng ting ni truyn qua mng so vi b m ho chun.Da vo kt qu thu
c ,ngi tin hnh o s cho im (MOS) v nh gi h s phm cht Q ca phn t
cn o.
Tng t cu hnh o th hin trong hnh 6.2 c s dng nh gi cht lng thoi
ca thit b u cui.

Hnh 6-2 S nh gi cht lng thoi ca thit b u cui
Trong cu hnh o ny thay v mng thc t ta cho thit b u cui hot ng
cng vi b m phng mng vi cc thng s bit .Sau tin hnh x l kt qu
nh trng hp trn.
2/Phng php xc nh gi tr tuyt i theo khuyn ngh P.561[27]
Trong phng php o ny ta b tr cc thit b o ti cc knh cn o trong khi
knh ny ang hot ng ,bng cch ny ta xc nh c thng s rt quan trng ca
knh thoi lin quan ti tn hiu thoi ,nhiu v ting vng .Bng phng php ny ta
cng c th xc nh c cc thng s lin quan n truyn dn tn hiu s.
Cc thng s tn hiu thoi cn o
Bin hiu dng: c tnh da v gi tr bnh phng ca bin thc tn hiu v
n v dBm (theo khuyn ngh P.56 ca ITU-T)
Bin trung bnh : l gi tr trung bnh ca bin tn hiu trong sut khong thi gian
cuc gi (khong thi gian nh nht l 20 giy).
B m ho chun
G.711,G.726,
GSM FR
B phn so
snh m chun
B m phng
mng
ITU-T
Tin ni hoc
tn tiu chun
Phn in
Phn m
thanh
Phn in
Phn m
thanh
im o
So snh theo
ch quan
u cui TIPNON
u cui TIPHON


H s hot ng : l t l gia khong thi gian gi tr tuyt i ca bin tn hiu ln
hn mt gi tr quy nh no v ton b khong thi gian o.
Cc thng s nhiu cn o
Mc nhiu : c tnh bng bnh phng bin ca nhiu v c o bng dBm (theo
khuyn ngh G.212 ca ITU-T).
Bin trung bnh ca nhiu : l gi tr trung bnh bin ca nhiu trong sut khong
thi gian cuc gi (khong thi gian nh nht l 1 pht ).
Cc thng s ting vng cn o:
tr ting vng : o bng cch pht i xung v tr c tnh t khi bin bt u
bng gi tr im 0 chun cho n khi bin t ngt tng ng vi thi im xung
phn hi li.
6.3 nh gi theo tr
C hai thng s v tr lin quan trc tip n cht lng :
Tr thit lp cuc gi : lin quan n cht lng thit lp cuc gi .Trong dch v thoi
qua Internet (c ngha l lin quan n mng IP ) , tr ny lin quan n nhiu yu t
v rt xc nh .Hin nay ,thng s tr thit lp cuc gi ny vn cha c mt phng
php no o v vn cn ang c nghin cu .
Tr tn hiu im -im : lin quan trc tip n cht lng thoi trong mng IP .C mt
phng php cho php xc nh mt cch chn xc tr tn hiu t im ny ti im
khc bng cch s dng lnh Ping.


C h a p t e r 7
CHNG7 Kh nng trin khai dch v
7.1 Cc ng lc chnh
S tng trng hin ti ca th trng in thoi Internet v mng PSTN .Chi ph ca
in thoi Internet khng ph thuc vo khong cch gia thu bao cho php cc nh
cung cp dch v gim cc cuc gi mt cch ng k, c bit trn cc tuyn ni s
dng h thng cc nh gi.
in thoi Internet c li im l khng b cc nh lm lut rng buc .V vy ,ti
nhiu nc ,n tr thnh mt dch v gia tng gi tr v khng phi chu ph kt ni v
cc dch v c p dng cho c dch v truyn thng. Ngoi ra ,ti cc nc khng
m ca th trng cho cnh tranh,in thoi Internet c trin khai mt cch c v nh
l hp php v kim li t nhu cu s dng dch v r.
Hiu qu k thut ca in thoi Internet thu ht cc nh vn hnh hin ang
xy dng mng mi v n c th tr thnh cng ngh quan trng cho mng doanh
nghip ,c bit cho cc cng ty c mng s liu ln v c kh nng gim chi ph mt
cch ng k bng vic tch hp mng thoi v mng s liu. Vic tch hp ny cng
cho php cc nh vn hnh thu li t phm vi dch v cung cp nhiu dch v mt lc
,v trn hiu qu kinh t s dng knh dung lng cao mt cch hiu qu hn,
Mt ng lc na c th chng minh tnh u vit ca in thoi Internet l vic
n c to ra t th gii linh ddoongj v sng to ca Internet .Vic cho php ngi s
dng pht trin tnh nng dch v to iu kin cho cc sng kin v dch v mi pht
trin nhanh hn so vi mng tp trung ca PSTN.
7.2 kh nng ph bin dch v thoi qua Internet
Thoi IP hin nh hnh thnh mt dch v ,nhng iu khin n tr thnh
chnh yu ca th trng thoi tch hp hay vn ch l mt dch v thiu s ph thuc
nhiu vo s pht trin ca mng Internet ni chung .Thi im chuyn t mng chuyn
mch knh sang chuyn mch gi l mt yu t quyt nh s thnh bi ca nh cung
cp dch v v vai tr ca VoIP trong tng lai.Kh nng ph bin dch v VoIP nm
gia hai phng n ( th hin trn hnh 7.1).
phng n 1:cht lng dch v ca mng Internet tip tc khng n nh ,cc
in thoi gim mch (loi v kh nng h gi thoi Internet ) , v VoIP vn ch l mt
dch v chim thiu s .


phng n 2: hiu qa v tng trng ca cc dch v v mng tch hp khieens
khch hng chuyn sang dng manvg Internet lm cho hiu qu kinh t tng cng vi
tng trng ca lu lng.
7.2.1 Phng n 1: Dch v thoi Internet l th yu
Phng n th nht c th hin trn hnh 7.2 . thc hin phng n 1,cn iu
chnh li mng PSTN cho ph hp vi mi trng cnh tranh mi bng vic gim gi
v t li c cu cc.iu kin ny ,s thc y in thoi Internet do li th v gi c
s bin mt trc khi cc nh cung cp dch v chuyn sang cc dch v tch hp su
dng IP.Trong lc ,nu s bin i sang m hnh th trng kinh doanh ca mng
Internet din ra chm ,cc cng ngh mi phc v cho dch v thi gian thc (nh
RSVP v cc dch v cnh tranh mi ) s c pht trin chm hn .Vic chm trin
khai kinh doanh Internet s ng thi lm chm vic trin khai cc cng ngh truy nhp
Internet tc cao nh ADSL v modem cp. Vic thiu li th v gi c cng vi
thiu kh nng h tr thi gian thc v truy nhp tc cao s lm chm s tng
trng ca in thoi Internet ti mc n b xp vo th trng ng.

Hinh7. 1 Hai phng n cho in thoi Internet
(Analysys ,1998)



Nu tnh hung ny din ra, in thoi Internet vn s l dch v khng ph
cp. N s c th cung cp dch v r tin vi cht lng thp hoc h tr cc dch
v tch hp khc trong mng s liu doanh nghip. Cc nh vn hnh mng s c thi
gian iu chnh cc ph v chin lc i ph vi VoIP ,v nhiu nh cung cp
dch v VoIP s b mua. VoIP cng s bt khi khu vc doanh nghip v tr ln ph
bin nhng s cn rt nhiu thi gian.
7.2.2 Phng n 2 :dch v thoi Internet chim lnh th trng.
Phng n th hai c th hin thng qua hnh 7.3 . thc hin phng n
ny ,thit b u cui thoi thng minh v cc dch v tch hp mi nh dch v nhn
tin tch hp phi c n nhn nhit tnh ,c bit l vi it tng doanh nghip.
iu ny s c th hin bi s tng trng nhanh chng ca th trng in thoi
Web , tai nghe cho PC v mc s dng H.323 trong mng doanh nghip.Th trng
Thiu ti nguyn trn mng
Internet
Giao thc Internet mi khng
-c p dng
Cht l-ng VoIP vn thp
Khng cn li th gi c khi
c-c PSTN h
Dch v VoIP vn l thiu
s
Hinh7. 2 Phng n 1 Dch v thoi
Internet chim thiu s


cho cc dch v PSTN ,c bit l dch v gi quc t ,s cn c thi gian iu chnh
li cc ,phng thc hot ng v dch v cho th trng mi ny.iu ny s cho
php cc nh mi gii dch v quc t kinh doanh c vi in thoi Internet v cho h
thi gian tham nhp vo th trng cung cp dch v gia tng. Song song vi iu ny
,mng Internet phi thch nghi vi mi trng kinh doanh ,tin ti tho thun gia cc
i tc da trn mc lu lng. Mng Internet hng trung s xut hin nh mt mng
xng sng dung lng cao s dng cc giao thc h tr cc dch v thi gian thc.

Trong tnh hung ny ,ccnh cung cp dch v mi s chim c th phn ng
k t cc nh vn hnh mng PSTN . in thoi Internet t cc thit b u cui thng
minh tr thnh phng tin thng tin chung cho tt c cuc gi thoi ch khng ch cho
cc cuc gi quc t. Th trng in thoi s phn chia lm rt nhiu phn : dch v
cht lng cao, mem do vi gi cc cao cho i tng doanh nghip v dch v c
ti nguyn trn
mng Internet
Dch v trn IP pht trin
mch
Ga cung cp VoIP thay
i
Li th gi c tr nn
khng cn thit
Cc nh cung cp dch
v mi & ISP c ch
ng trong dch v thoi
Mng IP ti phn ln l-u
l-ng vin thng
Hinh7. 3 phng n 2 VoIP c s dng
rng ri.


bn cho i tng s dng bo th hn v dch v gi r cho i tng khng quan tm
n cht lng ca dch v.
7.3 S nh hng n cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng
Vo khong nm 2005 ,cc lnh vc kinh doanh ca cc nh cung cp dch v
vin thng s ch yu da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi .Nh s pht trin ca khoa
hc v cng ngh , m cng ngh chuyn mch gi tr ln thch hp truyn cc lung
d liu thi gian thc nh cc tn hiu m thanh , hnh nh....Nh cho php cc nh
cung cp dch v vin thng trin khai mng ch da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi
nhng c th cung cp tt c cc loi hnh dch v:t lu tr v truyn th in t thng
thng ti truyn m thanh ,fax ,d liu cho n hi ngh truyn hnh thi gian
thc.Hnh 7.4 th hin chin lc pht trin ca cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng.

Cu hi ch yu t ra l cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng phi t ra chin lc
pht trin nh th no c th thnh cng trong tng lai mng thng tr ca mng IP
v liu h phi bt u hnh ng ngay t by gi.
Should i of f er IP voice
service?
Should i optimise my
network for IP traf f ic?
Should i close my legacy
circuit switched voice
network
Growth
in IP
traffic
volume
time
Hinh7. 4 S thay i chin lc
ca nh cung cp mng


7.3.1 Tng lai ca mng vin thng
Trong tng lai cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng s dn chuyn sang cng ngh IP
.Vo nm 2005 ,mng tch hp m thanh v d liu s thay th v tr thng tr ca mng
chuyn mch knh ,khi tn hiu thoi ch l mt loi lu lng ca mng truyn s
liu. Cng ngh chuyn mch knh s vn c dng trong mt s trng hp c bit
nh: knh dnh ring v m bo kt ni .Vi n lc cao nht, mng Internet c th
truyn ti phc v cc dch v vi gi thnh thp nht v cht lng m bo.
7.3.2 S thay i nhu cu ca khch hng
Di con mt mt s khch hng ,vic chuyn dch t chuyn t truyn s liu
trn mng thoi sang truyn trn mng s liu khng nh hng ln n cc nh cung
cp dch v vin thng. Cc thu bao h gia nh v cc doanh nghip nh ch quan
nim rng h s dng dch v c cung cp bi cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng
,h ch quan tm n c im cht lng v gi thnh ca dch v ch khng quan tm
n cng ngh. Hu ht cc khch hng u khng nhn thc c hin ti tn hiu thoi
c truyn trn mng chuyn mch knh v h cng khng nhn thc c rng tn
hiu thoi c truyn trn mng chuyn mch gi trong tng lai.
Cc khch hng l cc t chc v doanh nghip ln th khc hn ,h s dng
cc dch v chuyn mch gi (v d nh X.25 v Frame relay) trong mt thi gian di
.Hin nay mt vi t chc v doanh nghip bt u c nh cu s dng mng chuyn
mch gi da trn cng ngh Ip nh h c th kt hp c cc dch v v m rng
mng LAN thnh mng WAN .Khi IP tr thnh chun ca mng WAN th ny sinh nhu
cu a cng ngh IP vo mng ng trc c th d dng v mm do trong vic
phi hp hot ng gia mng WAN ca cc t chc v doanh nghip vi mng ca nh
cung cp dch v vin thng. Nhu cu v mng ng trc IP ngy cng tng cng vi
vic pht trin cc ng dng cho php m rng vng mng ca cc doanh nghip ,ca
cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng cng nh mng Internet .
Unified messaging,Web-enabled call centre v thng mi in t l 3 ng dng chnh
ng vai tr ng lc thc y s pht trin ca mng IP trong nhng nm u tin ca
th k 21 ny.
7.3.3 V tr ca IP v s lin quan vi mng chuyn mch knh.
T nay n nm 2001 s chng kin nhiu cuc tranh ci gia hai trng phi
:s dng mng thoi truyn s liu v s dng mng s liu truyn tn hiu
thoi .Nhng d s dng cng ngh mng no th cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng
vn phi tin ti xu th tch hp cc dch v trong cng mt mng. Cc nh cung cp


dch v vin thng cng nh cc khch hng l t chc v doanh nghip s chia lm hai
trng phi chnh:
- Trung phi th nht bao gm cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng v cc t
chc nhn thc c li ch ca vic tch hp cc dch v da trn mng
chuyn mch gi v h mun thu c li nhun .
- Trng phi th hai gm cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng v cc t chc lo
s khng t c tin cy cng nh cht lng dch v nh mng chuyn
mch knh.

i vi cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng ,mng tch hp a dch v c pht trin
da trn ht nhn l mng ATM.
Trong khi i vi cc t chc v doanh nghip din ra s cnh tranh gay gt
gia cng ngh thng tin v cng ngh vin thng. Nhu cu i vi cc ng dng tch
hp s liu v m thanh t ci n gin nht l Voice mail n tch hp in thoi v
my tnh nh Call centre ngy cng gia tng.Cng ngh thng tin cho php trin khai v
qun l cc ng dng ny theo tng vng v chnh v v c s chuyn dchh t s
dng tng i ni b PBX sang mng cc my ch ca nhiu t chc v doanh nghip
kt ni vi nhau. Cng ngh ATM qu phc tp v t tin trin khai trong mng ca
cc t chc v doanh nghip y cng l nguyn nhn pht trin ca mng IP .Sau y l
3 nguyn nhn ng dng cng ngh IP vo mng ca cc nh cung cp dch v vin
thng trong nhng nm ti:
- S pht trin ca IP trong mng WAN ca cc t chc v doanh nghip nh c
kh nng tch hp cc dch v v kt ni.
- Phi trin khai truyn m thanh qua mng IP phc v cho cc ng dng mi
tch hp m thanh v s liu cng nh truyn thng a phng tin.
- S dng c hiu qu hn kh nng ca mng,khng cn tnh trng ti nghuyn
ca mng c dnh ring truyn mt lung d liu no, v vy cho php
s dng ton b rng bng tn vo mi thi im.

Cho n nm 2005 th cc tranh ci ny s c gii quyt ,chuyn mch gi s tr
thnh cng ngh c s cho hu ht cc mng vin thng ca cc nh cung cp dch v
vin thng cng nh cc t chc v doanh nghip ln.Khi gi thnh truyn dn gim
xung v chim t trng nh nn cc nh cung cp dch v vin thoong cnh tranh vi
nhau da trn vic trin khai cc dch v v qun l mt cch c hiu qu.
V vy ngay t by gi ,cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng phi bt u i
su vo cng ngh IP .Vo thi im hin ti ,cc nh cung cp mng Ip cnh tranh ch
yu da trn gi cc ph r, cht lng dch v thp tuy nhin n ch chim c mt


phn nh th trng vin thng. Khi cc dch v mi c th c thc hin c qua IP
v nhu cu ca khch hng v cc dch v da trn IP ngy cng tng th tm quan trng
ca vic tr thnh nh cung cp dch v IP ca cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng
ngy cng tng.Cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng phi th nghim khai thc cc dch
v trn mng IP ngay t by gi to tin cho vic trin khai mng IP thnh ht
nhn ca mng vin thng trong tng lai.
7.3.4 Chin lc ca cc nh khai thc dch v vin thng vi dch v IP.
Tu thuc vo lnh vc kinh doanh ca cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng,
m h c cc nh hng khc nhau trong th trng cng ngh IP:
Nh cung co dch v vin thng c vn hnh mng ng di khng?
Nh cung cp dch v vin thng c vn hnh mng truy nhp ni ht hay khng?
Bng 7.1 th hin cch thc phn loi cc nh khai thc dch v vin thng v mt vi
nh cung cp mng tiu biu.

C kinh doanh mng truy nhp

Khng kinh
doanh mng
truy nhp
C
kinh
doanh
mng
ng
di
c quyn t
trc
Mi gia nhp th trng

AT&T
Qwest
Global one

Easynet
Globalnet
Global
Exchange
BT
NTT

RBOCS
Mng c nh Mng di
ng
CWC
NTL
Vodaf one
Khng
kinh
doanh
mng
ng
di
CATV Lnh vc
khc
Time Warner
Euro bell
Jupiter
Colt
Lonica
RCN

Bng 7.1 phn loi cc nh khai thc dch v vin thng



7.3.4.1 Nh khai thc mng truy nhp v mng ng di.

a)Nh khai thc c quyn

Cc nh khai thc c quyn khng nhng ch cung cp cc dch v da trn
cng ngh IP m h cn c xu th s dng n lm phong tin truyn dn. Cc nh
khai thc c quyn tip cn th trng cng ngh IP theo cc bc:
Kim tra kh nng ca cc dch v IP,v pht trin cc h thng cung cp dch v gi
tr gia tng da trn cng ngh IP .
Cung cp dch v IP trong mng vin thng quc gia v m rng ra mng quc t, vi
cht lng cao v c bo m.
Cung cp dch v cho cc nh khai thc dch v vin thng khc.
Chun b h thng tnh cc ,dch v danh b in thoi v cc h thng khc h tr
vn hnh mng tch hp a dch v.
b)Nh khai thc mng truy nhp v mng ng di
Nh khai thc c mng ng di v mng truy nhp c nhiu li th trong vic
trin khai cung cp dch v in thoi IP .Nh khai thc mng ng di c th cung
cp dch v in thoi IP vi cc ph thp p ng nhu cu ca cc khch hng c nhu
cu cao. Cc nh khai thc mng loi ny phi pht trin mng IP c th h tr cc dch
v gia tng gi tr khi m xu th chuyn t cnh tranh da trn cc ph sang cnh
tranh da trn dch v trong mi trng mng IP.
Cc nh khai thc mng truy nhp v ng di ch yu da trn phng thc thu
khon v vy cho php h chuyn hng kinh doanh nhanh chng hn so vi cc nh
kinh doanh c quyn.
c)Nh khai thc mng di ng.
Cho n nay ,mng di ng da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi vn cha
c trin khai trong thc t. Thoi qua Internet hin ti cha thnh lnh vc kinh
doanh i vi cc nh khai thc mng di ng trong t nht 10 nm ti,v m bo
cht lng ca cc dch v thi gian thc trong giao din v tuyn rt kh v gi thnh
cao.Dch v fax qua IP s c trin khai vo khong nm 2001 nhng n cng ch tn
ti c n nm 2005 ,khi m tt c cc bn tin ca mng di ng u c truyn
di dng th in t .Tuy nhin cc ng dng tch hp tn hiu thoi v gi d liu l
mt th trng rt quan trng i vi cc nh khai thc mng di ng.


7.3.4.2 Nh khai thc mng ng trc
Cc nh khai thc loi ny kinh doanh da trn vic cung cp knh truyn kt
ni cc mng truy nhp .H phi n lc trong vic pht trin mng h tr in thoi
IP.Trong tng lai cc nh khai thc mng ng trc phi ng u vi kh khn l
cng ngy s cng c nhiu nh khai thc mng truy nhp vi quy m nh. Vi dch v
thoi qua mng IP cho php h gii quyt kh khn ny .Cc nh khai thc loi ny phi
tp trung vo nghin cu trin khai trong lnh vc thoi IP v h phi coi nh khai thc
mng truy nhp quy m nh nh l cc thu bao s dng dch v .
i vi cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng ch khai thc mng ng trc ,h
phi pht trin cc dch v da trn cng ngh IP cho php mt s lng ln cc t
chc v doanh ngip kt ni mng ni b ca h vi mng cng cng.
7.3.4.3 Nh khai thc mng truy nhp.
Cc nh khai thc dch v vin thng loi ny c quan h cht ch vi khch
hng u cui. H c v tr thun li trong khai thc nhu cu cao v cc dch v da trn
cng ngh IP ca cc doanh nghip va v ln v ca cc nh khai thc mng ng
trc.Sau y l cc thun li ca h:
- Quan h trc tip vi khch hng c nhu cu cao v cc dch v tch hp thoi v
d liu v d nh cc trung tm ti chnh ca thnh ph.
- Cung cp dch v Internet vi cht lng cao
- Cung cp dch v thng mi in t cho cc doanh nghip.
Cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng ch khai thc mng truy nhp phi lun lun theo
st s pht trin ca cc dch v da trn in thoi IP v a ra xu th pht trin ca
dch v ny .Tuy nhin cho n khi m h cha cung cp c dch v in thoai IP
ng di th h vn cha thu c li nhun ng k.

Nh cung cp dch v truyn hnh cp(CATV)
CATV khai thc da trn mng IP s c th trng ln i vi nhm dch v bao gm
:in thoi,truyn hnh v truy nhp Internet .CATV phi tp trung vo pht trin cng
ngh cung cp dch v in thoi ,truy nhp bng rng cho cc khch hng thng
qua modem bng rng .CATV phi pht trin mi quan h gia ni dung v dch v
,iu c ngha l h phi lm cho ni dung ca chng trnh ngy mt hp dn hn.



Tng li nhun thu c t th trng cc dch v IP ca 40 quc gia bao gm :dch v
trong mng ni b v mng cng cng s t con s 60 t USD vo nm 2005 Trong
th trng ln nht l Bc M v tip theo l Ty u.

Hinh7. 5 D bo li nhun ca th trng IP trong mt s khu vc
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1,999 2,000 2,001 2,002 2,003 2,004 2,005
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
Far east and Pacific
Central Asia
South America
Noth America
Israel and Sounth
Afica
Millions


C h a p t e r 8
CHNG8 thit k Gateway thoi Internet v m t phn mm
VIPGATE.
8.1 Mi trng pht trin
8.1.1 tng quan
Tiu chun
Mt s tiu chun v quy trnh pht trin phn mm bao gm:
ISO 9000-9002;
Unified Process;
-
Rational Rose
TM
Cng c pht trin phn mm hng i tng c s dng rng ri trn th gii do
kh nng h tr ton b quy trnh pht trin phn mm .Ngoi ra ,n cn h tr quy
trnh pht trin thng nht (Unified Process).
Card Dialogic
Chi tit v phn cng ny s c trnh by trong mc sau
- Dialogics SDK (software Development Kit)
B th vin pht trin phn mm ca Dialogic c cung cp cng vi card phn cng
gip cho ngi pht trin c th khai thc c cc tnh nng ca card mt cch tng
i r dng.
Ngn ng lp trnh Visual C++ 6.0
Ngn ng lp trnh c s dng l Visual C++ v n l mt ngn ng c dng rng
ri trong cng nghip
- S cu hnh h pht trin :



Hnh 8-1Cu hnh Phone to Phone s dng 2 Gateway kt ni qua
Internet
8.1.2 Cu trc phn cng :
Trong m hnh ch to th nghim Gateway ti phng Chuyn Mch Vin
Khoa Hc K Thut Bu in phn cng card gn trn PC l card Dialogic D/41H
.y l card s dng kin trc vi x l kp c chc nng x l tn hiu ca mt DSP v
chc nng tnh ton logic v thao tc vi s liu ca mt b vi iu khin a dng
80186.Vi cch tip cn ny ,do bng mch c th t x l cc tnh ton mc thp
nn ti trn my ch gim .V vy,vic pht trin cc ng dng mch hn tr nn d
dng hn.Kin trc ny x l cc s kin thi gian thc ,qun l dng s liu trn my
ch (thi gian phn ng ca h thng nhanh hn ) ,gim yu cu x l my ch ,x l
DTMF v bo hiu thoi v cho DSP thc hin x l bo hiu cho cuc gi ti .
Mi trong bn giao din dy thu bao alalog trn bng mch D/41H nhn ting
ni dng analog v bo hiu thoi t mng PSTN .Mi giao din dy thu bao s
dng ly nhc t my c tin cy cao (dng cng ngh solid state nn khng c tip
xc c kh )v mch pht hin chung theo tiu chun FCC-phn 68 loi B .Mch pht
hin chung ny hot ng chnh xc ngay c khi c dao ng in th trong mng
.Mi giao din cn c mch bo v chng in p cao v thay i mi trng ca mng
Ex.1
1

Ex.1
5

Ex.1
6

Ex.1
2
ViPG
ate
VipG
ate
Mng
Internet
PSTN
CO line
8345467
1.0.4
.204
1.0.4
.202


v cho php chng trnh ng dng nhc my vo bt c lc no trong khi chung
m khng lm hng bng mch.

Hnh 8-2S khi card D/41H

Giao din in thoi c mt ng m thanh (on-hook audio path ) pht hin
thng tin ch gi .N cn c th pht hin tone nhn s ngay c khi h my .Kh nng
ny cho php bng mch hot ng vi PBX.
Tn hiu thoi ti (chung ,dng in mch vng ) c x l bi giao din ng thu
bao v truyn ti b x l qua bus iu khin .B x l thng bo trnh ng dng v
trng thi bo hiu v hng dn phn giao din ng thu bao gi bo hiu (nhc
/t my ) ra mng thoi.
Tn hiu ting ni alalog nhn t mng c b giao din ng thu bao lc v lm
sch v a vo mch CODEC .CODEC lc , ly mu v s ho tn hiu m tn analog
vo v gi tn hiu c s ho sang b DSP ca Motorola.
Line
Interf
ace
Codec
DSP
DSP
RAM
Control Bus
Contro
l
Proces
sor
Shar
ed
RAM
Codec
Data
DRAM
PC ISA Bus
DATA IR
G
PB
X


Da trn firmware ca SpringWare ci t trong SRAM ,b DSP thc hin phn tch
tn hiu v mt s hot ng khc nh sau :
iu khin khuch i t ng (Automatic gain Control ) b cho dao ng ca mc
tn hiu m tn u vo ;
- s dng thut ton ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation) hoc
PCM (Pulse Code Modulation ) nn tn hiu thoi c s ho v tit kim
a;
- pht hin tone DTMF ,MF, hoc tone n hoc tone kp c nh ngha bi trnh
ng dng ;
- pht hin khong lng nhm xc nh xem ng dy c im lng khng v ch gi
khng tr li.
i vi s liu ra ,b DSP thc hin hot ng sau:
- dn s liu m thanh ( c nn )cho playback;
- iu chnh m lng v tc playback theo yu cu ca trnh ng dng hoc ngi
s dng .
- to tone DTMF,MF hoc tone a dng c trnh ng dng nh ngha .
- b x l kp cn thc hin quay s v gim st trng thi cuc gi.
- truyn tn hiu nhc my ti mng thoi.
- quay s ra ngoi.
- gim st v bo kt qu :ng bn hoc nghn ;chn bi nh vn hnh mng ;rung
chung ,khng ai nhc my ;hoc nu nhc my th do ngi ,my tr li in
thoi,my fx hay modem tr li.

Trong khi ghi m, b DSP s dng tc s ho t 24kbps n 64 kbps theo yu cu
ca trnh ng dng cho cht lng tt nht v kch thc hiu qu nht .Tc s ho
c chn cho tng knh v c th c thay i khi bt u ghi hoc pht .Ting ni
sau khi qua x l bi DSP c truyn ti my ch PC v c lu gi .Khi pht
mt file lu trn a ,b x l ly thng tin thoi t my ch PC v gi ti b DSP .B
DSP chuyn i mt file sang ting n s ho .B DSP gi ting n dng s v bo
hiu tr li ti CODEC .CODEC chuyn sang tn hiu dng analog truyn trong
mng thoi.
Bo hiu (nhc /t my ,chung ...)c gi ti b x l v truyn ti trnh ng dng
qua RAM 2 cng v ISA Bus ca my ch PC.
B vi x l iu khin tt c hot ng ca bng mch D/41H qua bus ni b ,dch v
thc hin cc cu lnh t my ch PC .N x l cc s kin thi gian thc ,qun l
dng s liu ti my ch PC,lm tng nhanh thi gian p ng ca h thng.


Trao i thng tin gia b vi x l v my ch PC c thc hin qua RAM chung 2
cng .RAM ng vai tr b m vo ra do tng hiu sut truyn file t /n
a.RAM c ni vi ma ch PC qua bus ISA.Tt c hot ng c thc hin vi
ngt nhm p ng yu c v thi gian thc ca h thng .Khi khi to h thng
,firmware ca SpringWare c ti t my ch PC xung RAM m /s liu v RAM
DSP .C ch ti firmware lm cho vic nng cp ci tin c d dng hn.

8.2 Gii php thit lp b m .
Mt board thoi 4 knh ca Dialogic (v d nh D41H ) c bn ti nguyn x
l thoi, thng c s dng cho 4 knh c /ghi thoi tng t .
Gii php b m nh li ti nguyn x l thoi v gn knh 1 v 2 c ,knh 3 v
4 ghi, t cho php hai cng thoi song cng.
D liu thoi PCM (ghi v c ring bit ) t mt ng dng Gateway Internet
c gi thng n cc ti nguyn trn board ,ni n c x l v a ra nh tn hiu
thoi analog tiu chun .Ngc li ,mt tn hiu thoi analog tiu chun nhn c t
mng telephone (CO hoc PBX) c phn chia bi board thoi thnh d liu c v
ghi v c gi thng n ng dng Gateway .
Mt ng dng Internet GateWay in hnh thc hin cc chc nng sau:
- Ly d liu thoi t Internet ,chuyn t d liu thoi IP sang PCM, v chuyn d
liu PCM n board thoi ni n c c ra my in thoai.
- Ghi d liu thoi analog t in thoi, chuyn n n ng dng ,i t PCM
sang d liu thoi IP ,v chuyn d liu IP ln Internet .


Hnh 8-3Hnh S khi ca gii php b m
Cht lng ca Internet Telephony GateWay c ci thin bi kh nng truyn
d liu thoi ca n gi board thoi Dialogic v ng dng nhanh
ht mc c th .C hai phng php chuyn d liu thoi: lung UIO (phng php 1
) v lung c ghi trc tip-PRDS (phng php 2 ).

Hnh 8-4Hnh Gateway c bn
Internet gateway Application
Rescource1
Rescource3
Rescource2
Rescource4
CO or
PBX
Internet
Channel1
Channel 2
PCM
Record
PCM
Play
PCM
Play
PCM
Record
Telephone
Telephone
Telephone
Decoder
Decorder
DataStreami ng
DataStreami ng
Channel 3
Firmware
Buf fer
Channel 3
Firmware Buf f er
Echo Cancel
Channel 1
A
n
a
l
o
g

V
o
i
c
e
Analog Voice
Dialogic Voice Board
Play
Record
PCM
PCM
Application
Voice Over IP
Voice Over IP
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t


8.2.1 Phng php truyn d liu qua 3 b m.
Lung UIO l mt phng n thuc gii php b m (hnh 3 ) .D liu thoi nhn
c t mng thoi (ghi ) c ghi vo b m firmware ca board thoi .Driver thoi
sau iu khin vic chuyn d liu t b m firmware n mt b m ca driver
.Cc b m Driver c to ra trong b nh ca ngi dng s dng hm
dx_setparm() , v c th c gn bt k gi tr no trong khong 256 byte n 1
KB.Trong qu trnh ghi ,khi b m driver y ,driver thoi gi hm write() ca
ngi dng (c ch ra trong hm dx_setuio()).Thng thng , hm write() c s
dng lu d liu trong b m ng dng x l.
D liu thoi nhn c t Internet (c ) c lu vo trong b m ng dng
.Trong khi c , khi driver thoi cn d liu, mt hm read() ca ngi dng (c ch
ra trong hm dx_setuio() ) c s di\ng lu d liu n b m ca driver (Nu
khng c d liu ,driver thoi chn khong lng vo b m firmware ). Driver thoi
sau chuyn d liu n b m firmware ni n c x l v gi i khi board
thoi n mng telephone.
Tr tng th qua Internet GateWay c th c gim bt nh iu chnh c b
m ca c firmware v driver . hot ng ti u ,c ca b m driver phi c
t gi tr t nht gp i c b m firmware. V d khi s dng c b m firmware
l 512 byte v c b m driver l 1.5kb th tr xp x 225 ms.

internet
Application Buff er
User Memory
Internet
Gateway
Appi cat ion
Firmware Buf f er
User Memory
Dialogic
Voice
Board
Driver Buf f er
User Memory
Telephone
Application Buff er
User Memory
Internet
Gateway
Appi cat ion
Firmware Buf f er
User Memory
Dialogic
Voice
Board
Telephone
internet


Hnh 8-5Hai phng php truyn d liu
Tc vi x l ca my ch cng nh cc chng trnh cng chy ng thi s c nh
hng n kh nng gi tr cc b m c th t thp n u .Cc th nghim ban
u ch ra c ti thiu cho b m driver l 512 v c ti thiu ca b m firmware l
256 vi vi x l pentium (90Mhz hoc cao hn ).

8.2.2 Phng thc truyn d liu qua hai b m.
Theo hnh (3) lung c ghi trc tip (PRDS ) khng s dng b m driver
nh trong phng php 1 .Thay vo ,mt khu vc b nh chia s (cng c gi l
b m ng dng ) c to ra v c truy nhp bi c ng dng v driver .B nh
chia s bao gm mt mo u (header) v c th c n 32 khi nh , mi khi nh
tng ng vi c ca b m firmware .Cc hm API c s dng cung cp b
nh chia s.
D liu thoi nhn c t mng telephone (ghi ) c lu vo trong board
thoi trong mt b m firmware .Vic ghi c khi to s dng hm
dx_reciottdata() .Cc iu khin ca driver thoi chuyn d liu t b m firmware
n b nh cha s .Khi m b m firmware y ,driver nh v tr trong b nh chia
s lu d liu ,chuyn d liu,sau thng bo cho ng dng bng mt event.
D liu thoi nhn c t Internet (c ) c lu trong b nh chia s.Vic
c c khi to se dng hm dx_playiottdata() .Driver nh v a ch trong b
nh chia s ni d liu c lu ,sau chuyn d liu n b m firmware .V d
,s dng c b m firmware l 240 byte ,tr xp x l 125 ms .Bng cch t c ca b
m firmware l 120 byte ,tr c gim xung cn khong 85 ms.
8.3 Trit ting vng
c tnh trit ting vng ca gii php b m p ng c c yu cu c
trng ca GateWay Internet Telephony . Trong mi trng Internet , ting vng c
to ra trong GateWay v trong mng thoi c th b tr .B trit ting tin tin ca
Dialogic s trit cc ting vng b tr n 16ms. cc ci tin khc bao gm vic x l
khng tuyn tnh v tng cng vic pht hin nhiu ngi cng ni.


8.4 Phn mm VIPGate
8.4.1 Gii thiu chung
Phn mm VIPGate c xy dng da trn phn mm demo Phone IP km theo Card
Dialogic D/41H.Do y l card a dng th h c s dng trong Voice Mail khng phi
l card chuyn dng cho VoIP nn chng khng c tch hp chun H.323 vo phn
cng ca bng mch. Bn thn Card ch h tr nn PCM 64kb (theo lut A hoc )nn
khng thch hp vi vic truyn tn hiu thoi trn mng Internet .V vy phn mm
VIPGate phi thc hin hu ht cc chc nng ca mt Gateway VoIP nh bo hiu
,nn ,gii nn v giao tip.Cc cng vic chnh ca nhm pht trin phn mm l :
- Vit chng trnh x l bo hiu cuc gi nh chung ,bn nhc h my ...
- Pht trin b nn thoi tc thp theo chun G.723.1
- pht trin phn truyn s liu qua TCP/IP.
- tch hp CODEC tc thp vo VIPGate
- pht trin phn x l b m cho 2 knh thoi
- lp giao din thn thin
8.4.2 Cu trc chng trnh
8.4.2.1 iu khin x l cuc gi
Hnh Th hin cu trc phn mm VIPGate 3.0 . Thng qua API ca Dialogic module
ny thc hin lnh ly cc s kin ca tng knh thoi trn card D41/H qua thit lp
trng thi v iu khin thc hin cc hot ng tng ng .Cc trng thi chnh ca
knh nh sau:
u tin knh trng thi ri v i tn hiu chung .Khi c tn hiu chung t tng
i cp n knh chuyn sang trng thi i tn hiu DTMF cha s my b gi .
S my b gi nhn c s c truyn sang pha GateWay i phng , ng thi
cho php m ho tn hiu thoi trn card theo chun G.711.
Khi nhn c m bo bn t tng i gi ti cuc gi s c kt thc.


Hnh 8-6Cu trc phn mm VIPGate.

8.4.2.2 Nn Tn hiu thoi.
Tn hiu thoi sau khi c m ho G.711 thnh lung tn hiu 64kbit/s tip tc c
nn thnh lung tn hiu thp hn. Cc chun nn c th x dng l:
- Lernout & Hauspie (L&H) 4.8 kbit/s
- GSM 6.10 13kbit/s
- DSP Group True Speech 8 kbit/s
- G.723.1 (5.6 hoc 6.3 kbit/s)
8.4.2.3 iu khin truyn d liu trn mng IP
C hai phng thc truyn d liu c s dng:
D liu bo hiu c truyn theo giao thc TCP . Giao thc ny bo m truyn y
, chnh xc thng tin sang Gateway i phng.
Tn hiu thoi sau khi c m ho , nn xung tc thp s c truyn trn mng
theo giao thc RTP. D liu truyn theo giao thc ny c chnh xc khng bng
TCP tuy nhin chim thi gian nh p ng c yu cu s l thi gian thc ca tn
Truyn d
liu
D liu iu
khin TCP
D liu kim
tra RTCP
-tn hiu
thoi RTP
iu khin ,x
l cuc gi
Nhn chung
Thu pht tn
hiu DTMF
m ho
Nhn m bo
bn
Nn tn hiu
thoi
GSM 6.1.0
L&H Codec
DSP Group
True Speech
codec
Mng IP PSTN
Nhn tham s Khi ng
Giao din vi ng-i x dng
Tn hiu
thoi
Tn hiu
iu khin


hiu thoi. Giao thc RTCP dng kim tra qu trnh chuyn d liu , thng k s gi
gi i v s gi nhn c.
8.4.3 c tnh k thut ca VIPGate
8.4.3.1 Tnh nng v yu cu k thut
VIPGate lm cu ni gia mng PSTN v mng Internet ,thc hin vic chuyn dng
PCM G.711 sang dng tc thp v truyn ti qua mng Internet .
Yu cu i vi nn PC

H iu hnh : Window NT
CPU: Pentium 200 MHz (tr ln)
RAM :>=32 MB
Modem : >= 33.6 kbps
DialogicCard : D21H,D41H.

Tnh nng ca VIPGate
- L&H Codec
- Chuyn i a ch E164 sang IP
- Dung lng 2-4 knh thoi
- H tr giao thc RTP cho dch v thi gian thc
Min ng dng
Ph hp vi cc ng dng: mng doanh nghip ,CallCenter ,vin thng nng
thn.
8.4.3.2 Giao din ngi s dng
Thc hin cc chc nng giao tip vi ngi s dng .Cc ca s giao din cho
php ngi s dng theo di trng thi hot ng ,thng k thng tin s dng v cc
cnh bo li ca ton h thng hoc tng knh ring bit. Thng qua giao din ,ngi
s dng cng c th thit lp cu hnh hot ng v cc tham s cho h thng. Giao
din chnh ca VIPGateway c trnh by trn hnh sau y:



Hnh 8-7Giao din chnh ca VIPGate 3.0
Ton b giao din c chia thnh hai phn chnh : phn iu khin v xem
trng thi chung ca h thng. Phn ny gm cc nt iu khin nh Start ,Stop bt
u v kt thc hot ng. Option m ca s thit lp tham s v mt ca s hin th
trng thi v cnh bo li.
Phn hin th trng thi ca tng knh .C ti a bn knh c th phc v .Cc
knh ang hot ng hin th ni mu sng ,cc knh cha thit lp mu ti. M knh
s c ca s hin th trng thi knh v thi gian bt u kt thc cuc gi.

Ca s hin th
trng thi v
cnh bo h
thng
Ca s hin
th trng
thi v
cnh bo
tng knh
Thi gian
bt u
cuc gi
Thi gian
gi
Cc chc
nng iu
khin h
thng


Cc tham s thit lp hot ng ca Gateway c chia thnh cc nhm sau:
File : Cho php np cc tham s cu hnh t mt file hoc ghi li cc tham s hin thi
ln file
General: Cho php thit lp cc tham s cu hnh chung ca h thng : cc card D41/H
c ci t ,tn card ,cc tham s chn cu hnh hot ng ca Gatnet, th tc truyn
trn mng IP v phng php nn tn hiu thoi tc thp.

Figure 8-1

Hnh 8-8 Ca s thit lp tham s
IP-Buffer: Thit lp ln cho cc buffer s dng trong chng trnh.
a ch IP trong kt ni Internet ca GateWay v GateWay u xa. Gi tr cng Internet
c s dng iu khin ,truyn d liu v ln ca mi gi d liu truyn trn
mng.


Busy tone: Lu gi thng tin tn s , nhp thi gian ca m bo bn t tng i
PSTN gi n .Cc thng tin ny c s dng cho cc chc nng bt m bo
bn.


C h a p t e r 9
CHNG9 th nghim Dch v thoi Internet
9.1 Cu hnh th nghim
M hnh mng th nghim sn phm VIPGate c m t trong hnh 9.1 .Trong
qu trnh pht trin sn phm, m hnh th nghim ny cng c p dng nhng vi
quy m nh hn, v d nh cc GateWay u t trong cng mt vng. Khi trin khai
th nghim trn quy m ln hn, cc GateWay c th c t cc tnh khc nhau v
d nh mt GateWay s c t H Ni v mt GateWay khc s c t thnh
ph H Ch Minh .Vic th nghim ny s cho php nh gi nng lc x l ca
VIPGate mt cch chnh xc v ton din hn.
Hnh 9-1M hnh trin khai th nghim

9.2 Cu hnh o kim
a)Cu hnh o c tnh bin tn s
Mng Internet
Telephone
Telephone
Mng thoi
ni ht
Mng thoi
ni ht
VIPGate Ver 3.0
VIPGate Ver 3.0


Hnh 9-2Cu hnh o c tnh bin tn s.
b) Cu hnh o tr ca tn hiu thoi.

Hnh 9-3Cu hnh o tr ca tn hiu thoi.
My o knh
PCM-4
B4 B1
B3 B2
Tng i
PABX
SIEMENS
Gateway 1
Gateway 2
Mng
Internet
Telephone
Telephone
1
1
Hp gi mch
1
1
Oscilloscope
LeCroy
9350A
Tng i
PABX
SIEMENS
Gateway 1
Gateway 2
Mng
Internet
Telephone
Telephone
17
18
12
13


9.3 Kt qu nh gi cht lng dch v.
Vic nh gi cht lng c tin hnh trn h thng VIPGate vi kt ni qua mng
Internet ca VDC.Cc bi o bao gm:
- o mc (Level measurement ): khi pht ca PCM-4 s pht tn hiu c mc l
:-10 dBm, khi thu o mc nhn c.Bi o ny cho php nh gi tng quan
nhanh chng iu g xy ra vi mc tn hiu khi i qua h thng Tng i
Telephony Gateway Internet Telephony Gateway tng i.
- o suy hao tng th (Overall loss) trong gii tn 201Hz-3513Hz.Trong php o
ny s dng hai lung tn hiu gia khi pht v khi thu analog .u tin hai
khi ny c ni vi nhau thng qua mch vng bn trong v khi pht s
pht mc tng i n khi thu ,khi thu s o mc nhn c.Sau mch
vng h v bt u o thng qua i tng cn o ,kt qu em so snh vi
kt qu u tin.Nh th ta s o c mc suy hao tng th qua i tng cn
o.
- o phng sai khuych i (Variation of gain with frequency) trong gii tn
201Hz-3513Hz. Php o ny cho php o s thay i ca khuych i theo
tn s
- o thay i khuych i theo mc (Variation of gain with level ) .Trong php
o ny ta dng tn s c nh 1024Hz .Tn hiu u vo thay i t mc 55
dbm n 3 dBm,bc tng mc l 2 dBm, v o khuych i.
- o mo tng bao gm c mo lng t (Total distortion including quantising
distortion). mo tn hiu m thanh in thoi c nhiu thnh phn khc nhau
.Mo lng t ,sinh ra bi phng php chuyn i gi tr c ly mu ca tn
hiu tn s thp thnh tn hiu m ho nh phn m phng cc gi tr bin ri
rc v phng php chuyn i ngc li. Ngoi ra cn c mo do d liu b
mt khi truyn qua mng IP v mo do cc mch Analog.
Tt c cc bi o c thc hin theo hai phng n sau:
- phng n 1: c hai Gateway u c ni vo mng Internet ca VDC ti H
Ni.
- phng n 2 : mt Gateway c ni vo mng Internet ca VDC ti H Ni
,Gateway khc c ni vo mng Internet ca VDC ti thnh ph H Ch
Minh.
Kt qu

Kt qu cc bi o c thc hin ti phng chuyn mch vin khoa hc k thut
bu in (xem phn ph lc).


Kt qu bi o mc (Level measurement):ph lc A1;
Kt qu bi o suy hao tng th (Overall loss) :ph lc A2;
Kt qu bi o phng sai khuych i:ph lc A3;
Kt qu bi o thay i khuych i theo mc: ph lc A4;
Kt qu bi o mo tng bao gm c mo lng t : ph lc A5;



Ti liu tham kho:

1. DTS/TIPHON-03001,Using GSM speech codecs within ITU-T
Recommendation H.323
2. Dialogic, Dialogic WorldView

3. M.Hopkins,Internet Telephony,Analysys Pubilcations;

4. Vin khoa hc k thut bu in,nghin cu trin khai th nghim dch v
thoi gia mng IP v mng chuyn mch knh,H Ni 1999;

5. ITU_T Recommendation H.323 Ver.3 (09/1999) : Packetbased multimedia
communications systems



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