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Giao An ATLD
Giao An ATLD
An ton lao ng
2. S n v hc trnh:
2 VHT
- Ln lp: 24 tit
Vic ng dng cc tin b k thut, khoa hc cng ngh tin tin phng
nga, hn ch tai nn lao ng xy ra.
N cn lin quan trc tip ?n bo v mi trng sinh thi, v th? hot ng
khoa hc v bo h lao ng gp phn quyt nh trong vic gi gn mi trng
trong sch.
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lao ng, con ngi lao ng v s tc ng qua li gia chng, to iu kin hot
ng ca con ngi trong qu trnh sn xut.
- Yu cu an ton lao ng: cc yu cu cn phi thc hin nhm m bo an ton lao
ng.
- S nguy him trong sn xut: kh nng tc ng ca cc yu t nguy him v c
hi trong sn xut i vi ngi lao ng.
- Yu t nguy him trong sn xut: yu t c tc ng gy chn thng cho ngi
lao ng trong sn xut.
- Yu t c hi trong sn xut: yu t c tc ng gy bnh cho ngi lao ng trong
sn xut.
- An ton ca thit b sn xut: tnh cht ca thit b bo m c tnh trng an ton
khi thc hin cc chc nng quy nh trong iu kin xc nh v trong 1 thi gian
quy nh.
- An ton ca quy trnh sn xut: tnh cht ca quy trnh sn xut bo m c tnh
trng an ton khi thc hin cc thng s cho trong sut thi gian quy nh.
- Phng tin bo v ngi lao ng: phng tin dng phng nga hoc lm
gim tc ng ca cc yu t nguy him v c hi trong sn xut i vi ngi lao
ng.
- K thut an ton: h thng cc bin php v phng tin v t chc v k thut
nhm phng nga cc yu t nguy him trong sn xut i vi ngi lao ng.
- V sinh sn xut: h thng cc bin php v phng tin v t chc v k thut v
sinh nhm phng nga s tc ng ca yu t c hi trong sn xut i vi ngi lao
ng.
- Tai nn lao ng: Tai nn xy ra gy tc hi n c th ngi lao ng do tc ng
ca cc yu t nguy him v c hi trong sn xut.
- Chn thng: Chn thng xy ra i vi ngi lao ng trong qu trnh sn xut
do khng tun theo cc yu cu v an ton lao ng. Nhim c cp tnh cng c
coi nh chn thng.
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(Phn ln mi ngi thng hiu sai vic phng chng tai nn- nh ng gia
khi nim tai nn vi chn thng, dn ti vic quan nim rng s khng c tai
nn nghim trng nu khng c chn thng.. Cc nh qun l xy dng r rng
quan tm n chn thng ca CN, song h nn quan tm n vn s c hn
vn chn thng. Ti mt cng trng xy dng thng c nhiu s c hn l
nhng chn thng.)
- Bnh ngh nghip: Bnh pht sinh do tc ng ca iu kin lao ng c hi vi
ngi lao ng.
1.2.2. Ni dung k hoch bo h lao ng:
-K hoch bo h lao ng l vn bn c ni dung v bin php, kinh ph, vt t, thi
gian hon thnh, phn cng t chc thc hin cng tc bo h lao ng.
-Cc doanh nghip khi lp k hoch sn xut phi ng thi lp k hoch bo h lao
ng. Cc c quan qun l cp trn ca doanh nghip nu t chc xt duyt k hoch
sn xut th ng thi phi xt duyt k hoch bo h lao ng.
-Ni dung chi tit bao gm:
Cc bin php v k thut an ton v phng chng chy n:
+ Ch to, sa cha, mua sm cc thit b, b phn, dng c nhm mc ch che
chn, hm ng m cc my, thit b, b phn, cng trnh, khu vc nguy him,
c nguy c gy ra s c v tai nn lao ng.
+ Lm thm cc gi nguyn vt liu, thnh phm.
+ Lp t cc thit b bo ng bng mu sc, nh sng, ting ng,...
+ t bin bo.
+ Ni quy, quy trnh vn hnh an ton.
+ Mua sm, sn xut cc thit b, trang b phng chy, cha chy.
+ Di chuyn cc b phn sn xut, kho cha cc cht c hi, d chy n ra xa
ni c nhiu ngi i li.
+ Kim nh nh k cc thit b c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton lao ng,...
Cc bin php k thut v sinh lao ng trong phng chng c hi, ci thin
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- Cng tc bo h lao ng phi thc hin y 3 tnh cht: khoa hc k thut, lut
php v qun chng. Ph bin cc thng tin v an ton v v sinh lao ng cho mi
ngi.
- Ngi s dng lao ng chu trch nhim chnh trong vic bo h lao ng cho
ngi lao ng
1.4. H thng php lut v cc quy nh hin hnh v bo h lao ng
Bao gm cc tiu chun, quy phm KTAT, tiu chun VSL, quy phm qun l v
cc ch c th.
1.4.1. Mc tiu ca cng tc bo h lao ng
L bo m cho ngi lao ng khng b m au bnh tt, tai nn do tc ng ca
cc yu t nguy him, c hi trong qu trnh sx thng qua h thng lut php, chnh
sch v cc gii php v khoa hc k thut, kinh t, tuyn truyn gio dc, t chc lao
ng v s tun th ni quy, quy trnh, quy phm an ton v v sinh lao ng ca
ngi s dng lao ng v ca ngi lao ng x hi.
1.4.2. Phm vi i tng ca cng tc bo h lao ng
a/Ngi lao ng:
-L phi k c ngi hc ngh, tp ngh, th vic c lm trong iu kin an ton, v
sinh, khng b tai nn lao ng, khng b bnh ngh nghip; khng phn bit ngi lao
ng trong c quan, doanh nghip ca Nh nc hay trong cc thnh phn kinh t
khc; khng phn bit ngi Vit Nam hay ngi nc ngoi.
b/Ngi s dng lao ng:
- cc doanh nghip Nh nc, cc doanh nghip v c s sn xut kinh doanh, d?ch
v thuc cc thnh phn kinh t khc, cc c nhn c s dng lao ng tin hnh
cc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh.
-Cc doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi, cc n v x nghip, sn xut kinh
doanh, dch v, cc c quan hnh ch?nh s nghip, t chc chnh tr x hi, on th
nhn dn, cc doanh nghip thuc lc lng Qun i Nhn dn, Cng an Nhn dn,
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-Cc c quan n v, doanh nghip hoc cc c nhn mun nhp khu cc loi my,
thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton lao ng u phi thng
qua c quan thanh tra an ton thuc B L-TB v XH thm nh v mt an ton trc
khi xin B Thng mi cp giy php nhp khu.
-Ngi s dng lao ng phi trang thit b cho ngi lao ng (khng thu tin) cc
loi thit b bo v c nhn ngn nga tc hi ca cc yu t nguy him do cng
vic m cc bin php k thut cha loi tr.
1.4.4. Quyn v ngha v ca ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng
1.4.4.1. i vi ngi s dng lao ng
Quyn hn:
- Buc ngi lao ng phi tun th cc quy nh, ni dung, bin php an ton, v
sinh lao ng.
- Khen thng hoc k lut ngi lao ng.
- Khiu ni vi c quan Nh nc c thm quyn v quyt nh ca thanh tra vin
ATL nhng phi nghim chnh chp hnh quyt nh .
Trch nhim:
- Lp k hoch an ton, v sinh lao ng.
- Trang b y phng tin bo v c nhn.
- C k hoch gim st vic thc hin k hoch an ton - v sinh lao ng.
- Xy dng ni quy, quy trnh an ton, v sinh lao ng.
- T chc v tin hnh cc chng trnh hun luyn an ton lao ng.
- T chc khm sc khe nh k cho ngi lao ng theo tiu chun ch quy
nh.
- Chp hnh nghim chnh quy nh khai bo, iu tra tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh
nghip ... vi S Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi, S Y t a phng.
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-Ngnh xy dng c nhiu ngh v cng vic nng nhc, khi lng v thi cng c
gii v lao ng th cng ln.
-Cng nhn xy dng phn ln phi thc hin cng vic ngoi tri, chu nh hng
xu ca thi tit. Lao ng ban m trong nhiu trng hp thiu nh sng v iu
kin hin trng rng.
-Nhiu cng vic phi lm trong mi trng nhim ca cc yu t c hi nh bi,
ng ln, hi kh c.ting n, rung
-Cng nhn phi lm vic trong iu kin di chuyn ngay trong mt cng trng, mi
trng v iu kin lao ng thay i.
* iu kin lao ng trong ngnh xy dng c nhiu kh khn, phc tp, nguy him,
c hi. Nh vy phi ht sc quan tm n ci thin lao ng, m bo an ton v v
sinh lao ng
1.6.2.2. Tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip:
-Tai nn lao ng l tai nn lm cht ngi hoc lm tn thng bt k b phn, chc
nng no ca c th con ngi do tc ng t ngt ca cc yu t bn ngoi di
dng c, l, ho, sinh hc xy ra trong qu trnh lao ng.
-Bnh ngh nghip l bnh pht sinh do tc ng mt cch t t hoc cp tnh ca cc
yu t c hi to ra trong sn xut ln c th con ngi trong qu trnh lao ng. C 1
s bnh ngh nghip khng cha c v li di chng nhng bnh ngh nghp c
th phng trnh c.
C chn thng v bnh ngh nghip y gy hu hoi i vi c th con ngi,
chng khc nhau ch:
Chn thng th gy tc dng mt cch t ngt.
Bnh ngh nghip th gy nh hng t t trong thi gian di lm gim dn v cui
cng dn n mt kh nng lao ng.
Nguyn nhn tai nn l v bnh ngh nghip
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Mc d cha c phng php chung nht phn tch chnh xc nguyn nhn tai nn
cho cc ngnh ngh, lnh vc sn xut nhng c th phn tch cc nguyn nhn theo
cc nhm sau:
Nguyn nhn k thut:
- Thao tc k thut khng ng, khng thc hin nghim chnh nhng quy nh v
k thut an ton, s dng my mc khng ng n.
- Thit b my mc, dng c hng.
- Ch lm vic v i li cht chi.
- Cc h thng che chn khng tt, thiu h thng tn hiu, thiu c cu an ton hoc
c cu an ton b hng, gia c h o khng p ng yu cu...,
- Dng c c nhn h hng hoc khng thch hp...
Nguyn nhn t chc:
- Thiu hng dn v cng vic c giao, hng dn v theo di thc hin cc quy
tc khng c thu trit...
- S dng cng nhn khng ng ngh v trnh nghip v.
- Thiu v gim st k thut khng y , lm cc cng vic khng ng quy tc an
ton.
- Vi phm ch lao ng.
Nguyn nhn v sinh mi trng:
- Mi trng khng kh b nhim hi, kh c, c ting n v rung ng ln.
- Chiu sng ch lm vic khng y hoc qu chi mt.
- Khng thc hin nghim chnh cc yu cu v v sinh c nhn...
- iu kin vi kh hu khng tin nghi.
Nguyn nhn bn thn.
Cc nguyn nhn ny s ln lt c nghin cu trong cc chuyn mc KTAT
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1.6.3. Phng php khai bo, iu tra, nh gi tnh hnh tai nn lao ng
1.6.3.1. Khai bo iu tra
Khi xy ra tai nn lao ng, ngi s dng lao ng phi t chc iu tra, lp bin
bn, c s tham gia ca BCH Cng on c s. Bin bn phi ghi y din bin ca
v tai nn, thng tch nn nhn, mc thit hi, nguyn nhn xy ra, quy trch
nhim xy ra tai nn lao ng, c ch k ca ngi s dng lao ng v i din
ca BCH Cng on c s.
Tt c cc v tai nn lao ng, cc trng hp b bnh ngh nghip u phi c
khai bo, thng k v bo co theo quy nh ca B Lao ng - Thng binh v X
hi, B Y t. Cng tc khai bo, iu tra phi nm vng cc yu cu: khn trng, kp
thi, m bo khch quan, c th v chnh xc.
-Khi tai nn lao ng nh, cng nhn ngh vic di 3 ngy:
Qun c phn xng, i trng i sn xut phi ghi s theo di tai nn lao ng
ca n v mnh, bo co cho cn b bo h lao ng ca x nghip ghi vo s theo
di tai nn cp trn.
Cng vi cng on phn xng, i sn xut t chc ngay vic kim im trong
n v mnh tm nguyn nhn tai nn, kp thi c bin php phng nga cn thit.
- Khi tai nn lao ng nh, cng nhn ngh vic 3 ngy tr ln:
Qun c phn xng, i trng i sn xut bo ngay s vic cho gim c x
nghip bit, ghi s theo di ng thi bo co cho cn b bo h lao ng bit.
Trong 24 gi k t khi xy ra tai nn, cng vi cng on phn xng, i sn xut
lp bin bn iu tra tai nn gi cho gim c x nghip ph duyt.
- Khi tai nn lao ng nng, cng nhn ngh vic 14 ngy tr ln:
Qun c phn xng bo ngay s vic cho gim c x nghip bit, gim c x
nghip c trch nhim bo co ngay cho c quan lao ng v Lin hip cng on a
phng bit.
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1.6.3.2. Phng php phn tch nguyn nhn v nh gi tnh hnh tai nn lao
ng
Vic nghin cu, phn tch nguyn nhn nhm tm ra c nhng quy lut pht sinh
nht nh, cho php thy c nhng nguy c tai nn. T ra bin php phng
nga v loi tr chng. Thng thng c cc bin php sau y:
1. Cc phng php phn tch nguyn nhn
Phng php phn tch thng k:
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-Da vo s liu tai nn lao ng, tin hnh thng k theo ngh nghip, theo cng
vic, tui i, tui ngh, gii tnh, thi im trong ca, thng v nm t thy r
mt ca thng s tai nn lao ng c k hoch tp trung ch o, nghin cu
cc bin php thch hp phng nga.
-S dng phng php ny cn phi c thi gian thu thp s liu v bin php ra
ch mang ngha chung ch khng i su phn tch nguyn nhn c th ca mi v
tai nn.
Phng php a hnh: Dng du hiu c tnh quy c nh du a im xy ra
TNL. T pht hin xy ra TNL do tnh cht a hnh. PP ny i hi thng k
trong thi gian di.
Phng php chuyn kho:
-Nghin cu cc nguyn nhn thuc v t chc v k thut theo cc s liu thng
k.
-Phn tch s ph thuc ca nguyn nhn i vi cc phng php hon thnh cc
qu trnh thi cng v cc bin php an ton thc hin.
-Nu ra cc kt lun trn c s phn tch.
2. nh gi tnh hnh TNL.
nh gi tnh hnh tai nn lao ng khng th cn c vo s lng tuyt i tai
nn xy m ch yu cn c vo h s sau y:
nh gi TNL cn c vo tn sut tai nn: t s gia s lng tai nn xy ra trong
thi gian xc nh v s lng ngi lm vic trung bnh trong x nghip trong khong
thi gian thng k.
K ts =
S
1000
N
(1-1)
trong :
S- s ngi tai nn
N- s ngi lm vic bnh qun hng ngy
K ts ni ln c mc tai nn nhiu hay t nhng khng cho bit y tnh
D
S
trong :
D- tng s ngy ngh vic do TNL gy ra.
K n cha phn nh ht tai nn cht ngi v thng vong nghim trng lm cho nn
K tn = K ts K n
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-Nu m khng kh cao v khi nhit cao, lng gi lm con ngi nng bc, kh
chu.
-Nu m khng kh thp, c gi va phi th thn nhit khng b tng ln, con ngi
cm thy tho mi, nhng khng nn m thp hn 30%.
2.1.4.4. Lung khng kh:
-Lung khng kh biu th bng tc chuyn ng ca khng kh. Tc lu chuyn
khng kh c nh hng trc tip n s to nhit, n cng ln th s to nhit trong 1
n v thi gian cng nhiu.
-Gi c nh hng rt tt n vi vic bc hi nn ni lm vic cn thong mt.
-Lung khng kh c tc u hoc c tc v phng thay i nhanh chng u
c ngha v sinh quan trng trong sn xut.
2.1.4.5. Bin php chng nng cho ngi lao ng:
-Ci tin k thut, c gii ho v t ng ho cc khu sn xut m cng nhn phi
lm vic trong nhit cao.
-Cch ly ngun nhit bng phng php che chn. Nu c iu kin c th lm lng di
ng c mi che chng nng.
-B tr h thng thng gi t nhin v nhn to to ra lung khng kh thng xuyn
ni sn xut v phi c bin php chng m lm cho cng nhn d bc m hi:
trnh nng, bc x mt tri v li dng hng gi, nh sn xut nn xy dng
theo hng bc-nam, c din tch ca s, ca tri to iu kin thng gi tt.
nhng ni cc b to ra nhiu nhit nh l rn, l sy hp, pha trn c th t
np hoc chp ht t nhin hay cng bc nhm ht thi khng kh nng hoc hi
c ra ngoi khng cho lan trn ra khp phn xng.
B tr my iu ho nhit nhng b phn sn xut c bit.
-Hn ch bt nh hng t cc thit b, my mc v qu trnh sn xut bc x nhiu
nhit:
Cc thit b bc x nhit phi b tr cc phng ring. Nu qu trnh cng ngh
cho php, cc loi l nn b tr ngoi nh.
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Theo mc nh ca bi:
-Bi c kch thc c th nhn thy c.
-Bi c kch thc ht nh ch nhn qua knh hin vi hoc vi in t. Nhng loi nh
ht ny ri chm hoc bay l lng trong khng kh. Theo kch thc ht > 10m l bi
thc s, 0.1-10m l sng m v < 0.1m l khi.
2.2.2. Nguyn nhn pht sinh bi
Bi pht sinh ra trong mi trng sn xut l do:
-
2.2.3. Tc hi ca bi
-Bi gy ra nhng tc hi v mt k thut nh:
Bm vo my mc thit b lm cho my mc thit b chng mn.
Bm vo cc trc lm tng ma st.
Bm vo cc mch ng c in gy hin tng on mch v c th lm chy
ng c in.
-Bi ch yu gy tc hi ln i vi sc kho ca ngi lao ng. Mc tc hi ca
bi ln cc b phn c th con ngi ph thuc vo tnh cht ho l, tnh c, nh
v nng bi. V vy trong sn xut cn phi c bin php phng v chng bi cho
cng nhn.
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Tc hi ca bi i vi c th:
-i vi da v nim mc: bi bm vo da lm sng l chn lng dn n bnh vim da,
cn bm vo nim mc gy ra vim nim mc. c bit c 1 s loi bi nh len d,
nha ng cn c th gy d ng da.
V d:
Cc hn hp ca xi mng l mt nguyn nhn gy ra cc bnh v da c nhiu ngi
bit n. Thng xuyn tip xc vi xi mng t c th gy ra bnh vim da d ng v
b kch thch. Ko di thi gian tip xc vi xi mng t (chng hn nu bn qu hoc
ng trong xi mng) c th gy ra bng xi mng hoc lot da.
-i vi mt: bi bm vo mt gy ra cc bnh v mt nh vim mng tip hp, vim
gic mc. Nu bi nhim siu vi trng mt ht s gy bnh mt ht. Bi kim loi c
cnh sc nhn khi bm vo mt lm xy xt hoc thng gic mc, lm gim th lc ca
mt. Nu l bi vi khi bn vo mt gy bng mt.
-i vi tai: bi bm vo cc ng tai gy vim, nu vo ng tai nhiu qu lm tc ng
tai.
-i vi b my tiu ho: bi vo ming gy vim li v su rng. Cc loi bi ht to
nu sc nhn gy ra xy xt nim mc d dy, vim lot hoc gy ri lon tiu ho.
-i vi b my h hp: v bi cha trong khng kh nn tc hi ln ng h hp l
ch yu. Bi trong khng kh cng nhiu th bi vo trong phi cng nhiu. Bi c th
gy ra vim mi, vim kh ph qun, loi bi ht rt b t 0.1-5mk vo n tn ph
nang gy ra bnh bi phi. Bnh bi phi c phn thnh:
Bnh bi silic (bi c cha SiO2 trong vi, ximng,...).
Bnh bi silicat (bi silicat, aming, bt tan).
Bnh bi than (bi than).
Bnh bi nhm (bi nhm).
Bnh bi silic l loi ph bin v nguy him nht, c th a n bnh lao phi
nghim trng. xit silic t do (ct, thch anh) khng nhng ch nh hng n t bo
phi m cn n ton b c th gy ra ph hu ni tm v trung ng thn kinh.
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-ng vn chuyn cc nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm, thnh phm mang bi phi
b tr ring bit trnh tnh trng tung bi vo mi trng sn xut ni chung v
cc khu vc gin tip. T chc tt ti m mt ng khi tri nng gi, hanh kh.
Trong trng hp cn thit c th thay i qu trnh k thut thi cng nh c gii ha
vic bc d v vn chuyn vt liu ri trong cc ng ng kn.
.....
2.2.4.2. Chng bi
Trang b phng h c nhn:
-Trang b qun o cng tc phng bi khng cho bi lt qua phng nga cho cng
nhn lm vic nhng ni nhiu bi, c bit i vi bi c.
-Dng khu trang, mt n h hp, bnh th, knh eo mt bo v mt, mi, ming.
2.2.4.3. Bin php y t:
- trn cng trng v trong nh my phi c nh tm, ni ra cho cng nhn. Sau
khi lm vic cng nhn phi tm git sch s, thay qun o.
-Cm n ung, ht thuc l ni sn xut.
-Khng tuyn dng ngi c bnh mn tnh v ng h hp lm vic nhng ni
nhiu bi. Nhng cng nhn tip xc vi bi thng xuyn c khm sc kho nh
k pht hin kp thi nhng ngi b bnh do nhim bi.
-Phi nh k kim ta hm lng bi mi trng sn xut, nu thy qu tiu chun
2.2.4.4. Cc bin php khc:
-Thc hin tt khu bi dng hin vt cho cng nhn.
-T chc ca kp v b tr gi gic lao ng, ngh ngi hp l tng cng sc kho.
-Coi trng khu phn n v rn luyn thn th cho cng nhn.
Ghi nh:
Nhng loi bi khng nhn thy c cn nguy him hn nhiu so vi loi c th pht
hin bng mt.
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to bn, thng tn vng bng, thiu mu, suy nhc bp c v h hng thn. N
cng c th gy nh hng ti no b, lm suy gim tr nh, to ra nhng hnh vi k
quc, lm hn m hoc ngt xu.
- Vim da tip xc hoc chm nga:
Thng l hu qu ca qu trnh tip xc gia da v mt s ho cht. Axt v kim
l nhng ha cht n mn c th hy hoi da v mt, v nu khng xi tht nhiu nc
ngay lp tc ra sch ha cht dy vo ngi th s b bng nng.
- Hp th qua da:
Mt s dung mi c th hp th vo mao mch qua da v i ti cc c quan nh
no hoc gan.
*Phn loi nhim c:
- Nhim c cp tnh: xy ra khi mt lng ln cht c xm nhp vo c th trong
mt thi gian ngn.
- Nhim c mn tnh: kt qu tc dng dn dn ca cht c vo c th vi s
lng t.
2.3.2. Cc bin php phng chng nhim c
Trnh tip xc trc tip vi hi kh c ta ra trong mi trng lm vic. Quy nh
khong cch hoc che chn gia ngi cng nhn v ha cht.
Thng gi: Trang b cc thit b thng gi cc b v thng gi chung di chuyn
hoc lm gim nng c hi trong khng kh.
Pht hin v loi tr s c hi: iu u tin l cn pht hin ra c cc ha cht
c hi v nh gi mc nguy him ca chng, tin ti l loi b cc cht hoc qu
trnh c hi hoc thay chng bng mt cht t nguy him hn nu c th.
Bo v ngi lao ng: trang b y phng tin bo v c nhn ph hp cho
ngi lao ng nhm ngn nga tip xc trc tip vi ha cht
Ghi nh:
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Mt s ha cht nguy him c th d dng nhn bit trc bng cch nhn hoc ngi
thy. Tuy nhin, cn c rt nhiu loi ha cht khc khng th nhn thy c hoc
ngi thy c, v vy chng c bit nguy him.
Tuyt i khng dng dung mi ty ra sch sn hoc du m dnh trn da.
Tho lun:
Trong qu trnh xy dng no cng nhn d nhim phi hi v khi c nht?
Cn ch nhng g phng trnh vic ht phi hi v khi c?
Lm cch no bn bit c l c ha cht c hi v nguy him ang c s dng
trn cng trng?
Bn hoc nhng ngi quen bit c triu chng g khc thng hoc ang b nh
hng do s dng ha cht khng? Nu c th l nhng triu chng g?
Bn cho rng nn tin hnh hoc khng tin hnh nhng bin php g phng nga
nhng tc hi ny?
2.4 .Chng ting n v rung ng
2.4.1. Cc ngun pht sinh ting n v tc hi
Cng trng l mt ni rt n o. Chu ng ting n mt cch thi qu c th gy
ra nhng thng tch vnh vin cho h thng thnh gic ca bn. ting n gy ra khi
bn lm vic c th dn n cng thng, lm mt ng v nu mc cao vt qu
gii hn cho php c th lm tn thng thnh gic tc th hoc gy ra nhng thng
tch vnh vin cho h thng thnh gic ca bn. v vy, cc cng nhn phi c cung
cp thng tin v c hng dn, hun luyn mt cch y nhn bit v phng
nga cc nguy him c th xy ra do nh hng ca ting n ti ni lm vic.
2.4.1.1. Ngun pht sinh ting n:
-C nhiu ngun pht sinh ting n khc nhau:
Theo ni xut hin ting n: phn ra ting n trong nh my sn xut v ting n
trong sinh hot.
Theo ngun xut pht ting n: phn ra ting n c kh, ting n kh ng v ting
n cc my in.
41
-Ting n c kh:
Gy ra bi s lm vic ca cc my mc do s chuyn ng ca cc c cu pht
ra ting n khng kh trc tip.
Gy ra bi b mt cc c cu hoc cc b phn kt cu lin quan vi chng.
Gy ra bi s va chm gia cc vt th trong cc thao tc p ba khi rn, g, dt
kim loi,...
-Ting n kh ng:
Sinh ra do cht lng hoc hi, kh chuyn ng vn tc ln (ting n qut my,
my kh nn, cc ng c phn lc...).
-Ting n ca cc my in:
Do s rung ng ca cc phn tnh v phn quay di nh hng ca lc t thay
i tc dng khe khng kh v ngay trong vt liu ca my in.
Do s chuyn ng ca cc dng khng kh trong my v s rung ng cc chi
tit v cc u mi do s khng cn bng ca phn quay.
2.4.1.2. Phn tch tc hi ca ting n:
1. i vi c quan thnh gic:
-Khi chu tc dng ca ting n, nhy cm ca thnh gic gim xung, ngng nghe
tng ln. Khi ri mi trng n n ni yn tnh, nhy cm c kh nng phc hi li
nhanh nhng s phc hi ch c 1 hn nht nh.
-Di tc dng ko di ca ting n, thnh lc gim t r rt v phi sau 1 thi gian
kh lu sau khi ri ni n, thnh gic mi phc hi li c.
-Nu tc dng ca ting n lp li nhiu ln, thnh gic khng cn kh nng phc hi
hon ton v trng thi bnh thng c, s thoi ho dn dn s pht trin thnh
nhng bin i c tnh cht bnh l gy ra bnh nng tai v ic.
2. i vi h thn kinh trung ng:
-Ting n cng trung bnh v cao s gy kch thch mnh n h thng thn kinh
trung ng, sau 1 thi gian di c th dn ti hu hoi s hot ng ca du no th
hin au u, chng mt, cm gic s hi, hay bc tc, trng thi tm thn khng n
nh, tr nh gim st...
42
43
I
I0
k- h s, k=1 nu L ly n v l bel;
I0- cng c s ca m thanh;
I- cng m thanh,
I=
1
va 2 2
2
(W/m2);
(W=J/s) ; (J=Nm)
v- tc truyn m,
C
RT
i
= P
C = R
;
CV ; V 2
; C P = CV + R
hng s ph thuc loi kh truyn m, Kh phn t cha 1 nguyn t i=3, hai nguyn
t i=5, ba nguyn t i=6.
R- hng s kh l tng 8.314472.
T- nhit Kenvin
44
= 2f ; f- tn s m thanh (Hz)
v (mm/s)
vi f=1-10Hz
vi f=10-100Hz
10
0.16
Cm thy t
125
0.64
140
400
6.4
C hi khi tc dng lu
1000
16.4
Rt hi
>1000
>16.4
Tc dng ca rung ng
Khng cm thy
45
46
3
1
300-500
4
100-200
3
1
6
3
-Nn b my thit b phi bng phng v chc chn. Cch ly nhng thit b pht ra
rung ln bng nhng rnh cch rung xung quanh mng my. Xy mng nh v mng
my c mch cch m v khe cch rung (hnh 2.1, 2.2)
-Thay s lin kt cng gia ngun rung ng v mng ca n bng lin kt gim rung
khc gim s truyn rung ng ca my xung mng. S dng lin kt gim rung
nh l xo, hoc lp m n hi (hnh 2.3)
b/Bin php t chc sn xut:
-Nu cng vic thay th c cho nhau th nn b tr sn xut lm nhiu ca kp san
s mc tip xc vi rung ng cho mi ngi.
-Nn b tr ca kp sn xut bo m gia 2 thi k lm vic ngi th c qung ngh
di khng tip xc vi rung ng.
c/ Phng h c nhn:
-Tc dng ca cc dng c phng h cc nhn chng li rung ng l gim tr s bin
dao ng truyn n c th khi c rung ng chung hoc ln phn c th tip xc
vi vt rung ng.
-Giy vi chng rung: c ming m lt bng cao su trong c gn 6 l xo. Chiu
dy ming m 30mm, cng ca l xo phn gt 13kg/cm, phn 10.5kg/cm.
Khi tn s rung ng t 20-50Hz vi bin tng ng t 0.4-0.1mm th tt rung
ca loi giy ny t khong 80%.
-Gng tay chng rung: c s dng khi dng cc dng c cm tay rung ng hoc
m rung b mt. Yu cu ch yu l hn ch tc dng rung ng ch tp trung vo
tay. S dng gng tay c lp lt lng bn tay bng cao su xp dy s lm gim bin
rung ng vi tn s 50Hz t 3-4 ln. Dng gng tay chng rung c lt cao su n
hi gim s truyn ng rung ng i 10 ln.
d/ Bin php y t:
-Khng nn tuyn dng nhng ngi c cc bnh v ri lon dinh dng thn kinh,
mch mu lng bn tay lm vic tip xc vi rung ng.
-Khng nn b tr ph n li cc loi xe vn ti c ln v s gy ra lc xc nhiu.
48
Ghi nh:
Nu bn phi ht to cho ngi ng cnh bn 1m c th nghe c, c ngha l
qu n v cn phi c bin php x l ting n. nhng ngi khng c lin quan
trong cng vic cn trnh xa khi ngun gy n.
Tho lun:
Lit k cc loi ting n trn cng trng lm nh hng n bn.
C th cch ly nh nhng my mc gy n khi nhng cng vic khc khng?
Bn p dng nhng cch no gim ting n ca cc loi my mc c n ln
m ban ang s dng?
ic c th gy ra nhng phin toi g? Nguyn nhn gy ra bnh ic?
2.5. Chiu sng
2.5.1. Tm quan trng ca chiu sng trong xy dng
2.5.1.1. ngha ca chiu sng trong xy dng
Chiu sng khng y hoc qu sng u gy hi v mt ATL: chiu sng hp l
trong cc phng sn xut v ni lm vic trn cc cng trng v trong x nghip cng
nghip xy dng l vn quan trng cI thin iu kin v sinh, m bo an ton
lao ng v nng cao c hiu sut lm vic v cht lng sn phm, gim bt s mt
mi v mt ca cng nhn gim tai nn lao ng.
-Th lc mt ca ngi lao ng ph thuc vo chiu sng v thnh phn quang ph
ca ngun sng:
chiu sng nh hng rt ln n th lc. chiu sng t ti mc quy nh
ca mt pht huy c nng lc lm vic cao nht v n nh th lc mt
cng bn.
Thnh phn quang ph ca ngun sng cng c tc dng ln i vi mt, nh
sng mu vng, da cam gip mt lm vic tt hn.
-Trong thc t sn xut, nu nh sng c b tr y , mu sc ca nh sng thch
hp th nng sut lao ng tng 20-30%. Nu khng m bo lm cho mt chng mi
mt, dn ti cn th, kh nng lm vic gim v c th gy tai nn lao ng.
49
-Vic t chc chiu sng hp l phc v sn xut trn cng trng, trong x nghip,
kho tng, nh ca phi tho mn nhng yu cu sau:
m bo sng y cho thi cng tng mi trng sn xut, khng chi qu
hoc khng ti qu so vi tiu chun quy nh.
Khng c bng en v s tng phn ln.
nh sng c phn b u trong phm vi lm vic cng nh trong ton b
trng nhn. nh sng phi chiu ng xung cng c hoc vt phm ang sn
xut bng cc loi chao n khc nhau.
H thng chiu sng phi ti u v mt kinh t.
2.5.1.2. Tc hi ca vic chiu sng khng hp l:
a/ chiu sng khng y :
-Nu lm vic trong iu kin chiu sng khng t tiu chun, mt phi iu tit qu
nhiu tr nn mt mi. Tnh trng mt b mt mi ko di s gy ra cng thng lm
chm phn x thn kinh, kh nng phn bit ca mt i vi s vt dn dn b st km.
-Cng nhn tr tui hoc cng nhn trong la tui hc ngh nu lm vic trong iu
kin thiu nh sng ko di s sinh ra tt cn th.
-Nu nh sng qu nhiu, s phn bit cc vt b nhm ln dn n lm sai cc ng
tc v do s xy ra tai nn trong lao ng, ng thi gim nng sut lao ng v
cht lng sn phm.
b/ chiu sng qu chi:
-Nu cng chiu sng qu ln hoc b tr chiu sng khng hp l s dn n tnh
trng lo mt lm cho nhc mt, do lm gim th lc ca cng nhn.
-Hin tng chiu sng chi lo buc cng nhn phi mt thi gian cho mt thch
nghi khi nhn t trng nh sng thng sang trng nh sng chi v ngc lilm
gim s th cm ca mt, lm gim nng sut lao ng, tng ph phm v xy ra tai
nn lao ng.
50
F
S
(2-1)
trong :
E- ri (lx- c l lux) 1lx 0.5W/m2
F- quang thng (lm- c l luymen)
S- din tch chiu sng (m2)
Tiu chun chiu sng:
-Tiu chun chiu sng chung cho mi lnh vc sn xut c quy nh trong quy
phm chiu sng.
-Trn cng trng v x nghip, ri c xc nh bi chnh xc ca s nhn khi
lm vic v cc yu cu m bo an ton trn khu vc lm vic.
ri ti thiu theo tiu chun tham kho bng 2-2.
-Quy nh v ri ti thiu cho 1 s cng tc thi cng xy dng nh sau:
Trn cng trng:
Trong khu vc thi cng: 2lx.
Trn ng t: 1-3lx.
Trn ng st: 0.5lx
Cng tc bc d v vn chuyn ln cao: 10lx.
51
Et
100
En
(%)
(2.2)
trong :
Et - ri trong phng; En - ri ngoi tri.
Ly nh sng t nhin bng nhiu cch:
Chiu sng qua ca tri hoc ca s ly nh sng trn cao.
Chiu sng qua ca s tng ngn.
52
c)
b)
a)
53
54
I cos 2
KH 2
En =
(2.3)
L
H
EK S Z
N
(2.4)
a b
H c ( a + b)
(2.5)
55
c)
Hc
hp
Lo
Lo
hc
a)
Hnh 2.8. S b tr n
a) hnh ch nht; b) hnh thoi; c) cao treo n
Khi b tr n cn ch :
T s L/Hc =1.42.0 nu b tr theo hnh ch nht; 1.72.5 nu b tr theo hnh thoi.
Tr s Hc=H-hc-hp (m)
trnh chi mt, cao t sn n n <2.54m khi cng sut n <200w v
<36m khi cng sut n >200w.
1 1
Lc = L
2 3
Tr s
P.S
Pd
trong :
n- s lng bng n (chic)
Pd- cng sut bng n (w)
S- din tch khu vc chiu sng (m2)
n pha chiu sng:
- trn cng trnh khi thi cng v ban m, chiu sng cc khu vc xy dng, din
tch kho bi ln khng th b tr cc n chiu thng trn b mt cn chiu. Khi
dng n pha chiu sng.
-Cc loi n pha chiu sng c th phn thnh 2 loi:
n pha ri nh ng c chm sng to ra tng i rng nh b phn phn chiu
bng knh trng bc hnh parabol. Loi ny thng c s dng chiu sng
cc din tch xy dng v kho bi ln.
n pha chiu sng mt ng.
-Khi cn to ra ri vi quang thng phn b u trn din tch ln, n pha phi t
trn cc tr cao. Trn mi tr c th t 1 n hoc cm nhiu n. Cng c th li
dng cng trnh cao sn c t n nh gin gio, tr thp cn trc,...
- chiu sng cc din tch ln trn 1ha, theo kinh nghim ngi ta ghp cm n pha
khi mc tiu chun chiu sng cao v trong nhng trng hp theo iu kin thi cng
b tr nhiu tr n c, lc ny khong cch gia cc tr n cho php ti 400500m.
-Tnh ton chiu sng bng n pha cn ch n c im ring l thit b chiu t
nghing. S phn b nh sng ca n tp trung cn tnh ton chnh xc cc gc
nghing ca n trong mt phng ng v gc quay trong mt phng ngang. Chiu
cao t n cho php h min hn ch chi c th xc nh theo cng thc:
57
(2.7)
hoc
(2.8)
Trong :
+Imax: cng nh sng ti a theo trc n pha (cd-Candela).
Ch :
Ch c cc thit b chiu sng mnh c lp t ngoi tm vi, chng hn nh loi
n chiu l, l c th cho php u vo ngun in chnh. H thng chiu sng tm
thi bng in nn dng hiu in th thp v phi do cc th in qua o to lp
t. bn cng c th ng gp phn mnh vo vic s dng an ton cc thit b ny
theo nhng cch sau:
Khng can thip vo vic lp t;
Bo co li nhng ch vt liu cch in b h hng, bng n b v, ui n hay cc
thit b khc h hng;
m bo dy cp in c cng pha trn khi mt t, khng cp in v dy dn
trong iu kin m t;
Khng t thay bng n.
Ghi nh:
58
59
Ghi nh:
Dnh thi gian cho thit k s to ra mt cng trng an ton v tit kim tin bc.
Tho lun:
Bn c th ci to cng trng ca bn theo nhng cch no?
Nhng gii php no kh thi cho nhng cng trng khng c iu kin v khng
gian?
S ngn np ca cng trng
C rt nhiu tai nn xy ra do bc ht, vp ng, trt ng hoc ng vo vt liu,
thit b nm ln xn khp ni; hoc do dm phi inh g ra t cp pha.
Cc bin php:
- Lm v sinh trc khi ngh - khng rc hay phoi cho ngi sau dn.
- Ct dn vt liu, thit b cha cn dng ngay khi li i, cu thang v ni lm vic.
- Lau sch du, nht bi trn.
- Vt ph liu vo ch quy nh.
- Nh hoc p bng cc inh nhn dng ngc cc vn cp pha.
Ghi nh:
67
M
M
g
l
trong :
Mg tng m men gi
Ml- tng m men lt
-H s n nh K c tnh khi c ti trng K1 v khi khng c ti trng K2.
H s K phi tnh ton kim tra cho trng thi ngh v trng thi lm vic nguy him
nht.
V d tnh ton c th cho mt s loi my. (xem TL)
* n nh ca cn trc t hnh:
- Khi c ti:
69
(4.2)
Trong :
+G: trng lng my cn trc, im t ti trng tm (kg).
+Q: trng lng vt cu ti a (kg).
+Gc: trng lng tay cn, t u tay cn (kg).
+M1: mmen do tc dng ly tm khi quay cn c ti trng
(4.3)
(4.4)
71
H
H
+ 0.25
tg tg
(m)
- gc n nh t nhin ca t
- gc nghing ca mi mng.
72
vi m bo ho (0)
t ct
30-35
25
t tht
35-40
27
t st
40-45
20-25
mm
55-65
45-50
cng
55-70
50-55
ln dc (0)
xung dc(0)
25
35
30
xc
20
25
14
cc loi c my ko i trc
20
20
14
73
74
Tt c cc dng c lm vic phi cch ming ben, ming thng trn t nht l
10cm. Ngn khng cho ngi qua li ch ben np vt liu hot ng. Cm a tay
hoc dng c vo thng trn khi my ang chy.
Khi di chuyn my bng ngi hoc my ko th phi nng ben ln cao, dng dy
cp, cht st gi li. Nu a ln xe vn ti th phi tho ben ra.
* My m b tng
Khi s dng my m cng nhn phi mang ng, gng tay. Cc dy dn in ca
my phi dng dy cp bc cao su v phi treo ln cao. Ch c on di khng
qu 5m k t u my m n ni cung cp in khi lm vic d dng. Mi my
m phi c mt cu dao cp in ring bit v phi c tip t.
Di chuyn khng c dy in cng thng, mun di chuyn xa phi ct in
(ct gc ch khng phi tt cng tc trn my).
Ngoi th my khng ai c cha my.
* My pht va xi mng
Trc khi lm vic cng nhn my p kh, my pht va phi kim tra ng ng
phun va t my kh p n u vi phun. My pht va ch lm vic khi ni chc
chn ng ng t my p kh n my pht va.
Trc khi pht va vo cng trnh c thnh ng th phi tnh ton p lc ph hp
vi sc chu ca cng trnh . Cm ngi lm vic gn vi pht trong phm vi 10m.
Khi cm vi pht trn tay mi c m van cho va phun ra. Trc khi b vi
phun phi kho li v khi lm cm cha vi phun v pha c ngi.
My ng cc
Trc khi tin hnh cng tc ng cc phi:
C y nhng s liu nghin cu v tnh cht c l ca nn.
C phng php thi cng v bin php an ton lao ng. Nu my ng cc lm
vic ch t xu, di nc th phi tnh ton sn b sc chu hoc b mng c
dy chng c nh.
75
(4-10)
Trong :
76
77
Q
n cos
2. Xc nh di ca nhnh dy:
-Trong trng hp c 4 nhnh dy th di dy ca cc nhnh ng u nh nhau
c ngha rt quan trng v m bo s phn b ng u ti trng ln cc nhnh, nu
khng s c nhnh chu vt ti lm gim tui th ca dy v c khi gy tai nn.
-Chiu di ca mi nhnh dy c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
(4.11)
Trong :
+L: di ca nhnh dy cp (m).
+h: chiu cao tam gic to thnh bi cc nhnh(m).
+b: khong cch gia cc im c nh dy cp theo ng cho (m).
78
79
6*19=114
6*37=222
6*61=366
18*19=342
Cng
Tri
Cng
Tri
Cng
Tri
Cng
chiu
chiu
chiu
chiu
chiu
chiu
chiu
chiu
12
22
11
36
18
36
18
6-7
14
26
13
38
19
38
19
>7
16
30
15
40
20
40
20
80
trong :
D- ng knh tang cun hoc rng rc ch cp tip xc (o theo y rnh) ca thit
b nng h (mm);
d- ng knh cp (mm);
e- h s ph thuc kiu my v ch lm vic (bng 4.9)
o i vi cn trc c tay cn, e = 16-25.
o i vi palng in, e = 20.
o i vi ti tay, e = 16.
o i vi ti nng ngi, e = 25.
-Th tch qun ca tang qun cp s c xc nh t iu kin l khi mc ca cn trc
v tr thp nht th trn tang qun cp cn li khng c t hn 1.5 vng cp.
4.4.2.2-Quy nh v tang hm:
-Tt c cc my vn chuyn v nng h nht thit phi trang b phanh hm phanh
khi nng hoc di chuyn vt nng.
-Phanh hm phi tt. nh gi trng thi phanh hm bng h s hm. H s ny
thng ly bng 1.75, 2.00 v 2.50 tng ng vi ch s dng my nh, trung bnh
v nng.
-Khi s dng ti quay nht thit phi c 2 phanh hm: mt phanh gi vt trn cao v
cn phanh kia h vt t t. Trong mt s ti, s kt hp ny c th thc hin c
d dng bng cch s dng tay quay an ton.
-Palng cn c trang b loi thit b hm c th t hm v gi vt cao bt k khi
nng cng nh khi h. Thng c th truyn ng bng trc vt, bnh vt hoc bnh xe
cc.
-Thit b rng rc phi c bulng chng phng nga trng hp cp hoc xch b tt
vo khe v kt li trong .
81
82
in p t vo ngi (V).
Dng in i t chn qua chn th phn lng dng in qua tim l 0.4% dng
in qua ngi.
Dng in i tay qua tay th phn lng dng in qua tim l 3.3% dng in
qua ngi.
Dng in i t tay tri qua chn th phn lng dng in qua tim l 3.7%
Dng in i t tay phi qua chn th phn lng dng in qua tim l 6.7%
dng in qua ngi.
Nguy him nht v mt in git l dng in xoay chiu dng trong cng
nghip c tn s t 40-60 Hz.
2-Du vt in:
-L 1 dng tc hi ring bit trn da ngi do da b p cht vi phn kim loi dn in
ng thi di tc dng ca nhit cao (khong 120oC).
3-Kim loi ho da:
-L s xm nhp ca cc mnh kim loi rt nh vo da do tc ng ca cc tia h
quang c bo ho hi kim loi (khi lm cc cng vic v hn in).
5.1.2.2-Sc in:
-L dng tai nn nguy him nht. N ph hu cc qu trnh sinh l trong c th con
ngi v tc hi ti ton thn. L s ph hu cc qu trnh in vn c ca vt cht
sng, cc qu trnh ny gn lin vi kh nng sng ca t bo.
-Khi b sc in c th trng thi co git, m man bt tnh, tim phi t lit. Nu
trong vng 4-6s, ngi b nn khng c tch khi kp thi dng in co th dn
n cht ngi.
-Vi dng in rt nh t 25-100mA chy qua c th cng gy sc in. B sc
in nh c th gy ra kinh hong, ngn tay t au v co li; cn nng c th lm
cht ngi v t lit h hp v tun hon.
-Mt c im khi b sc in l khng thy r ch dng in vo ngi v ngi tai
nn khng c thng tch.
5.1.3. Phn loi v tr sn xut theo mc nguy him v in
Mc dn in ca mi trng nh hng rt ln n an ton v in.
5.1.3.1-Cc phng, cc ni t nguy him:
-L cc phng kh ro vi quy nh:
Khng c bi dn in.
trong :
3U p
Ud
=
Rn
Rn
Ud
3 Rn +
Rc
3U d
3 R n + Rc
+Ud:
+Rc:
in tr ca cch in ().
R0- in tr ca cc ni t;
Rn- in tr ca ngi.
Up
Rn + R0
5.2.4. in p bc
1
Hnh 5.4. in p buc
2
Ub
trong :
Ic
2x 2
nu pha di l ni lm vic
3,5m
6m
ni t ti 10.
Trng hp ny ngi c ni song song vi cc ni t ta c:
I n Rn = I d Rnd
In = Id
Rnd
Rn
trong :
+In: cng dng in qua ngi (A).
+Id: cng dng in r (A). Trong cc mng vi trung ho cch in c
in p di 1000VId khng ln qu 10A (thng 4-6A).
4
= 40mA
1000
Up
Rn + R0
in tr ni t ca c cu khng yu cu qu nh m c th ti 100-500. Do
dng b tr v ch to h thng ni t ca c cu my.
0,8I nm
U ch
6-15
15-35
35-110
110-300
sau.
-Nu cp cu 2 ngi th kt hp 1 ngi thi ngt, 1 ngi xoa bp tim ngoi lng
ngc.
Ghi nh:
Nu c tai nn xy ra do tip xc vi in, phi ngt in ngay lp tc.
Khng thi cng trn cc dy hoc cp ang c in.
Tuyt i khng c mang xch cng c cm tay bng cp ca cng c y.
Tho lun:
Ti sao dng in c bit nguy him trn cng trng?
iu cn thn u tin trn cng trng ca bn l g? Ti sao?
Trc khi s dng thit b in cm tay, bn nn kim tra nhng g?
Cn hnh ng nh th no khi c cng nhn b in git?
Mt s tranh nh minh ho
Khng lm nh di ng dy in cao th
Khi ghim in, bt cng tc in, nu, i bng in,... th tay phi kh, chn mang dp,
guc kh, ng trn g kh hoc nha cch in
Khng dng in nh c
110
(6.1)
KC
Ghi ch
1. nguyn, rn chc
2. rn b phong ho v c rn nt
3. ln si v dm
4.t ct
5.t st
6.t lp v t mt thc vt
15
20
nc v trong t c
iu kin n
Ghi ch
111
Khi n ph trn
mt t, tc
dng sng ng
r
trong : Qtd = q1 1
i =1
ri
n
(6.2)
3
(5.9)
(5.10)
(5.11)
Trong :
+QE: khi lng hiu qu ca cc pht mn tng ng v tc ng chn
ng (kg).
+rE: c ly hiu qu tng ng ca cc pht mn (m).
112
q3
q2
r1'
r1
o'
r2''
Hnh 6.1. S xc
nh khi lung qu
mn tung ung
q1
r3'''
o''
o'''
Cng trnh cn bo v
(K c )3
i =1
qi
1
ri3
(6.3)
hoc my mc c th.
113
114
Tnh i vi ng trc p:
115
Tnh i vi ca ra ca hm:
p dng cng thc (5.11) cho tng lng thuc hiu qu tng ng, tra bng vi =
0.9, KC= 3-5, ta lp c bng sau:
C ly an ton rC
V tr trn
QE
rE
hm dn
(kg)
(m)
KC=3
KC=4
KC=5
KC=3
KC=4
KC=5
427600
331
203
271
339
1.63
1.22
0.98
486600
272
212
283
354
1.28
0.96
0.77
423000
306
203
270
338
1.51
1.13
0.91
Ca
vo
H s an ton
hm
ng
trc p
Ca
ra
hm
116
(6.4)
Rs = K s 3 Q
(6.5)
Cp an
Mc ph hoi c th
ton
L thin
Chn vi
n=3
n=2
50-150
10-40
5-10
2-5
10-30
5-9
2-4
1-2
5.8
2-4
1-1.5
0.5-1
Ch b ph hoi
2-4
1.1-1.9
trong phm vi
phu n
0.5
1.5-2
0.5-1
Ch b ph hoi trong
phm vi phu n
117
1.4
nn ng.
Ghi ch:
Trong tnh hnh bnh thng, ly cp an ton l cp 3 khi tnh ton c ly an ton
t kho thuc n n im dn c, quc l, ng st, ng thu vn ti chnh,
nh my, kho vt liu n v kho tng d chy, vt cu trc trng yu.
Ly cp 4 cho vt kin trc th yu ng b, ng st thng xe khng ln, vt
c cu trc c bit kin c (nh cu BTCT, cu thp...), cc kho nm trn b
sng cao.
Vng an ton c khong cch rmin v sng khng kh, i vi ngi phi tip cn
cng tc n mn:
rmin = 153 Q
-Vng an ton c khong cch rmin v sng khng kh, i vi ngi phi tip cn cng
tc n mn c th tnh theo cng thc (5.13) nhng h s Ks cn chiu theo trnh
thnh tho ngh nghip ca nhn vin n ph v iu kin cng tc, thng ly t 5-15.
iu ny ch p dng cho n l thin, cn khi gi thuc t trong t th ly 0.5-1.0
tnh ton.
-Trong thi cng n ph ln, i vi c ly an ton cho ngi lun ly c ly mnh vn
t bay c bit m khng cn cn nhc sng khng kh xung kch. Nhng i vi
cng nhn t kp v trm in n ph th cn xt thm sng khng kh xung kch ny.
6.3.3. Bn knh nguy him c mnh vng xa.
Xem bng 6.4, 6.5
-Hin tng ny rt ph bin trong n ph ln, l hin tng nguy him nht i vi
con ngi.
-Theo kinh nghim, c th tham kho cng thc sau:
(5.14)
118
Trong :
+n: ch s n ph.
+W: ng khng nh nht (m).
+KA: h s an ton c quan h vi a hnh a cht, kh hu v su chn
thuc, c th ly nh sau:
Phng php n ph
C ly an ton
ti thiu (m)
N ph l thin:
300
-N ph l su
200
300
300
400
400
400
-M rng bu thuc
50
-M rng l mn, l su
100
10
-N ph bng chn
200
119
11
100
12
-o gc cy
200
N ph trong hm, ng l:
13
100
14
-Khi c kh CH4
200
800 i vi rn chc.
122
7.2. Bin php v k thut an ton phng nga tai nn khi o mng, h su
7.2.1. Bo m s n nh ca h mng, vch ho.
7.2.1.1. C s xc nh chiu su o mng, ho n nh.
-S sp mi dc ho, h xy ra do cc iu kin cn bng ca khi lng tr ABC
b ph hoi. Khi ny c gi bi cc lc ma st v lc dnh tc dng ln mt trt
AC:
Gi s khi t ABC trt theo mt AC. Khi ABC cn bng khi:
C
Q sin = C ( AC ) + Q cos tg
(7.1)
trong : - gc trt
- gc ma st trong ca t
Q- trng lc ca khi t ABC (tn)
C- lc dnh ca t (t/m2)
Nu su o l H, dung trng ca t l (t/m3) v gi
=k l h s dnh, t
(7.1) ta c:
K=
H sin( ) sin( )
2 sin cos
(7.2)
124
H th =
(7.3)
2 K max cos
90 0
sin 2
2
2C cos
(1 sin )
(7.5)
2C m
(7.6)
m = tg 2 45 0 +
2
c trng c th ca t.
125
Trong quy trnh cng ngh v s thi cng t cn ch r phng php thi cng v
bin php ngn nga st l, m bo s n nh ca t v an ton thi cng.
7.2.1.2. Mt s quy nh khi o vi thnh ng.
i vi t c m t nhin, kt cu khng b ph hoi, khng c nc ngm.
ct si
H1m
ct
H1,25m
st v st
H1,5m
H2m
126
<3m
3-5m
>5m
tc (kht)
t ri)
t c m Vn p t ngang hoc t ng lin tc
cao, t ri
Tt c cc loi ng vn c su vo y h mng t nht l Chng theo thit k
t
khi
mch
c 75cm.
nc
ngm
c kim tra kh nng chu lc ca kt cu chng
Tr s p lc ch ng:
cd = H tg 2 450 2C tg 450
C=0,2
t ln thc vt
C=0,5
ct
C=1,5
st
C=5
st
C=8,2
Vi t khng dnh ta c:
127
cd = H tg 2 450
t t m
t m
t t nhiu
si, dm
1,2
1,2
1,4
ct th
1,75
1,6
2,15
ct trung bnh
1,9
1,45
2,19
ct nh
1,25
1,75
2,7
st
0,84
1,2
1,7
t hu c
1,2
1,45
2,15
t mn khng c r cy
1,2
1,15
3,75
H sin( )
,
sin sin
(m)
(7-9)
trong : - gc dc mi
- gc dc mi n nh t nhin ca t
128
H- chiu su h mng
Khi o mng theo bc cp th cn cha li b bo v mc d c ng cho xe
vn chuyn. Chiu rng b bo v a xc nh nh sau:
a 0,1H1
H1 - l chiu cao dt cp
v tho mn thm iu kin sau:
Nu l ng ray cn trc: a=1m
Nu l ng t: a
b
+ 0,5 ; b l b rng ng
2
-c bit sau mi trn ma phi kim tra vch o trc khi cng nhn xung h
o tip.
7.2.4. Bin php phng nga ng vo h su
Ming h o phi c ro chn, bin bao, n bo. H o trn ng i li phi c
ro chn, ban m phi c n sng bo v.
-Cng nhn ln xung h, ho su phi c thang chc chn, cm leo tro ln xung
theo cc vng chng.
-Cng nhn phi eo dy an ton v dy phi buc vo ch tht chc trong trng
hp sau:
131
-Tc dng ca gin gio l kt cu tm vt liu v ngi lm vic trn cao, cho
nn yu cu c bn i vi gin gio v mt an ton l:
Tng thanh ca gin gio phi cng v cng, ngha l khng b cong
vng qu mc, khng b gc gy.
Khi chu lc thit k th ton b gin gio khng b mt n nh, ngha l ton b
kt cu khng b nghing, vn, bin dng qu ln hoc b sp di tc dng
ca ti trng thit k.
132
-Nu kt cu ca gin gio khng tt hoc khi s dng khng theo ch dn k thut an
ton th nht nh d xy ra tai nn nghim trng cho nhng ngi lm vic trn gin
gio v c ngi lm vic di t gn gin gio. Cho nn m bo an ton trong
vic dng gin gio cn phi:
Chn loi gin gio thch hp vi tnh cht cng vic.
Lp dng gin gio ng yu cu ca thit k, c kim tra k thut trc khi s
dng.
Qu trnh s dng phi tun theo k thut an ton khi lm vic trn gin gio.
-Khi la chn v thit k gin gio, phi da vo:
Kt cu v chiu cao ca tng t btng, t xy trt, loi cng vic.
Tr s ti trng, vt liu sn c lm gin gio.
Thi gian lm vic ca gin gio v cc iu kin xy dng khc.
-Khi lp dng v s dng gin gio, phi m bo cc nguyn tc an ton c bn sau:
* An ton v lp dng.
Hin nay ph bin nht l gin gio bng thp, kt cu theo kiu khung tup, lp
dng d dng. Khi gin gio cao phi kt hp h thng ging vo kt cu c nh ca
cng trnh. H thng khung ging c tnh ton n nh v chu lc, bin dng v c
h thng chng st.
Chn ca gin gio phi c k ln vn v nn n nh phng ln hoc trt.
Ngoi ra cn s dng gio treo hoc thang.
* An ton s dng:
- Cng lc tin hnh lm vic khng qu 3 tng gin gio
- Ban m c chiu sng y
- Gin gio cng nhn ln xung c thang dc < 600, chiu rng 1m nu i 1
chiu v 1,5m nu i hai chiu.
- Gin gio cao hn 6m phi c t nht 2 tng sn. Khi lm vic trn c hai tng th
gia chng phi c li bo v.
133
- Khng c s dng qu ti (tp trung ngi, vt liu, thit b). Khi h ti vo gin
gio phi nh nhng, trnh va p.
134
-Nguy him l st nh trc tip, khi knh tia chp i qua nh v cng trnh:
-Kh nng cc cng trnh trn mt t b st nh trc tip cng ln nu cng trnh
cng cao v do khong cch cc im gia cao nht ca cng trnh n m my
mang in cng gn.
-Chng st l bin php bo v khi s phng in ca tnh in kh quyn, m bo
an ton cho ngi, nh ca, cng trnh, thit b v vt liu khi b chy n v ph
hu.
Phn cp chng st cho cc CTXD: tu theo yu cu cn bo v v mc thit hi
v ngi v ca ngi ta chia ra 3 cp : CI, CII, CIII. (xem bng 8-1)
Nhng cng trnh CIII sau y khng cn chng st:
a./ Chiu cao <8m v thm vo cc iu kin:
- s ngi tp trung t
- khng c b phn kt cu ln bng kim loi
- trong vng c t st (5 nm khng c st)
- st nh cng khng gy thit hi g
b./ Nm trong vng bo v ca cng trnh cao hn.
8.3. Bo v chng st
8.2.1. Vng bo v ca thu li.
- bo v cc cng trnh thng dng ct chng st cn gi l ct thu li. y l ct
thp c cao ln hn cao ca cng trnh cn c bo v. Thu li bao gm b
phn thu st, dn st v cc ni t.
Trn nh ct c gn mi nhn kim loi thu st. Kim ny c ni vi dy dn st
xung t i vo vt ni t. Dy dn st m bo cho dng st i theo n xung
ni t v vt ni t m bo s tip xc phn b trc tip vi t trn 1 din tch
ln.
-Khng gian xung quanh ct thu li c bo v bng cch thu st vo ct gi l
phm vi hoc vng bo v.
136
1.Vng bo v ca ct thu li n:
Cho n nay ch c 1 cch duy nht l xc nh phm v bo v bng thc nghim
trn m hnh; tuy cn nhiu nhc im nhng qua 1 thi gian kh di c kim
nghim trong thc t, kt qu nhn c vi tin cy ln. Mt ct thu li c lp th
phm vi bo v ca n l 1 hnh nn xoy vi ng sinh l ng cong bc hai.
n gin khi s dng, ngi ta thng thay th ng cong bc hai rx(hx) bng 1 ng
0.2h
gy khc.
2h/3
rx
hx
0.75h
1.5h
vng bo v cao hx
rx
O-O
0.2h
4h
2h/3
ho
a/2
hx
rx
0.75h
1.5h
138
4h 1
0.2h
h
2h/3
ho
h1
r
hx
rx
d'/2
0.75h
d'
a
1.5h
1. Phn thu st
- Phn thu st c th l st thanh hoc li. Cc thanh (li) v dy thu st c th t
trn cng trnh, c th treo pha trn mi cng trnh. Li thu lm bng thp
610mm, li 5x5m
- Tit din ct thu st khng nh hn 100mm2, c th lm u thu st hnh cn. u
thu st t dc theo ct v cao khng qu 1,5m so vi u ct.
- Ct thu st ca kho thuc n nn bng g v p dng theo tiu chun ring
TCVN4586-1997.
2. Dy dn st
139
140
250-350oC
Than bn
225-280oC
Than
400-500oC
Than g
350-600oC
Xng
240-500oC
Nha thong
253-275oC
141
Chy.
-Qu trnh chy ca vt rn, cht lng v kh c th tm tt trong s biu din sau:
142
146
-Ngun gy la c th l cc ngun nhit hoc xut hin di hnh thc nng lng
no : ho nng (phn ng to nhit), c nng (va p, nn, ma st), in nng (s
phng in):
Khi mi bt la l ngn la trn, tia la in, h quang in, tia la sinh ra do ma
st, va p, hay ht than chy d,... th gi l nhng mi la pht quang.
C nhng loi mi bt la khng pht quang gi l mi la n. Chng l nhng
nhit lng sinh ra khi nn on nhit, khi ma st, khi tin hnh cc phn ng ho
hc,...
9.2.2.2. Hnh thc chy
Chy hon ton: din ra khi c lng cht xy ho, cc sn phm to ra khng cn
kh nng chy tip.
Chy khng hon ton: din ra khi khng cht xy ho. Sn phm to ra c tnh
c v cn kh nng chy tip.
V d: Kh CO, axetn, anhyt...
* Khi nim bng chy, bt chy , bc chy, t chy:
- Nhit bng chy l nhit thp nht khi hi ca mt cht hn hp vi khng
kh v bng chy (khi gn ngn la)
- Nhit bt chy l nhit khi cht chy bt la v tip tc chy khi khng cn
mi la na.
- Bc chy l s t nng hn hp chy, tc phn ng chy tng nhanh so vi qu
trnh truyn nhit i dn ti bc chy.
- T chy: l hin tng chy khng cn do nhit lng t bn ngoi m do nhit
tng ng vi im chy.
9.2.3. Cc c trng chy nguy him
9.2.3.1. Chy cc hn hp hi kh vi khng kh
Cc loi hi kh c th to ra hn hp chy n nguy him nu nng ca n t ti
tr s nht nh.
147
15,527%
Axetylen
2,530%
Xng
0,765,4%
287oC
G thong
236oC
Than bn
1650C
148
9.2.3.4. Chy, n bi
Bi l lng ca mt s cht trong khng kh c th to thnh hn hp n nguy
him.
9.3. Nguyn nhn gy ra cc m chy v bin php phng nga
9.3.1. Nguyn nhn gy ra cc m chy
Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra cc m chy thay i lin quan n s thay i cc qu
trnh k thut trong sn xut v vic s dng cc thit b, nguyn vt liu, cc h thng
chiu sng t nng,...
- Khng thn trng khi dng la.
- S dng, d tr, bo qun nguyn liu, nhin liu, vt liu khng ng cch.
- Chy do s dng in.
- Chy do va p, ma st.
- Chy do tch in.
- Do st: khi khng c ct thu li hoc thu li b hng.
- Bo qun cht c kh nng t chy khng ng qui nh (do kt qu ca tc dng
ho hc...).
- Chy do tn la cc ngun khc nhau.
Cc nguyn nhn khc nh: theo di k thut trong qu trnh sn xut khng y ;
khng trng nom cc trm pht in, my ko, cc ng c chy xng v cc my mc
khc; tng tr bo qun nhin liu khng ng.
Tm li trn cc cng trng, trong sinh hot, trong cc nh cng cng, trong sn xut
c th c nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra chy. Phng nga chy l c lin quan nhiu ti
vic tun theo cc iu kin an ton khi thit k, xy dng v s dng cc cng trnh
nh ca trn cng cng trng v trong sn xut.
9.3.2. Cc bin php phng nga chy
-Phng nga ho hon trn cng trng tc l thc hin cc bin php nhm:
phng s pht sinh ra chy.
149
150
151
-Yu cu cc cht cha chy phi c t nhit cao, khng c hi cho sc kho v cc vt
cn cha chy, r tin, d kim v d s dng.
-Khi la chn cc cht cha chy phi cn c v o hiu qu dp tt ca chng, s hp
l v mt kinh t v phng php cha chy.
9.4.1.1. Nc
- Ti phun c tc dng tng b mt ti v gim lng nc ti, pht huy hiu
qu cha chy.
- Khng dng nc cha chy cc thit b in v kim loi hot tnh (K, Na, Ca...).
- Khng dng nc cha chy cc cht lng khng ho tan nh xng, du ho. C
th dng nc cha chy cc loi cht lng d ho tan trong nc v cc cht lng c
nhit bng chy >60oC nh mazut hoc mt s sn phm ca du m.
9.4.1.2. Hi nc
Hiu qu ni khng kh t thay i, bung kn. Nng hi nc trong khng kh
khong 35% ( theo th tch) c th cha chy.
9.4.1.3. Bt cha chy
- Bt cha chy c tc dng lm lnh v cch ly hn hp chy vi vng chy. Dng
cha chy xng du hoc cht lng chy. Cm dng d cha chy thit b in, t n
v m chy c to>1700oC
- Bt ho hc: thng s dng bt to thnh bi Al2(SO4)3 (Aluminsunfat) vi
NaHCO3 (natribicacbonat) v thm mt s cht lm bn bt. Bt c to ra trong cc
my to bt v dn ti bng ng ng hoc np vo cc bnh cha chy cm tay.
- Bt ho khng kh: to thnh bng cch khuy trn khng kh vi cht to bt BN70, T-70.
9.4.1.4. Bt cha chy
Dng cc loi bt tr: kalicacbnat K2CO3, natricacbnat Na2CO3, ct kh...c tc
dng ngn cch cht chy vi khng kh. C th dng kh nn phun bt kh vo
m chy.
152
9.4.1.5. Cc loi kh
- Dng loi kh tr (CO2, N, heli, agon, hi nc) c th cha chy thit b in,
khng lm hng vt cha chy nh th vin, kho lu tr h s...
- C th dng trm di ng, bnh cm tay.
9.4.1.6. Cc cht halogen
- Cc cht ny c hiu qu cha chy ln, tc dng ch yu l c ch phn ng chy
v lm lnh. Cc cht halogen d thm t nn thch hp cha chy cho cc bng vi
si.
- Cc cht ny thng l brmetyl, tetracloruacacbon (CCl4)
9.4.2. Dng c v phng tin cha chy
9.4.2.1. Dng c cha chy
Dng c th s nh thang, cu lim, bao ti..., bnh cha chy, vi nc.
1. Bnh bt ho hc:
153
154
Bnh cha CO2. Khi cha chy th m van bnh v hng loa vi phun vo m chy.
Dng cha chy cho thit b in v cc ti liu qu, my mc t tin.
4. Bnh cha chy tetaccloruacacbon CCl4:
-Bnh cha chy loi ny c th tch nh, ch yu dng cha chy trn t, ng c
t trong v thit b in.
-Cu to c nhiu kiu, thng thng n l 1 bnh thp cha khong 2.5 lt CCl4, bn
trong c 1 bnh nh cha CO2.
-Kh nng dp tt m chy ca CCl4 l to ra trn b mt cht chy 1 loi hi nng
hn khng kh 5.5 ln. N khng nui dng s chy, khng dn in, lm cn xy
tip xc vi cht chy do lm tt chy.
-Kghi cn dng, p tay vo cht p, mi nhn ca cht p chc thng tm m v
kh CO2 trong bnh nh bay ra ngoi. Di p lc ca kh CO2, dung dch CCl4 phun ra
ngoi theo vi phun thnh 1 tia. Bnh c trang b 1 mng bo him phng n. Mt
s bnh kiu ny ngi ta dng khng kh nn thay th CO2.
155
Ghi nh:
m bo tt c cc n v ngun nhit phi c dp tt khi ht gi lm vic.
Rc l nhng vt d bt la. Hy gi ni lm vic sch s v ngn np, khng bt
c loi rc no lu cu.
Thng thuc hai ng thot him khi cng trng.
156