2

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.

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.
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e
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( ).
1.1. . .
,
.
(x, y, z) (), . T = f(x ,y, z,
). ,
.
,
. .
, (
) .
.

.

. :
dT
,
Q = q A = A
dx
Q , q - (
), , -
. dT/dx
x ( ).

 ,
, , , ( )
. , -
. - : = 0(1+).
0 0,
, .
1.2 .
( )
().
,
.
( ).
.
.
- .
() ;
;
.
-
.
(
- ). , ,
, .
.

. -
() .
.
,
x t .. = (, t ).

. , ,
, .
qv [ W /m3].
.11.1 (
) :
[ ] + [
] = [ ] + [
].
(
) :
T
T
T
( x ) + q v Ax = A
( x + x ) + Axc
x
t
x
, x .
.x . (
) q(x), .
q(x+ x)
.
. A


.
x = const,
:
T
T
( x + x )
( x) + q v
T
x
x
= c
x
x

q(X+x)

q(X)
q

x 0 ,

( ):

T
2T
+ q v = c
2
t
x

,

.
X
,
X
x, y , z
t .. = (x,y,z,t ),
y , z
. 11.1.
.
2T 2T 2T
T
2 + 2 + 2 + qv = c
t
y
z
x
.
, ( ).
.
( ).

[W/m3].
:
2T 2T 2T qV 1 T
2 + 2 + 2 +
=
a t
y
z
x
= /.cp .
[2/s].
.
.
.

- .
/t
. , .
:
2T 2T 2T qV
2 + 2 + 2 +
=0
y
z
x

- :

 2T 2T 2T
=0
+
+
x 2 y 2 z 2

.
x, y z,
, ,
. -
:
2T
=0
x 2

,
.
.
.
():
T
x
t
= , =
=
Tr
Lr
tr
Tr, Lr tr : , ()
. ,
-
. ,
.
,
, 0 1. ,
.

: = . Tr ; x = .Lr t = .tr
:
Tr 2
1 T
+ qV = r
2
a t r
Lr
:
2
2
L
2
1 Lr
+ qV r =

Tr
a t r

:
a t
Fo = 2r
Lr

. -
.

:
2
qV Lr
qV =
Tr
:

 2
1
+ qV =

Fo
.


. -
.
,

. .

:
2T 2T 2T
2T = 2 + 2 + 2 ,
z
y
x
q
1 T
2T + v =
a t
(11.12) .

2T .

: T = T ( r , , z , t ) , : , r, z. - .11.2.
:
z
1 T
1 2T 2T
2
(r
)+ 2
+
T=
r r r
r 2 z 2

:
z

1 T
1 2T 2T q v 1 T
(r
)+ 2 2 + 2 +
+
r r r
a
r z
z

r z
x

. 11.2. :

q
1 T 2T
1 T
+ v =
r
+
2

a t
r r r z
r :
1 T q v 1 T
=
+
r
r r r
a t
:
1 T
r
+ qv = 0
r r r
:

 T
r
=0
r r

r
( ) ( ): T = T ( r , , , t )
:
1
2T
1 2 T
1

T
2
T= 2
sin
+
r
+
r 2 sin 2 2
r r r r 2 sin
- :
2T q v 1 T
T
1 2 T
1
1
+
=
sin
+
r
+
r 2 sin 2 2 a t
r 2 r r r sin
:
1 2 T
1
1
2T q v
T
+
=0

r
sin
+
+

r 2 sin 2 2
r 2 r r r sin
- (
)
d 2 dT
r
=0
dr dr
1.3.

() . -

.
, - .
,
.
,
, T = T (r ) .
-
( ), .