27/05/2012

Nguyn l hot ng ca giao thc TCP/IP

Nguyn l hot ng ca giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

Xem bai viet bang font ABC
PCWorld VN 11/99 Mng my tnh ngy nay tr thnh mt thnh phn quan trng trong ngnh truyn thng. Trn th gii, ban u ch c vi mng my tnh c a vo s dng cc vin nghin cu v phc v cho quc phng. Cng vi thi gian, khoa hc pht trin, gi my gim, mng my tnh c mt khp ni, t trng hc, nh my n cc hc vin. c bit s bng n ca mng thng tin ton cu Internet a kh nng s dng mng n tng ngi dn. Hng ngy bn do chi trn Internet, lt trn cc trang Web, c bao gi bn t hi lm th no m con ngi c c kh nng truy cp thng tin mnh m v tin li n nh vy? Tr li y cu hi ny qu l khng n gin v l thnh qu ca hng ngn con ngi, lao ng trong hng chc nm, khng th trnh by gi gn ch trong vi trang vit. Bi bo ny khng i vo chi tit m ch xin c cung cp mt s kin thc c bn nht v Internet v nguyn l hot ng ca n. M hnh tng qut ca mng Internet Nh trong hnh 1, kt cu vt l ca mng Internet gm c mng chnh cha cc server cung cp dch v cho mng, mng nhnh bao gm cc trm lm vic s dng dch v do Internet cung cp. "m my Internet" hm cha v vn mng chnh, mng nhnh v bao ph ton th gii. mt h thng phc tp nh vy hot ng trn tru v hiu qu th iu kin tin quyt l mi my tnh trong mng, d khc nhau v kin trc, u phi giao tip vi mng theo cng mt quy lut. l giao thc TCP/IP.

Qu trnh truyn d liu qua mng Internet Nu tng lp trnh, bn hn bit rng mt chng trnh hon chnh c to nn t nhiu module vi cc chc nng v nhim v khc nhau nhng li lin kt cht ch vi nhau. Qu trnh truyn d liu cng nh vy. c th truyn qua mng Internet, d liu phi c x l qua nhiu tng. Mt mng intranet theo chun OSI thng c by tng nhng Internet ch c bn tng x l d liu l: * Tng application * Tng transport cn gi l tng TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) * Tng network cn gi l tng IP (Internet Protocol) * Tng Datalink/Physical Gi s bn ang my A v mun gi mt thng ip ti my B. Bn dng mt trnh son tho vn bn son th, sau nhn nt Send. Tnh t thi im d liu c x l ln lt nh trong hnh 2.

www.echip.com.vn/echiproot/weblh/suutam/2000/pcworld/1199/tcpip/tcpip.htm

1/8

27/05/2012

Nguyn l hot ng ca giao thc TCP/IP

u tin, d liu c x l bi tng application. Tng ny c nhim v t chc d liu theo khun dng v trt t nht nh tng application my B c th hiu c. iu ny ging nh khi bn vit mt chng trnh th cc cu lnh phi tun theo th t v c php nht nh th chng trnh mi chy c. Tng application gi d liu xung tng di theo dng byte ni byte. Cng vi d liu, tng application cng gi xung cc thng tin iu khin khc gip xc nh a ch n, i ca d liu. Khi xung ti tng TCP, dng d liu s c ng thnh cc gi c kch thc khng nht thit bng nhau nhng phi nh hn 64 KB. Cu trc ca gi d liu TCP gm mt phn header cha thng tin iu khin v sau l d liu. Sau khi ng gi xong tng TCP, d liu c chuyn xung cho tng IP. Gi d liu xung ti tng IP s tip tc b ng gi li thnh cc gi d liu IP nh hn sao cho c kch thc ph hp vi mng chuyn mch gi m n dng truyn d liu. Trong khi ng gi, IP cng chn thm phn header ca n vo gi d liu ri chuyn xung cho tng Datalink/Physical. Khi cc gi d liu IP ti tng Datalink s c gn thm mt header khc v chuyn ti tng physical i vo mng. Gi d liu lc ny gi l frame. Kch thc ca mt frame hon ton ph thuc vo mng m my A kt ni. Trong khi chu du trn mng Internet, frame c cc router ch dn c th ti ng ch cn ti. Router thc ra l mt module ch c hai tng l Network v Datalink/Physical. Cc frame ti router s c tng Datalink/Physical lc b header m tng ny thm vo v chuyn ln tng Network (IP). Tng IP da vo cc thng tin iu khin trong header m n thm vo quyt nh ng i tip theo cho gi IP. Sau gi IP ny li c chuyn xung tng Datalink/Physical i vo mng. Qu trnh c th tip tc cho n khi d liu ti ch l my B. Khi ti my B cc gi d liu c x l theo quy trnh ngc li vi my A. Theo chiu mi tn, u tin d liu qua tng datalink/physical. Ti y frame b b i phn header v chuyn ln tng IP. Ti tng IP, d liu c bung gi IP, sau ln tng TCP v cui cng ln tng application hin th ra mn hnh. H thng a ch v c ch truyn d liu trong mng Internet mt gi d liu c th i t ngun ti ch, mng Internet dng mt h thng nh a ch tt c cc my tnh ni vo mng nh hnh 3.

www.echip.com.vn/echiproot/weblh/suutam/2000/pcworld/1199/tcpip/tcpip.htm

2/8

27/05/2012

Nguyn l hot ng ca giao thc TCP/IP

Nhng tn v a ch ny c gi cho my tnh nhn d liu. phn tch h thng tn/a ch, hy bt u t thp ln cao: a. a ch vt l, cn gi l a ch MAC S d c tn gi nh vy l v a ch ny gn lin vi phn cng v i din cho mt thit b. Thng thng a ch vt l c t ngay trn bng mch my tnh hay trn thit b kt ni trc tip vi my (modem, card mng...) a ch vt l c s dng nh sau: Thit b nhn d liu kim tra a ch vt l ch ca gi d liu tng vt l. Nu a ch ch ny ph hp a ch vt l ca thit b th gi d liu s c chuyn ln tng trn, nu khng n s b b qua. b. SAP: Dng i din cho giao thc bn trn tng MAC, y l IP. c. a ch mng (network address) Mt thc th trong mng c xc nh ch qua a ch mng m khng cn a ch vt l. D liu c truyn qua mng ch da vo a ch mng. Khi no d liu ti mng LAN th a ch vt l mi cn thit a d liu ti ch. V d: My gi c a ch 128.1.6.7 ->a ch mng l 128.1 My nhn c a ch 132.5.8.12 ->a ch mng l 132.5
www.echip.com.vn/echiproot/weblh/suutam/2000/pcworld/1199/tcpip/tcpip.htm 3/8

27/05/2012

Nguyn l hot ng ca giao thc TCP/IP

Mng Internet c trch nhim da vo 2 a ch mng trn a d liu ti mng 132.5. Khi ti mng 132.5 th da vo a ch 8.12 s tm ra a ch vt l thc truyn d liu ti ch. Nh vy c mt thc mc l: c a ch vt l ri, ti sao li cn thm a ch mng? Vic tn ti 2 loi a ch l do cc nguyn nhn: * 2 h thng a ch c pht trin mt cch c lp bi cc t chc khc nhau. * a ch mng ch c 32 bit s tit kim ng truyn hn so vi a ch vt l 48 bit. * Khi mch my hng th a ch vt l cng mt. * Trn quan im ngi thit k mng th s rt hiu qu khi tng IP khng lin quan g vi cc tng di. Nh trn ni, t a ch mng c th tm c a ch vt l. Cng vic tm kim ny c thc hin bi giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol). Nguyn tc lm vic ca ARP l duy tr mt bng ghi tng ng a ch IP - a ch vt l. Khi nhn c a ch IP, ARP s dng bng ny tm ra a ch vt l. Nu khng thy, n s gi mt gi d liu, gi l ARP request, cha a ch IP vo mng LAN. Nu my no nhn ARP request v nhn ra a ch IP ca mnh th s gi li mt gi d liu cha a ch vt l ca n. Vy t a ch vt l, mt my tnh trong mng c th bit a ch IP ca mnh hay khng? Cu tr li l c. Giao thc gi l RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) thc hin cng vic ny. Gi s trong mng c mt my cn bit a ch IP ca mnh, n gi mt gi d liu cho tt c cc my trong mng LAN. Mi my trong mng u c th nhn gi d liu ny, nhng ch c RARP server mi tr li thng bo cha a ch mng ca my . Trn thc t, khi mun nhp vo mt a ch Internet no , bn hay nh vo dng ch nh "WWW.hotmail.com" m t thy nhng dng a ch s kh khc. Vy c iu g mu thun? Chng sao c, Internet dng mt h thng gi l DNS (Domain Name System) t tn cho mt host v cung cp mt s giao thc chuyn i t a ch ch ra a ch s v ngc li. Cch t chc tn ca DNS tun theo dng hnh cy nh hnh 4.

Mt my tnh trong mng s ng vi mt nt ca cy. Nh cy trn, my l FPT s c a ch hon chnh l fpt.com.vn. Mi nt trn cy biu din mt min (domain) trong h thng DNS; mi min li c mt hay nhiu min con. Ti mi min ny u phi c my ch DNS tng ng qun l h thng tn trong min . hiu r hn hot ng ca DNS, ly mt v d sau: Mt my trm c tn l test.fpt.com.vn mun bit a ch IP ca my www.microsoft. com, qu trnh hi ca n nh sau: Khi my test.fpt.com.vn gi yu cu hi v my www. microsoft.com ti DNS ca min fpt.com.vn, DNS xc nh l tn k hng nm trong min m n qun l v gi ngc ln cho min mc cao hn l com.vn. Ti y, DNS cng khng tm c thng tin tho mn nn phi hi ngc ln DNS ca min vn.
www.echip.com.vn/echiproot/weblh/suutam/2000/pcworld/1199/tcpip/tcpip.htm 4/8

27/05/2012

Nguyn l hot ng ca giao thc TCP/IP

Qu trnh c th tip din n khi cu hi c gi ti DNS ca min microsoft.com v ti y cu hi c gii p. hot ng hiu qu nh trn, mi my ch DNS lu tr mt c s d liu gm cc bn ghi cha thng tin: + Tn ca DNS cp cao hn + a ch IP + a ch dng ch tng ng Ch s ca bn ghi c ly t a ch IP tng ng, nh t a ch IP c th d dng tm ra a ch ch. d. Protocol ID ch ra giao thc ca tng giao vn. Trn Internet trng ny l TCP hoc UDP. e. Port l mt s c trng cho mt chng trnh chy trn Internet. V d, chng trnh ly th in t qua giao thc IMAP c port=143, truyn file c port =21, v.v... f. Username l tn ngi ng k s dng chng trnh. phn II c ni ti router, IP s dng cc thng tin iu khin trong header ca gi d liu IP quyt nh ng i tip theo ca gi ny. C rt nhiu thng tin iu khin nhng y ch xin phn tch cc thng tin quan trng. - u tin l a ch ch. Nu a ch ch trng vi a ch ca router th gi d liu c truyn trc tip cho host B. Nu khng trng th d liu s c truyn n router tip theo trn ng i. Vn l router no c chn. C 2 kh nng la chn router, tc l 2 kh nng dn ng: + Th nht l tun theo mt cch nghim ngt source routing. D liu s c truyn cho router tip theo trong source routing. Nhng d liu ch c truyn i khi router c chn c trong bng cc router c th n c ca router hin ti, bng khng s sinh ra li. + Th hai l "qun i" source routing v tm ng mi ti ch. Router tip theo c chn da trn s tm ng ny. Thng thng s tm ng da trn thut ton Dijstra tm kim theo chiu rng. Trn thc t, cch ny ang c s dng rng ri v c th tr thnh chun trong tng lai. - Cc gi d liu IP thng c kch thc ph thuc vo mng con. Cc mng con khc nhau th kch thc gi IP ca chng cng khc nhau. Vy gi s mng A truyn c gi d liu c kch thc ln nht l 1024 byte, mng B truyn c gi d liu c kch thc ln nht l 256 byte th gi d liu t mng A c kch thc 1024 byte qua mng B nh th no? gii quyt vn ny, IP cung cp kh nng phn v gom mnh gi d liu. y chnh l lc IP s dng trng flags v offset trong gi d liu IP. Trng flags thc cht l cc c thng bo gi d liu ny c b phn mnh hay khng, trng offset cha gi tr tng i ca gi con trong gi to ban u. Khi phn mnh cc c c bt ln, ng thi trng offset c thit lp gi tr. Da vo cc d liu trn, IP c th d dng gom mnh gi d liu, hi phc khi d liu to ban u. Kim sot li Qua cc phn trn ta thy qu trnh d liu i trn mng kh r rng nhng trn mt mng rng ln nh Internet th c g m bo d liu s ti ch mt cch an ton? iu g xy ra nu trn ng i cc gi d liu b mt, tc nghn, lc ng...? y ch n thun l cc s c, nhng tht ng tic l n li rt hay xy ra trn thc t, do mt yu cu t ra l phi c c ch thng bo v sa li trn mng. Khi c li, tng IP n thun hu b d liu v thng bo li. Thng bo li c thc hin qua mt giao thc gi l ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol). ICMP c th coi l bn ng hnh vi IP v c mt s c im sau: - Dng IP truyn thng bo qua mng
www.echip.com.vn/echiproot/weblh/suutam/2000/pcworld/1199/tcpip/tcpip.htm 5/8

27/05/2012

Nguyn l hot ng ca giao thc TCP/IP

- Khng c chc nng sa li m ch n thun l my thng bo li. Chc nng sa li l ca tng trn (tng TCP) - Thng bo li v gi d liu IP nhng li khng th thng bo li v gi d liu ca chnh mnh - Nu gi d liu IP b phn mnh th khi xy ra li, ICMP ch thng bo li ca mnh u tin Ni rng vic sa li l ca TCP nhng tht ra TCP chng sa li g c, khi c li xy ra n ch lm mi mt vic l truyn li. Hy xem n lm vic nh th no. TCP truyn d liu theo c ch "flow window". Tt c cc byte truyn u c nh s th t v TCP qun l vic truyn d liu da vo s th t . Gi s c 13 byte d liu gi cho my B (hnh 5) .

Byte 0 gi i v c xc nhn l ti ni. S xc nhn ny c thc hin bng cch khi nhn c d liu gi n, my B s gi mt thng bo v cho my gi. Thng bo c cha s th t ca byte c chp nhn cha trong trng ACK. Byte 1, 2 c gi nhng cha c xc nhn, cc byte 3, 4, 5 trong khung s c truyn i, cc byte t 6 tr i khng th c truyn. Gi tr window limit c tnh bng cng thc sau: Window limit=SND UNA + SND WND SND UNA = s byte gi i nhng cha c xc nhn SND WND= s byte trong , gi tr ny c ly t trng window trong gi d liu TCP dng xc nhn cc byte ti ni. Gi tr ny chnh l s d liu m my B c th chp nhn. My B by gi li gi mt thng bo tha nhn c ACK=3, Window=6. Lc ny d liu c dng nh hnh 6.

Cc byte 0, 1, 2 c xc nhn, ca s m rng ra, window limit nhn gi tr 3+6 =9. Nh vy s byte c th truyn i c iu khin bi my B, iu ny gip gim i s tc nghn giao thng trn mng v lm cho my B c th ch ng x l d liu n mt cch tri chy. Khi c li xy ra trn ng truyn v phi truyn li d liu th TCP khng ch i thng bo xc nhn t pha my B m n lm theo cch sau: khi truyn mt gi d liu, TCP bm gi v nu thi gian ht m khng thy thng bo xc nhn th n tin hnh truyn li. Nh vy thi gian bm gi ht sc quan trng. Ban u thi gian ny c thit lp xung quanh khong thi gian k t khi TCP A gi d liu i n khi nhn c thng bo xc nhn. Nhng v sau do cch tnh ny khng
www.echip.com.vn/echiproot/weblh/suutam/2000/pcworld/1199/tcpip/tcpip.htm 6/8

27/05/2012

Nguyn l hot ng ca giao thc TCP/IP

hp l nn ngi ta a ra nhiu cch thit lp khc nhau. Mt trong cc cch tnh c dng ph bin hin nay l thut ton ca Phil Karn. Ni dung cn bn ca thut ton l mi khi ht thi gian th khong thi gian bm ng h tng ln gp mt s ln cho trc. NVT=A x VT NVT: gi tr thi gian mi bm ng h A : hng s, thng ly bng 2 VT: gi tr thi gian c C ch kt ni gia hai my trong mng Internet Chng cui cng trong hot ng ca mng Internet l c ch kt ni gia hai my. ton b cc hot ng truyn tin gia hai my trong mng c th din ra th phi hnh thnh knh lin lc hay mt kt ni gia chng. Qu trnh din ra nh sau (hnh 7):

1: ULP B gi s l mt chng trnh mail server M. Do l server nn lc no n cng ch i s kt ni. 2: ULP A l chng trnh nhn th in t ca bn. kt ni, bn gi yu cu kt ni xung cho tng TCP. 3: TCP chun b mt gi d liu TCP vi c SYN=1 yu cu c s ng b ho, SEQ c th ly bt k gi tr no, y l =100 v gi cho TCP B. 4: Sau khi nhn gi d liu c SYN=1, TCP B gi tr li mt thng bo c SYN=1, ACK=101, SEQ c th ly bt k gi tr no, y l =177. 5: TCP A nhn c gi d liu t TCP B s gi tip mt gi d liu c ACK=178. 6: TCP A chuyn chp nhn kt ni ln chng trnh A. 7: Sau khi nhn nt gi d liu c ACK=178, TCP B chuyn chp nhn kt ni ln chng trnh B. S kt ni gia 2 module TCP cc bc 3, 4, 5 gi l c ch bt tay 3 bc (three way handshake). Qu trnh ng mt kt ni cng thc hin tng t. Li kt
www.echip.com.vn/echiproot/weblh/suutam/2000/pcworld/1199/tcpip/tcpip.htm 7/8

27/05/2012

Nguyn l hot ng ca giao thc TCP/IP

Vi mc ch gii thiu, hy vng bi vit trnh by mt cch kh h thng nhng nt cn bn nht ca mng Internet, tuy nhin khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca c gi. ng Minh Qun Khoa T-VT K41 HBK, HN in thoi: (04) 756 0999

PcLeHoan 1996 - 2002

Mirror : http://www.pclehoan.com Mirror : http://www.lehoanpc.net Mirror : http://www.ktlehoan.com

www.echip.com.vn/echiproot/weblh/suutam/2000/pcworld/1199/tcpip/tcpip.htm

8/8