T S KHI NIM V CCH THC VIT BO KHOA HC, CC BN NN NM. I. Bi bo khoa hc l g?

Mt bi bi bo l mt s m t c t chc gm gi thit, s liu v kt lun, l nhng kin thc c d nh cung cp cho c gi. Bi bo l phn trung tm ca cng vic nghin cu. Nu cng vic nghin cu khng a ra c bi bo, iu cng ng ngha l cng vic nghin cu cha c thc hin. "ang quan tm v cha ng" c ngha l "khng tn ti". Nhn thc r rng mc tiu ca bn l xy dng cng thc v kim tra gi thit, rt ra nhng kt lun t nhng php kim tra , sau cung cp li nhng kt lun ny cho nhng ngi khc. Mc tiu ca bn khng thu thp s liu. Mt bi bo khng ch l mt dng c lu tr cho vic cha mt chng trnh nghin cu hon thin, m n cn l mt kin trc cho vic k hoch ho s pht trin trong vic nghin cu ca bn. Nu bn hiu r c mc ch v dng ca bi bo, n c th s v cng hu dng cho bn trong vic t chc v kim sot cng vic nghin cu ca bn. Mt bn phc tho tt cho bi bo cng l mt k hoch tt cho mt chng trnh nghin cu. Bn nn vit v vit li nhng k hoch hoc nhng bn tho thng qua chng trnh nghin cu. Ti thi im bt u bn hu nh ln k hoch, v ti thi im cui bn hu nh pht tho. S n lc lin tc hiu, phn tch, tng hp cng thc ho gi thit trong bi bo s v cng hiu qu cho bn hn l vic thu thp s liu v ch bt u t chc s liu khi hon thnh vic thu thp chng. II. Outlines II.1. Ti sao phi vit outline? Xin c nhn mnh rng outline ng vai tr trung tm trong vic: vit bo, chun b cho hi tho, lp k hoch nghin cu. Ti tin tng mnh m rng vit bo t outline l hiu qu nht cho bn v cho ti. Mt outline l mt bn d kin c vit v s sp xp hoc t chc mt bi bo, bao gm: s liu m bi bo da trn . Trong thc t bn nn ngh v mt outline c t chc cn thn v trnh by di dng mt b s liu cng vi mc tiu, gi thit v nhng kt lun. Trnh by dng b s liu nh k trn s d hiu d c hn l trnh by outline dng ch vit (text). Mt outline t n bao hm mt t phn ch vit. Nu bn v gio s hoc sp ca bn thng nht nhng chi tit ca outline ( l trn s liu, v cch sp xp ca outline), ng nhin nhng on ch vit c th c tp hp li mt cch d dng. Nu nh bn v GS hoc thy khng thng nht v outline, mi li ni v ch vit u tr nn v ngha. Vit li bn s mt nhiu thi gian; sp xp v phn tch s liu bn s cn dn tm tr . Vic Sa i sa li vi ln outline, tc l sp xp s liu, trc khi vit li th cn khng nhiu thi gian, nhng vit v sa i sa li vi ln bn hon chnh th s mt nhiu thi gian hn. Tt c cc cng vic vit bo, bo co, xut v tt nhin c slide cho hi tho cn thit lm t outline. II.2. Xy dng mt ci outline nh th no? Phng php tip cn c in l bt u vi mt mnh giy trng, bn vit vo tt c nhng tng lin quan n bi bo theo mt th t bt k. T hi nhng cu hi hin nhin nh: "Ti sao mnh phi lm ci vic ny nh?", "N c ngha g khng", "gi thit no mnh c nh kim tra?", "Nhng ci g mnh thc s th", "kt qu ca chng ra sao? nhng php o no mnh dng?", "ci g t c? tnh cht ca chng ra sao". Hy phc tho nhng cng thc, nhng hnh v v s c th, l iu thit yu th a ra nhng tng chnh. Nu bn bt u cng vic nghin cu kim tra mt gi thuyt, v quyt nh lm, nhng nhng ci bn c li dng nh kim tra mt vi gi thit khc tt hn, bn ng lo. Hy vit c hai loi gi thuyt: ban u bn d nh th v gi thuyt m s liu ca bn dng nh kim tra n, hy gn lc nhng g kt hp ca nhng gi thit, nhng mc tiu v s liu. Thng th, nhng mc tiu ca bi bo sau khi hon thnh khc so vi nhng g bn d nh lc ban u. Nhng rt nhiu kin thc khoa hc c gi tr li theo ch ngha c hi v xt li (cu ny trit hc qu, nhng xin cc bn khng suy lun ra trng hp khc). Khi bn hon thnh vit mt mnh giy ban u, hy bt u vi mt mnh giy khc v hy c gng sp xp hoc t chc m bng bong ca mnh giy ban u. hy phn loi tt c nhng tng ca bn vo 3 khi (1-3) nh sau: 1. Introduction Ti sao bn lm cng vic ny? Nhng ng c v gi thit g? 2. results and discussion hoc Experiments and discussion hoc Simulation and discussion cn phi vit nhng kt qu l g? Kt qu c to ra nh th no? tnh cht ca chng ra sao? 3. conclusions Nhng kt qu nghin cu ca bn c ngha g? gi thit no c v cha c chng minh. GS hoc Sp ca bn c th rt ra (hc ) c g t chng? Ti sao c s khc nhau? Bc tip theo, hy a ra nhng phn k trn v t chc chng theo mt t l ph hp.

Hy tp trung vo vic t chc s liu. Cu trc ca nhng hnh v, bng biu v s nhm a ra d liu mt cch r rng, cht tr nht c th. Quy trnh ny c th s lu, Gio s hoc Sp ca bn s gn lc nm ln by lt theo nhng cch khc nhau quyt nh nh th no l r rng nht. Cui cng, hy t mi th trong outline gm: nhng mc, nhng bng biu, nhng hnh v c gn lc, nhng cng thc theo mt trnh t tt nht. Khi bn tha mn vi tt c s liu bn tp hp (hoc nhng s liu b xung m bn c nh la chn), trong mt outline c t chc hp l. Hy trnh n cho gio s hoc sp ca bn. Hy ch ra mt cch n gin rng s liu no thiu, bn ngh hoc gi thit n s nh th no? Bn s lm sng t chng nh th no nu nh gi thit ca bn l ng. GS ca bn s cm ci outline ny v b xung tng ca ng y, ngh bn thay i mt s th, v tr li cho bn. N thng lp i lp li 4, 5 ln (thng thng l nhng thc nghim b xung). Khi bn v GS thng nht, d liu s c n nh vo mt form cui cng bao gm: bng biu, hnh v... trong outline s l bng biu, hnh v... trong bi bo. Sau bn c th bt u vit, m bo l vn ca bn vit ra s rt xui. im mu cht s dng hiu qu thi gian ca bn v ca GS ca bn l Bn v GS cn phi trao i outline v nhng xut ngay t khi bt u project. Khng tnh trng ch i cho n khi vic thu thp s liu hon thnh ri mi vit outline. Chng bit khi no mt project hon thnh c, v hy gi ly nhng s n lc ln lao v thi gian xut mt bi bo hp l v outline ngay khi bn nhn ra cu trc c bn ca mt cng vic trong project. Thm tr, bn v GS c th quyt nh lm nhng cng vic b xung quan trng trc khi t chc mt cch nghim tc bi bo. S n lc ca vic vit outline s dn ng cho cng vic nghin cu. II.3.The outline Outline nn bao gm nhng g: 1. Title 2. Authors 3. Abstract abstract ny c th vit sau khi bi bo hon chnh. L do nh bi trc ni "nhng mc tiu ca bi bo sau khi hon thnh khc so vi nhng g bn d nh lc ban u. Nhng rt nhiu kin thc khoa hc c gi tr li theo ch ngha c hi v xt li" 4. Introduction on vn u hoc th hai cn c vit mt cch hon chnh. c bit ch n cu m u. Mt cch l tng, cn ni r mt cch ngn gn mc tiu ca cng trnh, hy ch ra rng ti sao mc tiu li quan trng. Ni chung, The introduction cn c nhng phn sau: - Nhng mc tiu ca cng trnh. - Chng minh rng nhng mc tiu l ng: Ti sao cng trnh bn lm li quan trng n th? - Background: Ai tng lm? lm th no? Trc cng trnh ny, kt qu bn t c g? - Dn dt ngi c: Ngi c cn xem ci g trong bi bo ca bn? Nhng im ang quan tm l g? Bn thc hin chin lc g? - Tng kt/kt lun ca mc introduction ny: ngi c cn trng i vo kt lun g cng trnh ca bn? Trong nhng bn outline mt ng cp cao hn, bn nn bao gm nhng thng tin lin quan phn thc nghim 5. Results and Discussion The results v Discussion thng c phi hp vi nhau. Trong phn ny cn t chc theo nhng ch chnh. Nhng on ring bit ny cn c tn tiu mc (subheading) in m (bold-face), to ra s r rng v gip ngi c c th c lt t u n cui ca phn vit, nhm gip h tm nhng phn m h quan tm. Di y l nhng v d v cch din t hp l c th dng: - Experimental Setup - Simulation and evalution - Absolute Configuration of the structure - Hysteresis Correlates with Roughess of Surface - Dependence of the Rate Constant on Temperature - The Rate of Self-Exchange Decreases with the Polarity of The Solvent Hy c gng to ra nhng tn tiu mc mt cch r dng, rnh mch v cha ng nhiu thng tin. V d nh "The Rate of Self-Exchange Decreases with the Polarity of The Solvent" hin nhin di hn "Measurement of Rates", nhng n c tc dng hn i vi ngi c.

Ni chung, c gng bao hm nhng im chnh thng thng: - Synthesis of starting materials - Characterization of products - Methods of characterization - Methods of measurement - Results (rate constants, contact angles, hay mt ci g ) Trong outline, khng nn vit mt lng ln ch vit c nhiu ngha. Nhng hy t tt c s liu vo nhng v tr thch hp. Cc on vit trong outline nn n gin v ch ra nhng g s c vit vo nhng on trong bi bo. - Tn tiu mc - Nhng hnh v (vi tn tiu ca hnh v ) - S (vi tn v li ghi ch) - Cc cng thc - Cc bng biu (c nh dng mt cch chun) Cn lu rng, mt bi bo l s la chn ca nhng kt qu thc nghim, chng c tng kt mt cch r rng v kinh t bng nhng bng biu, hnh v, cng thc, s . Nhng on ch vit ch phc v cho vic gii thch s liu, v n ng th hai. Cng nhiu thng tin c c ng trong nhng bng biu, hnh v th, th bi bo cng tr nn ngn gn v d c. 6. Conclusions Trong outline, tng hp nhng kt lun ca bi bo bng danh sch gm nhng cm t hoc nhng cu hon chnh. Khng lp li nhng g trong mc kt qu nu, tr nhng im c bit nhn mnh cn phi c. Phn kt lun l kt lun, khng phi l tng kt, n cn c b xung nhng phn tch mi, cp cao hn, v n cn ch ra dt khot tm quan trng ca cng trnh. 7. Experimental Tt c cc tn tiu mc ca phn thc nghim tun theo trnh t ging ht nh trnh t trong phn results. III. Tng kt - Hy bt u vit outline kh thi cho bi bo ngay khi tin hnh d n. Khng i cho n khi kt thc, v thi im kt thc c th s khng bao gi n. - Thit lp outline ca bi bo mt cch r rng xung quanh nhng d liu: bng biu, cng thc, hnh v, s c lp. iu tt hn vic thit lp outline dng ch vit. - Thit lp theo trnh t nhng kt qu quan quan trng, ch khng phi trnh t theo thi gian. Mt chi tit quan trng trong vic vit bo lin quan n tm quan trng c a vo ch . Nhng ngi mi bc vo ngh thng thit lp mt bi bo th t thi gian: l, h k l v chng trnh thc nghim ca h, h bt u cu chuyn vi nhng tht bi ban u m h p , v dn dt n on cui thnh cng im cao nht. Phng php tip cn ny hon ton sai. Hy bt u vi nhng kt qu quan trng nht, ln lt n nhng kt qu quan trng th 2, v cho n ht. Ngi c thng khng quan tm n vic lm th no bn t c nhng kt qu ln nh vy, h ch quan tm n kt qu l ci g. Bi bo cng ngn, cng d c.