DANH SÁCH HÌNH MINH HỌA VÀ BẢNG THỐNG KÊ

n mn hc CNTP
MC LC PHN I: TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU LA M V SN PHM CH BIN I.GII THIU V NGUYN LIU LA M 1. Phn loi, cu to thnh phn ha hc ht la m 1.1. Phn loi 1.2. Cu to ht v tnh cht 1.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca ht la m 2. Tnh cht cng ngh v yu cu k thut 2.1. Tnh cht cng ngh 2.2. Yu cu k thut 3. Cc hot ng sinh l ca ht la m xy ra trong qu trnh bo qun kho v cc phng php bo qun 3.1. Qu trnh h hp 3.2. Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch 3.3. S ny mm 3.4. Qu trnh t bc nng ca khi ht 3.5. Hin tng nn cht ca khi ht (s dnh ca khi ht) 3.6. Cc phng php bo qun nguyn liu II.SN PHM BT M 1. M t sn phm 2. Thnh phn c bn v ch tiu cht lng 3. Cc qu trnh xy ra trong thi gian bo qun 4. Phng php kim tra nguyn liu , bn thnh phm v sn phm cui cng PHN II: QUY TRNH CNG NGH I.QUY TRNH CNG NGH 1. Quy trnh cng ngh chung 2. Cng on x l nguyn liu II.THUYT MINH QUY TRNH 1. Sng tp cht 2. Tch kim loi 3. Gia m v m
GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng
6 6 6 8 11 11 12
12 13 14 14 14 15 16
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4. Nghin 4.1. Mc ch 4.2. Cc bin i ch yu 4.3. Nguyn l 4.4. Quy trnh nghin th 4.5. Nhng bin i l hc 4.6. Qu trnh lm giu tm 4.7. Qu trnh xt tm 4.7.1. Khi nim 4.7.2. Nguyn tc thnh lp qu trnh xt tm 4.7.3. S qu trnh xt tm 4.7.4. c tnh l ha ca cc sn phm thu hi c sau qu trnh xt tm 4.8. Nghin mn 4.8.1. Nguyn tc 4.8.2. S qu trnh nghin mn 4.8.3. Ch lm vic 4.8.4. c tnh l ha ca cc sn phm vo ra qu trnh nghin mn 4.8.5. Cc phng php tch phi 4.8.6. B sung vitamin vo bt m 4.9. Phn loi v kim tra thnh phm DANH SCH HNH MINH HA V BNG THNG K HNH : Hnh 1 : Hnh ht la m ct ngang Hnh 2 : Hnh ht la m ct dc Hnh 3 : S quy trnh cng ngh tng qut Hnh 4 : S quy trnh cng ngh cng on x l nguyn liu 6 6 23 24 27 27 27 27 29 57 60 71 71 72 73 77 78 78 79 81 83 85 87 90
Hnh 5: S nghin th ca nh my sn xut bt m nng sut 140- 150 tn / ngy. 33 Hnh 6 : S nghin th ca nh my sn xut bt m nhiu loi nng sut 240 tn / ngy.
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Hnh 7 : S tng quan gia tm, tm li, bt v t l thu hi chung ca cc h nghin. 43 Hnh 8 :T l thui hi tm, tm li, bt h nghin I ph thuc vo t l thu hi chung. hi chung. hi chung. Hnh 11 : S qu trnh lm giu tm, tm li bng sng. bt m. Hnh 13 : S tch tm. Hnh 14 : S quy trnh xt tm trong nh my bt m hng ba. xut 120 140 tn/ngy. Hnh 17 : S tch phi nh my bt m N03 Maxcova Hnh 18 : S b xung vitamin vo bt. BNG : Bng 1 : Bng t l khi lng tng phn ht la m Bng 2 : Bng thnh phn ha hc Bng 4 : T l thu hi cc h nghin Bng 5 : -----nghin th. cc loi la m. trnh nghin th. 6 8 43 Hnh 9 : S thay i theo tro ca tm, tm li , bt h nghin th I theo t l thu 44 Hnh 10 : S thay i theo tro ca tm li, bt cc h th I, II, III theo t l thu 44 61
Hnh 12 : S lm giu tm, tm li bng sng tm 2 ngn trong nh my sn xut 62 67 72
Hnh 15 :S qu trnh xt tm trong nh my sn xut bt m nhiu hng nng 74 Hnh 16 : S qu trnh nghin mn trong nh my sn xut bt m hng ba. 78 84 87
Bng 3 : Hm lng cht bo trong tng phn ca ht la m ( theo % cht kh)9 46 46
Bng 6 : T l cc loi tm , tm li , bt, thu c trong giai on u ca qu trnh 51 Bng 7 : T l tm, tm li, ca cc qu trnh nghin th, trong khi ch bin hn hp 52 Bng 8 : Ch tiu so snh v s lng, cht lng bt v v h tch v trong qu 53
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Bng 9: Hm lng, tro v mu sc ca bt sau mi h nghin th trong qu trnh sn xut bt t la m cng v la m mm Bng 10 : Th tch v thnh phn ha hc ca sn phm vo tng h trong qu trnh nghin th x nghip sn xut bt nhiu hng. trnh nghin th x nghip sn xut bt. 58 Bng 11: Hm lng tinh bt v gluten ti trong tm, tm li thu c trong qu 58 54
Bng 12 : Ch tiu v hiu sut ca cc sng tm trong nh my sn xut bt m c phn hng quy trnh sn xut bt ba hng. Bng 14 : Hm lng axit bo trong ht la m quy trnh sn xut bt ba hng Bng 16 : Hm lng axit bo trong ht la m Bng 17: Ch tiu cht lng ca cc sn phm ch bin t la m. m vi cht lng nh (% trng lng ht a vo sn xut) mm c trng trong cao bt ba hng t la m c cht lng nh 65
Bng 13 : Cc ch tiu c trng cho ch lm vic ca tng h nghin mn trong

82 85
Bng 15: Cc ch tiu c trng cho ch lm vic ca tng h nghin mn trong 93 94 94
Bng 18: Cc loi nghin bt bnh m v t l thu hi thnh phm, ch bin t la 95 Bng 19: Cc loi sn phm nghin bt ba hng t l 78% t la m cng v la m 96 Bng 20 : Tiu chun thu hi cc loi bt v tro ca chng trong nghin 78% 96
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PHN I: TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU LA M V SN PHM CH BIN I. GII THIU V NGUYN LIU LA M 1. Phn loi, cu to thnh phn ha hc ht la m 1.1. Phn loi
a. La m mm (Triticum aestivum)
L dng trng nhiu nht. Chim khong 86-89% din tch la ma trn th gii.N gm c loi c ru v khng ru. Ru la m mm khng hon ton xui theo bng m hi ria ra xung quanh bng. Ht dng gn bu dc, mu trng ng hay hi . Ni nh thng l na trng trong nhng cng c loi trng trong hon ton v loi c hon ton. b. La m cng (Triticum durum) N c trng t hn m mm. Bng dy ht hn. Hu ht cc loi m cng u c ru. Ru di v ngc ln dc theo trc ca bng. Ht m cng thun di, mu vng i khi hi . Ni nh trng trong. trng trong thng khong 95 n 100%. 1.2. Cu to ht v tnh cht Khc vi cc ht ha tho khc, la m c pha lng v pha bng. Pha lng l pha phng v c phi cn pha bng c rnh lm vo dc theo ht. Cu to bn trong ht la m cng ging cc ht ha tho khc gm: v, lp alrng, ni nh v phi.
Hnh 1: Ht la m ct ngang
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Hnh 2: Ht la m ct dc Thnh phn ha hc Nc Protein Cc glucid Cellulose Lipid Tro La m mm 14,0 8,6- 24,4 68,7 2,0 1,7 1,6
Bng1: Bng t l khi lng tng phn ht la m
La m cng 14,0 14,4- 24,1 66,6 2,1 1,8 1,7
a. V V l mt b phn bo v cho phi v ni nh khi b tc ng c hc cng nh ha hc t bn ngoi. Thnh phn ch yu ca v l cellulose, hemicellulose, licnhin, khng c gi tr dinh dng, nh hng xu n cht lng bt m nn trong qu trnh ch bin cng tch c nhiu v ra cng tt. V qu: Gm mt vi lp t bo chim 4 n 6% khi lng ton ht. Lp v qu ca ht la m mng, cu to khng c chc nh v tru ca thc nn trong qu trnh p v tut, v d b tch ra khi ht.
GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng Trang 6
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V ht: Chim 2 n 2,5% khi lng ht, gm ba lp t bo, mt lp biu b
dy bn ngoi,mt lp cha cc sc t, lp biu b mng bn trong.V ht c cu to rt bn v dai. Nu dng lc xay xt kh th kh bc v do trong sn xut bt m ngi ta phi qua khu lm m v m. b. Lp alrng Lp alrng nm pha trong cc lp v, c cu to t mt lp t bo ln c thnh dy, c cha protein, cht bo, ng, xelluloza, tro, v cc vitamin B1, B2, PP. c. Ni nh Nm st lp alrng. Ni nh la m chim 82% khi lng ton ht, l phn ch yu sn xut ra bt m. Ni nh l phn d tr cht dinh dng ca ht, n cha y tinh bt v protein, ngoi ra trong ni nh cn c mt lng nh cht bo, mui khong v vitamin. Bt m tch t ni nh th trng p. Bt tch t ni nh v mt phn t lp alrng th c mu trng ng, c nhiu cht dinh dng nhng kh bo qun. d. Phi Phi l phn pht trin thnh cy con khi ht ny mm v vy trong phi c kh nhiu cht dinh dng. Cht dinh dng trong phi ch yu gm c 25% protein, 18% cc gluxit ho tan, 16% cht bo. Phn ln lng sinh t v enzim ca ht u tp trung phi.Phi chim khong 2.5-3.5% khi lng ht. Lp v cm lm nh hng xu n mu sc ca bt m v lm gim gi tr thc phm ca bt m. Phi c cha enzyme v cht bo nn lm gim thi gian bo qun bt. V vy hai thnh phn ny phi c loi ra ti a trong qu trnh sn xut bt m. 1.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca ht la m
Bng 2: Bng thnh phn ha hc
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a. Glucid Tinh bt: chim t 50-73%. Ht tinh bt chia thnh 2 loi: ng ha. Ht nh loi B: ng knh t 4-10 m,cu to cht. Dextrin: chim t 1-5% Glucid bt m. Dextrin t lin kt vi nc nn bt lm bnh m c hm lng dextrin cao s lm rut bnh m t v km n hi. Pentozan: chim t 1,2-3,5% Glucid bt m. Pentozan tan:hp thu lng nc ln lm tng dnh nht ca bt nh hng xu n cht lng bnh m. Pentozan khng tan:trng n trong nc to thnh dch keo. Ngoi ra glucid ca tinh bt cn c 0,1-2,3% l cellulose, 2-8% hemicellulose v mt s loi ng nh glucose,fructose,maltose b. Protein Hm lng protein ca la m dao ng trong khong kh ln t 9,6 n 25,8%. Ngoi protein cn c mt lng nit phi protein chim khong 0,033 n 0,061%. Protein la m gm albumin, globulin, gliadin v glutenin, trong ch yu l gliadin v glutenin. Hai protein ny chim khong 75% ton lng protein ca la m. Hai protein ny khng ha tan trong nc m khi nho vi nc th trng ln to thnh mt khi do n hi gi l gluten. Loi la m khc nhau th lng gluten khc nhau. i vi la m bnh thng th lng gluten ti chim khong 20 n 25% khi lng ht. Gluten mu sng xm, n hi, gin t cao. Thnh phn ha hc ca gluten ph thuc loi ging v cht lng la m. Trung bnh trong gluten sy kh cha khong 85% protein, 2 n3 % cht bo, 2% cht khong, cn li khong 10 n 12% cc cht gluxit. nh gi cht lng gluten ngi ta dng cc ch s sau: Mu sc: Gluten tt c mu sng i khi xm hoc hi vng, gluten xu th mu xm. Kh nng ht nc ca gluten: Nu kh nng ht nc ca gluten cao th l gluten tt v vy sau khi xc nh gluten ti phi xc nh lng gluten kh. Bnh thng gluten ti cha 65 n 75% nc. Ht loi ln A: ng knh ln hn 10m,thng c cu to xp nn d b
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n hi: L tnh cht rt quan trng ca gluten. N th hin kh nng gi kh ca bt. cng t: Cng c trng cho kh nng gi kh ca bt. S thay i th tch gluten khi nng: L ch s quan trng c trng n ca gluten. nh gi cht lng protein ca la m khng nhng ch ti hm lng v cht lng gluten m v mt dinh dng cn phi ch ti thnh phn aminoaxit ca protein. c. Cht bo
Bng 3: Hm lng cht bo trong tng phn ca ht la m ( theo % cht kh)
Ht la m c mt lng nh cht bo. Theo Ivanop th s phn b cht bo trong ht ch yu tp trung phi v cm cn ni nh rt t. Thnh phn cht bo ca la m bao gm axit bo no v khng no. Hm lng cht bo trong tng phn ca ht la m c th hin qua bng sau Cht bo chia thnh lipid c cc v lipid khng cc.
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Lipid c cc: tp trung lp bin gii kh/lng khi nho bt,c kh nng gi li Lipid khng cc bao ph protein,hn ch qu trnh tip xc gia protein v
bt kh,chng li s hp bt,lm tng th tch bnh,to cu trc l u hn cho bnh m. nc,hn ch s hnh thnh mng gluten,gim th tch bnh. d. Cht khong Trong la m c mt lng nh cht khong. N phn b khng u trong tng phn ca ht, ch yu l P, K v Mg e. Vitamin Trong la m c mt lng vitamin gm vitamin A, nhm B, H, E, K v mt vi loi khc.
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Vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, E ch yu tp trung phi ht.V v lp alrng cha nhiu vitamin B6 H, K. f. Cc enzyme Trong la m cn c mt lng cht men nh amylaza, men thy phn protein, men oxy ha kh, lipoxydaza, phitaza, lipaza... -amylases v -amylases -amylases : thy phn ngu nhin cc lin kt -1,4-glycoside ca phn t amylase v amylosepectin trong ht tinh bt v to thnh hn hp dextrin, oligosaccharides, maltose -amylases : thy phn lien kt -1,4-glycoside t u khng kh ca phn t amylase v amylosepectin to thnh maltose.Tc dng ng ha tinh bt ca amylases y nhanh qu trnh ln men bt nho ,gip cht lng bnh tt hn nh cung cp them mt lng ng cho qu trnh ln men. H proteases Phn gii protein c cu trc bc 3,lm nt gluten,gim kh nng lien kt vi nc. Giai on u ca s thy phn cn thit cho s dm chin bt nho v lm bt nho do hn. 2. Tnh cht cng ngh v yu cu k thut 2.1. Tnh cht cng ngh Tnh cht cng ngh ca la m thng c nghin cu bt u t nhng c im v ging. Sau phi k n nhng tnh cht vt l ca khi ht nh dung trng, c im hnh hc ca ht, sch khi ht, m khi htT l ly bt cng nh hng n cht lng ca bt c th l nh hng n tiu ha ca sn phm. Trong cng nghip sn xut bt m nguyn liu phi c xc nh y cc thng s sau: a. tro ca ht tro l yu t rt quan trng v n nh hng trc tip n tro ca cc sn phm trung gian v ca thnh phm. Bt thng hng khng cho php tro qu 0,55% b. trng trong ca ht trng trong ca ht c ngha quan trng i vi vic chn ch ch bin ra bt. trng trong ca ht dao ng trong khong 10 n 100%. Ht trng trong d nghin v t l bt thu c bao gi cng ln hn so vi cc ht c. Bt c sn xut t ht trng trong thng c hm lng protein ni chung cng nh gluten ni ring cao hn. Ht trng trong cng hn ht c nn nng lng tiu hao khi nghin thng ln hn.
n mn hc CNTP
c. Tnh cht bt ca ht i vi bt k loi ht no tnh cht bt cng c c trng bng hm lng ni nh, hiu sut v cht lng ca cc sn phm trung gian cng nh ca bt trong qu trnh nghin th (nghin v) hiu sut chung v cht lng ca bt. Trong qu trnh nghin mn (nghin li) cc ch s chnh dng nh gi cht lng bt ca ht gm c: S lng tm v v hm lng tro ca chng Hiu sut v cht lng ca bt thng hng 45 h nghin u Hiu sut chung ca bt v cht lng bt Mc xt v (xc nh bng hm lng tinh bt trong cm) Tiu hao nng lng cho mt tn bt thnh phm
2.2. Yu cu k thut Ht la m phi c gin, sch, khng c mi l hay mi chng t ht b h hng, ht khng c cht ph gia hay cht c hi. D lng thuc bo v thc vt v cht nhim bn khc khng c vt qu mc ti a cho php. Ht la m khng c cc cn trng sng (quan st thy bng mt thng ). Hm lng nc ca ht la m khng c vt qu 15,5%. Dung trng (khi lng ca 100 lit ht) khng c thp hn 70kg/100 lt Lng ti a ht m h hng (ht gy, ht teo, ht khng bnh thng, ht b vi sinh vt
gy hi xm nhp), cc ht ng cc khc, tp cht ngoi laikhng c vt qu 15% tng khi lng. Hot tnh -amylase c biu th bng ch s ri v khng thp hn 160. 3. Cc hot ng sinh l ca ht la m xy ra trong qu trnh bo qun kho v cc phng php bo qun Ht la m vn l mt c th sng. Tuy la khi bng nhng trong ht vn xy ra cc qu trnh trao i cht phc tp duy tr s sng ca n. Cc qu trnh sinh l c bn ca ht ch yu gm: qu trnh h hp, qu trnh chn sau thu hoch, qu trnh gi v c bit nu bo qun khng tt cn xy ra qu trnh ny mm.
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3.1. Qu trnh h hp Ty vo iu kin bo qun m ht c th h hp hiu kh hay ym kh. Nu c khng kh th trong ht xy ra qu trnh h hp hiu kh. Trong iu kin bo qun thiu khng kh, ht s tin hnh h hp ym kh. Phng trnh tng qut ca qu trnh h hp hiu kh: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 674 kcal H hp hiu kh cn ng glucoza v oxy, sn phm to thnh l kh cacbonic v nc ng thi c sinh nhit. Phng trnh tng qut ca qu trnh h hp ym kh: C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 28,2 kcal Sn phm cui cng l ru v kh CO2, lng nhit thot ra t hn. Nh vy d l h hp hiu kh hay ym kh lng cht kh dn dn hao ht i. Mt khc trong khong trng gia cc ht dn tch ly kh cacbonic, c th n 1215%. Ngoi ra h hp cn sinh ra nc, lng nc ny tch t trong khi ht v lm m tng ln. c bit qu trnh h hp cn ta nhit, m kh nng dn nhit ca khi ht l rt km v vy nhit lng ta ra s lm nhit khi ht tng ln ng k. m v nhit ca khi ht tng ln lm cho qu trnh h hp ca ht cng mnh lit thm v dn n hin tng t bc nng . Thc t bo qun cho ta thy, do nh hng ca tnh cht vt l ca khi ht m khng kh kh lu thng trong khi ht nn c khu vc CO2 tch t nhiu, dn dn chuyn sang h hp ym kh, khu vc khc thong kh th h hp hiu kh nn thng trong khi ht c c hai dng h hp trn, c bit xy ra i vi khi ht bo qun lu khng co o, di chuyn. V phng din bo qun, s h hp ca ht l mt qu trnh khng c li: khi ht. Lm thay i thnh phn khng kh trong khi ht. Khi cng h hp ca khi ht cng ln th lng hao ht cht kh cng nhiu v thc y cc qu trnh sinh l khc lm cho khi ht chng h hng. Lm hao tn vt cht kh ca ht. Lm tng nhit trong khi ht. Lm tng m ca ht v m tng i ca khng kh trong khong khng
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Cng h hp ca khi ht mnh hay yu ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: nh hng thu phn ca ht v m ca mi trng nh hng ca nhit nh hng ca thong khng kh nh hng ca cht lng ht
Ngoi cc yu t trn, trong bo qun ht cn c mt s yu t nh hng khc nh s pht trin vi sinh vt, cn trng v p thuc. 3.2. Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch xy ra trong giai an u ca qu trnh bo qun ht mi thu hoch. Trong giai on ny sc sng ca ht, ny mm v nng lng ny mm ca ht c tng ln, cht lng ca ht tr nn tt hn. Trong qu trnh ny, cc cht hu c phn t thp chuyn thnh cc cht hu c phn t cao nh: chuyn ha aminoaxit thnh protein, ng thnh tinh bt, tng hp glyxerin v axit bo thnh cht bo... m, nhit , mc thong kh v thnh phn khng kh trong khi ht c nh hng r rt n hiu qu ca qu trnh chn sau thu hoch. Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch thng ch ko di trong vi tun l ri ht bc vo thi k n nh. 3.3. S ny mm Nu bo qun khng tt, kho b dt, tng ngm nc... khi ht c th xy ra hin tng ny mm. Hin tng ny mm lm gim phm cht ht ng k: gim khi lng cht kh ca ht, cng h hp mnh thi nhit nhiu lm cho nhit khi ht tng ln v thc y cc qu trnh sinh l khc tin hnh mnh lit lm cho phm cht ht km, t l thnh phm khi ch bin thp, ng thi c mi kh chu. V vy khi thu nhp, chuyn ch, bo qun phi ngn nga cc yu t c th gy nn hin tng ny mm, tt nht l ht phi tht kh ( m thp), kho phi cch m tt, v bo qun trong iu kin khng c oxi cng tt. 3.4. Qu trnh t bc nng ca khi ht Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn c bn lm gim cht lng v tn hao vt cht kh ca ht khi bo qun l qu trnh t bc nng.
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C s ca hin tng t bc nng: C s sinh ha: Qu trnh h hp ca tt c cc phn t sng c trong khi ht lm C s vt l: dn nhit ca khi ht km, nn lng nhit sinh ra do qu trnh h hp thot ra nhit. ca cc phn t sng c trong khi ht khng thot ra ngoi hoc thot ra chm, tch t li lm tng nhit ca khi ht. Qu trnh tng nhit do bn thn khi ht gy nn gi l qu trnh t bc nng ca khi ht. Ngun to nhit trong khi ht gy nn qu trnh t bc nng gm: h hp ca ht chnh, h hp ca vi sinh vt, ca ht c di, v ca trng b. Qu trnh t bc nng ca khi ht khng nhng lm thay i cc ch s cht lng l hc ca ht nh mu sc, mi v, ri m cn lm thay i ny mm v thnh phn ha hc ca ht dn ti gim vt cht kh ca ht. Nu bc nng nghim trng c th dn ti hng ton b khi ht. C th phn thnh cc dng t bc nng sau: Dng : Xut hin bt k mt vng no trong khi ht. Dng lp: Xy ra lp trn, lp di hoc lp thng ng, khng gia do khi ht Dng bc nng ton b: Dng ny rt nguy cp, hu nh ton b khi ht t bc nng,
ch chu nh hng ca iu kin bn ngoi. v b h hng hon ton. 3.5. Hin tng nn cht ca khi ht (s dnh ca khi ht) Hin tng nn cht ca khi ht l s mt i tng phn hoc mt i ton b ri ca khi ht. Hin tng ny do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra: Do sc nn ca khi ht, p lc ca nhng ht pha di chu p lc ca nhng ht pha trn gy ra s kt dnh. Hin tng ny xy ra khi ta ht qu cao hoc bo qun lu ngy khng co o. dnh. Do cc nguyn nhn khc nh do cn trng, do vi sinh vt... Do hin tng t bc nng m lm vn cc li. Do lm lnh tha: nu bo qun khi ht nhit qu thp s gy ra hin tng kt
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3.6. Cc phng php bo qun nguyn liu bo qun hiu qu, phi thc hin tt bn nhim v ca cng tc bo qun: Trnh mt mt v khi lng hay gim mt mt n mc thp nht. Gi c cht lng ca mt hng bo qun. Tng c cht lng ca mt hng bo qun. Bo m gi thnh ca mt n v bo qun l thp nht.
Da trn nhng yu t c bn c th khng ch c l m, nhit v thnh phn khng kh m ngi ta a ra cc bin php bo qun ht nh sau: a. Bo qun ht trng thi kh C s ca phng php: Da vo kh nng hot ng sinh l thp ca tt c cc phn t sng c trong khi ht khi lng m trong khi ht thp. Mi khi m ca nguyn liu nh hn m ti hn th cc qu trnh xy ra trong khi ht chm v hu nh khng ng k . Trn c s , ngi ta thng bo qun m WHt < WTi hn (124%). b. Bo qun ht trng thi lnh C s ca phng php: Da vo s nhy cm ca cc phn t sng trong khi ht nhit thp. nhit thp th cng h hp ca ht gim ng k, khng c hin tng t bc nng. Nhng khng nn lm lnh ht nhit lnh tha trnh hin tng kt dnh ca khi ht. c. Bo qun ht trng thi thiu khng kh (trng thi kn) C s ca phng php: Da vo nhu cu v oxi ca cc phn t sng c trong khi ht. iu kin thiu oxi hot ng ca vi sinh vt hiu kh v cn trng gim mnh, c th b nh ch hoc b tiu dit mt cch ng k. Qua nghin cu cho thy rng, bo qun kn vn gi c tnh cht ban u ca khi ht. V cn c nhng cng ngh ph nh lm sch v phn loi, xng hi tit trng, thng gi hoc o trn, x l ha cht nhm gip cho cng tc bo qun c hiu qu cao hn. Trong bo qun, cn da vo iu kin kh hu a phng, dng kho, kh nng k thut ca c s, cht lng ca ht v cc ch tiu kinh t khc a ra bin php ti u nht. c im ca la m sau khi nhp khu v th lm kh n m bo qun, vi iu kin kh hu ca khu vc Min Trung ni chung v Nng ni ring, ti quyt nh chn
n mn hc CNTP
phng php bo qun ht trng thi kh. Ty thuc cht lng ca tng khi ht khi nhp khu v m ti s c nhng ch bo qun thch hp hn. Mt trong nhng cng tc nhm gim tn hao trong bo qun l thng xuyn kim tra s xm nhp ca chut, mi mt v c bin php chng kp thi. II. SN PHM BT M 1. M t sn phm Bt m l sn phm c ch bin t ht la m thng thng Triticum aestivum L, hay t ht la m bng mp Triticum compactum Host, hay hn hp ca chng bng qu trnh nghin ln hoc nghin phn loi , trong qu trnh ny v cm v phi c tch ra v phn cn li c nghin nh ti mn thch hp. 2. Thnh phn c bn v ch tiu cht lng a. Nguyn liu th Ht la m phi c cht lng tt v c gi tr thng phm. b. Cc ch tiu cht lng chung Bt m v cc thnh phn b sung vo u phi sch, v sinh v ph hp vi cht lng thc phm. Ton b qu trnh ch bin ht la m bao gm: phn loi, lm sch, nghincc sn phm nghin trung gian v bt nghin u phi thc hin nh sau: Gim mt mt tn tht gi tr dinh dng n mc ti thiu. Trnh cc thay i khng mong mun v cc c tnh cng ngh ca bt. c. Cc ch tiu cht lng c trng Bt m phi tun theo cc yu cu sau : axit ca cc axit bo khng qu 50mg KOH cn trung ha axit bo t do trong Protein: hm lng protein khng thp hn 7,0%, tnh theo cht kh. m: m ca sn phm khng vt qu 15,5% v c khng ch bng quy d. Cc thnh phn khng bt buc Cc thnh phn sau y c th c thm vo bt m vi s lng cn thit v cc mc ch cng ngh nh: cc sn phm malt c hot tnh enzym vn c sn xut t ht la m, ht 100g bt tnh theo cht kh. -
phm thc hnh sn xut tt GMP.
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mch en hay t ht i mch, gluten ti, bt u tng hay bt u khc c cht lng thc phm thch hp. Cc cht dinh dng: Vic thm cc vitamin, cc cht khong hoc cc axit amin c hiu phi ph hp vi php lut ca nc tiu th sn phm. e. C ht Bt m khng nh hn 98% lng bt lt qua ry c kch thc l 212 milimicron (N-70). f. Cc cht nhim bn Kim loi nng: Trong bt m khng c php c kim loi nng vi s lng gy nguy him cho con ngi. D lng cht tr sinh vt hi: bt m phi tun th gii hn ti a cho php theo quy nh v d lng cht tr sinh vt hi. g. Bao gi Bt m phi c bao gi v vn chuyn trong cc bao b hp v sinh, m bo cht lng dinh dng v k thut ca sn phm. Bao b ch c lm bng cc vt liu m bo s an ton v thch hp vi mc ch s dng. Bao b khng c thi cc cht c hoc mi v l vo sn phm. h. Ghi nhn Tn ca thc phm phi c ghi r trn nhn l bt m hoc tn thch hp do yu cu ca nc tiu th. Ngoi ra, cn phi ghi thm cc ch tiu cht lng theo yu cu ca lut php nc tiu th. Hm lng tro c th c cng b b sung. iu ny khng p dng i vi bt b sung canxi cacbonat hay cc thnh phn khc c hm lng khong khc vi hm lng khong ca bt. 3. Cc qu trnh xy ra trong thi gian bo qun Thi gian bo qun ca bt khng di do cu trc t bo ht b ph v. Mc d vy, trong qu trnh bo qun bt vn xy ra nhiu qu trnh, cc qu trnh ny c chia lm hai nhm: Nhm bao gm cc qu trnh c li. Nhm bao gm cc qu trnh khng c li. a. Cc qu trnh khng c li Bao gm tt c cc qu trnh lm gim cht lng ca bt. a. Qu trnh trao i kh ca khi bt
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Cng ging nh khi ht, bt thnh phm trong qu trnh bo qun vn din ra cc hot ng sng ca mnh, khi bt vn trao i kh khng ngng. Qu trnh trao i kh ny bao gm c h hp ca cc phn t bt, h hp ca vi sinh vt v mt lot cc qu trnh oxy ha khc nh oxy ha cht bo... Nu thong khng kh cao th qu trnh h hp ca bt cng mnh hn ht v tng s b mt hot ng ca khi bt ln hn khi ht rt nhiu. b. Thay i chun axit v ch s axit bo ca bt Chun axit hay cn gi l axit c trng chua ca bt. Ch s axit bo c trng cho s thy phn cht bo. Trong bo qun, d cha c du hiu b h hng nhng chun axit v ch s axit bo ca bt lun lun tng ln. Nu bt bo qun cng lu th chun axit v ch s axit bo cng cao. Da trn c s c th xc nh c ti ca bt. Nguyn nhn lm tng axit v ch s axit bo l do tc dng ca men v vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht trong thnh phn ca bt nh phn hy protein thnh aminoaxit v cc sn phm trung gian, phn hy phitin thnh axit photphoric, men lipaza phn hy cht bo thnh axit bo t do v glixerin. Chun axit v ch s axit tng nhanh hay chm ty thuc vo m ca bt, nhit khng kh v cht lng bt ban u. Nu nhit v m cao th qu trnh phn hy cc cht ca bt nhanh, bt cng chng chua. V vy trong bo qun m ca bt cng thp cng tt, c bit ch n bt c cht lng thp. c. Qu trnh ng ca bt Sau khi bo qun t 36 thng sn phm thng c mi hi, v v ng. Di tc dng ca men lipaza cht bo phn hy thnh axit bo v glixerin. Axit bo khng bn c bit l axit bo khng no d dng oxy ha thnh nhng cht c gc xeton v aldehyt. Chnh nhng cht ny lm cho bt c mi hi, v ng. Qu trnh phn hu cc cht bo to cho bt c v ng gi l qu trnh ng ca sn phm. Qu trnh ng ca sn phm xy ra mnh hay yu ty thuc vo cc yu t: Cht lng ht ch bin ra sn phm. Mc thong kh ca khi sn phm. m ca bt. Nhit ca khng kh trong kho.
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nh sng mt tri.
d. Hin tng nn cht ca sn phm Trong qu trnh bo qun bt thng c hin tng vn cc v nn cht li, mt hn tnh tan ri. Ty theo tnh cht, mc v v tr ca hin tng nn cht m c th phn ra ba dng: p cht: y l hin tng vt l t nhin do cc lp trn p xung lm lp di nn cht li. Dng bt b p cht vn cn ri nhng nu khng ch o bao hoc khng trn ln th sn phm d dng b nn cht li. ng cc: Hin tng ny xy ra khi ri ca khi bt gim xung nhiu, lc ny bt thng vn cc li thnh nhng cc to nh khc nhau. Hin tng ng cc thng xy ra trong khi bt bo qun lu ngy, cht qu cao hoc khng o bao thng xuyn. Hin tng ny xy ra nhanh hay chm ph thuc vo m ca bt, bt c m cao s chng ng cc. ng mng: Khi bt ng thnh tng mng rt ln v rt chc phi dng cuc mi xi ln c. l kt qu pht trin ca hin tng vn cc, bt thng c mi mc. e. Qu trnh t bc nng ca khi bt Qu trnh t bc nng ca khi bt tng t ca khi ht. Thng th bc nng trong khi bt nhanh hn v b mt hot ng ca khi bt ln hn ht nn cc qu trnh sinh l xy ra mnh m, vi sinh vt d dng xm nhp v pht trin. Mt khc, do mc thong trong khi bt t nn nhit thot ra chm tch t li lm cho khi bt tng nhit nhanh. b. Cc qu trnh c li Bao gm cc qu trnh lm tng cht lng ca bt cn gi l qu trnh chn ca bt. y l mt qu trnh phc tp v quan trng i vi bt m, lm cho cht lng sn phm ch bin t bt m tng. a. S lm trng bt Mu sc ca bt ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc sc t c trong ht v chuyn vo bt. Thnh phn sc t c trong ht ch yu l xantophin v caroten. c im ca cc sc t ny l d b oxi ha to thnh cc dn xut khng mu. Khi khng kh xm nhp cng nhiu, qu trnh oxi ho xy ra cng nhanh th bt cng trng, nhng d gy hin tng ng ca bt. V vy, cn iu chnh lng khng kh thch hp bt va trng, va khng b ng. b. S thay i tnh gluten ca bt Trong bo qun, gluten ca bt bin i theo quy lut: Gluten yu Keo cht hn Do Gluten mnh.
n mn hc CNTP
Qua nghin cu, s d tnh gluten thay i do: S tc ng ca cc axit bo khng no (axit oleic, axit linoleic...). Cc qu trnh oxi ho. c. Cc phng php bo qun bt Bt m sau khi sn xut, nu tri qua qu trnh chn thm ri mi em ch bin th cht lng s tng. Hn na, sn phm ca nh my sn xut ra khng phi khi no cng tiu th ht ngay nn cn phi c bin php bo qun nhm m bo cht lng ca bt. C ba phng php bo qun thng c s dng: Bo qun trong bao, bo qun ng gi v bo qun ri. Vi c tnh ca bt m v iu kin kh hu ca a phng ti chn phng php bo qun trong bao. Bt m c ng bao v chuyn vo kho thnh phm, xp ln k phn thnh tng dy theo ca sn xut. Trong thi gian bt cn lu li trong kho cn c ch bo qun thch hp gi c cht lng bt. Cch xp cc dy bt phi hp l, thun tin cho vic xut kho. bo qun tt bt cn bo m cc cng tc sau : - Cu trc v cch chun b nh kho: Nh kho cn c mi hin rng. Sn nh v tng phi phng khng c vt nt, mi nh phi thit k ph hp vi mi thi tit v thng gi tt. Cc vt liu thit b khng cn thit phi a ra ngoi kho, xung quanh nh kho cch 5m khng c c cy c v cn gi v sinh sch s, ngn np. Bn cnh cn trnh s t nhp ca chut cc l thng hi cn che li. - V sinh chung: Nu v sinh v chng nhim mt trong nh my c m bo bt m s trnh c su mt. Ngoi ra, nh my cn c th s dng cc bin php kim sot su mt bng cch s dng cc ha cht. - Kim tra: Vic kim tra thng xuyn l rt cn thit. Cc l hng cn phi c kim tra trc khi a vo nhp kho. Nu b nhim mt th cn phi gi li ti ch hoc phun thuc st trng. Cn kim tra cc l hng ct trong kho c b nhim su mt khng, nu c cn khc phc cc mi trng lm ny sinh bng cch ly ra ngun nhim mt hoc cch ly nh kho. - Quay vng cc l hng: Bt m cn c cht chng trong nhng l d nhn bit, khng c da vo tng v cha li i t nht 0,7m gia bt k chng bt no v tng k . Hng no nhp trc th xut trc hng no nhp sau th xut sau theo th t k c nhng ni kh ly .
n mn hc CNTP
- V sinh hng ngy v cch phng nga: Cc b mt bn trong v bn ngoi nh kho c th phun thuc nh k. 4. Phng php kim tra nguyn liu , bn thnh phm v sn phm cui cng Trong thi i cnh tranh ngy nay, cht lng sn phm l vn sng cn cho s tn ti v pht trin ca mi doanh nghip. V vy khu kim tra cht lng sn phm rt quan trng i vi doanh nghip. Nhim v ny ca phng KCS, kim tra nguyn liu t u vo, trong sut qu trnh sn xut v ca thnh phm. Vic kim tra nh gi cht lng nguyn liu, bn thnh phm v thnh phm c chnh xc hay khng th vic ly mu v phng php ly rt quan trng. Mu ly phi i din cho l hng v yu cu cn kim tra. Cht lng ca mi l hng bt c xc nh da trn kt qu phn tch mu trung bnh ly t l hng .
a. Xc nh mi v ca bt
Ly khong 20g bt, trn giy sch, ri ngi mi. Khi nghi ng v mi ca bt m th xc nh theo mi ca bnh nng t bt. Xc nh v ca bt bng cch nhai 12 mu bt, mi mu 1g. Khi c tranh chp th v ca bt c xc dnh theo v ca bnh nng t bt. b. Kim tra m ca bt (ht) Kim tra m ca bt (ht) ly mu trong kho v ngay trn dy chuyn ang hot ng (bn thnh phm). Kim tra m ca bt bng phng php sy nhanh nhit 1300C trong thi gian 30 45 pht. c. Kim tra chua ca bt ( axit ca bt ) chua hay axit ca bt o bng , v c biu th bng s ml NaOH 1N dng trung ha ht lng axit c trong 100g bt.
d. Kim tra cht lng gluten ca bt m

Sau mt thi gian bo qun, bt m s xy ra qu trnh chn bt v gluten trong bt c xu hng thay i t yu n mnh. V vy cn phi kim tra cht lng gluten ca bt. i vi bt tt, thng th lng gluten ti chim khong 25 30% khi lng bt.
e. Kim tra mu ca bt
So snh bt th vi bt mu chun.
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Nh my s dng my Satake o mu ca bt. H thng my c trang b kh tt v c sn mt curet mu chnh my.
f. Kim tra protein

Ch s protein ca ht v bt rt quan trng trong nh my bt m. Vic kim tra ch s protein ca ht v bt l tng t nhau. Ly 100g mu t kho cha nguyn liu, em i xay bng my xay chuyn dng cho phng KCS. xc nh hm lng protein ca bt, nh my dng phng php Ken-dan.
g. Cht lng bt thnh phm t c nhng yu cu sau

* Ch tiu cm quan: + Trng thi b ngoi bt mn, u ht. + Mu sc: trng ng n ng vng. + Mi: khng c mi hi, mc v nhng mi khc l. + V: v bnh thng khng c v ng hay v chua. + Tp cht: khng c tp cht nhn thy bng mt thng v khi nhai khng c cm gic sn. * Ch tiu ho l: + m + tro
15,5%. 1%.
+ axit ca cc axit bo khng qu 50mg KOH cn trung ho axit bo t do trong 100g bt tnh theo cht kh.
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PHN II: QUY TRNH CNG NGH I. QUY TRNH CNG NGH 1. Quy trnh cng ngh chung
Hnh 3 : S quy trnh cng ngh tng qut 2. Cng on x l nguyn liu
Hnh 4 : S quy trnh cng ngh cng on x l nguyn liu
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II. THUYT MINH QUY TRNH 1. Sng tp cht 1.1 Mc ch Chun b nhm Loi b cc tp cht cn ln trong khi la. Tp cht trong la m thng thng chim khong 2 6%, bao gm cc tp cht v c v hu c nh: cng rm, rc, ct, sn, kim loi, ht ln loi (khng phi ht la m), mnh ht la m b, ht lp lng Cc tp cht ny cn phi tch ra trc khi a la vo nghin. To iu kin thun li cho cc my tip theo lm vic: trnh kt my, mn trc nghin lm gim tui th ca my nghin, nng cao hiu sut nghin, m bo cht lng bt sn xut ra. 1.2 Cc bin i ch yu Vt l: khi lng gim do mt phn tp cht b loi b, cc tp cht c kch thc ln nh dy nilon, si, , mnh kim loi, b gi li trn sng cn cc tp cht nh nh ct, ht la lp, ht cm th lt qua sng, t trng thay i. Ha hc: gim cc thnh phn v c trong khi ht c to ra bi ct, Cm quan: khi ht tr nn sch, sng v ng u hn. 1.3 Cc yu t nh hng Thnh phn khi ht: loi tp cht, kch thc tp cht. Cu to li sng: kch thc l sng, s lng li sng, vn tc rung ca li sng, nghing mt li. 1.4 Nguyn tc phn loi tp cht Da vo s khc nhau v kch thc hnh hc ca khi ht (dng sng phn loi): mt sng l trn phn loi ht theo chiu rng ht; mt sng l di phn loi ht theo chiu dy ht; mt sng c dp l lm phn loi ht theo chiu di ht: tch ht b, ht ln loi, kch thc nh. Da vo tnh cht kh ng: tch cc tp cht nh: bi, ht lp Da vo s khc nhau v t trng: tch , si c cng kch thc vi ht la m. Da vo lc t tnh: tch tp cht kim loi. Da vo ma st gia cc b mt ht: lm sch b mt ht la m.
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2. Tch kim loi 2.1 Mc ch : chun b nhm tch kim loi cn ln ra khi khi la gip: Loi b mi nguy vt l c trong bt m, tng cht lng bt thnh phm. Trnh lm mn trc nghin lm gim hiu sut v tui th ca my. 2.2 Cc bin i ch yu Vt l: kim loi st b ht bi nam chm v tch ra khi khi ht Ha hc: lm gim lng kim loi c trong la. 2.3 Cc yu t nh hng Thnh phn kim loi c trong khi ht. Vn tc dng ht Din tch tip xc ca ht la v nam chm. 2.4 Thit b : my tch kim loi 3. Gia m v m 3.1 Mc ch : chun b nhm to thun li cho qu trnh nghin. Qu trnh gia m: l qu trnh phun nc tip xc u ln b mt ht la m. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l: lm cho lp v la tr nn dai hn, t b nghin vn trong qu trnh nghin, lm mm ht la qu trnh nghin thun li hn v tn nng lng. Qu trnh : la cn c mt thi gian sau lhi gia m m ht phn b u trn ton khi ht. 3.2 Cc bin i ch yu Vt l: khi lng v th tch tng do ht ht m v trng n, ht tr nn mm v xp hn. Ha hc: lin kt gia lp v v ni nh tr nn lng lo bi s c mt ca nc. Ha l: s hydrate ha ca tinh bt c trong ni nh lm tng xp. Cm quan: b mt ht tr nn bng, t do s c mt ca nc t do. 3.3 Cc yu t nh hng Lng nc gia m v thi gian m: ph thuc vo tng loi la m cng hay la m mm, m ban u ca ht la m. La m cng kh, cng th lng nc gia m cng nhiu v thi gian cng di. i vi la m loi mm thng ch gia m v m mt ln. i vi la m loi cng th s ln gia m v m c th l hai hay ba ln.
n mn hc CNTP
m cn gia m: ph thuc vo tng loi la m: La rt cng: 16 16.5% La cng: 15.5 16% La cng va: 14.5 15.5% La mm: 14.5 15% La rt cng: 18 32 gi La cng: 16 24 gi La mm trng trong: 6 12 gi La mm trng c: 4 6 gi
Thi gian m: -
Cng thc :
Trong : Gn: lng nc cn thit cho gia m (lt/gi) Gh: lng ht la cn gia m (kg/gi) W1: m ban u ca ht (%) W2: m sau khi m (%) 4. Nghin 4.1 Mc ch Khai thc Nghin l qu trnh bin ht la m thnh cc phn t nh hn nh tc dng ca ngoi lc ph v lin kt ca cc phn t bt. 4.2 Cc bin i ch yu Vt l: kch thc ht gim dn t ht la m thnh dng bt mn, th tch gim, nhit tng nh do ma st vi trc nghin v cc ht vi nhau, lin kt gia v v ht b ph v di tc dng ca lc c hc to bi trc nghin. Ha l: s bay hi m do ma st lm tng nhit nhng khng ng k. Cm quan: bt tr nn mm, mn v sng hn. 4.3 Nguyn l C nhiu nguyn l nghin khc nhau s dng ph hp cho cc loi sn phm nghin khc nhau nh:
n mn hc CNTP
Nghin va p: loi my nghin ba. Nghin ct x: cc loi my nghin dng a ct. My nghin s dng trong ngnh sn
xut bt m l loi nghin nhiu trc. My ny s dng nguyn l nghin: ct, p, x. Hin nay ph bin l cc loi my nghin bn trc v my nghin tm trc do nhiu hng sn xut nh Buhler (Thy S), Ocrim (Italia), Satake (Nht Bn) nc ta ph bin vn l my nghin 4 trc 2501000 ca hng Buhler. Trc nghin s dng c 2 loi: trc trn (cho loi nghin mn) v trc c rnh kha hay cn gi l rng (cho h nghin th). Cc trc nghin c th c lm mt bng nc hoc khng kh. Qu trnh nghin c th phn lm hai loi: dng nghin n gin v dng nghin phc tp: Dng nghin n gin: nghin thng t ht ra bt khng c sn phm trung gian. Dng Dng nghin phc tp: qu trnh nghin c i qua nhiu giai on. Nghin v qua nghin ny ch cho mt loi bt. sng to cc sn phm trung gian, cc sn phm trung gian tip tc c nghin v sng cho n khi t c cht lng bt theo yu cu cng ngh. Dng nghin ny s thu c nhiu loi bt cht lng khc nhau v c tch ring. Hin nay trong cng ngh sn xut bt m ngi ta s dng dng nghin phc tp. Qu trnh nghin phc tp hin nay thng c chia lm hai h nghin: h nghin th v h nghin mn. - H nghin th (break): nghin ht la m thnh cc sn phm nh hn nh tm li, cc mnh htBt c ly ra t h nghin th khng nhiu v chim khong 20 25% tng lng bt c ly ra. H nghin ny thng chia lm 4 h nh t h nghin B1 n h nghin B4. Khe h gia hai trc nghin trong h nghin th c iu chnh trong khong 0.3 1 mm. H nghin mn (crush): nghin tm li thnh bt. Bt c to ra v thu hi chnh ti h nghin ny. H nghin ny thng chia lm 10 h t C1 n C10. Loi bt F1 c ly t h nghin C1 n C7. Loi bt F2 c ly t h nghin C8 n C10. Mm la c ly ra t h nghin C4. Khe h gia hai trc nghin ca h nghin mn c iu chnh trong khong t 0.2 0.3 mm. Cc yu t nh hng: Tc trc nghin Khong cch gia hai trc Bn cht nguyn liu: kch thc ht, m.
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4.4 Quy trnh nghin th 4.4.1 Nguyn tc thnh lp quy trnh nghin th Cu to, tnh cht cu trc c hc ca ht v cc thnh phn ca chng khng cho php ta bng mt ln nghin m c th tch ni nh ra khi v. t hiu sut tch ni nh cao, ngi ta phi cho nguyn liu qua nhiu ln nghin lin tip. Sau mi ln nghin c thu hi tm, tm li da vo s khc nhau v kch thc, hnh dng v cht lng ca cc phn t trong hn hp nghin. Giai on u ca quy trnh sn xut bt m l qu trnh nghin th. Nhim v ca qu trnh nghin th l thu hi mt s lng ti a tm ln v tm va, v mt lng nh bt vi tro thp nht. Hm lng tm ln, tm va cng cao th t l bt cao cp v t l bt chung cng ln. Qu trnh nghin th gm hai giai on: o Giai on 1: 3 - 4 h u. Trong giai on ny qu trnh ph v ht c tin hnh t t qua cc h nghin t lin tip nhau. Yu cu i vi giai on 1 l t l tm thu hi sau mi h cao, t l tm li v bt thp. o Giai on 2: Giai on tch v, thng th c khong 2 - 7 h nghin. giai on ny ni nh phi c tch hon ton ra khi v. Da vo cc loi bt thnh phm, cht lng nguyn liu v thit b sn c trong nh my chn s lng trc nghin v cc thng s k thut ca chng. Tuy nhin yu t quan trng, quyt nh s phc tp ca qu trnh nghin th l cng ca ht v cc thnh phn khc nhau ca chng di tc dng ca lc ph v. La m cng v la m mm trng trong cao th bn hn, ni nh chc, v gin, nn di tc dng ca lc ph v, cc lp v d b tch ra hay b v ngay trong 1 - 3 h nghin th u tin vi t l n nt ca ni nh rt thp. trnh nghin v thnh bt, tng hiu sut tch v i vi la m cng, trong cc h ca giai on hai, ngi ta thng gim s tc dng lc bn v ht. S lng h nghin trong giai on 2 thng khng qu 7 h. Vi s h ny ngi ta c th thu hi mt lng ln tm v tm li, tch sch v ra khi ni nh, lm cho v khng ln vo bt, tng cht lng ca bt thnh phn. Thng thng tro ca bt ch bin t la m cng cao hn tro ca bt la m mm.
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La m mm c trng trong trung bnh (nhm II) ni nh km bn, v dai hn, mi lin kt gia v v ni nh kh cht ch. Kh nng chng li lc tc dng nghin ca ni nh la m mm km, t l phn t b ph v ln hn so vi la m cng v la m mm c trng trong cao, v vy t l tm thu c thp, t l bt cao. V la m mm dai, lin kt kh cht ch vi ni nh, kh tch, cho nn trong ph phm t l ni nh tng i cao. Qu trnh ch bin la m mm phc tp hn la m cng rt nhiu. Vi la m mm khng th tch tm cht lng cao cc h nghin th u, hiu sut tch v thp, nn ngi ta thng dng h 7 trc nghin. La m c trng trong cng thp th bn cng km, ni nh mm v cng dai. Nu khi tc dng mt lc ln ht la m cng hoc la m mm c trng trong cao, ni nh s v ra thnh cc phn t nh hn di dng tm, th khi nghin la m mm ta s thu c tm ch yu l ni nh c ln t v. t bit t l tm ln, tm va ca m mm thp hn so vi tm ca la m cng v la m mm c trng trong cao. t tnh th 2 ca la m mm l trong qu trnh nghin th bt cao cp ch yu thu hi giai on nghin tm ca ni nh. V la m mm v kh tch v vy khi ch bin la m mm cn s dng khong 6 7 h trc nghin. Khi thnh lp h nghin th cn nh rng sn phm sau khi nghin ca la m cng v la m mm trng trong cao th ti v d phn loi hn so vi sn phm ca la m mm. Cng 1 loi ht trng trong nh nhau, nhng nu ni trng, v u kin pht trin ca cy khc nhau, th bn ca ni nh v v cng khc nhau. S lng h nghin th t thng khng m bo thu hi tm v tm li theo t l nh. V nu thu hi lng tm th gim hiu sut tch v. Ngc li, nu tch v tt th t l tm cc h u gim xung. Trong nhng nm gn y ngi ta thng dng my nghin i trc, tr h nghin th V, VI, VII ca giai on 2. a s trng hp, phn khng lt I, ca nghin th IV, V a qua my bn chi, sau hoc thu cm v hoc chuyn ti my nghin. Cn phn khng lt II v khng lt di th a trc tip vo my nghin.
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giai on 1 ca qu trnh nghin th ngi ta ch dng my nghin i trc. Trong giai on 2, dng my nghin i trc khng li v s hn ch nng sut phn xng v hiu sut tch v khng cao. Da vo s khc bit v cu trc c hc, tnh cht ha hc ca ht v cc thnh phn khc nhau ca chng, ngi ta thay mt cch c hiu qu phng php tch v trn my nghin i trc bng my c v. Qua hang lot nghin cu v th nghim trong cc nh my sn xut bt m, ngi ta xc nh rng qu trnh k thut ca thit b no t hiu sut lm vic cao nht, th phng php tch v s kinh t nht. Ngi ta thng tch v ln trn my c v, cn v nh - trong my bn chi. Tm li, hin nay qu trnh nghin th trogn s sn xut bt nhiu loi, ty thuc vo loi nghin, cht lng ht, nng sut x nghip c th s dng khong 4 5 h nghin tm, cn tch v th dng my c v my bn chi. Loi cc sn phm c kch thc ln v nh, t tnh k thut, t tnh hnh ng, s chuyn ng ca sn trn mt ry, s hiu rykhc nhau trong cc h ring bit. Nghin cc sn phm c kch thc khc nhau trong cc h bao gi cng thu c hiu qu cao. iu ny c th gii thch nh sau: cc phn t vo h nghin c s ng nht v kch thc cho nn ta c th xc nh thong s k thut c th cho tng h nghin ln hoc nh tng ng vi kch thc phn t sn phm. Phn loi sn phm c kch thc v cht lng khc nhau ch t hiu qu cao vi h nghin th I, II, III. Tm, tm li, bt thu c sau khi phn loi tm ln, cht lng cao hn so vi sn phm tm nh. T h nghin th IV tr i hiu qu phn loi sn phm theo kch thc s khng ng k, v cc h sau s khc bit v cht lng gia tm ln, tm nh v bt rt t. Nghin v ry ring tng loi sn phm cc h cng ch nn ng dng tronh cc nhaa2 my nng sut ln, kch thc v nng sut trc nghin ca cc h khc nhau, v khi mi c th iu chnh ti lng ring trn my nghin v ca h ray . Trong cc x nghip sn xut bt m nng xut nh tt nht nn dung h nghin v phn loi chung. C th dng h nghin th II ring bit, cn cc h khc th dung chung. Hoc nghin ring th II,III. Cc h cn li nghin chung tm ln v nh.
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i vi trng hp nguyn liu a vo nghin c phn loi theo kch thc, khi nghin ring h th I, sau cng phn loi ring, hoc nghin ring, phn loi chung. Nhiu nghin cu v th nghim 1 s nh my sn xut bt m cn cho ta thy khi thnh lp qu trnh nghin th c th da vo cht lng nguyn liu xc nh t tnh c hc ca trc nghin (tr vic chn s rng ca trc). Bi v khi chn s rng trc cho tng h ngghie6n2 ngi ta phi da vo ln ca sn phm. S rng trn trc nghin thong thng ly khong 4-5 trn 1cm chiu di chu vi trc, s rng ca h nghin th sau ln hn s rng ca h trc n khong 0,5-1,5cm trn 1cm chiu di chu vi trc, v cng v sau kch thc phn t trong sn phm cng nh. i vi cc loi la m khc nhau th nghin ca rng trn cc h trc nghin cng khc nhau. Vi lu m cng v la m mm trng trong cao, nghin ca rng khong 4%, vi trng trung bnh th nghin khong 6%, cn trng trong thp th nghin khong 6-8%. Khi nghin la m cng v la m mm trng trong cao, thng th b tr rng trn trc nghin theo lng-lng ( k hiu L-L). Cn nghin la m trng trong thp th b tr theo mt-mt (k hiu M-M). Tuy nhin, khi nghin la m cng v la m mm trng trong cao, m ln v s dng cch phn b rng trn trc theo L-L th s lng h nghin s thiu, hiu sut tch v thp, v ti lng trn trc nghin s qu ln. Khi nghin la m cng, vn tc trc nhanh V = 6m/s t s gia trc nhanh v trc chm l Vnh/Vch ca tt c cc h nghin khng ph thuc vo kiu nghin, loi v cht lng ca la m ngi ta thng ly khong k = 2,5. S chuyn ng ca sn phm trn ry ch cho php ta thu c mnh ln, tm ln. V vy phn loi hn hp tm va, tm bt, tm li, tm nh ngi ta t thm h ry ph. Ry ph c b tr sau h ry chnh ca h nghin th. Sau khi ra khi ry ph, tm v tm li c chuyn n cc giai on tng ng, cn bt vo h kim tra. Ty thuc vo nng sut ca nh my, hn hp sau cc h nghin th c th vo cc h phn loi theo mt trong cc phng n sau: Sn phm t cc h nghin th I, II, III, IV theo cc ng ng khc nhau vo cc ng ry tng ng CC-N01, N02, N03, N04. Hn hp cc sn phm ca cc h th I v IV vo ry CC-N01, cc sn phm ca h th II vo ry CC-N02, ca h th III vo ry CC-N03.
n mn hc CNTP
Hn hp ca h th I v IV vo ry CC-N01. Hn hp ca h th II, III vo ry CCN02. Phn loi cc sn phm h th I vo ry CC-N01, sn phm ca h th II vo ry CCN02, ca h th III vo ry CC-N03. Sn phm ca h th I vo ry CC-N01 v hn hp sn phm h th II v III vo ry CC-N03. Hn hp sn phm ca h th I v III vo ry CC-N01 ca h th III vo ry CC-N02. Trong cc phng n 4,5,6 tm li ca h th IV chuyn n h nghin mn khng qua giai on tch v v bt s b. Hn hp cc sn phm ca h th I,II,III, vo ry CC-N01, tm li h th IV vo h nghin mn. Vic la chn ng n 1 hay tng hp nhiu nguyn tc thnh lp s qu trnh nghin th l yu t quan trng nht m bo hiu sut k thut v kinh t trong sn xut. 4.4.2 S quy trnh nghin th Hnh 5 biu din quy trnh nghin th trong nh my sn xut mt, hai, ba hng bt m, t l thu hi bt ni chung l 72%, nng sut 140-150 tn/ngy. Trong s gm 4 h nghin tm, my c v my bn chy tch v. cc h nghin th II,III,IV dung phng php nghin ring tng loi sn phm khc nhau v kch thc, nhng ry phn loi th dung chung. Phn khng lt trn ca h th III a v my c tch v, tng cht lng ca sn phm vo h nghin th IV, ng thi tng hiu sut my nghin v gip cho vic thao tc h IV tin hnh thun li. Phn lt ry ca h c v gm c tm loi 2, v tm li loi 1 trn ln vi sn phm thu hi t ry 25 K ca h th IV a vo ry phn loi CC-N04. Sau khi qua 2-3 ln nghin, phn khng lt trn ca h th IV li qua my c v, nn m bo hiu sut tch v, t l thu hi bt cht lng cao v tro gim xung khong 30%, tn hao nng lng gim 2-2,5 ln so vi tch v nghin i trc.
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cc nh my nng sut nh hoc trung bnh sau h nghin th cng nh nghin mn, ngi ta khng s dung mt h nghin ring tch ni nh ra khi v nh. i vi nh my nng sut ln, ngi ta dung h tch v ring cho qu trnh nghin th. Sn phm t cc h nghin th theo cc ng ring c a vo cc h CC-N01,2,3,4. Phn lt ry ca my c v my bn chi vo ry N05. Kch thc l ry c xc nh da vo kch thc (dy v rng) ca ht vo h th I, kch thc cc phn t trong sn phm t h t h I n h th II v cc h tip thao, da vo kch thc ca h trung gian. Qua ry hn hp sn phm c phn chia ra : tm, tm li v bt. Trong ry phn loi ca h nghin th I ba mt ry u c kch thc l 2,5-2, ba mt ry th 2 c kch thc l 1,21mm (ry lm bng kim loi), cng v sau kch thc l cng nh, n h nghin th IV kch thc cc ry u N01-09 cc ry sau N0063-060. thu hi tm va, tm b, tm li v bt ngi ta dung ry kim loi, s hiu N0060056. Sau h nghin th II t l sn phm thu hi sn c qu ln, cht lng cao hn cc h khc, nn s hiu ry cn tng thm ln mt t khong N0063-060.Cn h th III s hiu ry tng t nh h th. Hai mt ry cui cng ca h nghin th I,II,III, lm bng kim loi. Phn khng lt ca h ry ny l mnh ln, phn lt ry l tm ln. mt s x nghip ngi ta cn dung phng n nh sau : trong h th I b tr mt ry N0075-067. Trong h nghin th IV, sau cc ry kim loi, ngi ta b tr bt N046-49K, sau ry bt l ry tm s hiu N025K. Phn khng lt ca cc ry cui vo h khng lt sau vo sang tch tm, cn phn lt ry a n ry phn loi N04, hoc h nghin mn N05, hay h nghin mn N06. cc h ry phn loi N01,2,3, hai ry u lm bng si, kch thc N012K-16K,tip n l hai ry tm N020K-25K. Phn khng lt ry cui l tm nh, phn lt ry l tm li. Sau cc my c v t ssau my nghin th III ngi ta thng b tr ry ng, kch thc l ry 1,3-1,4mm. Ry o6ng11 d thu hi tm va, tm nh khng cho chng ln vo nhng b phn khng lt sang h th IV. Trong cc my c v khc kch thc l ry thng ly khong 0,7-0,8mm. Sau khi ra khi nghin th I, hn hp sn phm (ch yu l mnh ht) c a i ry. Phn khng lt ca hai ry kim loi u N02,5 gm ch yu l mnh ht c thnh phn ni nh
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cao th c chuyn san h th II ln. Phn khng lt 2 (khng lt ry kim loi N 01) gm cc phn t kch thc b hn c a vo h th II nh. Phn lt ry N0060-056 l hn hp tm va, tm nh, tm li v bt c a vo ry phn loi CC- N01. Phn khng lt di ca ry N0095 l mnh ln c a vo h xt tm N01, cn phn lt ry (tm ln) th n sng tm N01. h th II cng thu c cc sn phm trung gian tng t nh th I. Phn khng lt 1 chuyn n h th III-ln. Phn khng lt 2 th vo h th III nh. Hn hp tm va, tm nh, tm li v bt c a vo ry CC N02. Phn lt ry N0085 l tm ln c a Ti h th III ngi ta cng thu c cc loi sn phm th II, nhng s lng mnh ln v tm ln th III t hn nhiu so vi h th II. Phn khng lt ba ry u c a vo N01. Phn khng lt ca N01 c chuyn n h th IV ln. Phn khng lt ca cc ry sau c a vo h th IV nh. Hn hp sn phm sau h th IV ln v IV nh c a vo ry phn loi N03. Phn khng lt ca ry cui cng N0075 vo ry xt tm N01, cn phn lt ry th vo sn tm N01. H nghin th IV kt thc qu trnh thu hi tm, tm li v bt u h nghin tch v. h ny ngi ta cng khng thu c tm ln. Phn khng lt ca ry N025K l tm nh hoc nu nguyn liu l la m mn trng trong cao th phn khng lt s l hn hp tm va v tm nh. T l v ca hn hp ny cao, nn thuc vo tm loi 2. Ngi ta thng dung sn tm ring tch v hn hp tm va v tm nh. Cht lng ca sn phm lt ry N025K tng t vi cht lng ca tm li h th I c a n ry phn loi N 04. Cht lng bt ca h th IV km thua cht lng bt h th II v h th III nn bt h thu hi h th IV v bt loi 2. Tm li, h th I phn khng lt ca h ry trc c chuyn n nghin sau. Tm, tm li, bt c chuyn n cc thit b khc. Hm lng, cht lng tm, tm li, v bt ca cc h cng v sau cng gim. V c tch ra khi hn hp trong cc my c v N02, N03. N04 v trong thit b bn chi N01 khi ch bin la m loi IV trng trong trung bnh, th phn khng lt ca my c v N03 l v. Nhng nu nguyn liu a vo ch bin l nguyn liu loi I v loi III, th phn khng lt trn ca h th IV tt nht nn cho qua ba my c lin tip v thu hi v sau thit b N04.
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cc khung di ca ry CC N04 v N05 cn t cc mt di ry tch tm li. Phn lt ry ca chng c a vo cc h nghn mn. Phn khng lt 1 ca ry N016K l tm va. Phn khng lt 2 ca ry N025K l tm nh. Phn lt ry N020K-25K l tm li (gm tm li cng v tm li mm) Phn lt ry N046K-49K l bt. Bt c chuyn vo va cha bt thnh phn hng I hoc hng II ty theo cht lng ca chng. Tm va sau khi phn loi c a vo sang tm N06 v N07. Tm nh c a vo sng tm N08. Bt t h ry phn loi N04 c chuyn ti thng cha bt hng 1 hoc hng 2, t h ry N05 vo thng cha bt hng 2. Mt phng n khc ca qu trnh nghin th trong nh my sn xut bt nhiu hng, nng sut 240 tn/ngy c trnh by hnh 6. Khc vi s trc trong s ny h th II v h th III chia ra thng ln v thng nh. Sn phm ca chng uc a vo h ry phn loi ring, cn h th IV cng c phn ra th IV ln v th IV nh, nhng sn phm nghin c phn loi trong cng mt h. h th V sn phm c nghin chung. Ngi ta ch thu hi tm trong 4 h th u sn phm ca h th V cho qua my c v v my bn chi tch v. ng i ca cc sn phm trong qu trnh nghin th ph thuc vo kiu nghin v ti lng ca cc h nghin. Cc thng s hnh ng, thng s c hc ca cc b phn lm vic ca thit b cng c ghi r trong s .
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Ngoi ra, trong s cn xt n phng pho tch v trong sn phm khng lt ca thit b, trng hp nu t l ni nh trong v cao th phn khng lt c tip tc qua cc thit b. Phn khng lt l v. Thc t khng nh rng, nu thnh lp qu trnh nghin th tng t nh trn trong nh my sn xut bt m 3 hng hoc 1 hng, vi t l thu hi thnh phm chung l 72% th s t nhng yu cu k thut ra. Ngoi ra hiu sut tch v my c, my bn chi cao hn so vi dung my nghin i trc. S ny nu c thay i mt t, c th s dng trong cc nh my sn xut bt m ba hng vi bt c nng sut no. 4.4.3 Ch lm vic ca cc h nghin th Ch lm vic l tng hp cc thng s c hc, k thut mi h nghin sau cho c th thu c mt h ti a cc loi sn phm c kch thc v cht lng ph hp vi cc ch tiu nh. Khi chn ch lm vic cho tng cp trc t nht l da vo cc kt qu ti u ca tng mu nghin v ry phn tch th trong phng th nghim ca nh my. Ch lm vic t trng bng t l thu hi chung. T l thu hi chung l t s gia lng sn phm lt ry ca h nghin no v lng ht vo h nghin th I biu th bng (%). Trong phn khng lt ca cc trng hp trn ngi ta u tnh c t l khng kp lt, ngha l cc phn t c kch thc nh hn kch thc l ry, nhng khng lt qua ry m cn ln trong sn phm vo h nghin sau. T l thu hi chung c xc nh bng cng thc:
Trong : Uch- t l thu hi chung so vi lng ht vo th I hoc h no ; q1,q2,q3,,- khi lng ca tng loi sn phm (g hoc kg): Q- khi lng ngun liu hoc sn phm vo h nghin th I hay mt h cho trc no . Tnh bng g hoc kg. Nu t l thu hi chung ch tnh theo % so vi lng ht vo h nghin th I, th c th xc nh Uch theo cng thc rt gn sau: %
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Trong : t l thu hi chung ca mt h cho trc so vi lng ht vo h nghin th I; Ucl- lng sn phm thu hi c so vi sn phm vo h (%); Qc- lng sn phm vo h ngin cho trc so vi nguyn liu vo th I(%); H- t l cc phn t khng kp lt trong sn phm. Ngi ta xt nh v iu chnh li i lng t l thu hi chung bng cch thay i khe h gia hai trc my nghin. 4.4.4 Cc yu t nh hng n ch lm vic ca h nghin th Tnh cht c cu ca ht v ca cc phn t ht, m ca ht cc thng s ca trc nghin, ti lng ring ca trc nghin, h s nghin, ti lng ring ca trc nghin v cc mt ry nh hng trc tip n t l thu hi chung mi h v ton b qu trnh nghin th. Trong qu trnh sn xut, cc thng s ca trc nghin hu nh c nh. Bi v mun gi ch lm vic ti u, ngi ta phi ch n cc yu t c th thay i c. a) Tnh cht c cu ca ht Tnh cht c cu ca ht nh hng rt ln n ch lm vic ca cc trc nghin. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v thc t chng minh rng yu t quan trng ch yu dn n s gim cht lng v t l bt thnh phm, tng tn hao nng lng trn mt n v sn phm l do khng ch n tnh cht ca ht. Vn phc tp ca vic xc lp ch lm vic ti u cho mt nh my sn xut bt nhu hng l phi thu hi mt lng l cc loi bt cao cp t cc loi ht c tnh cht khc nhau. trng trong cng ln t l thu hi tm cng cao, vi iu kin thay i khe h gia cc trc nghin phi thch hp. Khi nghin la m c trng trong thp thu hi c lng tm ng quy nh, kch thc khe h gia cc trc h th u phi tng ln. Kch thc ht cng nh th khe h gia hai trc nghin h trc nghin th I cng b. b) m ca ht L yu t quan trng nht nh hng n ch nghin. m ca khi ht a vo h th I tng ln c nh hng xu n ch nghin, c th l t l v cht lng thu hi c thp, iu kin cng tc ca my nghin, ry, sng tm gim xung. t bit khu tch v rt kh v tn hao nng lng tng ln r rt. Bi vy khi gim hiu sut nghin, khe h gia
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hai trc nghn trn cc h nghin th III v IV tng ln mt t v cc h cui cng cn gim xung. Khi ch bin cc loi ht c m nh hn m ch bin thch hp, th ch lm vic ca cc my nghin tt c cc h nghin th phi khng ch sao cho ht t b nghin nt cc h nghin th u, cn cc h cui th tch c sch v ra khi ni nh. Trong trng hp , t l bt v tm cht lng cao gim xung. Nu m ca ht p ng vi iu kin ch bin thch hp s phn b m gia ni nh v v tt th c th thnh lp mt ch chc chn cho qu trnh nghin th. c) S phn b cc trc nghin Din tch mt ry v ti lng ring cng nh hng n ch nghin. r h nghin th I, nu mc nghin gim th nng sut thit b tng ln. iu cho php ta tng ti lng ring khng nhng h th I m cn c th tng ti lng ring cc h tip theo. Trong lc h II, III, IV chiu di trc nghin v ng v chng din tch b mt ry, phi p ng yu cu l t l thu hi tm trn mt n v chiu di i trc v din tch mt ry t mc ti a. Theo di iu kin ny, ngi ta thy tng vng lm vic ca i trc, th tt hn tng mc nghin h th I, ngha l phi tng hiu qu s dng thit b k thut. Tm li thnh lp v cng c ch nghin th chiu di ca trc nghin cn phi c xc nh bng cch da vo cc ch tiu nh t tnh s lng nguyn liu a vo h nghin, khi lng ring ca nguyn liu, mc nghin. Cu trc c hc ca ht c nh hng n mc b ph v c ni nh, do cn phi thay i mt s iu kin nghin v ry cc h cui cng. Ngoi ra vic chn ti lng thch hp cho tng h nghin cng ng vai tr quan trng. Nhiu th nghim chng minh rng nu tng ti lng trn chiu di i trc ca h nghin th n 2000 kg/cm.ngy khng nh hng g n t l thu hi sn phm nghin. trong khi , nu tng ti lng ring ca h nghin th II t 400-900 v trn h th III t 400-600 kg/cm.ngy th lc tc dng ca i trc ln ht khng gim nhng mc nghin gim, cht lng sn phm gim theo. T l ni nh cng gim, t l v trong hn hp cng tng, lng v trtong hn hp cng nhiu thi i hi lc nghin cng ln. Hin tng ny c bit biu hin r rng trn cc h th IV. Trong cc h th IV v cc h sau (trong trng hp c 6-7 h nghin th), nu ti lng qua ln, th lc nn ca l xo iu chnh trc nghin tng ln, kt
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qu s lm cho trc chm tch ra, khe h gi trc nhanh v trc chm tng ln, gim mc nghin, hiu sut cng tc gim xung. Ngoi ra, t l sn phm khng c nghin tng ln (ngay t ry u), phn khng lt ny chuyn n cc h sau, lm tng ti lng ca chng, cui cng gim hiu ut nghin: cht lng v s lng thnh phm cng gim. thc hin tt ch lm vic ca thit b, ti lng ring trn trc nghin v ry cn khng ch thch hp cc giai on tch v, cn thay my nghin i trc bng my c v v my bn chi. d) Ch lm vic ca tng h Thnh phn phi ht khng bao gi ng nht, iu gy kh khn cho vic thnh lp mt ch cng tc lm vic n nh. V vy khi thnh lp ch cng tc n nh ph ua vo cc ch tiu c bn sau: Mi tng quan ga s lng v cht lng ca tm v tm li T l cc thnh phn trong hn hp thnh phm sau mi h nghin ph thuc vo lng sn phm chung n mt mc nht nh, v d h th I 30%, h th II 45%, h th III 25% (tnh theo % lng nguyn liu vo h nghin th I). Th t l tt c tt c cc loi sn phm s tng ln, nhng t l ca chng thay i rt t. T l thu hi sn phm chung tng th s lng tm ln gim, lng tm va v tm nh tng, hm lng tm li tm bt tng ln r rt.(Xem hnh 7) Ch nghin ph thuc hon ton bng ch ca h nghin th I. Cn t l thu hi trn mi h sau th ph thuc vo t l sn phm ca h nghin trc n. T l tm v tm li trong qu trnh nghin lun n nh, v n t trng cho nhng tnh cht cng ngh ca mi nh my sn xut bt. Nu h nghin th I,II t l tm thu c thp, th s tng t l tm cc h th III v th IV, nh vy t l tm ln v tm va gim xung. Ngc li, nu trong cc h nghin th u t l tm ln, tm va thu c cao th cc h sau phi gim t l ny. Trong trng hp, khi t l tm h th III qu ln, th tro ca tm, tm li, v t bit tm ln tng ln rt nhiu v vic tch v ra khi hn hp ny trong thc t khng th lm c. Nu h nghin th IV cng s dng ch cng tc nh trn th tt c cc loi sn phm s khng dt yu cu v phi a sang sn phm loi 2.
n mn hc CNTP
t ch cho ring mt h nghin no th n gin. Ci kh nht l phi xc nh ch lm vic thch hp cng mi lc cho tt c cc h ca qu trnh nghin th. Trong h nghin th I,II,III t l tm, tm li l 30,45,25%; s chnh lch v tro ca cc sn phm ny rt t. ng vi s tng dn ca t l thu hi sn phm, tro ca cc tm ln tng nhiu, tm va tng t hn, cn tro ca tm li gim.(xem hnh 8 ) tro ca sn phm tng ng vi t l thu hi sn phm h v ca h trc n. Nu 2 h nghin u c t l sn phm thp th trong phn khng lt h th III v IV t l ni nh; cht lng bt thnh phm cao. (Xem hnh 9 ,10)) Khi t l thu hi trong cc h th I, II th sn phm ca h th III c tro ln, thc t th khng th thu loi tm cht lng cao h ny c V vy t h th III ngi ta ly tm loi 2. Tng t l thu hi sn phm t hai h u. cht lng tm ln k t h th I gim nhiu so vi cht lng tm nh. Nghin ht v sn phm trung gian trong my nghin i trc b tr rng theo L-L hoc rng khng nhn th tro ca tm, tm li v ca bt thp hn so vi tr ca cc sn phm ny my nghin sp xp rang theo M-M, t bit khi my cn mi.(Xem hnh s 8(149))
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n mn hc CNTP
Bng 4 a ra mt s ch tiu v t l thu hi, tro ca tm, tm li v bt khi s dng ch ti u trong ch bin la m cc vng khc nhau. Qua ta thy ch ti u, ph hp vi vic tch tm v tm li, l t l thu hi tm cc h th I,II,III tnh theo % so vi lng ht vo h th I trong sn xut bt m nh sau: Bng 4: t l thu hi cc h nghin Tn loi nguyn liu H th I a. La m cng hay la m mm c trng trong cao b. La m mm nhm 2 ( trng trong trung bnh) c. La m mm nhm 3 ( trng trong thp) Da theo ch trn ta c th thu hi c mt lng ti a tm c cht lng cao vi t lng ring thch hp. e) Cht lng v tro ca sn phm thu c trong cc h nghin th du Bng 5 :
T l thu hi, % so vi lng ht vo h th I Tm Loi la m v h nghin Mnh ln Tm Tm ln Tm va Tm nh li Bt T l thu hi chung T l thu hi theo nguyn l % so vi h th I 1 GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
T l thu hi cc h nghin H th II H th III
10 - 8%
35 - 45%
20 - 25%
8 - 12%
40 - 45%
20 - 25%
15 - 20%
38 - 45%
15 - 20%
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n mn hc CNTP
La m mm trng trong ln hn 60% 1,5 h th I 1,72 h th II 3,5 H ln 1,3 1,0 H nh 1,60 1 H th III 1,8 H ln 1,92 0,5 H nh 1,96 8,3 Tng cng 1,66 trng trong 40 60% 1,5 h th I 1,56 h th II GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng Trang 46 1,16 0,90 0,77 0,65 0,61 1,02 4,5 2,5 1,5 1,0 1,0 12,0 12 10 - 12 1,17 0,95 0,79 0,77 0,70 1,14 1,68 21,9 0,91 20,0 0,75 11,5 0,81 11,0 0,72 6,0 1,08 78,7 1,30 2,0 0,97 3,0 0,81 1,00 0,8 2,0 0,70 2,0 1,02 20 - 25 9,5 56,2 3,4 4,5 3,5 3,5 2,0 8,7 51,2 2 1,14 3 0,94 4 0,80 5 0,78 6 0,72 7 1,02 8 9 10 1,05 4,5 0,92 3,5 0,74 2,0 0,70 1,5 0,62 1,0 0,94 40 - 45 13,5 45 8,5 6,5 4,0 3,0 1,5 27,0 44 1,25 1,08 0,98 0,75 0,86 1,19 3,5 2,5 1,0 1,0 0,5 10,0 10 8 - 10
n mn hc CNTP
3,0 H ln 1,40 1,0 H nh 1,39 h th III 1,0 H ln 1,89 0,5 H nh 1,75 7,0 Tng cng 1,53 La m c trng trong di 40% 1,5 h th I 1,75 h th II 3,0 H ln 1,65 1,0 H nh 1,50 h th III H ln 3,5 3,0 4,5 2,5 13,5 45 1,05 0,67 0,62 0,60 0,52 0,79 1,12 3,0 0,67 3,5 0,69 2,0 0,56 2,5 0,49 1,0 0,85 13,0 48 38 - 45 5,5 5,5 3,5 4,5 2,0 24,0 44,4 38 - 45 1,23 0,81 0,75 0,70 0,65 1,02 6,0 4,5 2,5 2,5 2,0 19,0 19,0 15 - 20 1,06 0,08 0,70 0,58 0,88 1,14 19,5 0,82 19,5 0,72 11,0 0,69 7,5 0,60 76,0 0,84 1,19 1,0 0,90 3,0 0,74 1,0 0,70 1,75 0,62 1,25 0,89 20 - 25 8,5 53 2,5 5,0 3,0 3,75 2,25 17,5 51,5 0,48 0,71 0,66 0,65 0,53 0,82 0,98 4,0 0,72 3,5 0,67 2,0 0,64 1,5 0,52 1,0 0,85 40 - 45 13,0 45 7,5 5,5 3,5 3,6 3,0 25,0 45,4
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1,00 2,0 H nh 0,99 5,5 Tng cng 1,60 1 Hn hp cc loi: Hng 1 75% Hng 2 10% Hng 3 15% trng tro ng ca hn hp 80% 1,5 h th I 1,80 h th II 3,0 H ln 1,58 1,0 H nh 1,77 h th III 3,0 H ln 0,80 H nh 1,5 0,73 0,5 0,72 1,5 0,71 1,5 0,74 5,0 1,0 1,0 3,0 2,5 9,5 3,8 15 - 20 1,65 0,74 0,68 0,64 0,81 0,95 1,00 5,6 0,73 4,5 0,88 2,0 0,66 2,0 0,80 1,5 0,89 40 - 45 16,0 53,7 9,5 7,5 4,0 4,0 4,0 3,0 52,8 1,26 0,88 0,82 0,81 0,96 1,12 5,0 2,5 1,5 2,0 1,0 1,25 13,5 10 - 15 2 1,15 3 0,81 4 0,70 5 0,62 6 0,59 7 0,86 8 9 10 14,5 19,0 0,75 12,0 0,61 16,0 0,64 9,0 0,76 76,0 0,82 1,0 0,66 2,0 0,63 1,5 0,70 6,5 46,4 15 - 20
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0,77 5,5 Tng cng 1,67 La m cng 1,5 h th I 1,65 h th II 3,5 H ln 1,56 1,5 H nh 1,63 h th III 1,0 H ln 1,82 0,5 H nh 1,86 h th IV 0,5 H ln 3,03 0,5 H nh 3,12 1,38 1,70 1,75 1,72 1,86 1,87 1,8 0,5 1,56 1,0 1,61 0,5 1,62 0,5 1,78 1,0 1,77 12 - 15 4,0 40 1,5 1,5 1,0 1,5 1,5 7,5 32,5 1,27 1,24 1,39 1,48 1,57 1,36 1,24 2,5 1,22 2,0 1,36 1,0 1,44 1,0 1,55 0,5 1,33 20 - 25 7,5 44,4 4,0 4,5 3,5 2,0 1,0 16,0 43,4 1,11 1,13 1,30 1,33 1,49 1,23 1,03 5,0 1,06 3,0 1,23 2,0 1,31 1,0 1,46 0,55 1,17 35 - 45 13,0 40,0 10,0 6,5 3,5 1,5 1,0 26,0 38,7 1,15 1,10 1,29 1,66 1,72 1,32 3,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,5 8,0 8,0 8 - 10 1,13 0,77 0,71 0,70 0,78 0,91 19,5 19,0 0,74 9,0 0,73 12,5 0,70 9,5 0,73 75,0
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9,0 Tng cng 1,8 1,16 1,20 1,33 1,47 1,65 1,33 26,5 20,0 12,5 8,0 6,0 82,0
So snh cc t l thu hi sn phm c th i n kt lun c bn l h nghin th I cc i lng ny khc nhau r rt. Cng nghin la m trng trong thp ln hn so vi cng nghin la m cng v la m mm c trng trong cao. Trong cc h nghin th II, III i lng thu hi khi ch bin la m trng trong cao v trng trong trung bnh hu nh ging nhau, cn la m c trng trong thp th t hn v t l thu hi sn phm ca chng h th I cao hn. Nh trnh by trong bng 4, t l tm cao nht (ch yu l tm ln) thng c ly t la m cng v la m mm c trng trong cao cn lng tm mi v bt khng ng k. trng trong ca la m cng gim, trong iu kin nghin nh nhau th hm lng tm cng s gim, lng tm li v bt tng kn. C th gii thch hi tng ny nh sau: ni nh ht la m c trng trong cao, t bit l di tc dng ca lc nghin ni nh la m cng bn hn so vi ni nh ca la m mm. Bng 6: T l cc loi tm, tm li, bt, bt, thu c trong giai on u ca qu trnh nghin th. Loi la m La m cng La m mm c trng trong cao La m mm c trng trong trung bnh La m mm c trng trong thp chung trong giai on u l 100%). Kt qu nghin cu ca nhiu nh my bt t nhiu loi la m c trng trong khc nhau, chng minh rng tnh cht cu trc c hc ca ht ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong vic thu hi tm.
Tm Mnh ln 11,25 11,8 9,2 Ln 19,37 26,7 25,6 Va 25,0 25,5 25,6 Nh 15,63 14,0 14,5
Tm li 11,25 14,3 15,1
Bt 7,5 7,7 10,0
7,2
19,1
25,0
15,8
21,1
11,8
Trong bng 6 biu din t l gia mnh ln, tm, tm li v bt (% so vi t l thu hi
n mn hc CNTP
Trong bng 7 nu ra mt s kt qu nghin cu c ti nh my sn xut bt m khi ch bin hn hp la m c trng trong khc nhau. Khi nghin hn hp cc loi ht khc nhau, trng trong trung bnh 45 65% thu c tm, tm li vi t l ln nht v cht lng cao nht. Bng 7 : T l tm, tm li, ca cc qu trnh nghin th, trong khi ch bin hn hp cc loi la m. T l tm thu hi h th I so vi khi lng ht, % La m Tm ln Hn hp la m cc loi I 30% II 20% IV 50% trng trong 67 69% Hn hp cc loi I 30% II 5% IV 55% trng trong 90% loi IV trng trong 60% Loi I (min ng) 31,7 31,9 34,43 36,1 11,25 12,24 6,89 9,10 Tm va v tm nh Tm li Bt
30,81
28,45
12,76
13,52
29,09 22,23
35,1 28,24
6,9 14,0
10,11 16,0
Bng 8 : Ch tiu so snh v s lng, cht lng bt v v h tch v trong qu trnh nghin th
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Tch v trong qu trnh nghin th Ch tiu Trn trc nghin ca h V, VI, VII T l thu hi bt % so vi khi lng ht vo h th I trung bnh ca bt T l v % so vi khi lng ht vo h th I tro ca v % Hm lng tinh bt trong v, % tro ca tm v tm li: Tm ch bin t la m cng hoc la m mm c trng trong cao c tro thp hn so vi tm la m trng c, v t l v trong hn hp la m cng thp, hn na lp v qua d dng tch khi ni nh. Khi ch bin la m mm, tm v c ly ra t tm ni nh, v vy v rt thp (hu nh khng ng k), cn tm ln gm nhng phn t c kch thc ln, nm xung quanh ni nh, nn v ca tm ln rt cao. Trong trng hp s chnh lch v tro ca ni nh la m cng v la m mm khng ng k, th tm ln la m cng c cht lng tt hn la m mm. cn nu ni nh la m cng ln hn nhiu th tro ca ca tm ln I ny cng lun ln hn tro ca la m mm. Khi nghin la m cng lp a-l-rng gin, tro cao cng d b v nt trong qu trnh nghin th v v ln vo hn hp tm nh, tm li v bt, lm tro cua hn hp ny tng ln. Lp v qu la m mm dai,t b gy nt khi nghin, nn tro ca hn hp tm nh, tm li, bt la m mm thp hn. (tm loi 2) tro trung bnh ca tm, tm li thu hi trong cc h nghin nh sau: La m cng v la m mm c trng trong cao: 0,9 1,8%
Trang 52 GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng
Trong my c v v my bn chi
5,6
5,3
1,81 14,6 5,97 24
1,24 15,1 6,2 20
Tm ch bin t la m cng vi cht lng cao thng thu c t h nghin
th I v II. h th III tro ca tm kh ln, cn h th IV tro ca tm cn ln hn
n mn hc CNTP
La m mm c trng trong trung bnh: 0,85 1,2% La m mm c trng trong thp: 0,8 0,9%
Trong mt s trng hp c bit tro ca tm v tm li ch bin t la m mm trng trong di 40% vo khong 1,2%. g) T l bt trong qu trnh nghin th: Ch tiu v s lng v cht lng ( tro, mu sc) ca bt thu c sau mi h nghin th trong qu trnh sn xut, bt nhiu hng t cc nguyn liu c cu trc c hc khc nhau, c trng nhng vng khc nhau, c th hin bng 8. Hm lng bt thu c sau mi h nghin th trong qu trnh sn xut bt nhiu hng t la m cng v la m mm thng trong khong: La m cng: 9 13% La m mm c trng trong nhm I: 16 18% La m mm c trng trong nhm II: 28 20% La m trng trong nhm III: 20 25%
Nu t l thu hi chung trong qu trnh nghin th l 100%, th lng bt thu c trong cc h tch tm v tm li khong 55 60%, trong cc h tch v l 40 45%. Bng 9: Hm lng, tro v mu sc ca bt sau mi h nghin th trong qu trnh sn xut bt t la m cng v la m mm La m mm vi trng trong La m cng H nghin Nhm I Nhm II Nhm III
0,5 H th I 1,72 1,70 H th II 1,47 H th III 1,8 78 72 88
0,8 62 0,75 2,5 38 0,64 3,2 44
1,0 42 0,69 3,00 18 0,60 3,8 20
1,2 50 0,73 4,0 24 0,52 3,8 30
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1,56 Phn loi sn phm lt ry 1,0 80 1,69 2,0 H th IV 1,82 1,5 H th V 2,04 Phn loi sn phm lt ry 3,4 my bn chy 12,8 Tng cng 1,88 1,05 0,97 0,91 17,0 20,9 23,0 2,24 4,3 96 1,69 89 1,15 5,2 84 1,50 84 0,85 1,0 79 1,01 6,5 74 1,31 0,81 3,1 74 0,80 20 44 1,05 8,0 76 0,70 1,2 70 0,74 3,4 39 0,88 1,5 62 0,65 1,2 24 0,67 3,2 49 0,59 1,3 34
trng trong ca la m cng thp, t l thu hi sn phm cng ln (trong nhng iu kin nh nhau), t l bt cng cao. S mi mn ca rng trc nghin cng l mt nguyn nhn lm tng t l bt, gim t l tm v tm li trong qu trnh nghin th, nh vy s khng p ng c nhim v ca cc h ny. h) Cht lng trong qu trnh nghin th: Bt thu c t cc h nghin th II, III c cht lng tt nht, tro ca chng cng thp hn so vi tro h th I,bi v h th I, khi nghin ht, v my v bi tch ra thng ri lt vo bt. K t h th IV n cc h th cui cng ca qu trnh nghin th, tro ca bt tng dn. tro ca bt ch yu vo bn c hc ca v, qu trnh chun b ht trc khi nghin v ph thuc vo ch nghin. Nu cng, trng trong tng, m ca ht gim,
n mn hc CNTP
th gin ca v cng tng, v d dng b nghin nt v ri vo bt, lm gim cht lng bt hoc nu lc tc dng ln ht qu ln th t l x nt ca v cng tng ln. Mu sc bt m c xc nh bng cm quan hay dng my so mu. Mu sc cng l ch tiu c trng cho cht lng bt. tro ca ca la m cng ln hn nhiu so vi tro ca la m mm mc d mu sc v kch thc hai loi bt nh nhau. iu c th gii thch rng tro ni nh la m cng cao hn, ngoi ra mt phn lp a-l-rng cng b nghin nt, ri vo bt, lm tng tro ca bt. Bt la m mm trng trong thp thng c mu trng, trng ng hoc hi vng. Nu bt la m hi th chng t t l v ri vo bt khi nghin cao hoc ni nh b nghin nt cng mt lc vi v. Bt thu hi t h nghin th II ,III thng c mu p. Bt thu hi t h th I mu xm xanh. Cn trong cc h tch v v t l v trong bt cao, nn mu bt khng p. i) Hm lng v tro ca bt Lng v thu c trong qu trnh nghin th cc nh my sn xut la m nhiu hng thng chim 13 14%. T l v t ln ni nh cng cao, th lng v ri vo bt khi nghin cng thp. Hm lng v nh ln chng t khi nghin v b nt nhiu. tro ca v ln thng dao ng trong khong 5,0 6,5%, v nh 3,5 4,5% (trong tro ca la m cng v la m mm trng trong cao ln hn so vi tro ca la m trng c). tro ca v l tiu chun gin tip c trng cho mc tch v khi ni nh. Khi ch bin la m, trong v thng ln khong 18 20% ni nh (tnh theo trng lng cht kh). Hm lng v cng cao, lng ni nh b loi ra cng vi v cng ln. Gia tro ca v v hm lng v c mi tng quan t l thun. iu c th gii thch rng tro ca v dao ng trong khong ln hn tro ni nh. Ngoi ra tro ca v ph thuc vo loi, ging la m, iu kin pht trin ca cy v nhiu yu khc na. 4.5 Nhng bin i l hc Sn phm thu c trong qu trnh nghin th gm nhng phn t c kch thc hnh dng rt khc nhau.
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Tnh cht l hc ph thuc vo mc thu hi tm, tm li v bt h trc . Thay i tnh cht l hc y l s ph v ht sau h nghin th I,to mt khi cc phn t mi gm phn khng lt, tm, tm li v bt. Ht qua qu trnh nghin s thu sn phm trung gian gm nhng phn t c kch thc v hnh dng, khi lng ring, tnh cht kh ng hc, bn c hc khc nhau. Phn khng lt I ca h th I gm ht nh, ht b bc v, mnh ln, ht c lp a-l-rng v phi cn nguyn vn v mt lng ln mnh ni nh. Phn khng lt II cng gm hn hp nhng phn t trn, nhng kch thc nh hn. Phn khng lt I ca h th III gm hn hp cc phn t v, lp a-l-rng c ln mt lng khng ln ni nh v phi. Phn khng lt II cng gm hn hp nh trn nhng kch thc nh hn. Phn khng lt trn ca h th III, a vo my c v. Phn khng lt ca my c gm nhng mnh ln c ln mt t cc phn t a-l-rng v ni nh, mnh phi. Trong sn phm lt ry my c c ni nh, mnh v, phn t a-l-rng v phi. Phn khng lt I, II ca h th IV ch yu gm c v, mt t ni nh, mnh nh ca lp al-rng, phi v bt. Mnh ln, tm ln thng l hnh nhiu cnh, chng ch khc nhau v kch thc v t l ni nh v v trong hn hp. Mnh ln gm nhng phn t c kch thc l hn nhng t l ni nh thp hn tm ln, c bit trong tm ln ca h th II hm lng ni nh rt cao. Tm va thng c dng hnh khi, t l v trong h tm va ca h th II, III thp hn ca h th I. Tm nh gm cc phn t c hnh nhiu cnh. T l ni nh trong tm nh ca h th II, III cao hn h th I. Hm lng v trong tm nh ca h th IV kh cao, nn chng l tm loi 2.
Bng 10 : Th tch v thnh phn ha hc ca sn phm vo tng h trong qu trnh nghin th x nghip sn xut bt nhiu hng Th tch(g/l) Hm lng
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H trng thi t do H th I H th II H th III H th IV H th V H th VI H th VII H tch v 810 550 450 350 300 275 250 230 trng thi nn 850 680 570 490 480 450 400 400 Protit Tinh bt Pentozan enluloza Tro
13,9 14,2 15,0 16,2 16,8 17,3 17.9 18,3
63 59 51 42 35 30 26 24
7,64 9,2 10,1 11,8 14,2 16,1 19,0 20,4
2,6 3,1 5,2 6,9 8,1 10,0 12,2 14,0
1,76 1,88 2,25 4,07 4,72 5,08 5,40 5,62
Hm lng tinh bt v gluten ti trong tm, tm li, thu c t qu trnh nghin th x nghip sn xut bt m nhiu hng th hin bng 58 Bng 11: Hm lng tinh bt v gluten ti trong tm, tm li thu c trong qu trnh nghin th x nghip sn xut bt Tm H Mnh ln Tm ln Hm lng tinh bt H th I H th II H th III H th IV
Tm li Tm va, nh
61 - 63 60 - 63 55 - 57
69 - 71 70 - 73 64 - 68
71 - 73 74 - 76 72 74 68 - 70
76 - 77 77 - 78 77 - 78 70 73
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My c v N02 N03 N04 Hm lng gluten ti H th I H th II H th III H th IV My c v N02 N03 N04 1,68 3,40 1,91 3,8 4,1 5,1 2,94 3,16 3,01 4,07 4,69 5,08 1,51 1,84 1,18 1,37 2,48 2,67 1,22 1,59 0,48 0,67 0,54 0,78 1,81 2,33 0,74 0,94 0,26 0,34 0,32 0,35 0,45 0,61 68 70 60 63 40 45
Hm lng xenluloza trong ht chim khong 2,6%. cc h nghin tip theo, do tch tm, tm li ra khi sn phm nn t l v tng ln. h th IV, hm lng xenluloza tng n 8,1%, trong my c v l 12,2%. Hm lng v trong tm, c bit trong mnh ln cng tng th t l xenluloza cng ln.b 4.6 Qu trnh lm giu tm 4.6.1 Nguyn tc thnh lp s Hiu qu k thut v kinh t ca qu trnh lm giu tm, tm li ng vai tr v cng quan trng qu trnh sn xut bt v tm cht lng cao i vi nh my sn xut bt m. iu chng t chn c s thch hp v ng dng cc ch lm vic ti u trong cc sng tm.
n mn hc CNTP
Khi thnh lp qu trnh lm giu tm, tm li ngi ta thng da vo : kiu nghin, v nng sut xng nghin , loi v kch tht sng tm. 4.6.2 Kiu nghin Da vo loi bt thnh phm (bt lm bnh m hay bt lm m si) ngi ta chn phng php tch tm v tm li. T l bt cao cp cng ln, th i hi t l thu hi tm ln cng cao, cho nn lm giu tm v tm li cn c mt s lng sng tm nht nh. Trong trng hp khng yu cu thu hi bt ho hng, khng nn cho tt c cc loi tm, tm li v sng tm, tr kiu nghin thu hi 72% bt. Trong qu trnh sn xut bt m hng 2, t l thu hi bt l 85%, ngi ta s dng sng tm ch yu tch v tm ln, v t tm loi ny s thu hi thm thnh phm. 4.6.3 Nng xut phn xng Nng sut xng cng ln, s lng sng tm cng nhiu. Nh vy cc loi tm v tm li c cht lng khc nhau c a vo cc h sng tm khc nhau tch v. Khi nng sut phn xng nh hn 100 tn / ngy, nu khng c nhng sng tm nh v n gim th c th dng sng tm tch v cho mt s sn phm c kch tht v tro gn ging nhau. Trong trng hp ny s lng tm s gim. Tnh cht co hc ca hy cng ng mt vai tr quan trng trng vic chon s lng sng tm. Qu trnh lm giu tm, tm li c th l qu trnh hon chnh hoc bnh thng , rt gon hoc hn ch. Da vo c tnh s dng ngi ta chia cc h lm giu tm, tm li lm 4 nhm: Nhm 1 : Cc h sng tm dng tch v tm, tm li hn I , thu hi sau cc h nghin th. Nhm 2 : Cc h sng tm dng tch v tm thu hi xt tm v 1,2 h nghin mn u. Nhm 3 : Dng tch v trong tm loi 2, thu hi sau h nghin th IV v cc h nghin mn. Nhm 4 : Dng tch v tm, thu hi sau cc sng (ry) phn loi ph phm ly t cc h sng tm.
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Trong qu trnh lm giu tm, tm li hon chnh hoc bnh thng khong 85 90% s h c s dng tch vo trong tm hn I. Cn trong s rt gn , tm li cng v hn hp tm hng 2 khng cn thit cho qu trnh lm giu tm, tm li. tng hiu sut ca qu trnh lm giu tm, tm li, cc loi tm c kch tht , cht lng khc nhau ngi ta thng tch v trong cc h sng tm khc nhau. Th d : Cht lng tm ln cc h nghin th I, II, III khc nhau, nn chng c chuyn vo trong cc sng tm khc nhau tch v. Nu v mt nguyn nhn k thut no khng th lm giu cc loi t trn trong cc h sng ring bit c, th ngi ta thng t hp tm ca th I v th III v a vo mt h sng, cn tm th II c a vo h sng khc. Tm va , tm nh, tm li cng hng 1 ly t cc h ry phn loi ph, theo cc ng ng khc nhau c chuyn vo cc h sng ring. Tm hng 2 thu hi sau h nghin th IV cng c tch v trong h sng ring. Khng c t hp tm hng 1 v tm hng 2. V t l v trong hn hp tm thu c sau cc h xt tm tng i cao, cho nn ngi ta dng mt h sng tm ring tch v trong hn hp ny. gim tro , tng cht lng bt thnh phm , ngi ta cn cho phn khng lt di cc h nghin mn 1,2 hoc phn khn lt di ca h khng lt I qua sng tm tch v. Trong s chun lm giu tm, tm li, trc tin ngi ta lm giu cc loi tm thu hi t qu trnh nghin th v qu trnh xt tm. Cn trong s rt gn, ngi ta ch phi lm giu tm ln v nu c th tm va sau cc h nghin th v cc h xt tm. 4.6.4 S qu trnh lm giu tm, tm li Hnh 11 biu din qu trnh lm giu tm, tm li bng sng tm 1 tng trong nh my sn xut bt m nhiu hng. Trong s tt c cc loi tm, tm li cng hng 1 thu hi t qu trnh ngin th, tn : va , tm nh t cc h xt tm, ng thi tm nh t cc h nghin mn 1 u dc a vo cc h sng tm tch v. Tm nh hng 2 t h nghin th IV v t phn khng lt I c lm giu trong cc h sng khc. Hnh 12 biu din s lm giu tm v tm li trong cc sng tm hai ngn . S ny khng c ng dng cc nh my nng sut 100 tn/ngy tr ln. Khi thnh lp cc s qu trnh lm giu tm, tm li phi da vo nhng nguyn tc c bn trnh by phn trn. S dng s hnh 11 u phi ht sc ch n vic t hp
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thnh nhm cc sn phm sau khi ra khi sng tm v chuyn chng n cc giai on khc. Phn khng lt sau cc sng tm khng c a tr li cc h nghin th.
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4.6.5 Ch lm vic ca cc sng tm Tm, tm li qua qu trnh tch v c cht lng cao ch c th t c t l ln nht khi ch lm vic ca sng tm t n mc ti u . Mun vy cc sn phm c a n sng tm phi c s ng nht v kch tht v cht lng , sn phm phi c phn phi u trn thit b, ti lng ring ca thit b va phi ; cn la chn s lng ry cho thch hp i vi tng loi sn phm , lng khng kh tiu hao cho tng sng tm c tnh ton c th sao cho ph hp vi kch tht v cht lng ca sn phm. Ngoi ra cng cn phi ch n cc nguyn tc thao tc k thut i vi tng thit b. Trong mi sng tm, cng nh ry phn loi, song song vi vic tch v, cc sn phm cng c phn chia ra cc loi khc nhau da vo kch tht v cht lng ca chng. V vy sau khi qua sng tm ngi ta cng thu c phn lt sng v phn khng lt sng. (Tham kho hnh 12) Vi ch lm vic chun ca cc sng tm, lng tm v tm li thu hi t sn phm hng I thng chim khong 75 90% so vi lng sn phm vo sng. T l tm, tm li thu c t sn phm hng II chim khong 35 45%. Kt qu ca qu trnh lm giu tm v tm li trng sng tm mt ngn c trnh by trong bng 12. Khi dng sng tm hai ngn, ngi ta cng c th thu hi c cc sn phm tng t nh trn sng tm mt ngn Bng 12: Ch tiu v hiu sut ca cc sng tm trong nh my sn xut bt m c phn hng Phn lt sng Tn sn phm Hai mt u ry 1 Tm ln t h th I Tm ln t h th II 2 4,5 1,27 1,70 1,13 3 1,5 3,8 4 0,60 0,54 Hai mt cui ry 5 1,8 4,5 6 0,88 0,61 7 Phn khng lt sng 8 9 10 11 12 Ph phm
0,9
0,27
0,3
1,98
71,0
39,0
1,5
0,50
2,8
0,76
3,6
2,81
0,8
1,72
74,0
45,0
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Phn lt sng tm N0-2 c a vo sng kim tra tm. Tm ln t h th III Tm t cc h sng phn loi N0-1 v N0-3. Tm va t h sng phn loi N0-2 Tm nh t h sng phn loi N0-1 v N0-3 Tm nh t h sng phn loi N0-2 Tm li cng t cc h sng phn loi Tm nh hng 2 t h th IV v phn khng lt I 1,5 0,88 1,8 1,28 3,0 2,78 0,5 1,90 48,5 42,3 3,2 0,47 4,0 0,55 0,5 1,40 0,3 0,90 90,0 13,8 2,0 0,45 0,3 0,54 0,7 1,65 0,3 0,94 83,4 23,5 1,8 0.51 2,3 0,61 0,6 1,70 0,3 1,05 82,0 22,6 3,4 0,48 4,0 0,57 1,2 1,8 0,4 1,10 82,0 26,0 0,86 3,5 0,54 4,8 0,67 1,3 2,30 0,4 1,25 83,0 28,0 5,0 1,5 1,39 10,0 0,60 2,2 0,90 1,0 3,35 0,3 2,18 74,0 43,0 6,0 0,61 1,5 1,0 0,44 0,50 1,5 1,0 0,55 0,74 0,7 1,02 0,3 0,84 3,83 10,6
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Tm t cc h xt tm Tm nh t cc h xt tm Tm nh t cc h nghin 1 Tm nh v tm li cng t cc h phn loi 0,5 0,62 1,0 0,74 1,2 1,0 0,3 0,80 50,0 15,7 3,5 0,42 3,2 0,50 10 1,46 0,3 0,85 83,7 23,3 5,3 0,55 6,0 0,65 2,1 1,90 0,6 1,04 80,0 26,2
6,6
0,47
7,0
0,57
1,9
1,60
0,5
0,90
85,0
21,2
Lng tm v tm li c a vo lm giu tm l 64,5% vi j tro l 0,92%. Sau khi c tch v v phn chia ra tng loi ngi ta thu hi c khong gn 50% tm v tm li (so vi lng sn phm vo sng) vi tro l 0,53%, c ngha l gn bng tro ca ni nh. T l cc phn khng lt tnh theo phn trm so vi h nghin th I l 9,8% vi tro trung bnh 2,46%. Hm lng ph phm 3,1% vi tro l 1,43%. Tm thnh phm thng c thu hi t tm ln ca h nghin th II. Cht lng li tm ny cao hn nhiu so vi tm ca h th I. Hnh 13 biu din s tch nm. Tm ln ca h th II c a vo h sng tm No2. Phn lt sng N0-10K v No-8K c tip tc a vo h sng tm No-3. y, trong sng tm No-11K , ngi ta thu hi cc phn t nh, khng kp lt ca cc sng phn loi t sau h nghin th. Phn lt ry ca sng No-9K-10K s l tm thnh phm. Cc sn phm sau khi qua lm giu tm, tm li rt khc nhau v kch tht v cht lng. V d : phn lt sng ca 2 sng u khc vi sn phm lt sng ca 2 sng cui. Phn lt sng khc vi phn khng lt sng, v phn khng lt sng khc vi ph phm.
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V vy ta phi t hp cc sn phm ging nhau v kch tht v cht lng ri chuyn n cc h xt v h nghin mn tng ng. Trong s d sn xut bt m n gin , s phn nhm cc sn phm s khc i. Thng sau cc h sng tm, tm ln v tm b c a i nghin trong mt h. Ngoi ra nu c h xt tm cho tm ln , tm va , th sn phm vo h xt tm No-4 s c a n h nghin mn, cn sn phm vo h xt tm No-5 th vo h khng lt 1, hoc h va gn vi n.
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4.6.6 c tnh l ha ca cc sn phm thu c trong qu trnh lm giu tm Hn hp thu c a vo cc sng tm thng l cc loi tm. Trong thnh phn ca tm gm c : mn , ni nh- phn t ni nh c dnh v, v cc mnh v . V c tnh l hc, cc phn t ny c hnh dng , kch tht, trng lng ring trng thi b mt v tnh cht kh ng hc rt khc nhau. Ty thuc vo t l gia cc phn t trong hn hp m khi lng ring ca sn phm c th thay i nhiu hay t. Sn phm trong cc sng tm khng b tc dng lc c hc , nn khng b ph v , v vy cc c tnh l hc c sn trong hn hp trc khi i lm giu v c bn khng b bin i. Kt qu ca s di chuyn ca khi sn phm trn mt sng c kch tht khc nhau to ra nhng sn phm mi l : phn khng lt sng, lt sng v ch phm. Cc phn t trong mi loi sn phm d t, d nhiu u c s ng nht v tnh cht l hc , thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht bt. Th d : tm ln thu hi t h nghin th I, trc khi a vo sng tm c tro l 1.31%, sau khi ra khoit sng tm , ta s thu c sn phm sau: Phn lt sng ca hai sng u vi tro l : 0,76% Phn lt sng ca hai sng cui vi tro l : 1,03% Phn khng lt sng v ph phm c tro l : 3,72% Khi lm giu tm va, tro ca sn phm lt sng khong 0,49 -0,9% . Nu lm giu tm b, th tro ca sn phm lt sng l 0,47 - 0,75%, cn vi tm b hng 2 th tro ca phn lt sng khong 0,81 1,12%. Nu sn phm vo sng tm l tm ln , th tro ca phn khng lt ca sng tm dao ng trong khong : 2,52 2,85%. tro ca phn khng lt ca sng tm sau khi tch v tm va l 1,14 2,35%, vi tm b 0,7 -1,52% v vi tm b hng 2 th tro l 2,67 -3,22% . Trong thnh phn khng lt gm c cc mnh v c dnh ni nh phi v mt phn lp alrng. Thnh phn ph phm nng thu c t cc sng tm thng gm c : mnh v nh, cc ni nh b c dnh v v cc phn t khc. Ph phm nh l nhng phn t c dng khng kh ht theo gm nhng mnh ni nh rt nh (dng bt) hoc cc phn t xenluloza. tron ca chng dao ng trong khong 1,0 3,95%. Hm lng tro trong cc phm thu c t cc h sng tm, trong nhng iu kin lm vic nh nhau ca trang thit b, tng ng vi tro ca nguyn liu hoc sn phm trc khi a vo cc h sng .
n mn hc CNTP
T l cht khong trong nguyn liu(hoc trong tm) cng cao, th tro ca cc sn phm sau khi ra khi sng (c bit l tro ca ph phm v phn khng lt) cng ln. Hm lng xenluloza trong sn phm cng tng ng vi tro c trong sn phm y. Th d : hm lng xenluloza trong tm ln trc khi a vo sng tm l 1,4 1,5% , trong tm va l 0,9 0,97%; Hm lng xenluloza trong tm nh trc khi a vo sng l0,54 0,81%; Hm lng xenluloza trong tm li trc khi a vo sng l 0,55 0,78%; Hm lng xenluloza trong tm nh hng 2 trc khi a vo sng l 1,43 1,87%; Hm lng xenluloza trong tm, thu hi c t hn hp tm ln sau khi ra khi sng tm l : 1,58 - 1,25%; Hm lng xenluloza trong tm, thu hi c t hn hp tm va sau khi ra khi sng tm l :0,38 0,88%; Hm lng xenluloza trong tm, thu hi c t hn hp tm nh hng 1 sau khi ra khi sng tm l : 0,32 0,40%; Hm lng xenluloza trong tm, thu hi c t hn hp tm li sau khi ra khi sng tm l : 0,24 0,38%; Hm lng xenluloza trong tm, thu hi c t hn hp tm nh hng 2 sau khi ra khi sng tm l : 0,79 - 1,44%. Hm lng xenluloza trong sn phm khng lt ca sng tm thng chim khong 1,38 7,30%. Nh vy trong sn phm thu c sau khi x l tm nh hng 2 c lng xenluloza cao nht, sau n hm lng xenluloza trong sn phm thu hi c sau khi lm giu tm ln. Cn t l xenluloza trong ph phm thng dao ng trong khong 1,15 3,32%. Ch tiu v tro v hm lng xenluloza biu hin lng ni nh v v c trong tm v tm li . tro v hm lng xenluloza cng b th gi tr cng ngh ca sn phm cng cao. 4.7 Qu trnh xt tm 4.7.1 Khi nim Qu trnh tch v ra khi hn hp tm bng tc dng lc c hc ca i trc nghin gi l qu trnh xt tm Trong quy trnh sn xut bt m nhiu hng, ty thuc vo nng xut phn xng, loi v kch thc trc nghin, kiu nghin v t l cht lng bt thnh phm m ngi ta c th
n mn hc CNTP
s dng khong t 1 16 h xt tm. Cc loi sn phm khc nhau nh mnh ht, tm ln tm va, tm nh c theo cc ng ng ring bit chuyn vo tng h xt. Sau khi qua h xt kch thc ca tm s gim xung, c th: t tm ln ta thu c tm va;t tm va thu c tm nh v tm nh thnh tm li. T l v trong tm thu hi sau khi xt gim xung nhiu t ty thuc vo hiu sut ca thit b. Qua nhiu cng trnh nghin cu ngi ta thy rng, khi s dng 8 9 h xt tm, th trong phi c 4 5 h xt tm ln, cn 3 4 h dng tch v trong cc phn khng lt ca 4 5 h xt du. Trong cc phn khng lt ca cc h xt du thng gm ch yu l v v trong v cn ln t ni nh. tro ca hn hp ny khong 3,2 3,5%, hm lng tinh bt l 32 40%. Sau khi ra khi my xt, phn khng lt trn c a tip qua hai my bn chi, phn khng lt ca my bn chi thng c tro khong 3,8 4,5% c thu hi lm v. 4.7.2 Nguyn tc thnh lp qu trnh xt tm Trong s qui trnh xt tm, i vi cc sn phm khc nhau: mnh ln, tm ln, tm va v tm nh, ngi ta dng cc h xt khc nhau, cn li cc phn khng lt trn th c a vo cc my bn chi tch v. cc nh my sn xut bt m nng sut ln v nng sut trung bnh, phn lt qua 2 sng u ca cc sng tm, trong tch v trong tm ln v tm va, c a n mt my nghin, cn phn lt qua 2 sng cui c chuyn my nghin khc ca h nghin . Ngi ta thng phn loi hn hp thu hi c sau h xt trong cng mt ry. Trng hp thiu mt ry, ngi ta c th a sn phm vo mt ngn ca ry phn loi, hoc t hp cc loi sn phm saukhi xt nh: tm ln, mnh ln, tm va, tm nh v a n ry phn loi t sau cc h trc nghin. Khi xt mnh ln, s rng trn 1cm chiu di chu vi trc l R= 9 Khi xt tm ln, s rng trn 1cm chiu di chu vi trc l R= 9,5 Khi xt tm va, s rng trn 1cm chiu di chu vi trc l R= 10 Khi xt tm nh, s rng trn 1cm chiu di chu vi trc l R= 10,5 Khi xt phn khng lt ca cc h xt tm du v cc sng tm, th s rng trn 1cm chiu di trc l R= 9 9,5. Cc thng s k thut cn li c ng dng cho t c cc h xt tm l: nghing ca rng y= 4 n 8%
n mn hc CNTP
Cch b tr rng trn trc L/L; K3= 1,251,5 Vn tc trc nhanh Vnh= 6m/s. Trong mt s trng hp c bit ngi ta cn s dng truc nghin b mt bng nhm xt tm. phn loi hn hp mnh ln, tm ln sau khi xt, ngi ta thng dng s ry phn loi N0-1, cn khi phn loi tm va th dng s ry N0-1 v N0-2, i vi cc sn phm khc ngi ta dng s ry N0-2 v N0-3. Sau khi xt xong hn hp tm, tm li vn cn mt t mnh v dng t do, vy tt nht nn a hn hp tm ny n cc sng tm tch v mt ln na. 4.7.3 S qu trnh xt tm Hnh 14 biu din s qu trnh xt tm trong nh my sn xut bt m ba hng. S gm c 5 h xt, trong c 4 h dng xt cc loi tm v mt h dng xt li phn khng lt ca cc h xt tm trc. Vic tch v trong sn phm thu hi sau h xt N0-5 c tin hnh bng cch cho hn hp ny qua hai bn chi N0-1 v N0-2 (kch thc l ry N0-0 40) t lin tip nhau. H xt tm N0-1 dng xt cc loi tm thu hi sau ba h nghin th u. Phn lt qua hai ry u ca cc sng tch v trong tm ln c a vo h xt tm N0-2-A; cn phn lt qua hai ry cui th a qua h xt tm N0-2-B
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Nu sn phm vo cc sng tm l tm va, th phn lt qua hai ry u ca sng tm ny c a vo h xt tm N0-3-A. Phn lt qua hai ry cui vo h xt tm N0-3-B. Tm nh thu hi t cc sng tm c chuyn vo h xt N0-4. H xt tm N0-5 c s dng x l cc phn khng lt trn ca bn h xt u v phn khng lt ca cc h sng tm. Tm va, tm nh t cc h xt tm N0-1, N0-2 v N0-3 c tip tc a i lm giu trong cc sng tm. Tm li thu t h xt tm N0-1, c chuyn vo h nghin mn 4. Tm t h xt tm N0-2, N0-3 v N0-4 c a vo h nghin mn 3. Cn tm t h xt tm N0-5 th c chuyn vo h nghin mn 5. S trnh by trong hnh 14, c s dng rng ri trong cc nh my c nng sut ln hoc trung bnh. Trng hp nu ti lng ring trn trc nghin ca mi h xt tm N02 v N0-3 qu thp, th ta c th t hp chung cc sn phm v a vo 1 i trc nghin, khng cn chia ra 2 phn A v B. Hnh 15 biu din s qu trnh xt tm trong nh my sn xut bt m t hai n ba hng, nng sut 120 140 tn/ngy.
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Cc thng s hnh ng, thng s k thut ca trc nghin v s hiu ry ca sng phn loi, ngi ta phi da vo yu cu k thut ca tng h. Phn khng lt trn ca cc h xt c a vo h khng lt 1. Sn phm khng lt trn ca h khng lt 1 tip tc cho qua hai my bn chi t lin tip nhau. Phn khng lt ca my bn chy l v. Tm va thu c t h xt tm N0-1 v N0-2 c a vo cc sng tm tch v. Tm nh c chuyn vo h nghin mn 1 v h nghin mn 2. Tm li th vo h nghin mn 3 v 4. Nu trong cc h nghin th ngi ta thu hi mnh ln th h xt tm N0-2 dng xt tm va v h N0-3 dng xt tm nh. Nh vy s lng rng trn trc nghin v s hiu ry phn loi sau cc h xt tm N0-2 v N0-3 s thay i mt t. 4.7.4 c tnh l ha ca cc sn phm thu hi c sau qu trnh xt tm Phn khng lt trn thu hi sau cc h xt tm l mt hn hp trong ch yu gm: cc mnh v, mnh ni nh c dnh v v mt s phn t ca phi v alorong. tro ca cc phn khng lt trn ph thuc cc yu t sau: tro ca cc sn phm trc khi vo h tm. Hiu sut tch v trong cc trc nghin v lng ni nh cn ln trong hn hp khng lt ry tro ca cc phn khng lt 1, thu hi t cc h xt tm khc nhau th cng khc nhau, c th l: tro ca khng lt 1 thu c t h xt mnh ln l 2,7 3,05% tro ca khng lt 1 thu c t h xt tm ln l 1,9 2,6% tro ca khng lt 1 thu c t h xt tm va l 1,8 2,4% tro ca khng lt 1 thu c t h xt tm b l 1,17 2,0% Tm li tro trong phn khng lt trn thu hi t h xt tm N0-5 ln nht l 3,2 4,3%, hm lng xenluloza l: 1,71 5,93%, hm lng tinh bt khong 36 40%. Cn tro trong phn khng lt trn thu c t cc h xt tm nh th thp nht, hm lng tinh bt ca chng li cao nht, khong 40 46%. Trong hn hp tm thu c t 4 h xt tm du, ngoi thnh phn ch yu l ni nh ra cn c ln mt t mnh v dng t do, di tc dng lc c ho5ccua3 i trc, cc mnh v d dng tch ra ngoi. tro ca hn hp tm ny dao ng trong khong 0,68 1,8%,
n mn hc CNTP
trong tro ca tm li l 0,5 0,9%. Hm lng xenluloza trong tm va khong 0,45 2,16%, cn trong tm li l 0,23 0,99%. Cc phn khng lt trn ca cc h xt tm du c a vo my bn chi tch v. tro phn khng lt ca my bn chi l 4,3 4,5% v hm lng tinh bt khong 30 40%. Sau qu trnh xt tm hm lng tinh bt trong hn hp tm tng ln r rt, c th hm lng tinh bt trong tm va v tm nh khong 73 78%, cn trong tm li khong 77 82%. 4.8 Nghin mn 4.8.1 Nguyn tc Trong qu trnh nghin mn, ngi ta tin hnh nghin tm, tm li v cc sn phm trung gian khc ( qua hay khng qua giai on lm giu tm) thnh bt theo t l v cht lng quy nh. Khi thnh lp qui trnh nghin mn ngi ta da vo cc ch tiu sau: Tnh cht cu trc c hc ca sn phm trc khi vo h nghin mn Kiu nghin Nng xut phn xng nghin bt T l v cht lng ca tm v tm li S qu trnh nghin mn gi l ti u nu sau mi h nghin mn, ta thu hi mt lng ti a bt cao cp vi ti lng ring trn thit b t mc ti u v tn hao nng lng thp nht. Qu trnh nghin mn trong nh my sn xut bt m nhiu hng gm cc giai on: Nghin mn tm v tm li hng 1 Nghin mn tm v tm li hng 2 Tch v trong sn phm thu hi c sau hai giai on u. Trong mt s trng hp c bit, ngi ta c th thc hin tch v trong giai on th 2 ca h nghin th. iu khc nhau c bn gia nguyn tc thnh lp s qu trnh nghin mn trong nh my sn xut bt m nhiu hng v mt hng (vi t l thu hi bt l 72%) l bn ca sn phm nghin, nng sut phn xng nghin, s lng v kch thc trc nghin. bn ca tm v tm li cng ln th yu cu lc nghin cng phi cao. Ngha l khi nghin la m c bn ni nh cng cao th s qu trnh nghin mn cng di (s h nhiu) v ngc li.
n mn hc CNTP
Ngoi ra ng ta cn da vo mc hon chnh ca cc qu trnh nh: nghin th, lm giu tm, tm li, v xt tm chn h trc cho qu trnh nghin mn. Trong nh my sn xut bt m ba hng v mt hng (t l thu hi bt l 72%) ngi ta thng s dng khong 10 14 h nghin mn (trong 1 2 h dng nghin cc phn khng lt v mt h dng tch v). Cn trong nh my sn xut bt m hai hng thng thng dng khong 9 11 h ( trong c 1 2 h dng nghin cc thnh phn khng lt, mt h dng tch v). Nu t hp cc sn phm theo kch thc v cht lng trc khi a vo cc h nghin mn cng chnh xc th t l bt cao cp thu c cng cao. Khi thnh lp s qu trnh nghin mn cn ch n mt s nguyn tc t hp v ng i ca cc sn phm trong cc h nghin mn, c th: Khi s dng s ry phn loi N0-4, kch thc v cht lng cc phn khng lt ca cc ry di v phn lt qua cc ry ny rt khc nhau, nn chng c chuyn vo cc h nghin mn khc nhau. Phn khng lt di ca cc h nghin mn trong giai on u (tr h mn 1) c a vo h khng lt I. Trng hp nu s dng s ry phn loi N0-2 v N0-3, phn khng lt trn, phn khng lt di v phn lt qua cc mt ry cui c a vo cc h nghin mn khc nhau. Phn khng lt qua mt ry di ca cc h nghin mn trong giai on hai c a vo h thng lt hai. Phn khng lt trn ca h khng lt hai c a vo cc my bn chi tch v. Sn phm lt qua mt ry cui cng ca h nghin mn c a vo h nghin mn sau n. Tm li nn a vo my nghin hai tht ci hay my nghin khc x l. Mun tng t l v cht lng bt cao cp trong nh my sn xut bt m ba hng ngi ta phi lm giu tm thu t h nghin mn 1, tm li cng thu c h nghin mn 2, v tm nh loi 2 thu c h khng lt 1. 4.8.2 S qu trnh nghin mn Hnh 16 biu din s qu trnh nghin mn thng ng dng trong nh my sn xut bt m ba hng. s ny gm 9 h nghin mn, hai h khng lt v mt h tch v
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4.8.3 Ch lm vic Ch lm vic ca qu trnh nghin mn gm: thng s hnh ng, thng s c hc ca cc b phn lm vic ca trc nghin, khe h gia 2 trc, s chuyn ng ca sn phm trong ry tng, s hiu ry ca tng h nghin, ti lng ring ca thit b, s phn b ca sn phm trn chiu di trc nghin. Qu trnh nghin mn v phn loi sn phm ch t c cao khi no ta chn c ch lm vic ti u i vi thit b, thu c lng bt ho hng cao nht v tn hao nng lng thp nht. Mun vy nguyn liu a vo h nghin mn phi ng nht v kch thc, cht lng, ti lng i vi tng thit b phi thch hp, c bit i vi cc nh my ln, trong s dng my nghin. Vn phc tp cho vic thnh lp v iu chnh ch lm vic ca thit b lun lun mc nh l tnh cht cu trc c hc ca cc sn phm vo cc h nghin mn rt khc nhau v lun thay i. Ngoi ra ch lm vic ca cc h nghin mn cn lin quan cht ch vi ch lm vic ca qu trnh nghin th, lm giu tm,tm li, xt tm. D hiu sut k thut ca thit b c t n mc cao nht, th sau qu trnh lm giu tm, tm li trong sn phm vn cn 1 t v, c bit cc s rt gn (khng c qu trnh xt tm). V vy trong h nghin mn 1 ngi ta phi iu chnh sao cho lc tc dng ln ht va phi v tch ra khi ni nh m khng b nghin nt v ri vo bt. Trong cc h nghin mn sn phm trung gian loi 1 v loi 2 khc, ngi ta phi xc nh ch lm vic sao cho sau mi h nghin c th thu c ti a bt cao cp. Nu khi ht vo h nghin th I c m cao hn m k thut th phi khng ch ch lm vic ca cc h nghin mn mc c th thu c lng ln nht bt tt sch v v bt khng b vn cc. Khi m ca khi ht vo h nghin th I qu thp th phi gim lng sn phm vo cc h nghin mn u v tng sn phm vo cc h nghin mn gia. Tuyt i khng c tng ti lng ring ca cc h nghin mn cui ln qu mc, bi v nu khng th kh c th thu c lng bt cao cp ng yu cu, c bit l bt ho hng. Trng thi b mt trc nghin cng nh hng r rt n t l thu hi bt. Khi s dng trc nghin c rng (trong h nghin mn) th hiu sut k thut s t cao hn nu sn phm vo cc h mn l tm v tm li cao cp c tch sch v (tc l qua qu trnh lm giu tm, tm li). Trong trng hp ny c th thu c mt lng ln nht bt
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cao cp khng nhng giai on 1 v giai on 2, m hiu sut tch v giai on 3 ca qu trnh nghin mn cng tng ln. Ch lm vic ca cc h nghin mn cn lin quan mt thit vi ti lng ring trn trc nghin v trn din tch b mt ry. Nh ta bit, ch nghin c iu chnh ch yu bng s thay i khe h gia hai trc ca my nghin. p lc ca trc nghin ln sn phm ph thuc vo t l v cht lng ca sn phm vo h nghin mn trong mt n v thi gian v yu cu v mc nghin ca mi h. Khi tng p lc ca trc nghin n mt mc nht nh, th t l thu bt cng tng. Nhng nu tng qu mc nh th t l bt s gim xung, mc d khi nng sut ca my nghin c tng ln. Trong trng hp ny nhit ca sn phm s tng ln, bt b bt vo thit b, cn ry phn loi th lt ry gim. mc nghin t yu cu nh, khi chn ti lng ring cho tng my nghin v ry phn loi, ngi ta phi da vo cc yu t nh: tnh cht cu trc c hc ca sn phm, kch thc cc phn t trong sn phm v t l bt cn thu hi sau mi h nghin. Bng 13 biu th mt s ch tiu c trng cho ch lm vic cc h nghim mn trong qui trnh ch bin hn hp la m nhm IV 70% v nhm I 30% vi trng trung bnh l 49%. Bng 13 : Cc ch tiu c trng cho ch lm vic ca tng h nghin mn trong quy trnh sn xut bt ba hng. Lng sn phm Tn h vo h ( % so vi nguyn liu vo h th I ) H nghin mn 1 H nghin mn 2 H nghin mn 3 H nghin mn 4 H khng lt I H nghin mn 5 H nghin mn 6 25,0 20,0 16,5 16,3 11,0 14,0 9,1 T l thu hi bt So vi lng nguyn liu vo h th I ( % ) 9,0 10,0 8,0 6,5 1,5 6,2 3,8 % so vi lng sn phm vo h y 40 50 50 55 45 50 40 50 15 20 40 45 40 45 tro ca bt ( % )
0,50 0,43 0,46 0,63 0,81 0,70 0,76
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H nghin mn 7 H khng lt II H nghin mn 8 H nghin mn 9 H tch v H phn loi ph phm H phn loi ph phm qua my bn chi 4.8.4 c tnh l ha ca cc sn phm vo ra qu trnh nghin mn Trong nhng iu kin lm vic nh nhau ca thit b, thnh phn ha hc ca bt tng ng vi thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu u. Bt thu t cc h nghin mn khc nhau th c tro khc nhau. C th: Bt ly t 3 h nghin mn u tin c tro khong 0,43 0,5% Bt ly t cc h nghin mn 4, 5, 6, 7 c tro khong 0,63 0,85% Bt ly t h khng lt I c tro khong 0,8 0,9% Bt ly t h khng lt II c tro khong 1,25 1,36% Bt ly t h nghin mn 9 v h tch v u tin c tro khong 1,8 1,84% Ni chung t l bt thu c trong qu trnh nghin mn l 55,6% vi tro trung bnh l 0,69%. Hm lng xenluloza ca bt thu c t 3 h nghin mn u l 0,1 0,12% tng ng vi hm lng xenluloza ca ni nh. h nghin mn 4, hm lng xenluloza trong bt l 0,25%. K t h nghin mn 5 tr i, do tin hnh tch ni nh, nn tro ca sn phm cng v sau cng tng ln v hm lng xenluloza cao nht l ca bt thu hi t h nghin mn 9 v h tch v. So snh mt s ch tiu v tro, hm lng xenluloza, mu sc ca ht v bt, ngi ta d dng nhn thy gia chng c mi quan h tng quan t l thun. Tuy nhin, khng phi lc no cng vy, nu ch lm vic ca thit b khng ph hp, hiu sut tch v km, lng v b nghin nt ri vo bt nhiu th hm lng tro trong bt thnh phm s cao.
8,0 8,0 6,5 6,0 8,0 5,5
2,8 2,0 1,9 1,5 1,2 0,5
30 35 20 25 25 30 20 25 15 20 10 12
0,82 1,35 0,85 1,80 1,84 0,82
6,5
0,7
10 - 15
2,15
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Hm lng protit trong bt thu c t cc h nghin mn khc nhau th khc nhau. Bt thu t 3 h nghin mn u c hm lng protit thp hn. T h nghin mn 5 tr i, hm lng protit ca bt thu c ca h v sau ngy cng tng. Hm lng protit trong bt thu c t h tch v la 15,2% Hm lng protit trong bt thu c t h phn loi ph phm l 17,2% Hm lng protit thu c t h phn loi phn lt sng ca cc my bn chy l 18,8% S d c hin tng trn l do hm lng alorong v v ca bt ly t cc h nghin mn cng v sau cng tng. V mt cht lng th kh nng ra ly gluten ca loi bt m ny km hn so vi bt m thu c t 3 h nghin mn u. Cht bo trong bt l mt ch tiu m ngi ta thng dng nh gi mc chun b ht trc khi nghin, t l phi v a-l-rng trong sn phm cng t, hiu sut nghin cng ln th hm lng cht bo ca bt cng thp. Tm li, cng v cui qu trnh nghin mn, th tro, hm lng xenluloza trong bt cng tng, cht lng protit cng gim. 4.8.5 Cc phng php tch phi Trong quy trnh chun b nguyn liu trc khi nghin, phi cha c tch khi ht, cng vi khi ht phi c a sang giai on nghin. V vy tng cht lng bt thnh phm trong tt c cc nh my sn xut bt m ngi ta u s dng giai on tch phi. T l phi trong ht la m chim khong 2,0 3,9% trng lng ton ht. Trong thnh phn ca phi c: protit khong 33 39%, tinh bt hu nh khng c, nhng trong phi cha mt lng ng kh ln, nh ng saccacaza (16 25,6%), ng kh (0,7%), ng rafinoza (40%), hm lng xenluloza ca phi l 1,8 2,5%, cn h-mixen-lu-lo-za chim khong 9 10%. T l cht khong ca phi khong 4,8 6,7%. Cht bo v cc cht gn ging cht bo trong phi giao ng khong 13 19%. Trong phi giu vitamin, nh vitamin nhm B (17,8 mg%), B1 (6,2mg%), B2 (1,45mg%), B6 (2,5 mg%), B7 (7,5 mg%). So vi cc thnh phn khc ca ht, hm lng enzym trong phi cng kh ln, c bit cc enzym thy phn, enzym oxy ha kh v enzym thy phn cht bo.
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Protit ca phi v gi tr dinh dng khc hn protit ca ni nh. Trong phi ch yu l protit tan trong nc nh anbumin hay laycozin. Loi protit ny di tc dng ca nhit cao d dng b bin tnh v mt tnh cht ha tan Bng 14. Hm lng axit bo trong ht la m Axit bo Panmitic Stearic Oleic Linoic Linoleic Hm lng % 11,75 3,06 23,14 52,31 3,55
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4.8.6 B sung vitamin vo bt m 4.8.6.1 Khi nim chung

n mn hc CNTP
Thnh phn ch yu ca v ht la m l xenluloza, l nhng cht c th ngi khng th tiu ha c. Cn thnh phn ca phi l lp alrng th gm c: cc cht khong (photpho, kali) vitamin, phitin, c bit axit amin chim mt t ln kh ln, ch ring trong lp ng ca phi c gn 60% tiamin. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh sn xut nu phi v ng b nghin nt ln v bt d lm cho sn phm b ng, t bit khi phi bo qun lu di trong iu kin khng thun li. V vy trong qu trnh sn xut bt m nhiu hng ngi ta iu chnh ch k thut sao cho khng nghin nt phi v lp alrng cng mt lc vi ni nh , tng cht lng v t l bt cng cao. Phi v alrng c tp trung vo mt thng ch vi v , hoc a i ch bin du, thuc Do nhu cu ngy cng tng ca nhn dn i vi bnh m trng , nn ngi ta khng nhng tng sn xut bt m nhiu hng , m cn tng cht lng ca chng . Trong qui trnh sn xut bt, do tch v , phi, m mt s vitamin v cc cht bo khc b loi ra ngoi v lm gim cht lng ca bt xung. mt s nc Chu u, tng cht lng bt thnh phm , i vi bt th ngi ta thng b sung thm canxi, ribaflavin, cn i vi bt m nhiu hng th thm mui st, vitamin B1, B2, axit amin(ch yu l laxin). Hoc trong nh my sn xut bt bnh m ngi ta b sung thm sa bt , KBr v 1 s cht khc vo bt. Trong nh my sn xut bt m ca Nga ngi ta thng trn thm vitamin B1, B2,PP. Vitamin B1, B2, PP c chuyn ch t cc nh my sn xut vitamin n nh my bt m trong cc bao hoc gi. Khi xc nh lng vitamin cn thit b sung vo bt m ngi da vo hm lng vitamin c sn trong bt v tiu chun tng loi vitamin i vi tng loi bt. i vi cc loi vitamin khc nhau, th hm lng vitamin cn b sung khc nhau, c th l : Vi bt ho hng, bt hng I, t l cc li vitamin cn b sung nh sau : B1(0,4 mg %), B2 (0,4 mg %), PP(6 mg %). i vi bt hng II, t l cc loi vitamin cn b sung l : B1(0,2 mg %), B2 (0,4 mg %), PP(3,0 mg %). Hm lng cc loi vitamin cn b sung vo bt m trng th l : B2 (0,4 mg %), PP(4 mg %). 4.8.6.2 S quy trnh b xung vitamin vo bt m
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b sung vitamin vo bt m, ngi ta x dng thit b YBM-2(hnh 18). Trong thit b ngi ta chun b hn hp cc loi vitamin dng bt v bt cn b sung vitamin. Sau khi ra khi ry kim tra , bt theo ng ng t trt chy vo b nh lng nh, ri qua khe h gia ng trc v a, bt chuyn vo b trn ln hnh cn. T b nh lng nh, bt a vo b trn nghin; cng luc ngi ta cho cc loi vitamin B1, B2 nh lng trc vo b nghin, v bm nt cho thit b lm vic. Sau khi trn u bt v vitamin, cc loi bt b sung vitamin c a v cc thng ring bit. Khi thit b lm vic iu quan trng l lun gi li mt t bt lu tr trong khoang m bo p sut cn thit trn a ca b nh lng. Nn kim tra chnh xc ca thit b nh lng t nht mt ln sau 2 gi lm vic, v sau khong 0,5 1 pht phi ly sn phm b nh lng a i cn li, trong trng hp sai lch 10% so vi quy chun th phi u chnh li ch lm vic ca b nh lng Bt vitamin ha sai khi ra khi thit b , c a vo thng cha ri qua thit b phi liu v nam chm in n b phn ng bao thnh phm.
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4.9 Phn loi v kim tra thnh phm

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tro hm lng ghuten, ln v mu sc ca bt thu hi sau mi h nghin rt khc nhau. thu c bt thnh phm c t l v cht lng ng vi quy nh, ng thi t yu cu v ch tiu cht lng bt sn xut bnh m, m si, trc tin phi tin hnh phn loi bt, tm v tm li mt cch chnh xc. S lng loi bt c c trng bng kiu nghin, th d nh khi sn xut bt mt hng th tt c cc ng ng dn bt i t cc h kh nhau c tp trung vo mt kho cha bt mt hng. Nu yu cu sn xut bt hng 2 hoc hng 3 th ty theo kiu nghin, ngi ta phn bt thnh phm ra 2 3 hng, tng ng vi cc ch tiu v cht lng v s lng quy nh. Ngi ta thng da vo cc tiu chun l ha sau y nh gi cht lng chung ca bt thnh phm. 4.9.1 tro Trong qu trnh sn xut bt nhiu hng, mt s phn t ca cc lp v v lp alorong b nghin nt. tro ca v v lp alorog thng ln hn ca ni nh, v vy ngi ta da vo tro nh gi tr thc phm ca bt. tro ca v thng nh hn tro ca lp alowrng khong 3 4 ln. Bt c tro cao tc l ln nhiu v. tro ca bt m cao hay thp ty thuc vo tro ca ni nh, t l v v lp alorong trong ht. Nu tro ca ni nh ln ( 0,48 0,50 ) hoc t l la m cng trong hn hp hn 20%, th rt kh c khi khng th thu hi c bt cao cp vi tro nh hn 0,55%. trng hp bn ca v thp, cht lng ht (c bit l i vi la m cng v la m mm trng trong cao) khng p ng yu cu nh, th qu trnh nghin c nhiu v v lp alrng b nt ri vo ht b gim cht lng ca bt thnh phm. v cng ln (c bit l phn t ca lp alrng b nghin nt cng ln) tro ca bt cng cao. Ngoi ra hm lng v ln trong bt cn nh hng trc tip n cht lng ca bnh m. Bnh lm t bt c cao thng c mu sm (ti) hn so vi bnh m lm t bt c v thp. V vy ngi ta c th da vo tro hoc v phn hng bt m thnh phm.
4.9.2 ln ca bt
n mn hc CNTP
ln ca bt ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cng ngh sn xut bnh m. N ph thuc ch yu vo mc nghin ht. Kch thc ca cc phn t trong khi bt rt khc nhau. Nhng phn t bt c kch thc khc nhau, th kh nng ngm nc ca chng cng khc nhau, v vy qu trnh ln men trong khi bt nho xy ra s khng ng u. ln v ng nht v kch thc ca mi hng bt l rt quan trng nh hng trc tip n tnh cht k thut ca giai on nng bnh m. Ngi ta thng dng s hiu ry xc nh ln ca bt cc hng, th d: Bt ho hng c ly t phn ca mt ry 38 43. Bt hng mt c thu t phn lt qua ry Lo35 43. Bt hng hai c thu t phn c lt qua mt ry Lo35 38. Khi s dng mt li ry qu tha, th mn bt thnh phm khng m bo. Ngc li nu chn mt ry qu dy th nng sut ca ry phn loi s gim xung. 4.9.3 Hm lng gluten trong bt m Hm lng v tnh cht gluten nh hng rt ln n tnh cht nng bnh ca bt m. Bnh m lm t bt c mu sng, n hi v cng t thch hp th bao gi cng c hnh dng p, cht lng tt hn so vi bnh m lm t bt m c mu sm, n hi v cng t km. Gluen ri t bt la m cng hoc bt la m mm trng cao thng cho gluten tt, giu protit. Trong trng hp tnh cht l hc ca gluten nh nhau, loi bt no c hm lng gluten cng ln th tnh cht nng bnh ca loi bt y cng cao.Cht lng gluten trong cc loi bt thu t cc h khc nhau th khc nhau c th l: Bt ly t cc h nghin th I, IV v cc h nghin mn 1, 2, 3, 4 c cht lng gluten tt nht. Bt thu t cc h nghin th I, IV v cc h nghin mn 5, 6, 7 c cht lng gluten km hn, cn t khi bt thu c sau khi cc h tch v thng kh hoc c khi khng ra c gluten (khng tch c gluten bng phng php ra). Hm lng v tp cht rc, tp cht ht trong bt cng cao th cht lng cng gim.
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Gluten ca la m en v la m trng b h hng trong qu trnh sy thng c n hi v cng t thp mu sm v d dnh bt. 4.9.4 Mu sc ca bt m Mu sc ca bt b ph thuc vo mu sc ni nh, t l v mu sc ca v, ln v ng u ca cc phn t trong bt. Nh ta bit lp alorong ca ht la m khng c mu ( trong sut ) nhng tro ca n ln. tro ca v nh hn tro ca lp alorong khong 3 4 ln nhng lp v li l lp cha sc t, v vy trong qu trnh nghin lng v b nghin nt v ln vo bt cng nhiu th mu sc ca bt cng xu, mt d khi tro ca bt tng ln khng ng k. Khi t l v ca bt qu ln th bt s chuyn sang mu vng xm. Cc m bt c cht lng bt nh nhau nhng nu kch thc ca chng khc nhau th mu sc cng khc nhau. Bt nh thng c mu trng, cn bt ln c mu trng xm. Bt la m trng c ( trng trong thp ) c mu trng, cn bt la m cng c mu trng ng. Mu sc ca bt c trng cho mu sc ca bnh m. T l v trong bt cng thp th bt cng trng, gi tr tiu th cng cao. Ngi ta thng dng ch s ca my so mu xc nh mu sc c bt va nhanh va n gin m hiu sut cao. i vi cc loi bt khc nhau ch s ca my o mu s khc nhau. Trong hiu nh my sn xut bt m, ngi ta cn da vo ch s ca my o mu nh gi cht lng v phm hng ca bt thnh phm. T l v khng nng nh hng n tro, mu sc, hm lng v cht lng gluten, m cn nh hng n kh nng to kh, thy phn v kh nng thm nc ca bt m. Bt ho hng gm c : Bt 1 hoc t c bt thu c sau h nghin mn 2. Bt ca h nghin mn 1. Trong trng hp cn thit c th thu hi tt c bt 1 ca h nghin mn 3. tro ca bt ho hng giao ng trong khong 0,46 0,49%. Bt hng 1 gm c : Tt c bt thu c t h nghin 4, 5; Bt 2 ca h nghin mn 1, 3;
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Bt thu c t h nghin mn th II, III v bt ly t tt c cc h xc tm ln, tm va, tn nh; Trong nhng trng hp c bit ngi ta cn c th thu c c bt 1 ca h nghin th IV, h khng lt 1 v bt 1 ca h mn 6. Bt hng 2 gm c : Bt thu c t h nghin th I; Bt thu c t phn lt qua my c v v my bn chi; Bt 2 ca h nghin mn 6; Tt c b ca h nghin 7, 8,9 v cc h tch v, phn loi ph phm.
Tm li, khi thnh lp s phn loi sn phm ngi ta c th s dng th t phn nhm trn y hoc thay i mt t sao cho t l bt cao cp t c khong 50 55% hoc cao hn na v bo m t l tng loi bt t yu cu quy nh vi tro thp nht. Bng 15: Cc ch tiu c trng cho ch lm vic ca tng h nghin mn trong quy trnh sn xut bt ba hng Lng sn phm vo h ( % so vi nguyn liu vo h th I ) 25,0 20,0 16,5 16,3 11,0 14,0 9,1 8,0 8,0 6,5 6,0 8,0 5,5 6,5 T l thu hi bt So vi lng nguyn liu vo h th I ( % ) 9,0 10,0 8,0 6,5 1,5 6,2 3,8 2,8 2,0 1,9 1,5 1,2 0,5 0,7 % so vi lng sn phm vo h y 40 50 50 55 45 50 40 50 15 20 40 45 40 45 30 35 20 25 25 30 20 25 15 20 10 12 10 - 15 tro ca bt ( % ) 0,50 0,43 0,46 0,63 0,81 0,70 0,76 0,82 1,35 0,85 1,80 1,84 0,82 2,15
Tn h H nghin mn 1 H nghin mn 2 H nghin mn 3 H nghin mn 4 H khng lt I H nghin mn 5 H nghin mn 6 H nghin mn 7 H khng lt II H nghin mn 8 H nghin mn 9 H tch v H phn loi ph phm H phn loi ph phm qua my bn chi
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Bng 16 : Hm lng axit bo trong ht la m Axit bo Panmitic Stearic Oleic Linoic Linoleic Hm lng % 11,75 3,06 23,14 52,31 3,55
Bng 17: Ch tiu cht lng ca cc sn phm ch bin t la m. Loi sn phm tro nh hn % I.Bt bnh m Tm Bt ho hng Bt hng 1 Bt hng 2 Bt th II.Bt m si: -T la m cng: Tm Bt hng 1 Bt hng 2 -T la m mm: Tm Bt hng 1 Bt hng 2 III.Tm cao 0,60 0,70 23/8 23/5 38/2 38/1 Trang 92
mn Khng tnh lt nh hn % Lt ry Nh hn % Nh hn %
Hm lng gluten ti %
0,60 0,55 0,57 1,25 1,25
23/2 43/5 35/2 27/2 067/2
35/10 -
43/75 38/60 38/30
30 28 20 25 20
0,75 1,10 1,75
140/3 100/5 27/2
260/10 43/35 43/35
38/60
30 32 25
0,55 0,75 1,25
150/3 190/3 27/2
260/10 43/50 43/50
38/60
38 30 25
n mn hc CNTP
cp: K hiu M K hiu MT K hiu T 0,85 23/5 38/1 -
Bng 18: Cc loi nghin bt bnh m v t l thu hi thnh phm, ch bin t la m vi cht lng nh (% trng lng ht a vo sn xut) 70% 78% bt ba hng Tn thnh phm bt 2 hng 10+ 35+ 33 1.Sn phm: Tm Bt ho hng Bt loi I Bt loi II Bt th 2.Bn thnh phm Cm gia sc V 3.Ph phm v tn hao Ph phm I v II Ph phm III v tn tht c hc Tn tht do sy 2,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 18, 5 18, 5 2,8 18, 5 2,8 18, 5 2,8 18, 5 2,8 18, 5 2,8 18, 5 2,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,3 8 18,5 2,8 18, 5 2,8 18, 5 2,8 6 18, 5 2,8 1,1 5 2,8 0,7 1,0 2 10 35 33 15 30 33 15 35 28 15 40 23 10 35 33 10 29 28 10 45 23 10 60 40 38 45 33 72 85 96 15+ 30+ 33 15+ 35+ 33 15+ 20+ 33 10+ 35+ 33 10+ 40+ 23 10+ 45+ 23 10+7 0 78% bt 2 hng Bt 1 hng
72
85
96
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n mn hc CNTP
Tng cng 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0
Bng 19: Cc loi sn phm nghin bt ba hng t l 78% t la m cng v la m mm c trng trong cao T la m mn Tn sn phm 15 + 40 + 23% 1.Thnh phm Bt ho hng Bt hng I Bt hng II 2.Bn thnh phm : v 3.Ph phm v tn hao Ph phm loi I, II Ph phm loi III v tn tht c hc Tng cng 2,8 0,7 100 2,8 0,7 100 2,8 0,7 100 2,8 0,7 100 15 40 23 18,5 20 35 23 18,5 25 30 23 18,5 10 35 33 18,5 T la m cng trng trong cao 20 + 35 + 23% 25 + 30 + 23% 10 + 35 + 33%
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Bng 20 : Tiu chun thu hi cc loi bt v tro ca chng trong nghin 78% bt ba hng t la m c cht lng nh Tn sn phm Nh my bt m N 1 Nh my bt m N0 2 Nh my bt m N0 3
0
Loi ht IV 60% + I +II + III 40% IV 30% + I +II + III 70% IV 40% + I +II + III 30% + Manmitova 30%
T l thu hi bt % ( so vi nguyn liu u ) v tro %
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DANH SÁCH HÌNH MINH HỌA VÀ BẢNG THỐNG KÊ

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DANH SÁCH HÌNH MINH HỌA VÀ BẢNG THỐNG KÊ

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n mn hc CNTP

Hnh 12 : S lm giu tm, tm li bng sng tm 2 ngn trong nh my sn xut 62 67 72

Bng 3 : Hm lng cht bo trong tng phn ca ht la m ( theo % cht kh)9 46 46

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

Bng 13 : Cc ch tiu c trng cho ch lm vic ca tng h nghin mn trong

Bng 15: Cc ch tiu c trng cho ch lm vic ca tng h nghin mn trong 93 94 94

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

La m cng 14,0 14,4- 24,1 66,6 2,1 1,8 1,7

Bng 2: Bng thnh phn ha hc

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

Bng 3: Hm lng cht bo trong tng phn ca ht la m ( theo % cht kh)

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

phm thc hnh sn xut tt GMP.

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

d. Kim tra cht lng gluten ca bt m

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

f. Kim tra protein

g. Cht lng bt thnh phm t c nhng yu cu sau

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

Hnh 4 : S quy trnh cng ngh cng on x l nguyn liu

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

T l thu hi cc h nghin H th II H th III

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

Tm li 11,25 14,3 15,1

Bt 7,5 7,7 10,0

Trong bng 6 biu din t l gia mnh ln, tm, tm li v bt (% so vi t l thu hi

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

1,81 14,6 5,97 24

1,24 15,1 6,2 20

Tm ch bin t la m cng vi cht lng cao thng thu c t h nghin

th I v II. h th III tro ca tm kh ln, cn h th IV tro ca tm cn ln hn

0,5 H th I 1,72 1,70 H th II 1,47 H th III 1,8 78 72 88

0,8 62 0,75 2,5 38 0,64 3,2 44

1,0 42 0,69 3,00 18 0,60 3,8 20

1,2 50 0,73 4,0 24 0,52 3,8 30

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

GVHD: Trn Th Cc Phng

13,9 14,2 15,0 16,2 16,8 17,3 17.9 18,3