NH HNG CA D LIU HUN LUYN TRONG CC THUT TON PHN LOI NH VIN THM

L Vn Trung Trng i Hc Bch Khoa, HQG-HCM 1.GII THIU Phng php phn loi gn ng nht MLC (Maximum Likelihood Classification) da trn c s gi thuyt hm mt xc sut tun theo lut phn b chun, c p dng kh ph bin trong phn loi nh vin thm v c xem nh l thut ton chun so snh vi cc thut ton khc. Bng thut ton MLC, chng ta c th nhn mt kt qu phn loi sai lch nu nh d liu nh v tinh c tin hnh phn loi khng tun theo lut phn b chun. khc phc nhc im ca MLC, mng thn kinh a lp LNN (Layered Neural Networks) c p dng v em li kt qu rt ng tin cy. Mi quan h l thuyt gia LNN v MLC c lm sng t bi Wan (1990) v Ruck et al. (1990) vi kt lun l gi tr xut ca LNN, khi c hun luyn vi b d liu mu y , c xem nh l gi tr c tnh ca xc sut sau trong phn loi MLC. kho st nh hng ca b d liu hun luyn n kt qu phn loi ca 2 phng php, b nh quang hc a ph c s dng phn thnh 7 loi. Ba b d liu mu c s pixels khc nhau (1000, 1500 v 2000 pixels) c thc nghim trn thut ton phn loi gn ng nht (MLC) v mng neural a lp (LNN), u th ca tng phng php phn loi trn cng b d liu hun luyn s c nh gi bi ma trn sai s trong phn loi. 2.D LIU V PHNG PHP THC HIN 2.1 D liu nh gi chnh xc phn loi bi 2 thut ton MLC v LNN, b nh s Airborne MSS gm12 knh c kch thc 256*256 pixels c s dng. Bng bin php phn tch thng k, ma trn h s tng quan cho thy b nh gc c cha nhiu v tng quan cao gia cc knh; nng cao chnh xc phn loi, php bin i nh thnh phn chnh (PCA - Principal Component Analysis) cn c thc hin to nh thnh phn chnh. Kt qu chuyn i d liu nh gc 12 knh thnh nh mi ch vi 3 thnh phn u tin trong php bin i PCA trc khi tin hnh phn loi c th hin Hnh 1. Trong thut ton phn loi MLC v LNN, mi pixel trn nh c ch nh vo mt trong 7 loi tng ng nh sau: (1) Rng; (2) La; (3) C; (4) t trng; (5) Khu dn c ; (6) Sng v (7) Nc. B d liu mu c xy dng thnh 3 b d liu c s pixels khc nhau (1000, 1500 v 2000 pixels) v b d liu thm tra gm 3173 pixels dng nh gi chnh xc.

Hnh 1

2.2 Phng php thc hin Phng php c s dng l phn loi gn ng nht (MLC) v mng thn kinh a lp (LNN). V b nh gc gm 12 knh c cha nhiu v tng quan cao gia cc bin, nn php bin i to nh thnh phn chnh cn c p dng chuyn i d liu nh gc nhm to thun li v nng cao chnh xc. Do , nh bin i c dng phn loi bao gm 3 thnh phn chnh V nh phn loi ch c 3 gi tr c trng, nn m hnh p dng phn loi ca LNN s bao gm mt lp nhp vi 3 neuron tng ng 3 knh ph, mt lp xut vi 7 neuron tng ng 7 loi cn xc nh v mt lp trung gian. Mng Neural 3 Lp c p dng trong thc nghim th hin bi hnh 2
A n h 1 2 k e n h
B ie n o i a n h 3 k e n h 12 B and 1 Band 2 Band 3 B o d lie u m a u h u a n lu y e n X a c n h tro n g s o n o i

M O H N H P H A N L O A I L N N
T h u a t to a n L N N In p u t
w 12 H id d e n L a y e r

O u tp u t

7 L o a i
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

R n g L u a C o a t tro n g T ho c S o n g N c

Hnh 2

Quy trnh tin hnh nh gi chnh xc phn loi bi 2 thut ton MLC v LNN da trn 3 b d liu mu khc nhau c th c minh ho bi hnh 3.

Q U Y T R N H P H A N L O A I
T h u a t to a n P h a n lo a i LNN & M LC
C la s s 1 C la s s 2 C la s s k

L u a t q u y e t n h

C a c loa i c x a c n h

A N H G IA B ie n o i P C A (1 2 > 3 ) A n h g o c (1 2 k e n h ) O C H N H X A C

L o c sa u k h i P h a n lo a i
( S m o o th in g )

D lieu m au

D lieu T h a m tra

(L a n d u s e M a p )

Hnh 3

Trnh t phn loi gm cc bc c bn sau y: - Bc 1: Bin i to nh ch gm 3 thnh phn chnh loi tr nhiu v s tng quan gia cc knh trong nh gc. - Bc 2: Tuyn chn cc c trng ca vng mu cho php phn bit gia 7 loi trong khu vc. T xy dng 3 b d liu mu c ngha quyt nh trong vic thnh lp cc ch tiu v lut quyt nh trong phn loi v mt b d liu thm tra dng nh gi chnh xc phn loi ca 2 thut ton. - Bc 3: p dng thut ton phn loi LNN v MLC ln lt i vi 3 b d liu mu khc nhau v so snh kt qu t c da vo ma trn sai s phn loi. - Bc 4: Kt qu phn loi cui cng ca 2 thut ton c x l nng cao cht lng nh c gii on bng cch p dng cng mt php lc vi ma trn ton t lc (3X3). - Bc 5: So snh nh hng ca b d liu mu n kt qu phn loi ca 2 thut ton MLC v LNN. Kt qu sau khi phn loi s c th hin di dng bn gm 7 loi hnh s dng t. 3.KT QU THC NGHIM nh a ph Airborne MSS bin i vi 3 thnh phn chnh u tin c s dng xc nh 7 loi theo 2 thut ton phn loi MLC v LNN. xi (i=1,2,3) th hin vector c trng ca pixel c phn loi v j (j=1,2,...k,7) th hin s loi cn xc nh v Lut quyt nh trong phn loi c thc hin nh sau: - Thut ton MLC nhm xc nh Lk (Likelihood) l xc sut hu nh (posterior probability) ca pixel trc thuc loi k nu Lk l cc i (maximum)

Lk = p (k / x) = p(k ) p ( x / k ) / p (i) p( x / i )
Trong : - P(k): xc sut tin nh ca loi k - P(x/k): xc sut iu kin c th xem x thuc loi k (hm mt xc sut) Thng P(k) & p (i ) p ( x / i ) c xem bng nhau cho tt c cc loi Lk ph thuc vo p ( x / k )

- Lut phn loi trong thut ton LNN c tin hnh da trn gi tr xut mong mun d j ( x ) ca cc neuron ti lp xut sau khi mng c hun luyn xc nh cc trng s ni tng ng. Gi tr d j ( x ) c th hin bng nhng ga tr nh phn 0 hoc 1 vi

1 nu x j

d j (x) =
0 tt c neuron xut cn li
Nh vy LNN ng vai tr l mt h thng nhp-xut (I/O) c cc gi tr xut tng ng mong mun d j ( x ) khi c hun luyn vi b d liu mu y , c xem nh l gi tr c tnh ca xc sut sau Lk trong phn loi MLC. Ma trn sai s c s dng nh gi chnh xc phn loi, bng di y th hin chnh xc ton cc nhn c t ma trn sai s khi s dng 2 thut ton phn loi trn cng b d liu mu; nh hng ca b d liu mu n kt qu phn loi v cho thy u th ca LNN so vi thut ton MLC khi s dng cng mt b d liu mu. nh hng ca b d liu hun luyn n kt qu phn loi D liu mu 1000 (pixels) 2000 (pixels) 3000 (pixels) Thut ton LNN chnh xc ton cc (%) 84,4 85,4 84,9 Thut ton MLC chnh xc ton cc (%) 78,8 84,0 81,3

- Kt qu: nh a ph Airborne MSS sau khi phn loi v c lc vi ma trn ton t lc s c th hin di dng bn lp ph mt t th hin trn hnh 4 bao gm 7 loi. Rng La

C
t Th c Sng Nc
nh a ph Airborne MSS Bn 7 loi hnh s sng t di dng raster

4. KT LUN Kt qu t c cho thy Mng thn kinh a lp (LNN) c kh nng ng dng rt tt trong phn loi nh vin thm, nhm khc phc nhc im ca thut ton MLC khi d liu c tin hnh phn loi khng tun theo lut phn b chun. Tuy nhin, s thnh cng ca thut ton phn

loi nh vin thm c gim nh tu thuc nhiu vo kh nng khi qut ha nhng thng tin t b d liu mu sn c phn loi chnh xc cc d liu cha bit. Bi bo ch ra kt qu thc nghim trn 2 thut ton ng vi cc b d liu mu khc nhau v cho thy u th ca LNN so vi thut ton MLC khi s dng cng mt b d liu mu. Nhng qua kt qu t c, cng nu bt vn cn lu khi s dng cc thut ton phn loi nh vin thm, l cn xy dng b d liu mu nh th no thut ton c kh nng khi qut cao trong qu trnh tin hnh phn loi thc s. TI LIU THAM KHO [1]. Conese, C., Maracchi, G., Miglietta, F., and Maselli. Forest classification by Principal Component Analysises of TM Data. I. Journal. Remote Sensing, (1988). [2]. Diamantaras, K.I. and Kung, S.Y. Principal Component Neural Networks - Theory and applications. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., (1996). [3]. Fuat Ince. Maximum Likelihood Classification, optimal or Problematic? A comparison with the nearest neighbour classification. Int. Jour. Remote Sensing, (1987). [4]. Ruck, D.W., Roger, S.K., Kabrisky, M., Oxley, M.E. and Suter, B.W, The multiplayer perception as an approximation to a Bayes optimal discriminate function. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 1, No. 4, 296-298, (1990). [5]. Shimizu Eihan and Le Van Trung, On the Architecture of layered Neural Network for Land use Classification of Satellite Remote Sensing Image. The 17th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, (1996). [6]. Shimizu Eihan, Le Van Trung; and Tsutsumi Morito, Countermeasures Against the Generalization Problem of Neural Network in the Classification of Remotely Sensed Images. Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), (1997). [7]. Wan, Eric A. Neural network classification: A Bayes interpretation. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 1, No.4, 303-305, (1990).