Chapter # 2 The Analysis of Some Major Administrative Reforms in Pakistan Chapter Two of the study provides details on some of the Major Administrative Reforms in Pakistan. The government of Pakistan has introduced numerous administrative reforms but for the sack of convenience and keeping in view the relevaricy of the reforms with the present study, only four initiatives have been selected for discussion. These are: (1) the separation of judiciary from the executive, (2) the establishment of Ombudsman office (3) the Devolution of Power Plan, a scheme of local government and (4) the introduction and establishment of the National Accountability Bureau. 2.1 Introduction Administrative reforms have existed ever since men conceived better ways of organizing their social activities. Yet the phenomenon has not received any systematic analysis. In the twentieth century almost all the countries witnessed a change from laissez-faire to regulation, from individualism to collectivism and from a state with limited powers to welfare and service state. Now the expectation, of its people, from the government is not only to protect them from external aggression and internal disturbances but the demand of the people is that the government must solve their problems rather than merely define their rights. It is also expected from the goverment to take care of its citizens from cradle to grave Therefore the development of administrative process has become the essential element of the modern political philosaphy The need for administrative reforms was felt because the increase in state functions further widened the gap between a government official and a private citizen, Prof Massey (1995: 365) has very truly observed the prevailing situation. He says, “Any good system of administration, in the ultimate analysis, hias to be responsible and responsive to the 103people. But history bears witness to the fact that more often the impersonal bureaucratic system advertently or inadvertently tries to overwhelm the ‘little man’. The people of the sub-continent had shown their interest to establish a friendly administration but this dream could never come true till the creation of independent States in the sub-continent, After independence the need for administrative reforms was felt much strongly than before because the independence raised the expectations and hopes of the people for a better standard of living. The people of newly created State saw the answer to the problem of inefficiency in the public sector in the process of administrative reforms. According to Dr Shah, administrative reform is considered to be an essential ingredient of development in any country, irrespective of the speed and direction of change, simply because administrative capability becomes increasingly important in the implementation of new policies, plans and ideas. (Shab, www intanbk intan.my dated 15-10-03) Since independence till the day, the Government of Pakistan has made several attempts to reform its administrative organ. This chapter deals, only, with the reforms that are closely related with the present study because it is not possible to discuss all the initiated reforms or successfully completed reforms. The reforms selected for discussion are the following * Separation of judicial and executive powers The establishment of Ombudsman office * National Accountability Bureau and * The Devolution of Power Pian 2.2 Admini: ative Reforms and the Impediments Since the inception of Pakistan, the necessity and urgency of redesigning the bureaucratic structure have persistently and constantly been felt. The paramount objective of the colonial bureaucratic structure, which we inherited from the British was predominantly designed for conventional administration, ie. the maintenance of internal law and order situation and the collection of revenue. Independence shifted the focus from conventional 104to Development Administration. It was therefore considered and desired to design a rationalized structure of public administration, having a pragmatic approach, progressive out-look and whole-bearted dedication to the development of the country and to the service of the people The review of literature on the subject in hand reveals that the government on a piece- meal basis conducted most of the administrative reform programmes. This can be attributed to tack of expertise or due to involvement of huge expenditure for carrying such a massive and complicated exercise or there must be some problem in practically implementing the said programme For the last three decades, the political regimes of Pakistan have done more harm than good to the over all situation of the country in general and the administrative sector has been affected in particular, Not only have they encouraged partisan feelings and corruption but due te political interference incompetent people were promoted and posted at important places as well. So it can be said, without any hesitation, that the country has suffered setbacks in different sectors due to many reasons. But two of the chief culprits in the poor situation in the country were and are political interference and bureaucratic bungling. However, steps are being taken presently to make the administrative sector transparent and efficient. It is, in fact the public administration infrastructure that greatly influences the quality and outcome of national activities in economic and social development, (Khan, Afiab wow jang.com ) The administrative sector of Pakistan is faced with a number of problems; Dr Haider (1979: 142-147) has pointed out some elements that have impeded the process of improvement in the public administration, “over-emphasis on authority in administration has impaired productivity and stifled dynamism of the subordinate public service”. This emphasis on authority is the first element that has discouraged the effective participation of employees at all level in government departments