Catio ns Catio ns

+ a little sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution

No precipitate Ammonium ion NH4+

Precipitate formed

White precipitate

Green Brown Blue precipitate precipitate precipitate

Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ Aluminium Calcium Lead(II) Magnesium Zinc 2+ 3+ 2+ 2+ ion, Pb ion, Al ion, Mg ion, Ca ion, Zn2+

Iron(II) ion, Fe2+

Iron(III) ion, Fe3+

+ excess sodium
hydroxide, NaOH solution

+ excess sodium
hydroxide, NaOH solution
3

+ excess sodium
hydroxide, NaOH solution

Colourless solution

Colourless solution Colourless solution NH solution + a little ammonia,

No precipitate

Precipitate formed

Ammonium Calcium ion NH4+ ion Ca2+

White precipitate

Green Brown Blue precipitate precipitateprecipitate

Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ Zinc Aluminium Lead(II) Magnesium 2+ ion, Zn ion, Al3+ ion, Pb2+ ion, Mg2+

Iron(II) ion, Fe2+

Iron(III) ion, Fe3+

+ excess ammonia, NH3 solution

Dark blue solution

+ excess ammonia,
NH3 solution

Colourless solution