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cal order in the niverse was refected in the
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locedintoagivenpacearoleandstationthatwas
poperly |heirs and from which itwas almost
thinableto deviateodern eedo cae about
throghthediscreditingosuchorders
Butatthe sametimeasthey resticted us.these
ordersgaemeaningtotheworldandtotheactivi
tiesosociallie. Thethingsthatsurrounduswere
no|ustpotential rawma|erialsorinstments for
or proects, but they ad the signiicance gven
thembytheirplaceinthechainobeing.heeage
was not ust anoterbird, but the king o a whoe
domainoanimallie ythesametokentherituas
andnorsosocietvhadmorethanmerelin-
entalsignificance. Thediscreditingotheseorders
hasbeencalledthe disenchantmentoftheworld
Wth it, thingslostsomeotheirmagic
Pvigoousdebatehasbeengoingonoracouple
ocenturies as to wethertiswas an unabg
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heworryhasbeenrepeatedlyepressedthat|he
individuallostsomethingimportantalongwiththe
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DOCODDICSSIVC2C. FGCDlSofmodeleChnOlo2
IC ICSOD lDIHK the ctics of the CIIHaCv o the
IHS1UDCDl IC ICClIODIV DO ODSCIDlISl,
SCDCDID2 lO OCDV lDC WOIlG lDC DCDCDlSOSCICDCC.
FDOlDCICCCIOODCDlSOHCICDC2lIVCICCUOD
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OVCIDOWD, DO lDl SOCelv in WDICD SCICDlIIC
DD2CDCHl COHDIDCS WIlD DXIHUH IDdCDeD
GCBCC OI CCD IDGIVIOU IS WDl We Ou2D lO ai
l.NOOCIDIlV DSIlSDOOSlCISSWCSIlSKOCKCIS.
OthI2IS2ICCODCIC,DOlDCGCDlCCODlIDUCS.
uIIDlDCCOUISC OlDISOCDlC, lDCessentialnature
OlDCOCVCOCDCDlS, WDICD IC herebeIn OCCIICO,
lDCICDCID2DIISCG,ISO!lCDHISUDOCISlOOO. PDOS
CSUl, lDC IC HlUIC O lDC DOI CDOICCS lO DC
HGCIS ODSCUICO. DOIlICUI, WI CID IDllDC
II2Dl OlD lO lKC is neither tatICCOHuCDGCO DV
SIi2Dl DOOSlCIS DOI lD VUICG UV OUtIi2Dl
knockers. or WI SiDCle trade-ofbeteen lDC
UVDl2CS DO COSlS O, say mdividualis, lCCD
DOO2V, DO bueaucraticDaH2eDenl IOIUC lDC
answer.TheDaluIeOmodeCUlUICISOesubtle
BO CODDCX lDD lDIS. aDt lO ClH lDl DOD
DOOSlCIS DO KDOCKCIS are rIyht, bt in a wav that
CdDIDCGODCjusticetobyasimpletrade-betCCn
dVDl2CSDGCOSlS.hereisinClDlhlDl
isGDIIDCandmuchthatisdebasedHO yhD
IU2 inl lDC GCVClODentS I havebeenOeSCribID,
DIlO UDOCISlDG !DCICllIODbetweenteWO ist
se tatthe isseis not ow oarieinba
JZ 1 1Lb L1/1|1L11
COnsCuCnCCsVOuhaVCIOOaVlOtIhCOOstItVCltIs,
uItaIherOwIOsIeerIhCsCdeVeOOmCnIsIOwards
Ihett 2tCaICsI OtOmtsCnd VOtO IhC stdC mIO IhC
dCsCO tOrms.
OwDaVenOhtn2 kC Ihe sOaCC wOudneCd
IOItCaIaIhtCCOlIhesC IhCmCsasIhCVdCsCC sO
OtOOOseashOtICuI wtanChtnIOadtsCusstOn
OtIhCttsIhCme,COnCCnCIhCdanCersOtndVd-
sm aO IhC Oss Ol mCantn2. wt OutsuC Ihts
dsCussO aI sOmC enCIh. aVtn2 dCttVCd sOC
tdCa Ot hOw Ihts tssuC Ou2hI IO OC ItCaICd, wt
su22CsI hOw a smtar ItCaImCnI Ol IC OIhCt IwO
mt2hItun. JhCOukOlIhC dtsCusstOnwIhCtClOtC
COnCCnItaICOnIhetirsIaxtsOtCOnCCtn.CIusCxam-
tnC tn mOtC dCIat whItOtmIhtsattsCs tnIOdaV.

1HL NLUL1 LL1
VCCnDICItUDthtCUHhCmuCn
tCCntOCCkInthCnItCdttCS,nDlCCuS
C
/
|nz cI|m Amcr|ccn M|nJ. JhC OCCk t WS
IthCt utkOlC DhCnCuCnCn wCIk O n C
dCC DCI|IC thCCSt OCUt thC CtC Cl CDCn
CnH tCUVS S|UUCntS, It hCd DCC C hC Nm
Yc|T|meOCStSCllCtlIStCtVCIlmCnlhSCVO
thSUtDtISCCthCUthCI.ttCUChCdChCt.
JhC StnCC IttCCkWS SCVCtClV CtItCl CltCdVS
CdUCtCd VCUth. JhC uIn CIC t nCt tD thCI
CutlCCkCnlICwS thCCCCDtnCCCthCICC
tCtVSu. VCtVOCUV hS hS CIhCICWD VlUCS,
nd OCUt thCSC It IS IuDCSSIOC tC HC. Ut S
lOCn nCtCU, thS WS nCt USt 3n CDIStCuClCHCl
DSItICn, VICW OCUt thC lIItS Ctwh3t ISCn
CstOiSh it WS lSC hCld s nOt DCStCn. CC
! 1 1Lb L z!1L11
ouzhtnottochallenzeanothe svaluesatistheir
cncern, their lile choic, and it oueht to be re
spec|ed. 1he a|sm was par|y zronde i a
principleolmualrespect

n other words, the latism was itsell an o

sootolaoolndiviuaIism,whosepiciplen
somethinzlikethiseeryonehas arizhtodevelop
theironlrmolllezroundedontheirownsense
olwha| is realIy ipoant or olaue eope are
alledupontbetetothemselvesandtoseektheir
ownselllmen|a||hisconsistsol,eachmust,
inthelastinstancedeterminelorhim- orhersello
neesecanorshouldtrytodictateitscontent.
hisisalamiliarenouzhpositionodaytreects
what e cod call theindivdualisml sell-ulli-
ment which is widespread n our tes and has
zrowparticulays|onzines|ernsocietiessince
thes. thasbeenpiceduponanddscussedi
other inuental boos aniel elI s !|c Cu|utc|
Ccn|tsJ|:||cnscICcp|c||sm,ristopherasch sT|c
Cu|lurcNctc|ss|smandT|cM|n|mc|Sc|I,andies
ipovetsk sltcJut|Jc.
1he tone ol concern is audible in all |hese, al-
thouzh perhaps ess mared in povetsy. !tns
rouzhly aonz the lines ! outlined above under
theme l.1h iviualisminvolvesa centrnzon
he sell and a concomitant shuttine ut or even
unawareness,olthezreaterissuesorconcesthat
transcendthesell,betheyreizious,political,his|or-
ical s a conseuence ile is narroed or llat-
tened.

ndtheorrycharacteristicalspilsver
into th third area escribed these authors are
1c n0t/Cu0/c Lc00Ic !O
cOncened abOut the OOssbly dtre OOlcal Onse
uencesOtIhtsshttnIheculIre
O |here tsmch that aree th tnth s|rc
resIhesewrtIersmaeOtcOnIemOOraclre.
PssallexplantnanuIe,IhtnkIherelttsm
tdely esOOused IOday s a OrOlOund mtsIke,
even tn sOme resOects selt-sIulItytn. t eems
true IhI Ihe culIre Ot selt-tulttlmenI hs led
many OeOOle IO lOse stht Ot cOncerns taI tran-
scendIhem.ndttseemsObvOusIhaItIhasen
ttvaltzedandsellndulen|tOrms.1htscaeven
result n a sOrI Ot absurdIy, as new mOes Ot
cOntOrmty artse mOn OeOple WhO are sttvn
IO be Ihemselves, and beyOnd Ihs, neW tOrms Ot
deOendence,asOeOOle nsecure nthetrdenItes
Iurn tO all sOrIs Ot selt-appOnIed experts and
des, shrOuded wIh Ihe Orestte Ot scenc Or
sOmeeOIcsOrIualtty
utIheressOmeIhnzneverthelesswantIOressI
n |he thst Ot the auments IhaI Ihese athOrs
Onsent. Iemeres clearest lOOm,OerhaOsmOs|
sOnzlyhsIOneOlOnIemOIlOrtheculthts
descrb.edOesnIseemIOrecOnethatIher
s a OOwerl mOral tdel aI wOk he, hOeer
debasedandavesItedtIsexOresstOnmzhIe 1h
mOra tdeal ehtnd sel-lmenI ts Ihat Ot ben
IeIOOnesel,tnasOectcaymOdernunderIand
tnz OlthaI Iem cOuOle Otdecades aO, ths was
rantlydelnedbytOnel1rltntnanuenIal
bOO, Whch he encaOsulated thaI mO

ern tO
and sntshed t Om earler Ones 1he sInc
tOnISeOressedttheItIleOt|hebOOk,S|ncr||u0
!D 1 1Lb L1/!|1L!T
Au|hm||c|u, andOOwnzhmamzOtnzIOaIha
Ia authanIcv tOrhCcOntCmpOraryde\.
WhaIdOmaanbvamOratdaamaanaO

Iur0
Ot whaI a ba0r Or htCDCr mOda Ot ltta WOuId ba,
hara 'aIIar nd h2hCr ara dattnad nOI n
IarmsOthaIWahaOOanIOdasiraOrnaad,buIOttar
asIandardOtwhaIwaOuzhI IOdastra.
1ha tOrca Ot Iarms ltka natCtsssm |LasCDs
wOrd), Or hadOnsm |bas dascrtpItOn), ts I
mplvthatIharatsnOmOtatdaalaIwOrkhraOru
Iharas, OnIhasurtaca, IhaItIshOudraIharDasaan
as a scraan tOr sat-nduzanca. s bOOm puIs t,
1he zraaI maOrIy Ol sIudanIs, aIhOuzh Ihav as
much as anvOna wanI IO Ihtnk wal Ot IhamsalVas,
araawaraIhaIIhavarabuywtIhIhairOwncaars
andIhatrraaItOnshps.1haraisacarIatn rhaIOrtcOt
sat-manI IhaI ztVas a aIna Ot zamOr IO Ihts
lita, buI Ihav can saa IhaI Ihara s nOIhnz OarItcu-
ar|y nODaaDOuItI.buiVaumhasIakanIhaOaca
OthartsmasIhaadmaduaIy.' haVanOdOubI
IhaIIhisdascrtDassOma,OarhaOsOIs,OtOaOOla,buI
tI s a btz isIaka IO Ihtnk IhaI tI Ows us nszhI
nIOIh0chanzainOUrcUIura,tnIOIhaOOwarOtIhts
mOra|daa| whtch wanaad IO undarsIand twa
ara IOaxpain aVanwhv tIisusad as ahvOOcriIica
OaItna DyIhasat-induzanI.
WhaI Wa naa tO undCrstanO hCtC ts thC mOra
tOrca bahind nOOns |tka sat-tu|ttmanI. nca wa
Irv IO axpain tDts stmDy as a ktnd OlCCOtsm, Or a
spactas Ot mOtaJatsm, a sat-tnduzanca wIh ra-
zard IO a IOuzhar, mOra axtzanI aarlt0r aza, wa ara
areadv Ott Iha Irack. 1ak Ot OamsstVanass
mssCs hsDOnt- NOraathCrCs, andOra2C
1hc ntltNdlc Lc00lc I7
isnotaloneinthisWhatwenetoep|aiswhat
is peculiar to our time. lt' s not just that eope
sacrcethei|overeatonshps,andtecaelte
childen,topursuetheircarees.omethineths
haserhapsalwavsexisted. Thepointishtoday
manvpeopleeelcc||cJtodothis,feeltheyehtto
dotis, ee| theirliveswouldbesomehow asted
orunulillediftheydidn|doit.
hus what eets |ostinthisci|ue L teora|
orceotheidea|oauthenticitv.ltissomehobeg
im|icit|ydiscredited,a|onewithitsconteporary
ormsThatwouldnotbesobadifecou| to
the pposition or a defence. ut here we will be
disapointed.That|heespousaloauthen|ictakes
thermofa kind ofsoftrelativismmean tathe
vieorousdefenceofanvmoralidea|nsomeool
lit.or theimplications,aslhaveustdcbed
theabove, are that some orms o|ieare ndeed
||v|c than others, and the culre o|o|erce fr
indiidual sel-ulfilment shies away r |ese
clais This means,as hasotenbeenpoitd out,
thatthereissomethingcontadictovadsedeleat
ine in thei osition, since the lativism tse L
powered at leastpartly)byamoralidealtcon
sistentlyornot,thisisthepositionusuallydpted.
Theidealsinks tothe|evelofanaxiomsoethie
oneoesn' tchallengebutalsoneverexpous
In adoptin the ideal, peole in |he ctre ol
authenticiy as l antto callit,eive suprt to a
certinkindoliberalism,whichhasbeenesoused
by any others as well. This n the libea|im ol
neurali ne o its basic |enets is tha| a libera|
socitvmustbeneutralonuestionsowhconsi
!o 1 L1Lb L zL11L11
tutes eoodlile. hezoodleiswhateachindivid-
ual seek, n his or her onwav, and eovenen|
wodbelckizi impartilit
Y
,anIhus meual
espec|lor all ciens, ili||ooksidesonts ues
|io.

l|houghman l|hewi|ersinthis school

arepa5sina|e opponentsolsoltrelativism or-
k an ylickaamonzthem,theresult ol their
|heoyis|banishdiscssionsabo|hezoodlieto
themarzisolpolitcaldebte
1he result isanex|raordinaryinarticulacy about
oneotheconstitutiveidealsoodernculture

!ts
opponen|sslizhtit,nd itslriendscan tspeakoi|
Thewholedeba|econ5pires|op|i|intheshade,to
render it tnvisible This Ias detrimental conse-
quences B| belore zoinz on to these, wan| to
me|ion|oo|Ierlactorsthatconspiretointensily
thissilence
e lthemis hehold olmoralsubectivis in
our cul|r Bv |Dis mean |he view tat moral
positionsarenotinanywayzroundedinreasonor
|henareolthinzsbutareulma|el
Y
ustadop|ed
byeachofusbecause welindourselves drawn to
them. nthis view, reason can t audicate moral
disptes. lcourse, yocanpoin| ou||osomeone
certain cnseuences of his position he may not
havethouzhIabout. SothecrticsolauIhanIicI
Y
can
poin| |o te possible social and political results ol
eachpers seekiz sellllmet. util
Y
OUr n
terloc|orstilleelslikeIoldinetohisorizinalsi
ton,no|hinzur|hercanbesaidtogamsayhim.
1hegundsor|hLviewarecompleandeoar
beyondthemoraasonslrHla|visalthouzh
sbecii ceay vie an impoHant bacinz
1ht ntltu0l0 t0I0
I ! IC!ID. bvtOusl lOts Ot OOle ntOhe
OnIepOrary l ol auIhenIt|y an haDOy tO
esO th nderstand OtIhe le Or nO-le
OtnaOn haI H
]
erha
]
s mOn su

,sara
reaIayOIhetrOppOnen,whOIhentOre
O de
]
atr all Ihe mOn Ol nlOrmn cOntemDOr
ulr l te yOuIh ally don'I can tOrcausestt
Iransend Ihe selt, Ihen haI canyOusay tO te!
Ourse,IherearecrIcsWhOhOldtha|thCa
sIanrds n reasOn.

1hey Iht IhaI there s s

athtashumannature,and thaIanunderstann
OtIhllhOWcerIatnaysOllteIOberIand
OIherwrOn, cerIan ays IO be hherand beer
Ihan Ihershe phlOsOOhtcalrOOts OtIhspstIOn
are t PrstOIle. y cOntrasI, mOde sbetvsIs
Iend O be very ctcal Ol PrsIOtle, and cOmOl
IhaI s meIaOhyscal btOlOy s Ot Ot date and
IhOrhlyunbelevabletOday.
buOhtlOsOOherswhOIhtkltke Ihts haveener-
allyDenOOpOnenIsOtIhedealOtaIhentcttyIey
haveeentIasOarIOlasIakendeOarturemthe
tandard rootd tn human nare hey had nO
reasOIOarIUlateWhaIInabOuIwheIhOseWhO
uhed tI have been reuently dtscOraed lrm
doingsOby IhersubecIvsIveWs.
PIrdlaIOrIhaIhasObscredthetmOOnceOl
auIhnIcty as a mOral deal has bn the nOrmal
lashtOn Ot sOcalscenceexOlana|On. hs hasen
erall shed aay lrOm tnvOkn mOaldealsand
has tended tO have recOurse IO sOOsedly harder
and Ore dOwn IO eah actOrs nIs exOlanaIOn.
nOthe leaIuresOtOdenylhavebeentOs
stn On hre tndtvtdualtsm and Ihe exOanstOn O
Z 1 1Lo L /1l1L1Y
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CU5 tC!IOD5 !O DCttCCU DCtC, DU! tDC CCOUDt5
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lDl hS UCtUCU DUl lDl IS VC WUIlHI0
IlSC, HdIDdU. WOUUIKClOSV. UDCUID
V DUUCtDS. bU Whl WC HCCU IS DCIlD0t IOldDU
DtDLhCODUCDDlIUD DUtUDCIIlICDtISC, dDO DCl
C3tCV DHCCU ltUCU!. Yhl WC HCCO IS
WUtK U tClIICV,lDtUUHDWDIChlDISIUCCDDC
USICSlOtC UUIDIClICC.
o2U OuH WIlD lhIS, VOU hVC lO DCICC lhI
lhIHS. CCDlIUVCtSI. lhl UlDCDlICI L
VIU IUC, |2) lDl VOU CD tHU0 IH t0SU 0l
IUCSHUDUUl!DCCODUIHIlVUDtClICCSllDCSC
IUCS, DU |3) lhl lDCSC I2UCDlS CD DKC
UI!CICDCC. JDC ItSl DCIC ICS ID lDC CC O lC
D3|I lhIUSl U! CtICIS U! lhCCUlUICU! CDlIC
IlV. lhC SCCUHU mVUVCS tCCClIHH SUDCCVI5D, ud
lDC !DItU IS IHCUDDlIDC WIlh lDUSC CCDlS C
DUUCtHIlV !hl SCC US S IDIISUuCd ID DUUC
CUIC DV lhC SSlCD, WDC!hCt lDISIS UCIDCdS
CI!ISD,IDUUSltISUCIClV,OtDUICUCtC.DUC
lU DC DC lC HC SUC U lhIS DSIDC ID Wl
lOOWS. ClHCSltl WIlh IDCIUC.

1HL bLUKLLb L
/UHLAlL1
1ha aIhc Ot auIhanICiIv s sOcIhinz
raaIiVavnawandOacuarIOmOdarncuIure.bO
aI Ihc and Ot Iha cizhIaanIh ccnIurv, iI b:lds On
aarcr tOrmsOtindVduasm, suchasIha:DdVd
uasm Ol disanzazad raIiOnaIv, OOnaCrad D
ascarIas, whara Iha damand k IhaI aaCh arsOn
In sat-rasOOnsiDv tOr him- Or harsat, Or Ihc
OOIica indiViduaism Ot Ocka, whch sOzbI IO
makc Iha OarsOn and hs Or har w OriOr sOca
ObzaIiOn. bI auIhanICIv asO has baan I sOmc
rasOccIs n cOnicI wIh Ihcsc carcr tOrms. lIis a
chid OtIhaKOmanIcOarOd, whch was c:Iica O
disazazcd raIOnaIv and Ol an aIOms IhaI
didnIcOziaIhaIias olcOmmuniIv.
a way Ol dascrDmz iIs daVaOOmanI IO sa0
Is Iainz OOinI in Iha aizhIaanIh-ccn noIiOn
ZO 1L 1Lb L.L1L1L11
that hun beinzs aendowed with amoralsense,
an intuitiveleelielorwhaisriehtandwne. e
oriialpointolthis doctnewas to combata val
ew,thatknowmerizhtandwnewasamaerol
callate consequences in particular tho con
cernewthdivinewarandpunshment.1heno-
tionwasthatunderstaderiehtandwronewasnot
amaeroldrycallaon,butwasanchorinour
leemzs.oralithas,masen,avoicewithin

Thenotionolauthenticitydevelops out oladis-

placement olthe moralaccentin ths idea. n the
oreinal view, theinner voiceisimortantbecause
ittellsuswhatistheriehtthinetodo. eineintouch
with our moral leelines would matter here, as a
meanstotheend olactinzrizhtly. hatImcaline
the displacement olthemoralaccentcomes about
whenbeinzintouchtakesonindependentandc-
cialmoralsienilcance.ltcomestoesomethinewe
havetoattaintobetueandlllhumanbenes.
1o see what s new n this, we ave to see the
analoey to earlier moral views, where beine in
touchwithsomesource od,say,ortheIdeaol
theood wasconideredessentaltolbeine
nly now the source we have to connect wth s
deep in us This is rt ol the massivesubective
turnolmoderncultureanewlormolnwardness,
i nwhichwecome to thinkolourselvesasbeines
withinnerdepths. Atirst,thisideathatthesource
iswithindoesn texcludeourbeinz related tood
otheIdeasitcabeconsidered ourproperway
tothem n sense itcanbeseenustasa contin
uationand intensilication ol the developmentin
auraed by 5an! A

si, whosatheroad
c b0ur(c5 O /Nlcnt(Iu 27
IU\USDSSID2lhtUU2hUUtOWDtC!CIVCW3C
HCSSU!UUtSCVCS.
JC!S! IID!S O! !hISDC ICWWCIC lhCISIC,
or at east DDtDCst+ Jhs s OsltCUD C U
HDtlDlDDIUSUDDICW!CtWDUhCDC lUDID
DOUl lhIS CDD2C, |CD |COUCS UUSSCU. lhD
UUSCU IS IDDOtlDl uOl DCCUSC hC IDUUtlCO
lhChDHC;thCtlWUUUt2Clh!hIS2IlOD
UIlV CUDCS ID DIl !tUH DIS tlICUlIH SUHC-
lhD lhl WS tCUV hDDCDID2 Iu lDC CUlUtC.
UUSSCU HCOUCDlV DtCSCDlS lDC ISSUC O! Otl
SllU! UUt !UUWID2 VUICC U!DlUIC lhDUS.
JDISVUICCSHUSlU!lCDUtUWuCUUUlOylhCSSODS
DUUCCUDV OUtUCDCDUCDCC UD OlhCtS.ODICDlDC
KCV UDC IS HUUt DtUDtC Ut DtIUC. LUt DOI
SVlIUD COHCS !IOD tCCUVCtID2 UlhClIC DOt
CUD!3ClWIlhOUtSCVCSOUSSCUCVCD2IVC5DDC
lO lC IDlIDlC CUDlCl lh UDCSC!, DUIC UDU
DCl lhD DV DUtVICW. lhl S SOtC U! |U
DUCUDlCD!DCD!. C SCD!IHCDl UCCXISlCDCC.'
KDSSC3USU3tlCUlCU3CUSCVtC\CUm
USl ID!UCD!I3 WV JDIS IS lDC HU!IUD O! WDl
WL! tO ca SC! UClCIDDID2 HCCUUD. \ S the UC
lD3! l 3D !tCC WDCD UCCIUC !UI DVSC Dl CUH
CCtLS DC, tlhCt lDD DCID2 ShDCU DV CXlC IH
!UCDCCS. l is SlDUtU U!!tCCUUH IhlUDVOUSV
2UCSDCVUDU Whl h3S DCCuCCUHC2lVCICt,
WhCtC H!tCClUUUWh3l WDlWI!hOU lCt!Ct
CDLCOV Others DCCUSClh3l s cOmOatbla vt1 HV
DC2ShDCUDUIDUCDCCUDVSUCIC\HOlS3WS
O! UD!UtDIlV C! UClCHD2 !tCCUU OCDDUS
lh\ DtC3KlhChOUU!3SDhClCH3USIOD,
D UCCUC !O DSC!3UDC.
Zo 1 1Lb L /1|1L11
mentionthis here not because tisessenta!to
auhenticit.CbvousIy thetwoideaIs aredLhnct.
butheyhavedeveIo

edtozeter,somehmcsnthe
wosoIthesameauthors, andtheirreIatonshave
been comoIex, oetimes at odds, sometimes
cIoeIyboundtozether. AsaresuIt,theyhaveotten
beenconsed,andthishasbeenoneotthesources
otthedevianttormsotauthenticity,aslsha!!arzue.
iIIretutothisIater.
5eIt-determininz treedom has been an idea ot
imenseoowerinour

oIiticaI Iile. lnKousseaus

workittakesooIiticaItorm,inthenotionotasociaI
contractstatetoundedonazeneraIwiII,whchore
cise!ybecauseitisthetootourcommontreedom
can brook no oooositon in the name ot eedom.
1hisideaasbeenoneottheinIeIIectuaIsourcesot
modern totaIitariansm, startinz, one mizht arzue,
withtheJacobins.AndaIthouzhKantrenteroreted
this notion ot treedom in oureIy moraI terms, as
autonom, it returns to te poIiticaI s

here wth a
veneancewithMeeIandMar.
but to retu to the idea! ot authenticity: it be-
comes cmciaIIy imoortant because ot a deveIo

mentthatoccursatterKousseauandthatlassociate
withMerder-onceazainitsmajorearIyartcu!ator
rather than its orizinator. lerder put torward te
idea that each ot us has an orizinaI way ot beine
human. Eachoersonhashisorherown measure"
ishisway olouttnzit.1hisideahasenteredver
deeintomodernconsciousness. ltisaIsonew. be-
toretheIateeizhteenthcentuynoonetouzhtthat
theditlerencesbetweenhmanbeinzshadthiskind
otoraIsiniticance.1hereisacertainwayolbeine
1hc b0utCc5 0! /N/hcn/tCt/u Z
huan thatis mvway. lamcal!eduoontoIive my
ilenthisway,andnotinimtationotanyoneeIse's.
but tis zves a ne im

orance to benz te o
myelf.!f!amnot,!msstheoitofmyie,mis
whatbemphumanislormc.
1his isthe oowert! moraI idea! that has come
donto us. ltaccordscruciaImora!moortanceto
a knd olcontact with myseIt, wit y own inner
nare,whichitseesasudanzerotbeinzost,

a!y
throuzhtheoressurestowardsoutwardcotorm
butaIsobecauseintaknzaninsmentaIstanceto
myseIt,lmayhaveIostthecaoacitytostentothis
inneroice.Andthenitzreat!yincreasesthcimport
anceolthisseIl contactbyntroducntheprincoIe
ol orzinaty. each ot ovoices hassomethinzot
itswntosay.Noton!yshouIdlnotltmyIiletothe
demands ot etea! contormity, l cant even hnd
temodeItoIivebyoutsidemyse!t.lcantndtonIy
wiIn.
einztruetomse!tmeansbenptmetomyow
orizinaIit, and thatissomethnzonIylcanarticu
Iateanddiscover.ln artcu!atinzit,lama!sodetn-
inz myse!t. l am reaIiinz a ootentiaIity that
oroer!y my own. 1his is the backzrond under-
standinztothemodernidea!otauthenticty, andto
the zoaIs ot seItluIti!ment or seIl-reaIiaton n
wichitLusuaIlycouched. 1hsuthebackround
thatzivesmoraItorcetothecuItueotauhentcity,
incIudinitsmost dezraded, absurd, or trivia!ed
lorms. lt is whatives sense to the idea ot doin
yorownthzor lindizyorown!h!ment.
V
1PL5LALL LHZLA5
1hisisavery rapid setcolheorizins
oauthenticity.lshaIIhavetoilIinmoreetaIaer.
t lor the moment i u enouz o see wa s
ivoIvedinreasoninehere.Andsolwanttoeup
tesecondcontroversiaIcIaimtatlmadeaI teed
otheIastsection. anonesayanythmeeasonto
peopIewoareiersedinthecontemorarycuI-
treolautenticityanyoutaIinreasotopeopIe
ho ardeepIyinto sotreIativism,or woseemto
aceptnoaIIeeiancehieerthantheirowdeveop-
ent say, thosewhoseemreadytotrow away
Ive,chiIdren,democraticsoIidarity,oresakeo
smecareeradancement
elI, how do we reason easonin in moraI
atters is aIways reasonine wit someody. ou
avean interIocutor, and youstaomherethat
oZ 1 1Lb L /1L11
DCtSCnIS,CIwIththCCtUdICICnCCOCCCnVCU
VCUdCn tSOnOmthCHtCundUD,SthCuHVOu
wC tnH tC SCuCCnC WhC tCCCHnICd nC Ctl
dCmandSWhatCVCt.^DCt$OnwOaCCCtnOOta
dCu3ndS wOud OC S ImOCSSIOlC tO tC WIth
3OCUt IHht nd wnH S WOUd DCtSOn whO tC
SCdtCCCCDtthCWCtdCOCtCCDtICnundU$OC
IuDC$$IOCtCtCwIthaOOutCuDItICmttCtS
DUtWC3ICIu3HIn2dHCUSSinHWIthDCCDCwhC
3tCInthCCCntCmOttVCUtutCCUthCntCI.^nd
tht uCnS tht thCV tC ttVInH tC ShDC thCItIVCS
InthC2ht CthISIdC. C atC nOtCtWIthUStthC
OtC CtS C thCIt DtCCtCnCCS. Ut IWC Stat ttCn
thC IdC, thCn WCCn Sk. ht tCthCCOndItICnS
InuunlICCtCIZmHnIdClCthISndPnd
Wht dOCS thC IdCl OtCDCtV undCtStCOO C Ct
JhCCtdCISCqUCStIOnSIntCtWCVC,CtDCthaDS
Sh3dC IntO CCh CthCt. n thC SCCCnd, wC tC tOIn2
tC dCInCOCttCtWhtthCIOC CCnSI$tS In. Ith thC
IISt, WC wnt tC OtIn2 CUt CCttIn 2CnCt3l CtUtCS
ChUuan IC tht COndIOnthCInCntOIhI$ Ot
nV CthCtIdCl.
nWht CCwS, lwnt tCWCIkCUt twC InCSO
3IuCntthtCnIluStItCwhtISInVOVCdInthI$
d C UCSCnInH. JhC 3tHUuCnt I OC VCO
SClChV, uCtC m thCntIC C SUHHCStICnCWht
COnVInCInH dCmCnStttIOn mIHt OOk IkC hC
3Iu WIl OC tC HIVC SOuC DlUSIOIlIt tO uV SCCCnd
CIm, tht VOU Cn tUC In C3SOn OOut thC$C
n3ttCIS, nd hCnCC tC ShCw th3t thCtC IS InOCCd
DICtIC DCmt In ttVInH tO UndCtStndOCttCtWht
UtCntICItVCCnSIStS In.
hC HCnCt CatUtC C hUmn IC tht l Wnt tO
|sca

a!|sue|es JJ
evoke is its undamentally J|c|cv|cc| character e
beomelull humanaeents,capableolunerstand-
in ourselves, and hence ol delinine an identit,
thoehoractionolrichhmanlanaesol
eression. orprposesoltsdiscussion, want
to take laneuaee in a broad sense, coernz not
onlthewords we speakbut also other moes ol
epressionwhereywedelineourselve,inclinz
the lanuaes olart, oleestre, ollove,and the
lie.utweareinuctedintotheseinexchaneewith
others. o one acuires the laneuaes needed lor
sell delinition on their own. We are introdued to
themthrouehexchaneeswithothers who matterto
u whateoreeerberteadclledsieniliant
others.

Theeenesisolthehmanidisinthis
sense not monoloei cal , not somethine each
acomplishesonhisorherown,butdialoeiaI
oreover, this is not st a lact abot vcncs|s,
hich canbe ienored lateron. It s otst thatwe
Iearnthelaneuaees indialoeandten can zoon
tusethemlorourownprposesonourown.hs
descbesoursiationtosomeextentinorcIture
Weareexpectedtodevelopourownonionsout
lo

k, stances to thines, to a considerabe dezree

throuehsolitaryreection utthisisnotothines
orkwithimportantissues,such aste delinition
olor identit. We deline this always in ialoue
with sometimes in struele aeainst, te identities
ourienilcantotherswanttorecoenizinus. nd
even when we outerow some olthe latte our
arentslorinstanceandtheydisapearlromou
lves, the converation with themcontnues withm
usasloneaswelie

J+ L LL
So the contriution ol sienliant others even
when itoccursa|thebeeinninolourlive conti
uesthroehout.Somepeoplemehtelollowineme
upthere, utsilwanttooonO soe ol
the monoloeica ideal. 1rue we can never lierate
ourseves completely lrom those hose loe nd
careshapedusealyin lileutweshouldstriveto
delne ouselves on our own to the lulest deeee
possiblecomineas bestwecantounderstand and
thus eain some ontro over the inuence ol our
parents,andavoidinelallineintoaylrthesuch
dependencies. e will need reatioships to llil
bu| nottodelineourselves
1his is a common ideal but I thinkit seriously
undeestiatestheplaeolthedialoeicalnhuan
lile. ltstilwantstoconlinei|asmuchaspossileto
theeenesisItlorze|shoourunderstandineolthe
eoodthinesinilecanbetranslormedbyourenoy
inethemincommonwithpeopleweove,hosome
eoodsbecome accessible to us only throueh such
comonenoyment. ecauseolthis,itwoul|aea
zreat dealoleot and probby any wrenchie
bea up,toprccn|ourientity ene loed y
the eople we ove. onsider what we mean by
ident.I|iswhoweare,wherewe recomine
lrom. Assuch| isthebaczound aeainst whch
ourtastesanddesiresandopnionsandaspiratios
make sense. Ilsomeolthe thines I aue most are
acessibletomeonlyinrelationtotheperson!love,
thenshebecomes internaltomy identity
osomeeoplethismiehtseemamitationlrom
whichone ieht aspire to ree onesell This isone
wayolundestadinetheipulsebehindthelileol
00 J5
IDC hCtII, Ot IO IKC CSC uOtC DiI lO ODI
CDtC,lDCSOIltVtIIl. DltODDOIDCtDCtSDCC
!IVC,WC DIPDl SCC CVCHlDIS S SDItIDP lO CCIIID
KIHO t OIO2IClI!V. H IhC CSC O lDC CIDIl, lhC
HI0tOCD!OtIS od. lnHCCSCOIDCSOISl,
IDC WOtK IISC IS GGtCSSCU lO HIC DUICHCC,
DCthS SlI IO DC CtClCU DV IDC WOIK IISCl. JDC
VCtV OtD O WOt O tl ShOWS IIS ChICICt S
a11:sse1. DUIDOWCVCiOHCCCSDOUlII,IDCK
IH2 DG SUSlIHIH2OOUt IGCHII IHIDC DSCHCCo
DCOIC ClOtl IO DtC OUI O OtGIDtV CSlCDCC,
tCDIHSGIO2ICIDtOU2hOUI ODt IVCS.
WHI IO IDUIClCDCOW lhIlDIS CCDIt CI DS
DCCH ocniedID IhC 2IOWIH2 CUlUIC ODlDCH
lICIIV. Ul WDl WHIlO UO OW s lKC IDISUIO2
IC ClUtC of ou condition, oD ODC hdDU, DO
CCtIIHGCuHUSIHDCtCDIIHIhCIUClOllDCHlICIV
OH lhC OIDCt, HU SDOW lDI IDC DOtC SClCCCU
DG HICISSISlIC DOGCS O COHlCuDt CllDtC
tCuHICSIlVIHUCGDIC. POtCDIIICUtV, WDI
IOhOWlhIDOGCSIDIOIOtSCUIlDCDIWIlD
outCPtUl) toIDCdemandsOourlICSWI!DlDCIS
Ot )lOOCDDGS OVKIHG CDDIIH2ltOSODC
lDIH2 uOtC OI OIhCt IDD DUuD GCSIICS oSDIt
lIOHS tC SClUCCIIH2, Dl IDCV U0SItOV lDC
COHUIliODS OI tCIIH2 DIDCHlICI IlSCl. ll tk
lDCSC IH tCVCISC OtUCI, DU SlII WIID |D), tDIH2
OD IhC dDDGS ofUIDCDlICIlV IISCldSHIOC.
YDCH C CODC lO UHUCtSlDG Dl Il iS IO
UCIHCOUISClVCS,lOGCICIDCIH DI oOI2Il-
IIV CODSISIS, SCC lhI WC hC to IKC S k
croundSOmC SCHSC OWDI IS SI2HuICHl. CIID2
DVSCDCDS lIHGIH2 WDlL SI2DIICHlIHDV GI~
Jb LHICIAHLCI
lerence omothers. I maybethe only personwith
exacty J,732 hairs on my head, or be exactly the
sameheiehtassometreeontheSiberianplambut
swhatl!bentsathat!dlinesbyy
abiliy to auate mpotant truths or pay the
ammerklavierlikenooneelseorreivethetradi
tionolmyancestorsthen weareinthedomainol
eozniabesedelinitions.
ThedierenceL plain.eundersndriehtaway
thattheatterpropeeshaehuansiznilicanceor
caneasilybeseenbypepletohavethiswhereasthe
loer do not not that without some specal
sry.erhapsthenumberJ,732isasacdonemme
soiet then hame thisnuberolhas canbesie
ncant. utwezettothisbyneittothesacd.
e saw aboe in the seond setion how the
contemporarycultueolauthenticityslidestowards
soltreatiism. Thiseivesurtherlorcetoaeeneral
presumpon ol subectiim about value thines
havesieniicancenotolthemseIvesbutbecausepeo-
pledeethemtohaveit asthouehpeoplecoul
determinewhatissienilicnt,eitherbydecisionor
perhapsunwittinelyandunwillinlybyustleeline
thatay.1hisiscray. IcouldntustJcc|Jcthatthe
mostsienilicantactioniswizzlinmytoesinwarm
mud. ithout a specialexpIanation, this is not an
inteleible caim like theJ,732 hairs above. So !
wouldn t knowwhatsenseto attributetosomeone
alleedlyIcc||avthatthswasso. hatculdsome
onemccnwhosaidthis
t il it makes sense only with an explanation
pehaps ud is the element ol the worl spirit
wh you contact with your toes it is oen to
n05(G
P
G0 0rlZ0n5 J7
CtI!ICISH. YD!I !DCCXDD!IODIS WtOD, OCSD!
DDOUt, OtCDDC ICDCCU WI!D a DC!\Ct COD\:
Ot CCID CCDID WV CD DCVCt DC 5ICDt
2tOuDU5lOt tC5CCClID2 OUtCO5ItOD,CCCOt
CCID2 CD!Jc|m|ncWDtIS 5I2DIICD. OttC~
!IVI5HSCUC5!CtS.
JDID5!KCOD IDOttDCC2ID5! DCKtODDU
OID!CI2IDII!V. C!US C!DI5 DOtI2OD. \ loIow
!DODC0tDC!DID25WC CD!UO,I WCtC\O0IDC
OUt5CVC55I2DIICD!V,I55UDDtCS5OtUCDtDCDOtI-
2OD5 2IDS! WDICD !DID2S !KC OD5I2DIICDCC Ot
U5.JDI5I5tDCKIDOSCUCCtID2HOVCIC0D!V
DCID CttICU OU! ID OUt SUDJCC|IVI5! CIVII2tID. D
StD5SID2 tDC C2I!IDCV O CDOICC DC|WCCD CCu
ODtIOD5,WCVCtVO!CDIDUOUtSCVC5CDI2tDC
OD!IOD50tDCIt SI2DICDCC.OtIDS!DCC, tHCC L
CCt!ID UISCOUtSC O JUStIC!IOD O DODSDU1U
SCXU OtICD!!IODS. CODC WD! !O t2UC !HI C!-
CDSCXUHODO2HVI5DO!!DCODVWVtOCICVC
SCXU IHCDt, tD! !DO5C WDO tC IDCIDCU O
DOHO5CXU tCOD5, !Ot ID5!DCC, 5DODD`! !CC
tDCHSCVCS CHDtKCU OD CS5Ct, CSS WOttDVDtD.
DI5 !5 WC IDIO tDC DOUCtD uDUCt5tUIy Ol
U!DCDtICI!V,WItDI!SDO!IODOUICtDCC,OIIIuI!V,
O !DC CCCD!DCC O UIVCtSI!V. WI!tV O SV HOIC
DOUt tDCSC CODDCCtIODS DCOW. U! DOWCVCt we
CXDIDI!,ItI5CCttD!tDC!OtICO UICtCDCC,O
UIVCtSI!V |CVCD HU!ICUtUtI5H), L CCut !O
tDCCOD!CHDOt!UtCO U!DCDtICtV.
Ut m SOHC OtD5 !DIS UISCOUt5C 5IUCS !OIU5
IttIODOCDOICCI!5C.POD!IOD5tCCUV
Ot\DV, DCCUSC !DCV tC CCV CDOSCD, D It I5
CDOICC!D!CODCISWOI!D.JDC5UDJCC!IVIS!tIDCIDC
1Lb L .L1L1L11
nderIyinesottreIativism is atwork here. butthis
oIictIy denies theexistenceot apre exstnho-
ron ot sizniicance, wheeby some thinzs are
thwhileandothersIessso,andsiIIothersotat
aII, uite anterior to choice. butthen the choice ot
seua oentation Ioses any soeciaI siznitcance. lt
OaIeveIwithanyotherpreterences,likethattor
taer or shorter seual oartners, or bIonds or bm
nett.loonewouIddreamotmakinzdiscminat
udements about these preterences, but tha|'s
becausetheyaaIIwithotoortance.1heyreaIIy
doustdeoendonhowyouteel.CncesexuaIorien
tationcomestobeassimilatedtothese,whichswha|
hapenswhenonemakesc|c|ccthecmciaIjus|iine
reason, the orienaI zoaI, which was to assert the
cuc
/
tc|uc ot this orientation, issubtIy tmstrated
Oterencesoassertedbecomes|ns|vn|Iccn|.
Asseine the vaIueota homosexualorientation
has to be done derently, more empicaIIy, one
mzhtsay, takinz into accountthe actuaInatueol
homo- andheteroseuaIexoerienceandIite.tcan t
just be assmeda oriori, on |he erounds thatany
thnewechooseisalIrzt.
lnthscase,|heassertionotvaIueiscontaminated
by itsconneconwithanother Ieadine idea, which
haementionedaboeascIoseIyinterwovenith
autenticity, thatotseIt-determininetreedom.1his
is

artIy responsibIe tor the accent on coice as a

cucaIconsideraton,adaIsotorthesIidetowards
sttreIativLm. wiIlreturntothisbeIow,ntaIkine
abouthowtheeoaIotauthenticitycomestodeviate.
but tr the momen|, the zeneraI Iesson is that
athen|icican'tbedetendedinwaysthatcoIIaose
nc5(dp00/c 0t0 J
horizons ol sienilcance. ven the sense that the
senilcance ol my Ile comes lrm Is beIn ho
sen the case where authenticity is actually
etonUeU CD SCl GClCtDIuIH ltCUOD ~ OepCnUs
on e ODUetsanUIne tha |nJcpcnJcn| cI ov
there is somethin noble, couraeeous, an hence
sienlicantineivineSDDCtomyownlile.1hereIS
apiCtehereolwhathmanbeinesarelke,paced
beeen this optn lor sellcreation, and easier
modes ol coppin out, eoine WI!h the low, con
lorminewiththeasses,andsoon,whichpicre
is seen as te, discovered, not UCCIUCU. orions
areiven.
u HCtC. this minimum deeree ol eivenness,
WHICD UDUCtDIDS the importance ol choice, is not
suicentasahorizon,asWCsawWI!htheexample
osexualorienta|ion. Itmaybe importantthat my
ie e chosen, as ohn Stuart M asserts in On
l||c|v,utunless someoptions aremore sienili
cantthanothers,!DCVCtVIUColsellchoicelasino
triviaity and hence IDCUhCtCDC. Sellchoice as an
idealmaessenseonlyDCCUCsome|ssucsareDCC
sieDiliCa! !hD C!HCtS. ICUUD !CI tobe asel
chooser, DU UCDU a WhCC ICSCDC ocabu
aosellmakine,usbecausechoosesteaand
lriesoverpoutinelorlunch.hichissuesaresienil
icant,donotde|erne.IlIUiU DUissuewolde
siznilicant. ut then the very idealolselchoosnz
cscmctc||Jcc|WUUUbeIHpossble.
So theidealolsellchoice supposesthat!DCtCtC
c|hcssuesolsinicanebeyond sellchoice. he
del ouldn t stand alone, because I! euireS a
oon ol ISUCS U! IHDCHDCC, WhICD helpdeline
+U J 1Lb L /11L1
thC tcspc:ls n whCh SC-mkInH IS SHnItC3nt. O
OWD2CtZSChC, lamndCCd a ttUV 2tCat OhOS
OhCI ltCm3kCthCt3CCV3lUCS.UtthSmC3nS
tCUCtnn2 3UCS CnCCntn mDOttnt UCS|OnS,
nCt tCOCS2nn2 thC mCnU t COnadS, Ot nCt
VC3t SC3SU 3ShIOn.
hC 3HCnt SCCknH SHnCanCC n lC, ttVInH tO
dCnChm- OthCtSCtmC3nm2V, h3S tO CXStna
htICnOmDCtt3ntquCStICnS. h3t H Wh3tSSC
dCtC3tIn2 m mOdCS Ot COntCmOOtatV CUtUtC th3t
CCnCCntI3tC On SCltmCnt /n pps/l/n tC thC
dCnndSCtSOCICt,OtntUtC,whChs|ululhStOtV
3nU thCOOnOSOSOIdttV. JhCSCSCCCnttCd n3t
CSSStC tOtmS 3tC nOCCO Sh3Ow 3nO ttVIIZCd
thCV IC ttCnCd 3nO n3ttOWCO, 3S OOm S3VS.
Ut thS tS nOt CC3uSC thCV OCOn2 tO thCCUtUtCO
3UtCntICtV 3thCItSCC3uSCthCVVmthC 3CC
C ItS tCqUtCmCntS.OShUtOUtdCn3ndSCm3n3tn2
OCCDO thC SClt IS DtCCSCV tO SUDDtCSS hC CCnd
tOnS O SIHnIIC3nCC, 3nO hCnCC tO COUtt ttV3I
tOn O thC CtCnt tht CODC 3tC SCCknH 3 mOt
IdCa hCtC, thIS SCImmUtn2 S SCtS|UtVn2 t
dCStIVS thC CCndUOn n WhICh hC dC3 C3n OC
tC3ZCO.
LthCtWISC OUt, C3n dClnC mV dCntV OnV
3H3IStthCO3CkCundOtthInSth3t m3tCI.UttO
Ot3CkCtOUthStOO, n3tUtC, SCCICtV, thC UCmndSOl
SOI3tItV, CVCtVthIn2 Out Wht l nd n mVSC,
wOUld OC tO CmIntC 3 C3dtU3tCS Ot Wh3t m3t
tCIS LnVI CIStIn3wOtO nWhtChhIStOtV, OtthC
dCnanOSOtn3tUC,OtthCnCCdSOlmVCOWhUm3n
OCIDHS,CtthCdUtCSCCtZCnShD,CtthCC3lOOO,
OtSOnC|htn2CSCOl |hSCt||rCaV Cn
Ics

cHos
4!
l OCnC n IdCUtV Ct uVSCl thI IS nCt ttIVl.
PuIhCntCIIViSnCI thC CnCmV ClOCmnOS thtC
ntC Om OCVCnO tC SCl II SUDCSCS Sh C
uand$.
utIIhiSIS$C,IhCtCISSCmCthnVCuCnSIC
thOSC WhC tC CntCO in thC uOtC IIVIiZCd
uCOC$ OtthC CuIUtC CUIhCnIIC. CSOn S DCt
DCCtlCSS. lCCUtSC, WChaVCn tHCt VCt lt hCIC
JUSI IC SCWIn2 tht UHt SCttnSCCnOI2 ISSCS
tC InO8DCnSOC tSSUC O OCVC . C VC DCt
ShOWn IhI nV DttCutt hS ICOC ICnSi
CU8lV.hCtUmCnISCtISUSISkCICh,DhCC
tCtkCtIJUSI IIICIhCtInSUOSCUCntSCCttCS.
UICtthCuCuCnI WntICIUtntCthCCIhCIISSC,
, WhChCt IhCtC IS SCCIhIDH SCldClCnH ID
uCOC Ct iuCnIIhIdCnICS CUt IICS tC OthCtS.
V
ML LL LH HLLLW1LA
|2) PnOthCtOnCOthCCOmmOnCSlCIItICISn
OIhCCOnICmDOttVCultutCOuthCnICItVISthIIt
CCOut2CSOUtCVDCt$CnndCtStndIn2OSC
tInCnI,thuSmKInHthCVtIOU$SSOCIIICnSn
COmmunI!IC$ In WhIh|hCDCt$On CDtCt$ UtCV I
$tmCntl In thCItSIHnICnCC. Pt thC tOdCI SO
CI CVC thI S I$ ntI thCtI C tO SI tO n2
COmmItmCn!!OCOmmunItV. nOttICU,ItmKCS
ItICCItIZCnSIO, WIthII$SCn$COdUtndC
2InC IO DOIIIC $OCICtV, nOtC nd OtC m3t
IanthCmOtC IntImaIC lCVC, It tSt$ VICW
O tCIIOnShIO$ In WhIChhCSC OU2ht t $u$CC
OCt$OnuICnI. JhCtCIIOnShIDISSCCndtVtO
th SC-tClIZtIOn Ot !hC OttnCtS. n thI$ VICW
COndIIOn ICS,nCnttO lSI Ot ItC KC IttlC
SCSC PtCa!IOnShIOmaS|tICttIIHCn
99 1 1Lb L /11L1T
SCIVIDH ItS DtDCSC, Out thCtC H nCDCInI dCCtInH
a DtCtthatitCuHhttC
JhIS DhICSCDhV wS ttICUtCd In DCDUlt
OCCk Ct thC midS. Cu Cnt tkC CVCtVthInH
wthVCuwhCnVOUCaVCCnIhCmtdtCCuInCV.CU
tC uCVIH awV. PwaV tCu InStItUtICn CImS
ndClhCIDCCDlC SHCnd. PwVuCXtCVl
UCnS and CCtCdtttCnS. C atC mCVtnH CUt Ct
tClCS nd IntC IhC SC lCCUd HIVCCVCtVCnCaHIt
lCIthCSCndOltCnthSCUCV, twCUdOCatCnt.P
tCDt CItCnttIVCnCSS. JhC HItCDCOC CCtS. . . .
Ct CCh C S thCIC IS thC CDDCttunItV tC CuCtHC
tCOCtn, cu||cn||cc|| unuC, wth n CntHCd C
DaCItVlCCVCCuISClVCSndCmOICCCthCIS. . . . JhC
OCIHtS C SCdISCCVCtV tC wVS VIlOC
hCuHhCVCOCnCSmCVCnandCutCCutVCS,thC
CDCItCCVC tCuInS.

PUthCntICItV SCC CnCC mCIC tCOC dCInCd hCtC

In wV tht CCntICSCnthCSCl,whIChdISlnCCSUS
Cm Cut tCtICnS tC CIhCtS. Pd thIS hS OCCn
SCIZCdCnOVthCCIItICSqUCtCdCtlICI.nCnCSV
nVthnHOCut thIS ItCaSCn
CCIC SCtChInH thC dIICCtICn C IHUuCnt, It IS
ImDCttnItCSCCthtlhCIdCClthCntICItVInCCt
DCttCS SCmC nCtCnS C SCCIClV, Ct t CSt C hCw
DCCDlCCUHhttCIVC tCHCthCI. PUthCntICItVISCCt
Cl uCdC IndIVIdUISu, nd It IS CtUtC C
CtmCIndIVIduISmthlthCV OCn tUStCmDh
SIC thC CCdCu CthCIndIVIdUOUtlSC DICDCSC
uCdCS ClSCCICtV. C lI tC SCC thIS WhCn wC CCn
SC IhC twC VCtV dltCtCnt SCnSCS CtIndIVIduISm
ldIStInHUIShCdCtICt.JhCIndIVdulISuCnCuC
nd OtCkdOwn Cl CCutSC haS nC SCC CthC l
ccocoa||oa
1b
tached toitbutiividualismasamoralrinciple
oriealmustoffersomeviewonhowtheinviual
sholdlivewithother.
the greatindiviualistphiosophiesalso pro
osed models of societv. ockean individualism
gaveusthetheorofsocietvascontract.aterfrms
connected to notions of popular sovereigtv. To
moes ofsocialexistenceareiteevidentlylinked
wit the contmorry cule of self-| flt.
hefirst is based onthe notion ofuniversaliht
eveyoneshould havetherietandcapaitytobe
theselves.hisiswatunderliessorelativismas
a oral pnciple no one has a rieht to citicie
anoher' s values Iis inclines those imbued ith
thisculturetowardsconceptionsofproceualus
ticethelimitonanvone sself-lfilmentmustbethe
safeguarding ofan eualchance at this lilent
foroters.

econdl, this culture puts a great epbss on

relationshipsintheinmatespere,especialllove
relationshipsTheseareseentobetheprieloiof
selfexplorationanself-discovervand aonethe
most importantfos ofself-lfilment. hisvie
reflects the continuation in modern culre of a
tren thatisnowcenturiesold and thatplacesthe
centreoferavityothe good lifenotin soeIieher
spherebutinwhalwanttoca ordinarylife.tht
is.telifeofproductionandthefamilv,ofokand
love

etitalsoreectssomethingelsethatisi
portanthere theacknowledgement thator iden
titvreuiresrecognitionbvothers.
IroteearlieroftIewayourientitiesarefomed
n dialoeue with others, in ageement or stele
1( !uL1Lo L1/11L11
with their

coeniionolus. In a sensewe can say

tat te dscoveryand artiulation othisactinits
modern lorm came aboutincoseconnectionwit
the deveopindealolauthentic.
e can distineuish two chanes that have to
eether ae the mode preoccupationwithiden
tity and recoention ievitable. The irst is the
collapseolsocialherarchies, whichusedtobethe
basislorhonour. lamusinzhonourintheancien
rime sense n whch it is intrinsicaly inked to
inequaities. orsometohavehonouinthissense
it L essenal thatnot everyone haveit. Thisisthe
sense n whch ontesuieuuses itin his descrip-
tionolmonarchy.onourLintrnsicallyamattero
prlrences.

ltisalso thesenseeusewhenwe
speak ol honourine someone, by eivine her some
ublicreward,saytherderolanada. ainlythis
wouldbewithoutworthiltomorrowwedecidedto
eiveittoeverydultanadian.
As aeainst this notion ol honour, we have the
modernnotionoldeni,nowusedinauniversalst
andeealitariansense,wherewetalotheinherent
diznityolhumanbeine,orolcitiendienity.The
underlyine premiss here isthateveryonesares in
this.

Thisconceptoldenityis theonly one com

patblewith a democraticsociety, and itwasinevi
t al e t hat t he ol d concet o honour e
marinaled. utthishasalsomeantthatthelor
ol eaI recoznition hae bee essential to demo
craticculre orinstance,thateveryonesouldbe
calleisterrs,orss,ratherthansoepeope
beine called ord or ady, and othes simpIy by
theirunames or, even more demeanine,by their
!eNea|a 47
lrsnames, hasbeenIhouzhtcrucalnsomeem-
ocratc socetes, such as the ^. ^nd moe re-
cen|ly, lor slarreasons,rs and sshavebeen
cOapsed ntoNs. !emOcracy has usherd aOO-
ic oleual reconiton, whic has taken aous
lorms overtheyears, and whch now has reed
n Ihe lorm oldemandslorhe eual stas ocul-
turs and olCenders.
uI Ihe mporIanceol coznton hasbeenod
and ntensedbytheunderstandnolden
emcnzwIIhedeaolauthenIc1hwasao
nparIanolhooIolIhedeclneotherarchcale
ln Ihose earer soceIes, what we would noaIa
peronsdenttywaslarzelyebyhsO hersoal
posIon.1hatL,Iebackzund IhaIenseot
wI Ihe person coznzed as importa as IO a
zaIeIenIdeIermmedbyhsorherplace nse
and whaIever le or acIvIes aached to Ih. e
conz ol a democraIc ce|y doesnI by Ilt do
awaywIhIhs,becausepeoplecanslIdeethem-
sevesbyIheirsocalIes butwhatdoesdecsvely
unerne ths socaly derved denIlction Ihe
de ol auIhentcty eIl. P Ihs emeres, lOr n-
scewIheer,|casonmeIodscovermyo
oznal way olbenz. by denon, Ihs cannot
socallydervedbuImusIbenwayzeneraI.
thenaIureOt thecase, theresnosuchthnzas
nard zeneraIon, monolozcalyundersIoo,as
Ired Io arzue above y dscovernz my denIty
doesnImeanIhaI workIouInsolaIonbIhat
l nezoIaIeIthrOuCh dalozue, par|y overt, aly
nternalzed, wthoIhers. 1haIswhy Ihedevelop
ment ol an dea ol nwardlv zenerated identIy
o 1 1Lb L /11L1
ves a new and crucal mOOIance tOreCOntOn.
yOwntdentttycctallydependsOnmydtalOcal
relaIOnswthOIhers.
1he pOtnt s nOt thaI Ih dependenCe On Others
arOsewthIheaeOtauIhenttctty. ^tOrOtdeOen-
dencewas alwaysIhere. 1hesOcallyderved den-
ItywasbytserynaredependentOnsOce.but
tn IheearleraerecntIOnneverarOseas a -
lem. bOcal recOnIOn was bult n tO the sOCally
dertved tdenItytrOmIheverytactIhaIIwasbased
OnsOcalcateOrteseveryOneIOOktOrranted. 1he
thn abOuI nwardly derved, OersOnal, Ornal
tdenIty s that t dOesnt enOy Ihts recOntOn a
OrOr. lt has IO wn ttthrOuhexchane,andtcan
lal. What has cOme abOut wIh the mOde ae ts
nOI Ihe need tOr recOntOn buI Ihe cOndttOns n
whchths cantal. Pnd IhaI swhyIheneedsnOw
cc|ncu|cdgcd tOrthetrst tme. lnOremOderntmes,
OeOOledn'tsOeakOtdentty andrecOntOn,
nOtbecausepeOOleddn'thavewhatwecall)den-
ItesOrbecausethesedtdn'IdependOnrecOnttOn,
buI raI her because Ihese were I hen t OO un-
prOblematctObethematzedassuch
lts nOt surOrsn thaI we can tnd sOme Otthe
semnal eas abOuI ctzen dnty and untversal
recOntOn, evenlnOInIhesetes,nOusseau,
One Otthe OOnIs OtOrttnOtIhe mOderndsCOurse
Otauthenttc. Ousseau sa sharOcrtc Otherar
chtcalhOnOur,OtOrtrences lnasntcantOas-
sae Ot Ihe D|sccutsc cn |nc
!
uc|||v, he OnOOnts a
tatel mOment when sOcte Iakes a tu tOwards
COrpIOn andnustce, when OeOplebentOde
sreOreterenttalestm.

bycOntrasI,nreOultcan
!s|ssese

e
+
SOC0IV, hCtC CH SHtC CGUV H IhC 2hI O
DUDIC I|CHIOn, hC SCCS IhC SOUtCC O hCID.`` UI
IHC ODIC OltCCO2HIIOD IS2VCHIIS DOSlIHllCHII
Ci IiCIDCHl HC2C. `'
JhC HDOtIHCCOiCCO2HiIiOHSHOWUnIVCiSV
CKOWCG2CG IH OHC OiD Ot HOIHCi, OH H Ht
uI0 DHC, WC iC WiC hOW GCDIV C DC
OtCGOiDOCG iHOUiCOHICIWIDSi2HCHI
OlhCS. \H IHC SCI DHC, WC HVC COlHUIH2
DOliCSOICUiCCO2HiIIOH.DOIh hVCDCCHShDCG
DV IhC 2tOWH2 IGC O DICHIICIV, HG ICCO2DI
IIOH DVS D CSSCHI tOC H IhC CDUtC DI HS
tISCH tOUHG I.
H thC HIIHIC CVC, WC CH SCC hOW DDCh H
Ot2n GCDIIV HCCGS HG S VUlDCtDClO lhC tCC
O2HlOH 2VCH O WIhhCG DV SI2HICHI OIHCiS. I
S HOI SDtDtISIH2 IHI ID IHC CUtC O UIHCDlCII,
tCIiOHShDS tC SCCH S IhCKCV OC O SCOSCOV
CIVHGSCCOHtuIOH. LOVCiCIOHShIDSiCHOI
DDtIHI JUSI DCCUSC O IhC 2CHCi CuDSS H
uOG0tH CUIUtC OH IHC !UuCHIS O OtGHd C.
HCVtC SO CiUCi DCCUSC IHCV tC IDC CCDCS
OHtGV 2CHCtICG IGCHIIV.
\R IHC SOC DHC,IhCUnGCiSIHGH2IhdIGC
iIiCS tC IOtDCG n ODCH GlO2UC, UHSHDCG DV
DtCG0UHCG SOC SCiDI, HS DdGC IhC DIIiCS O
CGU iCCO2HiIOH uOiC CCnIiHG SItCSSD. IhS,
HCI,COHSGCtDVtSCG IISSIKCS. LGUCCO2Hi
IOH iS HO| JUSI IhC DDtODtIC DOGC Oi DCthV
GCDCtIC SOCICI. IS tCHSCHHCIG2C OH
IhOSC WhO tC GCHCG I, 3CCOiGH2 IO WGCSDiCG
DOG0tH ViCW. JHC DtOJCCIIHP O H HCIO Oi GC-
HCRiH2 H2C On HOthCiCdHCIDVGSliI nG
JU 1L |!||C1
ppesstotheten|thatitisinteriozedotony
contemporaryfeminismbutasoracerelationsand
discionsomu|ticu||ura|ismaeundergideby
thepremisshatdeniedreconitoncabeaormof
oppression hether this actor has bee eagger
atdmbequestioned,but it is cleartha|the un
ders| andi ne of i dentity and authentici ty has
toduced a ne diension into the po|itcs of
equa|ecognition,whichnowoperateswi|hsome-
thing|ike its own notionoau|henticity, a |eastin
so farasthe denuncitionoo|he-iduced distor-
tionareconcerned
the lighto ths deve|opingunerstandingof
ecogni tion overte |asttwocenturies, we cansee
wh te cu|ture o au|henticity has coe to give
ecedence to the two modes o |ivig ogether
metionedearlier|I ) onthesocia||eve|,thecrucia|
princip|e isthat oairness,whichdemandsequa|
chancesforeveryonetodeve|optheirownidenity,
wihinc|ude asweannowunderstand more
learly theuniversalrecoenitionodierence,in
whatever modes this is releant to identiy, be it
eende,racial,cu|ra|,ortodowitseualorienta
tion and |2) in |he intimate sphere, the identity-
forming|overeltionshiphasaccialimpotance.
hequestionwi|hhicstaedthissectoncan
erhapsbeputin thiswayCana modeo|ie that
i ented on the se|, in the sese that invo|ves
teatigourassocitionsamerelyinstmen|a|,be
siiedinthe|ighotheidea|ofauthenticitWe
n now perhs rephrase it by asking whether
tee avouredmodesof|iving|ogetherwi||a||o
olsidofisaf|iliaedayobeing
Ie|eee 3!
| I n the socia| leve|, it might see tat te
anseris a clearyes All the recognitioodie-
eceseemstorequireisthatweacceptsoerinci
eofoceduralustie tdoesn treuethate
aknow|edgeastroga||egiancetoacitiznrep|ic
oranyotherorofpolitlca|socie. Ye canhang
|ccse,so|ongaswetreateveryoneequa||yndeed
it might even e argued that anypo|itia| society
sedonsomestrcngnotionothecomcgood
wi|| of ltse|fby this ve fact endorsetelives of
some peop|e tthose who support its notiono te
common good overothers tthosewho seekother
formsogcod,andthereydenyeua|recognition
methlng |ike ths, we saw, is the udamental
premssofa|ibealismofneutra|ity,whicbhasmany
spporterstoday.
ut thisistoosimple. eepinginmintheag-
mentotheprevioussection,wehavetoashatis
invc|vedintlyrecognizingdiference. Thsmeans
recogniing the eua| value o dieren ays of
eing. tsthsacknow|edgementofeuavaluethat
ao|iticsofidentityrecogniticnrequires. twhat
groundstheeuality ofva|uee sawearllerthat
ust the fact that peop|e c|ccsc diferen ays of
being doesn' t ake them equa| nordosthe fact
thatheyhappentono1 ||cmsc|tcsithesedieet
seesraes,cltres.eredifferencecan titsel fbe
tegroundofea|va|ue.
fmenandwomenareeual,itisnotecasehey
aredifferent,butecauseoverridingthedlerence
are some roperties, common or ccmp|eenary
hichare of va|ue. heyarebeingscaa|eoea
sn o lve, orer ordialogca|reconition.
JZ 1L L1Lb L /L1L1L11
1O cOme IOeIherOna muIualrecOnItOnOlder-
ence IhaI s, OlIheeqalvue OldtlerenItdenI-
tes reuresIhat e share mOeIhan a bele
Ihsprtnctple,wehaeIOsharealsO sOmesIandars
OlvalueOnwhchhedenIIescOncernedcheckOuI
aseual.1heremusIbesOmesubsIanIveareemenI
Onvalue,OrelseIhelOrmalprncOleOlealIw
be emOIy and a sham. e can Oay lO servce tO
eualrecOntOn, butwewOn'Ireallyshare an un-
dersIandnOleuaIyunlesswesharesOmeIhtn
mOre.ecOnzndllerence,lkesell-chOOsn,re-
quesahOrzOnOlsncance,n thscaseashared
One.
1hs dOesn'I shOw IhaI we have IO belOn IO a
cOmmOn OOlIcal sOceIy OIherwse we cOuldn' I
recOnte lOreners. nd IdOesn' Iby IseltshOw
IhaI we have IO Iake seOusly the OOltcal sOcety
we are n. Ore needs IO be llled n. but we can
alreadyseehOwIhearmentmhIOhOwdevel-
OOn and nursn Ihe cOmmOnalIes Ol value be-
Iweenus becOme mOOrIanI, and OneOlIheccal
ways we dOIhs s sharn a OarIcpaIOry OOlIcal
lle. 1e demands OlrecOnn dllerence Ihem-
selves IakeusbeyOndmereOrOceduralsItce.
|2} O abOuI Our relaIOnshOs an e s
IhemasnsIrumenIalIOOurllenI,andIhusas
lundamenIallyIenIaIveereIheanswerseaser.
burelynOI,lIheyarealsOOIOlOrmOurdenIIy.
l IhenIense relaIOns Olsell-exOlOraIOn are On
IObedenIIy-lOrmn IhenIhecan' IbenOrnc-
OleIenIaIve IhOuh Iheycan, alas, n lacIbreak
uO andIheycantbemerelynsImenIal. den-
Ites O n lacI chane, but we lOrm Ihem as Ihe
1h0 00d ]r c60Vnlll0n 5J
tdcnIIv Ot a OarsOn whO has OarIv vaO and wt
COmOaIcIhaVzOtawhOattc.ldOntctmean
tdcnItIv tOr ma n DuI raIhar n IO ztVe
canomy S has bacnn S pro
tr|hcrOnIhabastsOtwhaIIhasbcan.v tdenIIv-
dctntnz raaIOns can'I bcscan,nOrncOcan u
aVanCa, as dsOansac andOasInadtOrsuOarses-
sOn. lt mv sat-CxpOraItOn Iacs Iha tOrm Ot such
scraandtnprtnCtOaIamOOrarvraaIOnshtOs,Ihan
ItsnOI mv dcnIIv IhaI l am cxOOrnz, buIsOme
mdaIv OtcnOvmanI.
ln IhatzhI Ot Iha daa Ot auIhcnICtIy, I wOud
sccmIhaIhaVnzmarcvtnsInmcnIarcatOnshO
tsIOaCImasat-sIuItnzwav.1hcnOInIhaIOne
canOursucOnc' stuttmcnItnIhswav saamsus-
O, tnsOmcwhaIIhasaawav IhedeaIhaIOne
CanChOOsaOnasatwtIhOuIcOzntnzahOrOnOt
snttcanCaDavOnO ChOCa.
ln anv Casa, IhaIswhaIIhsraIharskctchv arzu
mcnI wOud suzzasI. l cannOICa IOhaVa csIa-
thCU sOltdCOnCustOnshcrc,buIlhOOclhaVcdOne
sOmcIhnz IOsuzzesI IhaI Iha scOpa OtrattOna ar-
zcnIsmuChzreaIarIhansOcnsupOOscd,an
IcrctOrcIhaIIhtsaxOOraItOnOtIhcsOurCasOttdan-
Ivhas sOma tnI.
V
!HE 5LHE 1L 5uB]EC1IVSM
have sO tar been suzzesItn a way Ot
lOonzaIwhaIhasbeencalled IheculreOtnar-
ctssm, Ihe sOread Otan OuIlOOk IhaI akes selt
tlmenI Ihe maOrvalue tn ltte and Iha seems IO
recOznze tew exIernal mOral demands Or serOs
commt|menIs|OOthers.henOOnolsel-llmenI
aOears tn Ihese IwO resOecIs very seltcentre,
hence Ihe Ierm narcsssm. am saytn IhaI we
shOuldseeIhtsculIreasretlecInznOaIaneIhcal
asptraItO, Ihe tdeal Ot auIhenItctIy, bI One IhaI
desn' I eltlcenseIs sellcenIred mOe. aIher,
tn|heltzhIOtIhtstdeal,IheseaOOearasevtanIan
IvaltzedOdes.
1hts cOnIrasIs wt|h twO OIher cOmmn ways Ot
looktnz aI Ihts cIure. 1hese see t| eIher a) as
tneed OOwered byan deal OtselttullmenI, buI
J 1 1Lb L /11L11
Ihts iOCaisunOCtsIOOOasOCtn2JusI assCt-CCnItCO
as thC OtaCItCCs IhaI tOw ttOm tIOt |O asusI IhC
COtCs8tOn O sC-tnu2CnCC anO C2Otsm, IhaI is,
nOIaCIuaICOOVandealaal . npracce,esetwO
VtCws tCnO IO nn tnIO CaCh OIhCtanOOCCOmCOnC,
OCCausC IhC iOCa suOOOsCO OV |a ts sO Ow anO
sClltndul2CnIasIOOCCOmCVttIuaVtnOtsItn2ush
aOCttm |O) .
Ow ) suOOOsCstnCttCCIIhaIwhCn OCOOCOO-
OOsCaVCtVsCt-CCnIttOtmOtsClt-hlttmCnI,hey
aC utIC tmOCtOus IO IhC COnstOCtaIOns Ot IhC
OtCVtOus IwO sCCItOns CtIhCt OCCausC IhCtt asOita-
ItOnshaVCnOIhtn2IOOOwtIhIhCtOCaOtauIhCnItC-
t haVC OCCn ItaCtn2, Ot OCCausC OCOOCs mOta
VtCws atC tnOCOCnOCnI OttCasOn anVwaV. nC Can
suOOOsCIhCmtmOCiOusCtIhCtOCCausCOnCIhinKs
Ol auIhCnItCtIV tIsCt as a VCtV Ow tOCa, a taIhCt
IhtnV dts2utsCO aOOCl IO sClt-tnOul2CnCC Ot OC-
CausCwhaICVCtIhC naIutC OtCOnICmOOtatV iOCas,
OnChOlOsIOasuOJCCItVtsIVtCwOtmOtaCOnViCIiOns
asCtCOtO|CCItOnsIhaItCasOnCannOIaler.
tIhCt waV, OOIh a) anO OtCOutsC, a tOOtOO, |O,
OattIhCCulIutCOtnatCtsstsmasutICaIOCaCCwtIh
tI8Ct,OCCausCOncnvtCaOtn2tI tsCxaCIV tn IhCOtV
whattttstnOtaCItCC. ImCCIstIsOwnasOttaOnsanO
t8 tu8 tmOCiOu8 IO at2umCnt. V COnItasI mV
tCw shOws tI IO OC tu OtICnstOn, IO OC tVtn2 an
tdCa thaI ts nOI V COmOtChCnOCO, anO whh
OtOOCtV unOCtsIOOO wOuld ChallCn2C manV Ot tIs
OtaCItCCs. JhOsCwhOtVC tI,shattn2 asIhCV OOOut
humanCOnOtItOn,CanOCtCmtnOCOOtIhOsCtCahtCs
Ot Out COnOtttOn IhaI shOw IhCsC OtaCItCCs IO OC
hc J/tJc /O ou0)cC|l0Sm D
uOnaOlC.JhCCuIutCOtnatCtsstsmVCsanOCa
IhaIIssVsIemaICaVtalln2OCOw.
tt m tI2h IhCn Ihs taCI nCCOs CxOlanattOn.
Why OOes t ta COw ts Oea hat m he
CIhtC OtauIhenItCtIVOtOnCIOIhstnOOtOCVaIOn
nIthCItVta
tCOutsC,OnOnCCVC,thCmOttVatOnttaOOOt-
tn2OtCsClt-CCnItCdtOtmsCanOCCCatCnO2h.t
ICsIOOIhCts,aswCllasCxICtnalmOtaOCmanOs,Can
CasVOCnCOnCtIhOutOetsOnalOCVClOmCnt.
JhCOCmanOsOta CatCCt maV OCnCOmOatOCwth
OOl2aIOnsI OuttamV,OtwtIhaC2tanCCtO sOmC
OtOaOCtCausCOtOtnCOC.ttCCansCCmCasCtuOnC
Can nC2CCI IhCsC CxICtna COnsItatnIs. ndC, n
CCtIan COnICxIswhCtCOnCssIn22ln2 IOdCtnCa
ttaCC anO COCICO OCntIV, tOt2Cn2 thC COn-
shanIsCan smIhCOnV OaIhIOsutVVa.
mOtal COnCIs OtIhtsKmdhaVCOtCsumaOlV
awaVs CxsICO. YhaI nCCOs IO OC CxOlaCO s thC
tClatVCV 2tCaICt CasC wIh whtCh thCsC CxICtnal
COnItanIsCannOwOesmssCO OtOCC2tmaICO.
hCtC OutanCCstOtsOnasimatOaIhOtsClt-assCt-
IOnwhaVCsCt-COntCsseOV suCtCO ttOmanun-
shaCaOlC sCnsC Ot wtOn2OOnC, Ot aI lCasI Ot
OCtanCCOtalC2tImaICOtOCt,manVCOnICmOOtatCs
COmC aCtOss as unhOuOlCO n IhCtt stn2C-nOCO
OututIOtset-OeVCOOmCnI.
aOOtIhCCxOlanaIOnCsn IhC sOCasOhtC.
mCtOnCO aOOVC, tn IhC sCCOnO sCCIOn, IhC aC-
COunIs OtmOOC CuIutCIhaIOCVC IhOmsCtal
Chan2C. hCthnKanVsmOCOnC-waVexOlana-
IOnCan IhOlOwatCt,tItsCCatIhatsOCaChan2Chas
bo 1L L1Lb L /L11L11
had a reaI deal IO dO wIh Ihe shaOe Ol Odern
clre. erIan ways OtIhmkn and teeln may
Ihemselves tacltaIe sOcal chane, but when ths
cOmesabOuIOnamassvescale,I canenIrenhIhese
waysandakeIhemaOOearnescaOable
hs s undOubedly Ihe case tOr Ihe dlterenI
lOrOlmOdernndvdalsmlndvdualsIdeas
develOOed n Ihe IhOuhI and sensblIy, parIcu-
lalyOteducaIedurOOeas,durntheseventeenIh
cenry. 1hese see IO have taclIaIed Ihe rwIh
Ot new OOlIcal lOrms IhaI challened the ancenI
herarches, and Ot new mOdes Ot ecOnOc lte,
whch ave a reaIer Olace IO Ihe markeI and IO
entreOreneral enterOrse. buI Once hese new
tOr are n Olace, and OeOOle are brOuhI O n
Ihem, Ihen Ihs ndvdualsm s reaIly strenh-
eed becausetsrOOIednthereverydapracIce,
n IhewayIheymakIher lvnand Iheway Ihey
relate IOOIhers nOOlIcalltelIcOmesIO seemthe
Only cOncevaleOuIlOOk,whchtcerIanlwasn t
lOr IherancesIOrs whOOOneered I
1hs knd Ol enIrenchmenI OrOcess can elO ex-
Olan Ihe slde n Ihe culture Ot authenIcIy. 1he
seltcenIred lOrms are devanI, as we saw, n IwO
resOecIs 1heytendIOcenIretenIOnthend-
vdual, makn hs Orher attatOs Ourely nsu-
menal, Ihey Oush, n OIher wOrds, IO a sOcal
c|cm|sm. Pnd theIend tO see llment asustOt
Ihe selt, nelecIn OrdeleImaIn Ihe demands
IhaI cOme trOmbeyOnd Our O desres Or asOra-
IOns,eIheyOmhsIOry, IradIOn,sOceIynaIure,
d, hey tOsIer, n OIher wOrds, a radcal an-
IhrOpOcenIrsm.
Is|os| JV
lIsnoIhardIoseehowboIholIhesestancecome
I be enenched n odern ndusIal scetes
om |s ve ncep|on, |hs n ol sce has
nvOved mObIy, aI hrsI Ot OeasanIs o Ie and
andIocIes,andIhenacrossoceansancontnenIs
InewcounIres,andlnally,Ioday,lromctocIy
lIlownzemploymentopporIunes.blIysm
a sense lorced onus. Lld Ies are broke do. ^I
IesameIme, cIy dwellnzs Iranslomed y Ihe
mmenseconcenaIonsotpopulaIonOtheod
en meIropoln. by Is very nare, Ihs nolves
uchmorempersonalandcasualconIacI,nplace
oIhe more nIense, laceIo-lace relatios m earler
Imes^llIhscannoIbutzeneraIeaculIurenwhch
Ie ouIlook ol socal aIomsm becomes more and
oreenIrenched.
lnaddIon,ourIechnocraIc,breaucratcsocety
zives mOre and ore imporIance to nsImental
reason. s cannoIbuIlorIaIoms, becauseI
nduces us Io see Our communIes, lke so much
ese, n an nsIrumental perspecIve. uI I asO
breeds anIhropocentrsm, nmaknzs Iakean in-
s|mental sIance Io aII taceIs ol our lte and su-
roundnzs Io Ihe pasI, Io naIure, as wllas Io our
socalarranzemenIs.
oparIolIheexplanaIionlorthedevancyn the
cltureolauIhenIcIy isIO beIracedtothe lacIIaI
|sisenzlvednanndusIraltechnOlozcal-bu-
reaucraIc soceIy. n act, Ihe old Ot nsIrmenIa
reasonsevdenIna hosIolwaysnvarouslacets
ot Ihe human poIenIal movement, whOse dom-
nanI purposesnIendedIobesell-uIment.er
otIenweareolleedIecnuesasedosuposed
O 1 1Lb L /11L11
sCtCnIiliCttnOtn2s,IO aChiCVCOsVChiCinIC2taItOnOt
OCaCCOlmtnd.JhCOtCamOtIhCutCKltxtsOtCsCnI
hCC IOO,asC5CwhCtC, tn5OtIC OtIhCtaCIIhaIttOm
IhC VCtV OCCtnntn2, anO sti tOOaV, thC 2Oa OlsCl
tutmCnI has OCCn unOesIOOO as anIiIheItCa tO
IhaI OlmCtC insIumCntaCOnItO. PuiCK-tix ICCh
ntuCtOtCI|tn22Ois IhCuIimaICCOnItaOiCIiOn.
DI IhC sOCta sCIItnC OOCsn IOtOVtOC IhC whOC
sIOtV. JhCtC atC asOtCa5Ons tnICaIO IhC tOCaOt
auIhCnIiCiIV IhaI taCiiIaICIhCsOC. ntaCI,IhCtChas
nOIusIOCCnOnCstOCIhCtC haVCOCCntwO,whtCh
haVChaOCOmOCx,CttssCtOssn2tCaIiOns.
JhC lttsttsthCOnC haVCOnIaKin2 aOOuI, IhC
siOC IOwatOs sCt-CCnItCO mOOCs Ol IhC tOCa Ot
sCt-mCnI tn IhC OOOuat CuhtC Ot Out ItmC.
JhC sCCOnO ts a mOVCmCnt Ol hi2h Cuhte, IO-
watOs a nO Olniism, a nC2aIiOnOlahOtOns
Olsi2niCanCe,whiChhasOCCnOtOCCCOtn2nOw tOt
a CCnIutV anO a hal. JhC maOt li2utC hCtC is
iCIZsChC |aIhOu2h hC u5CO IhCICtm nthiism in
a OillCtCnI sCnsC, IO OCst2natC sOmCthin2 hC tC-
CCICO), IhOu2h IhC tOOIs Ol IhC IwCnItCIhCCntV
lOtmsatCasOIOOClOunOinIhCtma2COlIhC OOIC
mauOtI anO in DaOCaitC. PsOCCIs Ot Ihis tnC Ol
IhtnKinClOunxOtCsstOntnsOmCsttanOsOlmOO-
Ctntsm,anO tIhasCmCtCCO amOn2 wtiICts whO atC
OtICn tClCttCO IO IOOaV as OOsImOOCtn, sCh as
aCuC5CttiOa OtIhCaICNtChCOuCauI.
JhCtmOaCtOlIhCsCIhtnKCtsisOatadOxtCa . JhCV
CattV IhCit NtCIZsChCan ChaCnCC IO Out OtOina
CaIC2OttCsIOIhCOOtnICVCnOlOCCOnsICItnC IhC
tdCaOauIhCnItCiIV, anO IhCVCtVnOIiOnOtIhCsCt.
uI tn laCI, thC tCIZsChCan CtiItuC Ola VaCs
1hf 5liJ|5a|ec||us
as CreatCd CannOt but CxalI and CnItCnCh
IhrOpOcenhtsm.ntbCend,tleavestbCaCntVen
wth a htsOrhCrdOsaOutthCCa0r OhC
sel, wIb a sense Ol unammeled powCr a
lredOmbelOrea wOrld tbatmpOsesnOsandrds,
readV tO enOV OlaV,
1
Or tO ndulCe
aestbeCsOltbCselt.

sths hCbCrtbCOIets
dOwnntOthCOpularCulturCOtautCncC
Can see Ihts,lOr nstanCe, aOnzCn, hO
aI Ihe uncr Ot thC O CulIus tt
sttenzIhens thC sell-CentrCd mOdes, zes thC
certanOabnaOt deepCr pblOsOpbCalustlCaon
PndVCtalltbsemez,wanItOCla,lrtbC
samesOurcCsastbedCalOtauIbentCtV.OwCol
tbsbeNChelOuCault'snVOCatOnOlIhCaesthChC
tn a late nteCw pOnts us n the rtzbt dCton.
t tO mak0 thC ltnks berC ntellzblC, 0 haC tO
brtnzmthCexOresstvCasOCCtsOtmOdCrtndVtu
am
JbenOtOntbateaChOnCOtushasanOzmala
Olbemz human entals tbateacb Olus to ds
cVerwhattt s tO bC OursClves. but thC dtsCoe
can' tbemadebVcOnsultmzpre-estnzOdCs,DV
hypOtbCss.bOtcanbemadCOnlVbValaIntI
alresb. We dscOverwaIwC bavC t tnutOeDV
cCOmzthatmOdeOlttC,bVzvnzexrCssOn
OrspeeCband acbOnIO what tsOrCnaltn. he
ntOn that revClabOn cOmes thrOuzh CssOI
whatwanItOCapturCtnspCanzOlthe 0xprCssv-
sOtthemOdernnOttOnOttbetndtVtdal.
1
Jhs suzzesIs rtzhtawaVa cOseanaozy, Cen a
cOnneC|On,betweenselldsCOverVand ashCCr-
aItOn. t erder, and tbe expressst uder-
OZ 1 1Lb L /11L1
StndInH C hUnn IC, thC tCtICn OCCCnCS VCtV
InImtC. PI$tC CCatCn OCmC$ thC atadtHm
CdC In WhICh CDC Cn CnC tC SCCInItICn.
hCttt$tOCCCmC$ tn$OmCwVIhCDtdtHmC$C
CthChUmnOCInH, $aHCntClCtIHIn$CClInI-
tICn. InCCOCUt ,thCtCh$OCCntCndCnCV tC
hCtOICthC ItI$I, tC$CCInh$ OthCtICthCCS$CnCC
CthChUm3n CCndItICn,ndtOVCnCttChImCthCt
S SCCt, thCCCICtCCUIUtUCS
UI C CCUt$C, CnH wIt th$ hS HOnC nCw
UndCtndInHCtt. C CnHCtdCInCd mInVOV
tnttItCn, OV m|mcs|s Cl tCItV, $ UndCtStOCd
nCW mOtC In tCtn$ CCtCIICn. JhC$C tWC IdC$ HC
tCHCtCt.WCOCCCnCOUt$CVC$OVCXtC$$InHWht
WC tCOOUt,ndIWhatWCOCCCnCI$OVhVDCthCSI$
CtIHIn,nCIO$CdCnthCtCCXI$tInH,thCnWhaIwC
CXDtCSSISnCtntntttICn CthCDtCCXI$tInH CIthCt,
OUt nCW CtCCn C IhInk C thC ImHIntIOn $
CtCtIC.
Ct S CC OIt CCSCt I thIS C$C, WhICh hS
OCCOmC DtdHuCtU$WhCtCdISCCVCtnVSC
thtCUhnVWCtkSn3tSI,thtCUHhWhtCtCtC
V SCdSCCVCtV DSSCS thtCUHh CtCtICn, hC
uInHCSCnCthInHOtIHInndnCW.lCtHCnCW
StICnHUHCnCWWVClDIntInH,nCWnCtIC
CIlCtCDCCtInCWWVCWtItHnCVC nd
thtCUHhIhI$nd tht$OnCOCCCnCWhaIhCtt
InCtCOC. CdISCCCtVtUItCS pc|s|s, nkInH.
JhtwDV CCttCCInCnCOlIhCdItCCtnS
thISIdCCUthCntICItVhSCVCVCdIn.
IOCCCCOkHtIht$,wn!ICnCtCthCCC$C
tCtnOCtWCCnCUt CtdIntV IdCS C$CISCCV
CC andIhCwCtkOlthCCtCa!tCttt$I.Cldt$COCO
5|Jo 5a|c|u|s 6J
nVOVas Ihe maznaIOn, ka arI. aIhOl OeO-
pe whO baVe acbteed Oztnat tn Iher |V as
CeaIVa.ndIhaIwedescrDaIhaVesnn-a
st tn astc termsmatcesOurtenden O cn
sder arItsIs as sOmehOw Oaradtzm acevers Ot
satttnIOn.
uIherauanOIharranzeOtraasOnstorthcOse
drawmz IOzaIher Ot artandset-datnIOD. I' s nOt
usI Ihat bOIh tnVOVa CraaIVass. lI is asO Ihat
satattntIOn cOmas aalv IOD cOntrast I mO-
raIv. bOma IheOas hOd Ibem ItzbIV IOeIhar.
KOusseau dOas, tOr tnsIance. Ie senttmcnI da
'exsIence wOudmakama apcrtacIv raCrea-
etlwarabuImtCOnIaCIwIhI.butaearv
OniIcameIObasnthaIIhtswasnOInecesarvsO.
1ha demands Ot set-InIh, cOntacI wth set, har
mOnvwhnOursaVasCOudDeuIadCtlrO
Ihe damands Ot rzhI IeaImanI IhaI we wce ex-
pacIedIOaccOrdIO OIhars. lndd, Iha VCdeaOt
Orzna,andIhaassOcaIednOIOnIhatteanemv
OtauIbenttcttvcanbesOctacOntOrmtIv,tOrcesOnus
Ihe dea thaI auIhantcIv w haVa I sze
azatnsI UHt exIealy tmOOsed es. a can, O
cOrse, baaVe IhaI I w| Da tn harmOn tIh Ibe
es, buI tI s aI easI cear IhaI Ihere s a
nO|Onadterence DeIween Ihese IwO Dds Otde-
mand, IhaIOt IIb IOsat and thOsaOt tlersbe-
tvausICa.
1bisemerzes mOreandmOrecl earIvtnlbceCOz-
On Ihat Iha demands Ot authanIcIV racOsev
bOunduO wtIb Ic aesIbeItc. e are Ve tam|ar
wIb Ihs Iarm, and we Ihtnk IhaI Iha aashcttC has
awavsbeenacateOtOrpcOpe,aIany rat,tOras
9 1 1Lb L /|1L1T
lOnzastbeVhavelOvedartandbeau.butthaIsn I
sO. 1he nOIOn Ot Ihe aCsIheIC emerzes OuI Ot an-
OhetOatallClChanzenthCezhteCnthCCnturVIhe
undCIandnz Ot art, cOnnecIed wtb tbe sbtt Ol
mOdCstrOmmIahOnIOCreaIvIV.
WhCre art s undeIOOd as prmarV a knd Ot
IaIOnOlrealtV, Icanbedetned n Iers OtIbe
altIypOraved,OrIsmannerOtpOrtraValbuIIbe
CzbIeCnth CCntutV sees anOIberOneOtIbOse sht|s
IOwardsIbe subecI, parallel IO Ibe OnC descrbed
CarlCr n cOnneCIOn wtb Ibe phlOsOpbv Ot Ibe
mOralsense.1hespttC|VOtartandbeauCease
IObCdCtnednICrmsOtIhereaIVOrIsmannerOt
dCpCIOn,andcOmCIObedenItedbVIhekndsOl
lCelnztheVarOusenus,ateelmzOtIsOwnsOeca
knd, dllerCnI trm Ihe mOral and OIher knds Ol
plCasurC nCC mOre, I s uIchesOn, drawnz On
bhatIesburV, wbOsOnCOtIbepOneets n Ihsne
OtthOuzhI, buIbV Iheend OtIbecenmrVI smade
tamOus,aOstCanOnCal, IhrOuzb the lOrmulatOn
zvCnIbVmmnuelanI.
OranI,tOlnzbhatIesburV,beauIVnvOlves
a sensC OlsaIslaCIOn, buIOneIbaIs dsIncIlrOm
thClttmen tanVdCsre,OrCven lmmtbCsaIs-
taChOnaCcnzIOmOralCxCellencC.IsasaIstac-
tOn tOr IsClt, as t werC beatV zves ts Own
nhnsCllmenI.tszOalsmIernal.
buI autbCnICIV IOO COmes tO bC undersIOOd n
parallel tasbOn, as Is Own zOal. I s bOrn, as
dCsCttbed t abOve, Out Ot a sht| m Ihe CenttC Ot
zravIy Ol Ihe mOra dCmand On us sell-IruIb and
sell-whOenCssareseenmOrCandmOrenOIasmeans
IObemOral,asndepndCnIlvdetn,buIassOme-
s|s!sc|s Ob
tine valuale lor their own sake. Sell-holeness
atheaestheticarereadytobebrouehoeether,a
unitytohichSchillereave animmenseinllen
talexpressOn n hs ic||ss ea ||e Aes||e||c cao||ea
e Mcn. oSciler,theenoymen|olbeaeives
usaunityandwholenessbeyondthediisions hat
ariseinuslromthestreeleetween moralit and
esire. 1hiswholenessissomethinedillerentlm
teachievementolmorality,andtheendchller
seems to be implyine that it is hieher because it
eneaeesusotayinawaythatmoaitcannot. t
couse,lorSchiller,thetwoarestillcompable,they
ovetail. ut the are read to be contrasted, be-
cause the aesthetic wholeness is an independent
oal, with its Ovn |c|c.its own lorm eoodness
andsatislaction.
ll this contributes to the close lin eeen
uthenticiandart.ndthishelpsexpIainsomeo
thedevelopmentsolthenotionolauthenictyinthe
lstwocenturiesinparticular,thedeveopentol
tOrms n vhich the deands ol authentiity have
eenpitchedaeainstthoseoloratyhenticity
nvOlves OnCnaty, itdemands arevOt aeainstcOn-
en|ionItiseasytoseehowsandardmoralityitsell
an come to be seen as inseparable rom stiine
onvention. oalityanormalyunderstoodobvi-
uslyinvolvescrushinemuchthatiselementaland
insnctive in us, any ol our deepest and most
pOvertu desres. otheedevelOpsaranchothe
eachlorauthenticitythatpitsitaeainsthemoral.
ietzsche, vhO seeks a kind olsell-man in the
eeisterotheaesthetic,seesthisauiteincompati
le with the traditional hrisaninspire etic ol
b 1L L1Lb /1L1|L11
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CODCS HlO Dl3V. JC UHUCtSlHUH2 O! VlC S
LtClCU 2IVCS SCuSC U! CCUCD DU DOWCt. JC
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O 1 1Lb L /11L11
lue myselt, aqalnsI Ihe demands Ot exIemal cOntOr-
mIy. 1he basts ts Ihe tOr an mhance. buI Ihs Hust
whaI mes Ihe dmerences a Ihe mOre IaIeml.
because the nObOn Ot selt-determnnz treedOm,
pushed IO tts lmt, dOsnI cOmue any bOund-
arles, anvtmnq qven IhaI |tc IO respecI n mv
exense Ot selt-deIermnnz chOce. I can eastly Ip
Over nIO Ihe mOsI exInme IOrm Ot anIhrOpOenIr-
sm. t has, Ot cOur, a cal varanI, krmulaIed n
KOusseaus Sm| Ccn|tcc| and develOped tn theu Own
ways bv Nar and Lenn, whlch cenatnly Ies Ihe
tndlVdual tO sOctet. buI aI Ihe same Ime, Ihese van
anIs bave pushed humanenIndness IO new hetqbIs,
tn Ihelr aIhesm, and n Iher ecOlOcal aqressve-
ness, whlch has surpassed even IhaI Ot capIalsI
sOcte.*'
n |he end, auIhenIlcIv cant, shOuldnI, qO all Ihe
way WIh selt-deIermnnq treedOm. I undercuIs
tselt. Ye| the tempIaItOn H undersIandably Ihere.
Pnd Where Ihe IradItOn Ot auIhenttcIv talls tOr anv
Other reasOn lnIO anIhrOpOcentrlsm, Ihe alltance eas-
lV recOmmenOs Iselt, becOmes amOsI rressIble.
1haI s because anthrOpOcentrlsm, bv abOllshnz all
hOrzOns Ot sqnttcance, IbreaIens us wIh a lOss Ot
meanlnq and hence a IrvazaIOn Ot Our predca-
ment. PI One mOmenI, we undersIand Our sIuaIOn
as One Ot hzh trazedv, alOne n a slenI unverse,
wtIhOuI nIrtnsc meannq, cOndemned IO creaIe
value. but at a later mOmenI, the same dOcIrne, bv
tIs Own tnherenI benI, ytelds a tlaIIened wOrld, m
wbtch Ihere aren I verv meannqtul chOces because
Ibere aren I anv cmcal ssues. 1he taIe Ot the qreaI
pOsmOdem dOctrnes thaI ve been descrbn
1hc o/!Jc /O bN0)cC/tUt5m 69
here,astheymOactOntheOrthPmecaunver-
sty llustrates ths. 1hey becOme bOth aIter and
knerthantheOrnals.atIer,ecauseeyserve
nIhe end IO bOlsIer Ihe mOre selt-cenIred maes Ot
autenttc. nderbecause theyaretaKeassuO-
OOrs tOr the demands tO recOnze dtterence
Ocault, n the mertcan unvestty, s CmOhaI-
callseenneneralasatureOtthelett.hssOt
necessartlythecasetnrance,andevenlessuer-
ay.

atlattenedwOrldwherethehOrOns Otmean
n becOer lamIer, the deal Ot selt-deCn
treedOmcOmes tOexercse a mOre OOwerl arac-
ttOn. tseems that stntttcancecan becOnerredy
c|c|:c, by maktn my lte an exercse tn eedOm,
eve wen all Other sOrces tal. eltdeCn
treOmls tnOartthedetaultsOlutOnOtthCculture
Otathentcty, whtleatthesametmets tsbane,
sne t rther tntensttes anthrOOOcentrsm. hs
setsuOavcOuscrclethatheadsustOwasaOOnt
whreOurmaOrremannvalueschOcIselt.uI
hsaswesawabOve,eeOlysubvertsbOIhthedeal
OtathenttctandtheassOcaIedethcOtecOn
tnderence.
hesearethe strans and weaknessesthn the
culre Otauthentcty, whtch alOn wth the Ores
surcs Ot an atOmtztn sOceIy Orecptate it On tts
sle.
V
L LL1 LLAAU
VCDCCuDHIiH2DOIItlClhCCUlUC
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SSlC VtulS, DV H iUCd O UIhCnIICIIV, DICh
DtODCtVUuUCtSlOOU COuUCuHSIhCSCVtIuS. I IS
CUIUtC lhI SUCtS tOu COHSlIUIIC lCHSIOH
hiSiSmCOHIISIWlhIhCCOuuOHVCWOIhCOtC
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DtOUUClOSCIiHGU2CuIC2OiSu,OtIDCSI S C
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DtCICCS.
hV hOU DV VCW: C, lhC tSI tCSOu S lhdI
ISCCuS IOuCIC JhiSiUCGOCSSCCDIO DCSIl
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ICt. DUl Wh3I tC IhC COHSCUCHCCS Ot Ot ClIOH
i uV ViCW S UC: bCCu2 IhH2S IhC WV D DtO
UOS2CUS C ICUCtCHISIdHCClOWtS lhS
Z 1 L1Lb L /11L11
CultUtC. nC CmmCn StnCC today, CSDCCIlV
amonsuch crics as loom, ell,andach,s o
lCCKSKnCCtthCHClC SCUllIluCnt S SCuC
how anted witeeosm 1s can easly lead oa
blanecondeatonohecultureCluthCntctV
Ln the CthCt hnd, thCtC are thCSC WhC tC VCtV
muCh nothiSCUtUtC, lCt whCmCVCtVthInHIS
rht as s 1he pcture sueeesed hee leads to
nCIthCt CthC OCVC. t Su2HCStS tatWC UndCttKC
wok oreeval,ta WC idCntIlV and atcUtC
thC hIHhCt idC OChInd thC mCtC Ct CSS dCOSCd
DtCtICCS,nd enCtitcICthCSC DtCtICCS ltCmthC
StndDCnt Cl eir own mOtIVtInH dea n CthC
WCtdS,InStCdodmsinehsCUltUtCCHCthCt,
Ct USt CndCtSnH t as it S, wC CUHht tC tCmDt tC
tiSC it DtCtICC OV mkiH mCtC DDOC to
DttICiDntS whathC CthC thCV SuOSCtIOC tC tCl!V
InVClVCS.
hs mCnS CnHHinH n a wor Cl DCtSuSICn.
JhISSCCmSnCIthCtDCSSlCnCtdCSOC,VCUtkC
CIthCt Cl thC CthCt StndDOintS, OUt It IS thC CnV
DDtCDttCDClICVCntheVICW VCOCCndCCndinH.
PnV culral ICd nVCVCS SItUHHC DCCDlCWth
dIlCtCntndInCCmDtIOlCVCWSCCntCnd,CtItICIZC,
nd CCndC CCh CthCt JhCtC IS tCdV OttlC
HCInH Cn OCtWCCn thC OCCStCtS nd thCKnCCkCtS S
lt S e CUtUtC Cl UthCntiCItV s CCnCCtnCd. m
SuHHCStnHtatthSStHHCiS mIStkC|c|h SICS
tC CnH. ha we CUHht o OC dCInH S l2htnH
CVCt thC mCnInH o UthCntICtV, nd tCm thC
sandpontdCVCCDCdhCtCwCCUHhttCOCttVinHtC
DCtSUdC DCCDC tht SC-lImCnt SC lt m
excludine uncondtional relaionsp and moral
L0 L0/|0 L0n|lNu0 o
emandsbeyondthesell,actuallyrequresthesem
somelo. hesteeleouehtnotobecoe authen
ticity, lororazainst,butct,deltsroper
ane. e ouet to be tne to I e C
backup,closertoitsmovatneideal.
lcourse,allthsassumesthreethinzsthethr
premssesthat lad outattheend olSection.
thatauthentc strulyanIUC worth C

OSIH
|?)thatyoucanestabishnreasonwhattoves
and thatthiskndolarementcanmaeaer
ence in practce that is, you can t believe that
peoplearesolocnbytheaoussciaevel-
opments that conditon themto,say, atmisman
istumentalreasonthattheycoulntchaneethe
aysnomatterhowpersuasveyouwere.
hope have done somethine n the precedne
sectons to make |?) plausbe. ven il l aven t
produced any unanswerable arments, hope
haveshownto some extenthow arments canbe
deveopednthisareathatcouldconviceusSto
|J),hileeveryonmustrecoznizehowowerlly
wearecondtonedbyourindustrialtenooecal
civlzaton, those vews tha| portray US as totally
lockedinandunabletochanzeourbeaioursort
ol smashne the whole SSlCD e al ys
seemedtomewdyexaezerated.ut anttoay
oreaboutthisinthenextsecton.orthepresent
etmeust say a lew words about|l),tewor|ol
tsdea.
ldon thaveaotlreshtosayonthsether,atthis
point ecause itseems tome that the el, aswe
understand t out O ts richest sources speas lor
itsell. W ust state baldly what beleve does
9 THE 1Lb L /11L11
CDCt2C OU| O D CCOUDl IOD lDCSC SOUICCS
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lhCDDOutDOtCulIJCSODUDDIC.LtkCOlhCI
CClSODOUCtuIDUIVIUUISD~ OttDSlDCC,lDl
WhChCSODUSlOWOtKOUlOUIOWDODtDtODSDU
DCCS lOr OUtSCCS ~ UlhCulCtO DOulS US lO
WIGSDOISClIODODStDlCOIDOlIC.l8OWS
US lO IVC |DOlCultV) hCI DU DOICUtHCICDlI
lCO IC, DCCUSC DOIC HlV DDIODtIlCU S OUI
OWD. JhCIC tC UD2CtS ~ WCVC DCCD CXDOItDR
SODCOlhCD. YhCDWCSUCCUDDlOlDCSC,tlDVDC
lhl CID SODC ICSDCClSDCOWWDl WCOUU
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Ul DCVOuU lDtS, WOUU IKC lO DKC D U
DODDCD DOIDl. lDIDK lhl CVCIVDOU ID OUI CU
lUIC CCS lDC OICC O lhIS IUC, CVCD lDOSC DVC
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ID2 ODCS OWu Dlh tS SUSDCCl DG CIlDCI DODSCDSC
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uODSCDSC 2CDCtV hVC hIUIuC, SCtCDltSlIC
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ShOUd DC UuUCISIOOU S DUCD S DOSStDC Iu lhC
luR2C O SCICuCC, DU lDCV lKC lDC DUIl SCt
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UlDCulICIlV Cu SCCD lO lDCD V2UC DU WOOV.
LlhCICIICS, IKCFDOOD,IChUDDtSlS.JDCV
GOu l ShIC IDIS ICUUClIVC, SCtCDlLlICVICW,DUllhC
SCCD lO UuUCtuU lh uHC S3D CDtCSStOD
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O DOIIlV, OIl CSIS IClCCIID2SIDV lO5S
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OI CUlIUIC.
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SIOCI S DCIHH IH lDC DIDSlICD O OU YClCO
SUCIClICS WDO, CCU WIIh lDCII OWH IlC CDOICCS,
UOUlCICCI OItCllIODSDIDS, 2IVCS DO WCI2hll
lU SODCIhID2 lDCV WOUlU IUCDlIV S DIDCHl, OI
S6UUCVCODDCDl,OIICI2lDCIIDOlCDlIl,OIlOI
WhICD lhCV WOHU IHU SODC OIhCI IC IOD DC
IH2C lhI DS SCIVCU lO IIClC lDIS IOC . JDCV
DdV OVCItIUC lDCSC COHSIUCIlIOHS ID lDC nDC Ol
OlhCI2OOUS, DUl lDCV CClDCII UICC. JDCIC IC O
CUUISC IDDI2IHIS IOD OIhCICICS, HU COlC
WhOSUIVCIDCIVlIUIlIUDCDCVCS,DUIWCCH
DCIICVJInlDCCHllUIDSlICDOlYCSlCO
IDCISOCIClVIHlCIOllhOSCDOCClDCUIVO
lDSDUlDCOlDCIDIDOSOIDGIVIUISD. JDIS
IS, IHUC6U, VC OlCD lDC SOUICC O UIDCUI HU
DdIDU IDICI2CHCIlIUHDllCS IHIDDIPIHID
I0S, HSI DCCUSC lDCSC IHUIVIUUISDS OCHC lDC
DdIHSlICD IHlO WDICD IDC CDIUICD IC OCIH2 HH
OUDVCCUllUIlCU.
JDIS IS, UDIIlCUV, HOI HI2CHl I lDC0
OlDCIUC. DUIIlOH2DIlOInUUCCSODCDUDIIV m
IIS ODDOHCHS. YOUU Il DKC SCDSC lO lIV lO IOI Il
OI` \I UO6S lDC DOCV ICCODDCHUCU DCIC DC
DIC SCDSC ID cutSIlUIIOH, DDCV, CSDOSI2 IDC
U0 I lS DCSI, HU IIVIH2 lO ISC OUI IClICC D
IOIDISCV6:
bO IHl6DICIIIOH 2IOUHGS d lDCI UICICDl
DIdCIICC. I S6USUSOm GICICHI UIICClIOIOD
lD0 OIDCI IW. DI Il dSO O!CS d uItC U0ICHl
D 1 1Lo L z11L11
perspectiveonthnzs.tdoesindeedappearthatthe
mOre sell cenIred tOrms ol lulllment have bee
zainzzrnd nreentdeades.sis whatas
causedthealarm.eOple dO seem IO be seenC ther
relaionshipsas mOre revocable. Kses m the rateol
dvorceziveonlyapartialndicationoltheincrease
nbreak ups,becauseolthlarzeumberolunmar-
ried couples m Our sOcet NOre people seem less
rooted i ther ommunites ol orz, and there
seemstobealall-olinctenparticpation.
owlyouthinkthatthisrepresentsanewsetol
values that today s risi ne zeneration has u
prolematicallyplumpedlorOr evenmore,ilyou
think they have plumped lor an abandonment ol
traditionaltesinlavourolsheerezoism thenyou
willdespairlorthelutureheredoesntseemmuch
reasowhy thetrend shoudbereversed. our de
sparwillbeintensiliedto the extentthat you attri
bute the chanze to the social lactors mentioned
earlier like increased mobilty, and our mcreasinz
involvementinobsorsocalsituationsthatinvolve
ouractinzinstrumentally, evenmanipulatively, to-
wards the peope atOund us. ecause these trends
seem desned to continue, in sOme cases even IO
ntensi.nd sohetureappearstopromiseony
ever-ncreasnzlevesolnarcissism.
heperspectiveisdillerentilyoueethesedeVel-
opmentsinthelizhtoltheethicolauthenticty. or
thentheydon tustrepresentashiltivaluethatis
unproblematc lor the people conceed. ather
yousee the new,sell centredpracticesas thesiteol
anneradabletension 1hetesioncomesothe
seneOt andealthats nOI benC luymetinrealy.
L0 L0/l0 L0n/lhu0 /
nO Ihis ICnstOn Can Iutn tnIO a sItu22C whCtC
COOCItVIOatIiCuatCIhCshOtItaOtOtaCICC anO
ttCZCtI.
n Ihs OetseCIe sOce sn I sV mV
in OnC OitCCItOn hC taI IhaI IhCtC ts tCnstOn anO
sIn22CmCansIhaIiICan2OCtIhCtwaVnOnCstdC
ateaIhCtaCIOts,sOCia anO tnCa,thaI dta2IhC
CuItCOtauhCnItiIVOOwnOiIsmOsIsCtCCnhCO
lOtms On IhC OIhCt atC thC inhCtCnI hsI aO tC-
uitCmCnIsOtIhtsiOea. ^OaIICLOtnCOwhihCan
2OaCanO tOtIh.
JhismaVCOCaCtOssas2OOOnewsOtbaOnCvs
I wt OC OaO news tOt anVOnC whO hOOCO tOt a
dClintItVC sOuttOn C Can nCCt tCIutn tO IhC a2C
CtOtC IhCsC sCt-CCnItCO mOOes COud tCOI anO
sOtCtI OCOOC. Ca tOtms OtinOtVtduau anO
ltCCOOm, auI CnIi Ct IV OOCns n 2C Ot
tCsOOnsiOiZaItOnCanusCIhisICtm.VthCVCtV
laCI IhaI hts CuIutC OCVCOOs, OCOOC atC madC
mOtCsCttCsOOnstOC. ItsinIhCnaIutCOlIhtsnd
tinCtCaseOtttCCOOmIhaIOCOCCanOCtas
C as tisC hi2hCt OIhin2wiCVCtCnsutC a sV-
tCmatiCanO ittCVCtstOCmOVCtOIhChC2hIs.
Jhts was Ihe OtCam Ot VatiOus tCVOItOnatV
mOVCmCnts,tOttnsIanCCOtNatxtsm.nCCnCaOO
ishCOCaOtIatsm,OnhC2tCaIanOaOitaOehutIs
l mOOC teCOOm wOuO tOwCt IhC abusCs anO
dCVianI tOts wOuO wiIhCt awaV. DuI IhaIs nt
hOwiICanCVCtbCinattCCsOCtCIV, whihaIOnCanO
IhC samC ItmC wi 2tVC us IhC ht2hCs| tOtms Ot
sCt-tCsOOnstOCmOtaintIiaIiVCanOOCdiCaItOanO,
saV, IhC wOtsI tOtms Ot OOtnO2tahV. JC Catm Ot
CtsIvhC NatxisI sOCCIes IhaI OOtn2rahV was
1 1Lb L /L11L11
simply a rellection ol capitalism has now been
shownplorthehollowboastitwas
ndsothisancoeacrossaseoodnewsaswell
!thebetanneverbedentvelyeuaranteed,ten
noraredclineand triviatyinevitable. 1henature
ola lreesocieisthatitwillalwaysbethelocusol
a steelebetwn hieherand lowerlormsollree-
dom. ethersidecanabolishtheoher,bttheline
can be moved, never denitively but at least lor
some people lor some time, one way or the other
1hrouehsocialaction,politicalchanee,andwinnine
heartsandminds,thebetterlormscaneaineround,
at least lor while. ln a sense, a zenumely lr
societycantakeasitssell descriptionthesloeanput
lorward in quite another sense by revolutionary
movements like the talian ed zades la lotta
continua, the steeleeoes on inlact,lorever
1he perspectivem proposinethus brea quite
deinitively with the cultural pessimism that has
erowninrecentdecadesandthatbooksleloom s
andell s leed 1he analoey lor or aeeis not te
decline ol the omn empire, as decadence and a
slideintohedonismmakesincapableolmaintain
ine our politicalcivilization 1hisisnottosaytat
0societiesmaynotslipbadlyi ntoalienationand
bureaucratic rieidity nd some may mdeed lose
theirqasi imperialstas 1helactthatthenited
States is indaneerolsullerine both theseneeative
chaneesas perhapsunderstandablyincreasedthe
holdolcltual pessimis there.

ut the nited
StatesisnottheWestenworld,andperhapsevenit
should notbetakenas a sinzle entity, because it is
anmmnseyvried soety, madeupolvery dil
L//d L0n/lnN0

lercnt mleu anO mOuDs. Ll COursC, thCtC DC
2ansand Osses,butOvera aOttacOntnua.
PlmOst nCCOlCss tO s lm nOt DtOOsIn2 thC
mrror maeeveeter,acraODImsmOtte
kndDOOuarnthC1Jous,suChasnLharesKCch s
Tl Ctcn|nv cI Amct|cc, whCh saw thC rsC Ol a
sOontaneOus, 2CntC, Ovn2, and CCOO2Cay tC
sDonsOecC. JhsdnamtsesasnatavlrOm
thc OstOCO OersDCctIvCOlthCOOOstCtssthCDCs-
smstcOne dOCs hOm thatOlthe knOckCn. want
tOstaVawaylrOmOOth thCse vCws,nOtInmddlC
2round sO much as On a cOmDCteV O tlCren
2round. su22CstIhatnthsmatterwCOOknOtOt
Ihc Jrend, whateVer t s, uO Ot dOwn, Out that wC
Orcak wth Out tCmOtatOn tO Oscern rrCCrsOC
trends,and sCe Ihat there sa st22eherC, whOsC
OucOmes cOntnuaV uO lOt maOs.
uIamr2hI,andCsu22es asdCsCnOCt,
thcnthecututa DCssmsmOlthCknOckCtknOtOnV
mstakCn,tsasO COuntCr-OrOduCtC.eaenOt-
anOOranchCOndematOnOlthecnO|authentC
tyas uusOn Or nansssm s nOt awaV O mOe us
cOrtOthehe2hts. ^sts,naanCCOtODCth
aden2a2escentstcOutOOk,andthOsewthmOn
tradtOnaCthcaVCws, aswCBassOmCDnOOnens
Ol an Outra2ed h2h cutun, te tO COndCm I
CurC. ut ths cannOthCO. ^waVthat m2htheD
Chan2C the DeODC en2a2Cd m ths Clt land at
sOme Cve, mCdeseVCryOne,evCnthCcntcs,
WnttOcam)wOulOOetOentCrsVmDathctCaV ntO
sanmatn2 dea and tO V tOshOw whaIt aBv
rCqurC. ut When the dea s OV mDuCaOn COn
demed and rdCCd aOn2 wth es DractCe,
1 !Lb L /!1L1T
aIudes haen e crbcs a wrtIen O as u
aIOnares, and nO reassessmenI Ias place.
D thC sultnz OOlarattOn beICen bOOs|ers
nd knOckers, wbatprecseyzes lOst a rcbun-
ersIandnzOlthsdealbOthnasensecOnspretO
denIIwIhIs lOwesI,mOstsellcen|redexOres-
sOs. ts azamst ths cOnsOracV that Ihe wOrk O
retrievbasIObedOne,whchbavenasensebeCn
seIChnztnthetOrzOtnz seCIOns.
V
bUU!LLH LAUL5
/lone wth the ideal, a veyportat
dstncton eets deed over in ths olared de-
bate,onethatisessentiallorunderstandineode
culure. !nasense,tculrehasseeamany lac-
etemovementthatonecouldcall subecaton
tatis,thnescentremoreandmoreonthesuect
and inahostolway 1hnestatwereoncesetled
y ome exteal eaty traditonal law say, o
nare are now releed to our choce lssus
whereweweremeantto acceptthe dictatesoa-
thority we o have to think out lor orselves
oernlreedomandautonomycenresusoour-
selves,andthedealolauthentcityrequirestatwe
discoverandartclateourownident.
t there aretwo mortantlydlerent lcets to
thismovement,oneconcernnethe0nnr a te
Z 1L HlClAHElClT
oherccnceningthe mc|cor:n|ca|cfaction We
canilustratethiswiththeidealofauthenitv.n
onelevel.clearvconcernstheofespousine
anyenorformoffe. Atentiityisclearlvself
refeenal this has to be orientaticn. ut this
doesn tmeanthaonanctherlevelthecca|cn|must
be self-referential hat my eoals must express cr
uilmdesiescraspirationscscvc|a|something
tat stands beyond these can find lfi|ment in
od, cr a politial cause, cr tendingthe earth n
deed,theargumentabcvesueeststhatwewillfind
enuine fulfilment cnly in scmething like this,
hi has gnfcance independent of us or our
desires
oconfusetheetwckindsofself-referentialityis
atsophic tclcsesoffthewavaead,whichcan t
invole eoc back behind the aee of authentciy
elfeferenalitvofmanner isunavoidableinour
culre. o conse thetwoistcreatethe illsicn
tatselfreferentialiyofmaerisequallyinescap
able he confson lends legitimacy to tbe wcst
forscfsubjeism.
hedeelopmentofmodeartgivesusagcod
eaple ofhow thee two kinds cf subectivtion
e crucially differentand vet how easily theyare
cnfsed. ice art is a|so a ccial terrain for the
ieal cfauthenticity, aswehaveseen,thisi sespe
cialwortheplcrnhere
hehance ant totalkaoutheregoesbacktc
the end of the ehteenth centuryand isrelated to
theshtfrmaunderstandingofartasm/m5/5 to
oehatstressecreaticn,whicbdiscussed insec
ion \. I ocerns ha oe iht call the lan
b0|0I L0nvu0V05 o3
2U2CSOtl,lhIS,lHCDUDCVVOCClCtCuCC
DOuIS lhlSV, DOCIS uU DulCtS Cu GtW On. S
bhKCSDCIC COUU UW On hC COIICSDOuUCHCC,
lCInlnCC hCH, IO ukC US lCC IhCl hOIOt
ICCI OtC2ICiUC, hC hS SCIVHl ICDOIl IDC UH-
nIUtCVCulSlhIhVCDCCHCVOKCU iuSVuDID
WIh IhS ICttDC UCCG IhC H2hl H WhCD UCH
S uUIUCtCU S H UHtUV OuC, Wlh CuDS
hCIU I IhC II SIIH2C SCICDS Ol UCl, nU t
tCuuS GIk CVCn lhOU2h lhC UV SDO VC
SlCG. HlhCDtCVIOUS JUCSUV COHhUCCH
KICG DV uOUSu2 OW, uU uCu S DOtSCS
lUtuCU WG m IHC uHI, LOnlCuUH2 2uSIODC
OCuCC, S lhCV WOUG / KC Wt WIlhuDKuO.
n Sut WV, Dul2 COUU On2 UtW On lDC
DUDCV UuGCtSICOU SUDCCIS OUVnC nU SCCU
hSIOtV, CVCulS,uUDCtSOu2CSIhlhHC2hCuCU
CHu2, S l WCtC DII u IO IDC, IKC lDC
UOHuuULhU OIIhCOlh OlhCOtIII.
DUI lOI COUDC O CCHlUICS HOW WC hVCOCCD
Vm2u WOtG uWHCh lhCSC DOHlS OltCCtCDCC
nO Ou2Ct hOU Ot US. O OuC HOW DCICVCS lDC
GO|tDC Ol lhC COttCSDOHGCuCCS, S lDS WS C
CCDlCU n IhC CuSSnCC, nU nClhC UIVn DOt
SCCUt hISlOIV HS 2CnCIV CCCDlCG S2lI
CHCC. l S nOllH OuC CunOl WIIIC DOCu OI
lCCOttCSDOnOCnCCS. DUUCtCGU. liStlhClD
IhS CH I UIW Ou lhC SIDlC CCCDuCC O lDC
CtuCtV DUC UCCltiHCS. JhC DOClhSCl UiUD I
SDSCtDC lO IhCu u lhCt CuOHC lOtD. C IS
2Clln2ISOuClhH2UCICHI,SOuCDCtSOnVSIOu
hC S ItViH2 O IIu2UlC lO lDIOU2h lhIS DISlCIIC
tClCtCuCC,lhC lOICSlOlSVDDOS Ihlh SCn lDC
9 1 1Lb L /11L11
worldaround hm. uttoerasp ths lorest,weneed
to understand not so much the erstwhle public
doctrneaboutwhichnooneremembersanydetais
anywaybut,aswemehtputt,thewayitresonates
inthepoet ssensibili
1o take anotherexampe,lke speaks olaneels.
uthsaneesarenottobeunderstoodbytherpace
inthetradtionaydelnedorderather,wehaveto
taneuatetothemeanneolthis termthroueh the
whoeraneeolimaees with whichilkearticulates
hssenseolthnes. ho l cred out would hear
e amonz the ordersolanzels, been the D|nc
|cg|cs.1herbenebeyondthesecrespartlydelnes
these anzes. e cannoteetatthem throuzh a me
dea treatise on the ranks olcherubim and sera
phm,butwehavetopassthrouehthsaiculation
olke ssensbty
e coulddescrbethechanee n thswaywhere
lormerypoetcaneuaeecoudrey oncertanpub
lcy avaabe orders ol meanine, t now has to
consst n a aneuaee ol artcuated sensbity. ar
asserman has shown how the decne ol the old
orderwthtsestabshedbackzroundolmeannzs
madenecessarythedeveopmentolnewpoetcan
euaees n the omantc period. !ope, lornstance,
in his W|nJsctlctcs|, coud draw on aeeod ews
o the order ol nare as a comonly availabe
sourceopoetcmaees orSheley, ths resourceis
nooneeravaablethepoetmustaticuatehisown
word olrelerences, and makethebeevae. As
assean expains it, ntil the end olthe eeh
teenth century there was sullcient ntelectua ho
ozeneilormentoshaecertainassumptions .
bu0/tt LnVNdVc5 O
n varyinzdezrees . . . manaccepted . . theh-
tianinterpretationolhisto,thesacra metalsl
nature,thereathainoleinz,theanaoOte
variouspanesocreaton,teconceponOs
icrocosm . . . 1hesewere cosmic syntes D te
publicdomainandthepoetcouldallordtotil
hi art as iitative olnature since thsepaers
werewhathemeantby nature .
y the nineteenth cenry these wordpicres
hadpassedlromcnsciousness. . . 1hechanzem
a mimetic to a creative coception ol poet is t
erely a ctical philosophical phenomen .
ow. . . anadditionallormlativeactwasrered
othepoet. . Withinitsellthemdernpoemmt
bothormuateitsowncosmicsyntaandshapete
autonomous poetc reality that the cosmic snt
permitsnatre ,whichwasonceporotheoem
and available lor imitation, now shares it te
poem acommonorizininthepoet screatii.

1heomanticpotsandtheirsuccessorsaeto
articulate an orizmal vision ol the cosos. hen
Wordswort and lderlin describe he nara
worldaroundu,inT|cItc|uJc,T|cR||nc,rHame
cao|ag, theynolonzerpayonanestablishedat
orelerences,as!opecouldsldoinW|nJscItc|.
1hey mae s aware ol somethinz m natre lr
which there are as yet no adeuate words.

1e
poemsarelidinzthewordsorsntis ter
laneuaze theterisorrowed lroShelley
soethinz is deined and create aswe as mai-
lested. Pwaterhed hasbeen passed in theistory
oliterare
Somethinz similar happens in paintz n te
bO 1 L1Lb L /L11L1I
CIV uIuClCCulh CCulUIV LSDI VIU IICUIICh,
OI tuStuCC, UISlnCCS htuSC ICu lhC IIUtItCn
ICCnCHIDDV. C IS SCIChI2 lOI SVDDOku in
uICthluClDSCUOulDC3CCCDtCUCCuVCnttnS.
JhC DDtlIOu tS lC Ct IhC CIuS C ulUIC SDCK
UIICClV, lDCII DCWCI ICCSCU DV lDCII OIUCIIuH
WIlhIulDC WOIk CIl. CUIICh lOC ISSCCkInH
SUDICI nHUHC, hC IS lIVIu2 lC SV SCIDIu2 CI
WhICh uOUCqUlClCDSISlDU WhOSC DCuIuH
hSlCDCSCUHhtInhtSWCIkSIlhCIlDnIuDICCX-
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CIHDlCCulhCCnlUIVSCuSCClhCIutlVDClWCCuCUI
lCCInHS uU ulUI SCCuCS, DUt Iu n ltCDDl lO
IlIClC DCClhu SUDJCCIIVC ICClIOu. CCtnH
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WIth uIC.
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lDlOIuCIVDCClShUCOuDOuVCKDCW2CU
uHUHC uU uOW CVCIV OuC DS hIS CI DCI CWD
JDtS DkCS Il SCUuU S lhCUHh, I WC CUU JUSt
HICC,WCCOUU 2IVC,SV,I SVISICuCOIUCIlhC
SDC SlISO DUDIC uHClDl lhCOU LhIu
ODCIuHCuJOVCU.
DUl lDC CDnHC IS HC IIC3ChuH lDu Ihl.
hlCCUUuCVCIDCICCOVCICU ISlhCDUDICUuUCI-
SlnUIuH lhl n2CS IC DIl Ol hUDuIuUCCu
UCulOulIC CIUCI, hVIuH lDCI uHCIC ulUICS UtlC
IuUCDCuUCDlV C DUDn IlICUlIOu, u hCnCC
CCCSSIDC thICU2h uHUHS OlUCSCIIDttOu IhCO
OHV, DDIOSODDV lDl IC uCl l lhOS OlIlICU
lCU SCnStDttV. V CCnlISt, C S CIUCI Cn
bu0/cr LnVudVc5 b
eomeoursonlythrouzh beinz ratilied alres m
th sensibtyoleach new reader. ln thsecicum-
snces,theeydeathatonesuchordehde
ebraced to th excusOn Ot all the es a
demand that is virally inescapable i he trai
tionalcontet ceasestohaveanylorce tisol
toclearhowanothersensibility, anotherconeol
iaees,mizteiveusauitedierenttae,evenn
wawemizhtnevethelessseeasa siiarvn
oreali.
ocontempora anzels have tobehmanre-
ated,onemizhtsaylanzuaze-related,inaaythe
loebeswerenot. 1heycannotbesepratedrom
a ertain lanzuaze ol articulaion, whic is as it
wre,theirhomeeleen. ndthislanzzen
isootedinthepersonalsensibioltheetand
uderstood oly b hose whose sensii reso-
na|eslikethepoet s.
erhaps thecontrastcanbeseen motstarly il
w |hi ol ho we can also cal on individual
iitions to ma a public domain ol relerences.
izuisticsmaymakeuseolourlinzuisticinios
ozrammaticality. 1o maketheseaailableusually
reuiresarellexiveturnl askmselanyousay
Shedon tzotacentandlanswernezaelyt
hre is no call o tl here ol persoa vision
Wat lammappinzspreciselyapieceothe pub-
liclyavailablebaceround, whatweallleanonand
count with whle we communicate y contrast,
wat liot or !ound or roust inviteseto has an
iradicablypersonaldimension
nteroltheearlierdiscusson,thiseanstha
aimportantsubectivationhasIaken placeinpost-
b 1 L1Lb L /11L11
CDuIIC Il. DUl Il IS CCIV SUDCCVlICu C
menncr. lCCuCCtuShCWIhCDCCthS CCCSStCWhI-
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CODDCu VICW, WhCh SCCDS lC DC HIVCH SCDC CIC-
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lIVIuH lC dC DOIClDu IlCU3tC hIS CWu uHS
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DI6SCuCC IhlUISlUIDS DCWIlhlhC]OV
CCVlCU IhCUHhtS, SCHSCSUDImC
LSCDClDuHlIDCICUCCDV IulCIUSCU,
hCSCUWCIHHISIhC IHhI CSCIIInH SUnS,
PuU IhC IOUuU OCCu uU lhC IVIuH It,
PuU lhC DUC SKV, HU Iu IDC DIHU Cun
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PIhIuKIuH IhInHS, CD]CCIS C IhOUHht,
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JU 1 1Lo L /11L11
HUCCU IhIS lCI uV DC lhCUHhlCS UtHCul. l
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C CCUU tOCI SCuSC O lhC UCuuU lDl OUI
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JhC SCCIVISI DIS tDt Ch IHStDuCHt ICSCH
HU lhC UCCCHICS C SCCCHlICU UuCHl DKC
CuIHHl H OUI IIuC ICHUCIS Il uCSt IDDOSSIDC
tO SttC thC CSC hCtC. C DOtHuH DCIulS CUt
DCW uUC C thC IHUuCul OI CCOCHIC CSlIIu
HU tCSDCHSIDIIlV IS CCUCDCU m nlDtCDOCCHlIIC
HHUHC. CSlIIHl IS ShOWH S HCCCSS OI
hUDHWCtC. hIS ISlC HU IuDCIlulCOUHh,
DUlIIIS HCIlhC WhOCSlCIV. OIUOCSIl CDlUIClhC
CXICHI OOUtIHIlICHS hCtC, WhICh OICu DOIHl
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WIlDCUl lhC hCD lht C HHUHCS O DCISOu
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tCCCHIZClhl lhCSC CH DC USCU HCHUDJCCVISlIC
V lhCCCHUSICHOlDCCKIHUSCSUDJCClI
tCH Cn DVC IuCIlDl uCI CCHSCqUCHCCS
tODCHCuIS O UISCuHHCU ICSCu Ct C SUDJCClIVC
UIuCHI uV CuDICC lhCSC CCHSCqUCHCCS HUV.
Ot IhC, lhCtC IS HClDtHH lhCIC DCVCHU lhC SC lO
CDCIC. CCluUDIuCD CIIIICS O uOUCtuIl hu
Ct tICt IhC CU UDIC OtUCtS, HU lhCV 3SSItC
DCtSV ICSCH3tIHH VISICuS lCuCICSUDCClVISu.
CDC SlCIH uCISlS, tOO, WHl lC CCHlIu lhIS
UIKVtCCIhCDCtSCH,nUlCuUSWClODOCK
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|e0nVN0V05
J
tinthatconspiresunwittinzlytosustaina owa
tvalizedviewoltheethicolauthentci.
ut m bockinz out this kid ol eporato be
yonthese, they are so epvneus olone o
or main weapons in the conti nune steel e
azainstthe llattened and triialized lorms omo
encultue.heyareclosinzolltheindolexplora-
tionthatcouldmkecetaindemandslrombeond
theselmorepalpableandrallorus orinstance,
tose that underlie a more-thananthopocentic
ecoloeicalpolicy.Wecanseeazainhowheerspec
tieolthe polarized debatebetweenbostesand
knockers, between cultural optism and pessi-
ism,canbecripplinzwhenitcomestoezaeinz
in the real, neer completed battle to eae te
hehestpotentialitiesolourmoderncutue.
lauthenticityisbeinztetoouselves,isreco-
einzourown sentimentdel eistence, teper
hps we can oly achiee it i ntezal l il e
recoznizethatthissentimentconnectsustoawider
hole. t was perhaps not an acciden that in the
omantc perod thesell leelinzand the leelinz ol
belonzinztonaturewerelked

erhapstheoss
oa senseolbelonznzthrouzha pubcly delied
oderneedstoecompensatedbyastreer, ore
inersense ol linkaze. !erhapsthisisata zreat
dealolmodepoethaseentineoaticulate
ad perhaps we need lew thinzs more todaythan
schaiculation
7
/P HLA LALf
hVC DCCn UISCUSSInH l Cu lhC ISl
ClhC lhICC WCIIICSDCUl uCdCInIlVlhl OuImed
In thC IISt SCClIOu. hVCn l HCl uUCh IC lO U-
dtCSS thC CIhCI lWC. DUt uV hCDC WS lhl tC
CnHlhV dISCUSSICn C lhC IndIVIUUISuOl SCl-
ICnlWCUUSlKCCUllhCInCSCHCnCSluCC
lCWIUS CdCInIlV WhICh CCUd DCIhS DC C-
lCnUCU lC lhC ClhCI ZCnCSCuISC S W. u lhIS
SCClICn, d IC tC l lC InUIClC DIICl hl lhIS
wOud IHVCVC CI lhC lhIC3tCnCU dCDtnuCC O In
SlDCnl ICSCu.
n ICHIU lC UlhCntICItV hVC DCCn SHHClIH
thllhClWCSIuDC,CtICuCDCSItICuS,OhCOOSt-
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l ICOludDIuCh CCndCunlICn C IDCClDIC O
set-uhment IS a IClCUnd mstake, S I SIDDC
J9 1 1Lb L /11L11
2OOaCnOOtsCmCnIOt a tsCOnICmOOtatVtOtms.
haVC atCuCO IhaI IhCtC s a ICnsOn bCtwCCn IhC
unOCtVnC CIhCa idCas anO IhC waVs IhCsC COmC
IOOCtCtlCCICO nOOCsVCs, anO IhsmCans tha
a sVstCmaICCulhtaOCssmsmsas msCuOCO as
a2OOaCuIutaOOImism KaIhCt,wCtaCCaCOnIin
un2s|n22C IO tCalZC h2hCt anO hlCt mOOCs Ot
auIhCntC aCansI IhCtCssIanCCOtIhC taCtanO
shaOwCttOtms.
OmCIhn2analOCOushOOstOtnsItumCnIatCa
sOn, mV sCCOnd man Ca Ot COnCC. CtC, IOO,
IhCtC atC CxItCmC OOsIOns. 1hCtC atC OCOOC whO
OOKOnIhCCOmn2OtICChnOO2CaCiVaIOnasa
KnO OunmIiCaICO OCCnC. YC haVC OsI IhC COn-
IaCIwIhIhCCatIhanOiIsthVIhmsIhaIOutanCCsOts
haO. YC haVC OsI COnIaCI wIh OutsCVCs, anO Out
OnnaIutaOCn2,anO atCOtVCnOVanimOCtaIVC
Ot dOminaIOn IhaI COndCmnsusIOCCasCCssOaIIC
a2ansInaIutCOOIhwIhnanOatOundus.1hsCOm-
OlanI aCansI IhC dsCnChanCnI Ot IhC wOtO
has bCCn atIiCuaICO a2an anO a2an snCC IhC O-
manIC OCtOO, wIh Is shatO sCnsC IhaI huanOC-
n2s haO OCCn ItOV OVOCO OV mOOCtn tCasOn
wIhn IhCmsCVCs, OCIwCCn IhCmsCVCs, anO ttOm
IhCnatutalwOtO IisOtCsCnInOutCuIutCIOOaV
n a numOCt Ot tOtms. I COCs aOn2, tOt nsIanCC,
wIhanaOmtaIOntOtIhCCOtOtndusItalOCO-
OCs,anOOtICnwiIhaOOCaOOsIOnOtdCtCnCCOt
aOOti2inasOCCICs aCainsI IhCCnCtOaChmCnIOn-
OusIta CViZaIOn. I s asO a ma|Ot IhCmC in OnC
sItanO Ot IhC CmnsI mOVCmCnI, nKCO wiIh IhC
CaimIhaIIhCdOmnaI2sIanCCIOnaIutCismaC,
anO s anCssCnIatCatCOtOaatCha sOCCtV.
/ /0n Cavc b
CODC WIID IDIS OUIOOK SGUIC O 2IHSl lDC
OUlHU-OUlDOOSlCtSOlCCDDOO2V,WDOlDIDKlDCIC
IS I OI OUI DUDD DtODCDS, HO IC DlI-
enI lDOSC WDO SlHO I lDC WV Ot develOpment
OUlOWDlDDCISIODC ODSCHIHIISDICSO.
1H HO2OUSV DOICU UCDIC IS CSV lO HU
hCn. DUI lDCIC IS H IDDOIlHl UICDHCC. lDC 2D
CHlStCDOllDCSDC.LIUCVDUl,lDCDOCKC5O
UIhCHlICIuICGUCDlVODlDCII2Dl,lDO OlOD-
HOO2VOHlDCCU.OnDCtCHIV, SODC|DUlHOl)
O lhOSC WDOnCIIlICOlDCClDICOSCDDCDl
tC 2Dl SUDDOCIS O lCCDDOO2IC OCVCODDCDl,
WDIC DHV OIDOSCWDOuUCCDV IDIO lDC COHlCD
DOIIV ClIC O UIDCHIICIV SD8 lDC ICVS DUl
DIIIICDV HU DOII2IH SlVCS OICUSlUVCIlCU
IO. JDCSC CSS I2DDCHIS CVCH CU lO SODC lH-
DID2COHlIUIClIOHS.I2DIWID2FCIICHSCCOH
SCIVlI VCS SDCK S UVOClCS O lIUI IIOD
COHHIlICS WDCH lDCV llCK DtlIOD OD UCDDG
HU DOO2IDDV,DUlIHlDCIICCODOCOICICSlDCV
UVOCIC D UHlDCU OtD O CDIlI CICSC,
WDICDDOIClhHHVlDIH2CDSDCDCUIOUISSVC
DISIOIICl CODDUHIlICS, DS OSlCtCU lDISD, VDICD
KHOWS HO HOHlICIS OI OVUCS, DU IS CUV IO CO
UOWH DIHIH2 lOWH OISV2C ODSl DDll llhC
GID O DHCC SDCCl. \H lDC OlDCt SIUC, WC U
SUDDOtlCISOHllCDlIVC,verenbal SIdHCClO,
WDOVOUlU2OlOlDCWIOUCCHUlDCOICSlDDII3I,
OCDOHSIIlID2 IH VOUI O DOIOD O UCDU, OH
IDC2UHUSlDlWODHSDUVDCO2SCCUSICV
IO hCI. >DC UVCtSIICS O SV2C CIlSD CI
DOSSCSSIVC IHUIIUUISD IlDCI lDD IlS DOSl UH
IIOUDCU UCCHUCIS.
1 L1Lb L /1L1L11
1hese IwO OOlarzed debaIes are ve dttenI,
but neverIheless thnk that bOth are mOre Or less
euallv wrOn. 1hesacrces IhaIawaynsI
mentalreasOnmOOsesOn areObvOusenOuh, n
the harden Otan a|Omstc OutlOOk, m Our -
perOusnessIOnaIu. 1hetheOckersarerhI.
et we can't s Ihe develOOment Ot IechnOlOcal
sOcetvustm thelhIOtanmOeraveOtdOmna-
IOn chermOralsOues havetedI uIas n the
caseOtauthentc, these mOralsouestend tO et
lOst tm vew, Orecselv thtOuh Ihe harenn Ot
atOmstandnstmenIalIvaluesetrevnthem
mhtaOwustOrecOversOmebalance,Onenwhch
technOlOvwOulOccuOvanOIherplacenOurv
IhanasannssIent,unretlecIedOeraIve.
ere aan, there cOuld be a stle between
betIer and wOrse mOdes Ot lvn IechnOlOv, as
theresbetween hherand lOwerwavsOtseekn
au|hentcty but Ihe strule s nhbted, n many
cases I tals alIOeIher IOben,beCause Ihe mOral
sOuresarecOveredOverandlOsItrOmshI.Pndn
thsOcclusOntheknOckershavetherparI,because
IherrelenIless descrpIOn OtIechnOlOCal sOceIy
n Ierms Ot dOmnatOn screens Out Ihese OIher
sOurcesaltOether.
buIIhebOOsIersare nOhelOether, because they
ten tO havebOuhtsOdeeOlyntOtheaIOmsIand
nsttumenIalsIstancethaIIhevIOOtalIOacknOwl
edethesesOurcesPswIhauthenIctv,bOIhsdes
ntheOOlarzeddebaIearenanunw|tncOnsOr-
ac tO keeO sOmeIhn essenIal trOm vew, tO ac-
credI Ihe lOwest vew Ot Ihe Ihn Ihey dO bale
Over n Ihs case, nstmental reasOn. Panst
/n r0n Cav 9/
lhCu, WC uCCU lCUC WCIkCIClIICV, IuCIUCIlO
2ClIlSlHHC2CIuHICUIClICuUSCCI
ClV
belOre CnHHInH n IhIS tCItICV, thCC IS CIn
lhl WC Cu l VCIU. C CCnSUCIDC UCHIee C
OCuuCCCIuSIDuCnllICSOuISuClSl ul
lC CllhC OtCC C CCtlIu uOIl OUllCOK ltISSC
lhC CSC lhl Iu DuV ICSDCClS WC InU UCVCS
UShCU IO HIVC Il IHC DCC Iu OUI IVCS, S
CuIIOuCUllhCDCHIunInHClIhISDCOk. uSCCICl
hOSCCCCuOuVIS lt2ClV SDDCUDV me OICCS,
Ot CXuDlC, CCCnCuIC HCuIS hVC l IVC u
uDCIlul DCC lO CCICnCV I lhCV IC HCIu2 lO
3UtVIVC. PuU Iu t2C uU COuDCX lChnOCHIC
3OCIClV, SWCl S I lhC tHCSCC unlS Ihlu3kC
luD ItuS,DuDICIuSlIlIOnS,IulCICSHIOUDS
hC CCuuOu IIS hVC lC DC DnHCO lO SCuC
dCHtCC CCCIUIuH lC lhC DtInCIDCS O UtCUCIlIC
tIICnlIlV I lhCV tC lO DC uuHC I . O
WhClhCt WC lCVC CUt SOCIClV lO IuVISIDlC huU
uCChuSuS IC thC utkCl Or IV IO u2C l
COlCClIVClV,WCICOtCCUlCCDCIlClCSOmCUCHtCC
CCCtUnH IO thC UCuUS Ol uOUCt tIOuItV
WhClDCt Ot uClII SUIlS CUI CWu DOt OUIlCOK JDC
CulV lCIntIVC SCCuStCDC kIuU OIDnCICXIC,
SCluIHInIZlIC uSlIUuCul IIIOuIlV
SCCuS lC DC DlC lC V IIS CunUS Cu uS COmIu
uUHOIH,IulhCDuDICOIlhCDIIVlCSCICS,InlhC
CCCnCuVuU IhCStC,n IhCCCuDCCntVS
lhllhCSClWCHIClnVSlSODCUCII,IXu
CDCI, hVCCXDCO.
OW lhIS IS VC ltUC uO IuDOtl. I CS lC
CCCUulOtIhCDCWCtCtCuISIICud Iu3luCnl
J 1L L1Lb L /L1L1L11
aIIttudesand phtlOsOphtes tnOurItme. IOmtsmtn
acular Iends IO be zeneraIed by Ihe steIsIc
uIlOOkthaIOesalOnwthnsmenIalettctency
as well as benz mplcI n sOme Orms Ot raIOna
acItOn,suchasIhaIOlIheenIreprene.ndsOIhese
aIttdes acqute almOsI Ihe sIaIus Ol nOms, and
seembacked byunchalleneablesOctalrealtIy
but OeOple have One On trOm Ihts tO clatm IhaI
theretssOmeIhtnneluctableabOuIthe aIOmItn-
sImenIal OutlOOk Once One has enIered Our ktnd
OtsOcte.ltthtsweresO, IhenmuchOtwhaIlhave
eensaytntnOrevtOussecttOnswOuldbewtIhOuI
tnteresI, because l have been and wtll be explOrn
reasOnsIOltmtIthescOpeonstmentalcOnstder-
aItOns, andIs assumesthaIwehave Ihe pOweIO
dO sO. lt suppOses Ihat we have a real chOce here
CventtwetendIObebltndIOIheOpIOnsOpenOus.
U tt really s Ihe case IhaI mOde IechnOlOtcal
sOcteIy lOcks us mIO an trOn caze, then all Ihts ts
sO much wasIed breaIh. hs ts Ihe Ihrd maOr
challenze IO my enItre armenI, whch OuIltned
aI the end Ot secOn l, buI have nOI yeI OrOOerly
adressed.
IhmkIhaI Ihere ts a reaIdealOt IruIh m Ihese
trOn cae pcres. Ode sOcteIy dOes Iend IO
OushustnthedtrecItOnOtatOmtsmandnstumen-
Ialtsm,bOIhbymaktnztIhard tOresIrcIIhetrsway
tn cerIamcrcumstances and byeneratn an Out-
lOOkhaI IakesIhemtOrzranIed assIandads. buI
belteve thaI Ihe vew Ot IehnOlOtcal sOcteIy as a
kmd Ot trOn tate cannOI be susIatned t stmples
IOOmuchandtOreIsIheessenttal.st,thecOnnec-
IOn beIween IhnOlOzcal ctvtlaIOn and Ihese
n

ncrms is nct nidirectional. It s not ut that the

institutionsbeed thephilcscphy thecutlooals
adtobeeintohavecme|crceinrcpeansocietv
DCOIC IDC nsttutOns COUU UCVCOD. PtOmst a
istrumentalist outl cs had begun tc srea
amcngatleasttheeducatedclassesc|esternu
rpeandAmericabe|cretheIndustriaevcluticn.
ndindeedebersawtheipctanceohisidec
leicalpreparaticn|crmcderncapitalsm.
utthatmavbedismissedascprelvistcrical
iterest. aybe there had tc be phi lcscphical
change or cur technological scie to arise but
nce hereit ccnstrainsus ncnetbees Tis is one
lausible interpretaticn c|what eber was trying
tcsavwithhisimagec|theircncage.
ut thisseestobe vastlv cversimple as well
umanbeings and theirsccieties re mh mcre
ccmple than any siple thec can account or
ewearepushedinthisdirecticn. uetephi
lcscphies catcmism and instrumenaismhave
head start in crwcrl d. But it is stillthecase tbat
there aremanv pcintso|resistanceand thatthese
areccnstantlvbeinggenerated. e needtinkcnv
the whole mcement since the cmanic era
hichhasbeenchallengingthedominancecthese
ategcries and c| the c|shcct c| that cvement
cdaywhichiscballengingcureclogialmisman
eement.hatthismovementhaaesomehead
av has madescme dent, hcwevericiient and
inadequate,incurpracticesstandsasapartialre|u
tationc|anvircnlawc|technclcgicasccie.
Therecenthistoo| thismcvementtellsS a lct
abct bcth the liits and the pcssiites o| cur
! UU 1L L1Lb /L1L1L11
OtCOCamCnI. P tta2mCnICO OuOC, OtVtOCO tIs
COnCCtns,tstnOCCO aI thCmCtCVOtwhaI sCCms ltKC
antnCuCIaOCtaICOush2IOwatOs IhC OOmnanCC
Ot sttumCnta teasOn. aCh tC ttaCmen maV
OCCOVCatCaOOuIsOmCOtIOttsCnVtOnmCnIIhtCaI-
CnCOwtIhOCsICttOnOtOC2taOaItOntnIhCnamCO
OCVCOOmCnI. uI tI sCCms IhaI tn Ihts CaCh OCa
COmmuntIV Ot CtOuO Ot COnCCCO CIZCns sIands
OVCta2ansIIhCVasImaJOttIOtIhCOuOltC,OCmanO-
tnCa saCttCC tnOCVCOOmCnI, anO hCnCC!OCt
hCaO, tOt IhaI OuOC, tn IhC namC OtIhCt mtnOttI
tnICtCsI. O tOtmuaICO, IhC CasC sCCms hOOClCss I
ts OOCaVa OsI CausC, anO tI OOCsn I CVCn sCCm
IO OCsCtVC IO wtn. hC mts OtOCmOCtaItC OOtItCs
tnCuCIaOlV 2ttnO suCh sma sanOs Ot tCstsIanCC
nIO OOwOCt.
uI OnCC a CtmaIC O COmmOn undCtsIanOtn2
COmCs IO OC CtCaICOaOunO IhC thtCaI IO IhC CnVt-
tOnmCnI, IhC stIuaIOn Chan2Cs. 1hCtC tCmatn Ot
COutsC,OaIICsOCCCnOCa2tOuOsandIhC2CnCta
OuOlC. VCtVOnC sCCs IhC nCCO tOt a OumO, OuInO
OnCvanIstItnIhCtOaCVatO. CVCtIhCCss,sOmC
OCal OaItCs COC IO OC sCCn tn a nCw 2hI, IhCV
COC IO OC OttCtCnIl CnttamCO. hC OtCsCaItOn
OtsOmCwtOCtnCssatCas,tOttnsIanCC,IhCCOnsCtVa
ItOn Ot sOmC IhtCaICnCO sOCCtCs, IhC OtOICCItOn
aCatns sOmC OCVastattn2 assauIs On IhC CnVtOn-
mCnI COC IO OC sCCn as OaO Ot a nCw COmmOn
OuOsC. Ps sOOttCnts IhCCasC,IhCmCChantsms Ot
tnCVtIaOtlt wOtK OnlV vhCn OOC atC OtVtdCO
anOha2mCnICO.JhCOtCOtCamCnIaICtswhCnIhCtC
COmCs IOOCa COmmOnCOnsCtOusnCss.
C OOn I wanItOCxa2CCtaICOutOC2tCCsOtttCC
/n nn Ca
l J!
dom. buI they are noI ero. ^nd IhaI eans Iat
conztounderstandthe moral sourcesOlor-
laon can make a dierence, n so lar as I
cOnInbuIe tO nev cOmmOn understandnC.
e arenot,indeed,lockedin.utthereisaslope,
an incne n thnzs that it s all Ioo easy to side
down. 1heincnecomeslromIhensttionalc
tors mentione above, but also om a benI n he
ideasthemselves.We sawsomeIhnzkesnhe
case olauthenticity, as|riedtoshowm secton.
a ayinwhchthemoralidealslendIhemselestO
a certain dstorton,orselectvelorzettnz.
omethinz ol the same is ue lor Ih ase ol
insumenIalrationality,andorparIloverlappnz
reasons. havedescrbedsomeolthesoucesorhe
strcnzth inourcultureolanideaolsel deIermn-
nz lreedom. earelree when we can reme the
condtonsolourownexisIence,whenwecadom-
na|e Ihe thinzs thaI dominate us. bvously ths
dealhelpstoend evenzreaIermportancetoIech-
nOOCca controloverourword, thelpstoenlrame
instrumenIal reason i a proecI ol dOmation,
rather thanservnzto mit it m the nae oIher
ends. nlacI, iI has conribuIed to neutraize soe
oI|helimitsIhatstilexisIedtonawaytecooz-
ical deastaton ol the environment, as Ihe reen
hstory ot arist-ennist societes as shown
deolozicallypoweredastheywerebyaormoths
cal.
nsIrmentalreasonhasalsozrownalOnzwth
dsenzazed modelolthehumansubecthchha
a zreat hod on our mazinaton. t ollers an ea
pcre ol a human thinknz that has senzaze
!Z 1 1Lb L /11L
lrom Is messy embeddinz in our bodly consIt-
to,ourdalozcalsaon,ouremotons,andour
IradIonallelormsnrdertoepure,sel-ver-
inz ratonaliIy 1his s one ol he most presIious
lorolreasonnourculte,eempliledbymaIh-
emaIical Ihmkz, orothertypesollormalcalcula-
Ion. ^rzumenIs, consderatons, counselsIhaIcan
claim tO beased on ths knd olcalculaIion have
zreaI persuasve power in ur sceIy, even whe
Is nd ol reasonnz s not really suted Io Ihe
subject maIIer, as Ihe immense and Ihn un-
derseed)salencyolIhisIypeolIhnknzinsocal
scencesandpolcystudesattesIs.conomstsda-
lelezslators and bureaucrats wth Iher sophst-
cated maIhematics, even when Ihs s sevz to
packaze cde polcy Ihinknz wIh potentaly d-
sasIrousresults
escarIeswas Ihe mosIlamousearlyspokesman
ot Ihs mode ot dsenzazed reason, and he took a
tatelIepIhaIhasbeenwdelylOllwedsce.We
mhIIhnkolthsmodeolreasonnzasanachieve-
ment worIh aimnz aI lor certain purposes, some-
Inz we manaze Io atIan parI ol the me, even
thouzhconstIuIonallyourIhouzhtisnormallyem-
boded,dialozcal, shotIhrouzhitheoIion,and
reecIs Iheways otourcture. escarIes took Ihe
stepolsupposnzIhatwectcessenIallydsenzazed
reason we are pure mid, dsIncI lrom ody, and
ournormalwayolseezourselvessa rezreIable
conlson. Lne can perhas see why this pcIure
appealed Io hm and to Ihose who have lollowed.
1edealseemsIozanlorceandauIhorIywhenwe
sppose that I s ho we cc||v ctc, as azainst Ihe
/n r0n Cc
! Ud
ObecIve Ot aIIemOIs aI raIher trale and lcal
acheemenI.OIuallIOOeasytOrusnOrcture
tO IhnKOtOurselves as essenIallydsenaed rea
sOnhsexpIanswhysOmanypeOlendIe
unprOblemaIc Ihat we shOuld cOnceve human
IhnknzOnIhemOdelOtIhedIalcOmOIes
selt-mae s enhced by Ihe sense Ot pwer IhaI
zOesalOnzwIhadsenzazednsIrumenIarasOOl
Ins.
Oa lOt, bOIh nstIuIOnalIy and deOlOcaIly, s
On tOr aIOmsm and nsImenIalsm. uI,
arument s rhI, we can aIsO struzIe aansI t
neOtIhewayswecandOsOsbyretrevnsOme
Ol Ihe rcher mOral backzrOund trOm hch the
mOdernsIressOnnsImenIaIasOnIOOkIsrse.I
canIdevelOpIhearzumenIhere,evenIOIhesketchy
exIentIhaIdd tOrauIhenIcIy, butwOuld lkeIO
ndcaIeretlyhOwImzhI O.
IsObvOus IhaI parIOtwhaI sOnztrnsI
menIal reasOn s thaI t enables us |O cOnIl Our
env rOnmenI Om naI On dOes s peak IO us,
weIher usI becausewecaneI mOre OlwaI we
wanI, Or because I tlaIIers Our sense Ol OOwer, Or
becauseI IswIhsOmeOrOecIOtsell-deIermn
reedOm buI Ihe dOmnaIOn Olnaure s nOIthe
whOle sIOry here, as sOme Ol Ihe crIcs seem tO
mplyereareIwOOIhermpOrIanImOraIcOnIets
IhaI wOuld lKe IO menIOn ere, trO whch te
sIress OnnsIrumen|aIreasOnhasaren
| I )e have already een IhaI t s lnKed wIha
senseOlOurselvesaspOIenIallydsenzazedreasOn
hs s rOunded n a mOral deal, IatOta seIl-re
spOnsble, seItOnIrOlln reasOnn. here s an
!+ 1 1Lb L /11L1
deal OtraIOnalIy here, whch u aI Ihe same Ime
andealOteedOm, OtauIOnOmOus,seIt-eneraIn
IhOuzhI.
|?)nOIhermOral sIraasenIere IheOcIure.
WhaI caIled Ihe armaOn Ot Ordnary Ie, Ihe
sene IhaI Ihe lte OtOrOducIOn and reOrOducIOn,
OtwOrK and thelamly, s whaIsmOOrIanItOrus,
hasaIsO madeacrucaIcOntrbuIOn,tOrIhasmade
us e unprecedenIed mOOrIance tO Ihe OrOduc
IOn Ol the cOndOns Ot Ite n eer-reaIer abun-
dance and Ihe elet Ot sultern On an eer-wder
scale. Plready n Ihe early seenIeenIh cenIury,
rancsbacOncrIczed Ihe IradtOnaIPrsIOIelan
scences tOrhancOnIrbuIed nOIhn IOreleve
Ihe cOndIOn OlmanKnd.

e OrOOOsed n Iher
sIead a mOdeI Ot scence whOse crIerOn Ot IrIh
wOuld e nstmenIal ettcacy. Ou hae dscOv
ered sOmeIhnz when yOu cannIervene IOchane
Ihns. Oder scence s nessenIal cOnIuIy n
IhsresOecIwIhacOn.uIwhaIsmOOrIanIabOut
bacO s IhaI he rends us IhaI Ihe IhsI behnd
Ihs new scence was nOI Only epsIemOlOcal buI
alsO mOral.
WearehersOlbacOn, n thaIIOday, tOrnsIance,
wemOunIreaInIernaIOnalcamOanstOrtamne
reletOrIOhelpIhevcImsOttlOOds ehaecOme
IO aceOI a unersal sOldaIy IOday, aI IeasI n
IheO, hOwever perlecI Our OracIce, and weac-
ceOIIhsunderIheOremssOlanacIvenIerenIOn
sm naIure. edOnI acceOI thaI OeOOle shOuId
cOnInue IO be OOIental vcms Ot hurrcanes Or
tamnes We IhnKOtIheseasnOrncOlecurableOr
preenIableevs
/n IroLdVc/ J
hs OracIcal and unversal benevOlence alsO
esa crucal place tO nstrumentalreasn. 1Ose
OeaIaansIIheOlaCeIhasOmeIOtaeOur
lves On aesthetc Orlestyle rOunds an ths has
been a lare part Ot the prOtest ver Ihe decades
snce Ihe ehteenth century) are Otten ae y
deenderswIhbenmOrallycallusanduna-
natve,puttntherOwnaesthetcsensltyaOe
IalneedsOmassesOtsuenpeOpe.
bO nstmentaasOncOmtOuswIts Own
rch mOral bacKrOund. t hasbynOmeanssOly
een OOwered y an Overdevel Oed | |||dc
dcm|nc/td|. ndyettallIOOOlIenseemsIOserveIhe
eds Ot reaIe cOntrOl, Ot technOlOcal mastery.
etrevalOttherchermOralbackrOund cansOw
tat t dOesn I need tO dO ths, and ndeed that
any casestsbeIraynIhs mOrabaCkOund
dOn sO analOOusly t the way Ihe mOre set-
cened mOdesOtseltltlment etray thedeaO
auIhenIc.
What Ihs retreval wOuld nvOlve s essentally
te same as n the case OlauIhenIcty e nee tO
brnIOetherO OrdersOl cOnsderaIOnsaw-
On a) Ihe cOndtOns Olhuman lle that musI
cOndIOn Ihe realzatOn Ot the deals n uestn,
ecandeIermne b) whatIheetecIve ealzaIOn
OtIedealswOudamuntIO.
WeCanseewhaIIhsKndOtrellectOnnvOlvest
elOOkaIOempOrtantexample,trOmtheeldOt
edcal care nder |a), we nOte that Ihe deal Ot
dsenaed reasOnmustbecOnsdered recselyas
andealand nOIasa pCtureOlhumanaency ast
ays.e areebOded aenIs, ndalO-
! O LIHlCL /11
cal cOndIOns, nhabIn Ime n a speclcally
humanay, thaI s, maknzsense OtOurIes as a
stO IhaI cOnnecIs Ihe OasI lrOm Whtch We have
cOe IO Our re prOects. haI means |b IhaI t
eare prOperIy tOIreata humanbenz,ehaveIO
resecI Ihs embOded, dalOzcal, IempOral naIure.
unawayexIensOnsOtnsImenIalreasOn,suchas
Ihe medcaI practce thaI tOrzets Ihe paIenI as a
OerOn, IhaItaKesnOaccOunIOlhOW IheIreaImenI
reIates tO hs Or her sIOry and Ihus Ol Ihe deIe-
nanIsOlhOOeanddespar,IhaInelecIsheessenIal
rappOrIbeIween ce-zverand OaIenI allIhese
have IO be ressIed n Ihe name Ot Ihe mOral back
zrOund n benevOlence IhaI usIles Ihese aOOlca
IOns Ot nsImenIal reasOn Iheelves.

t we
cOme IO undersIand hy IechnOlOzy s mpOrIanI
here nIhersIlace,IhenIllOlIsebelmIed
and entramed by aneIhc Olcarn.
WhaI We are lOOkn tOr here H an alIernaIve
enamnOlIechnOlOzy nsIeadOlseenIpurely
n Ihe cOnIexI Ol an enIerOrse Ot ever-creasn
cOnIOl, Olanever-recednz OnterOtressIanIna
Iure, perhaOs anmaIed by a sene Ol pOWer and
treedOm,ehaveIO cOme IOundersIand IasWe
n Ihe mOral lrameOlIhe eIhcOtOracIcalbenevO
lence,hchsalsOOneOlIhesOurcesnOurcIure
lrOm Whch nsIrumenIal reasOn has acqured Is
salenImpOrIancelOrus. uIe havetO Olace Ihs
benevOlence n Iu n Ihe lrameWOrk Ot a prOper
undersIandn Othuman aency, nOI nrelaIOn IO
IhesembOdedzhOsIOtdsenzazedreasOn,nhab
InzanObectled machne. e haveIOrelaIetech-
nOz as eII O ths ve deaI Ot dsenzaed
/h r0h Cc ! U/
reasOn, buI nOw as an deal, raIher than as a ds-
tOedOcIureOtthehumanessence.1ecnOlOD
Ihe sevce Ot an ethcOtbenevOlence IOwars real
llesh and lOOd peOOle, technOlOcal, calcuaIve
thnn asa rare and admrale acheveenI ta
ben whO lves n the medum Ola ute erent
knd OtIhnkn tO lvenstrumental reasOn rO
OutOtIhese tramewOr wOuld be tO lve OuIec-
nlOyveryderently

lIhOuh there a bent Or slde tOwards te

sIanceOtdOmnance, tOr allthe reasOns entned
aOve,nOthtnsaysIhaIwecIOlveOurecnOl
Ozy thsway. 1he Other mOdes are Open. 1he prOs-
Oect we tace here s a strle, n wc these
dtterenImOdesOlenamnzcOntenthathen-
tty, Ihe cOntest was between tlatter and ller
mOdes Ol selt-tulllent here I OIs the derenI
tramewOrKs aanst each Other. nce aan, a
OrOpOsnzthatnsteadOtseenOurpredcamentas
taIedtOenerateadrvelOreverncreasnIecnO-
lOzcalcntrOl, hchwewllIhenetherreOe aI
Or emOan dependn On Our OutlOOk, we uder
stand IasOOentOcOntestatOn,as alOcsOtOOba-
blyunendnzsIruzle.
lnthscOntestunderstandnOrmOralsOrces
cancOunt, andOnceaantheOOlared deatebe
tween OOsters and knOckers threatens tO deptve
us Ot a rucal resOurce. 1hat s why a Ork l re-
IevalherewOrthwhle.1heresabatletOrheas
admndsnwhtchthasarOletOOlay.
buts alsO te thatths baItleOtdeas s nex
IrcablybOunduO,OarIsOurceandpartresult,wth
OOltcalstzlsabOutthe mOdes OtsOcalOran
!b 1 1Lb L /11L1I
attOn Ltven the tmOrtanCe Ot Our tnstttuttOns tn
2CnCtn2 and suStm2 n tOt n nS
menta stanCe, tt COud nOt be Otherwtse. nd sO
wanttOtutnmlastsecbOntOthethrd mamarea
OlOncethI OuIlnedattbebeznnmz.
7
/A51 HLLA1LA
aruedntheprecedsecIOnIaIIhe
sIIutOns Ola IechnOlOcalsOceIy dOn't neluc-
tblymOseOnusanever-deepennheemOnyOt
sumenIalreasOn.uIIscleartha|leltIOIem-
selvesIheyhaveaIendencyIOpushusnthaIdrec-
IOn hat s why Ihe OrOjecI has Olen been Ou
lorward Ol leapn OuI Ol Ihese nsIIutOns aIO
ethernesuchdreamwaspuIlOrwardyclasscal
arsmandenacIeduptOapOnIbyennsm1he
OalwasIOdOawaywIhIhemarkeIanbrnhe
Ole OeraIOn Ol Ihe ecOnOmy under the cOn-
scOus cOnIrOI Ol e assOcaIed proucers, n
ar s phrase

Ihers chersh Ie hOOe IaI we

hIbe able IOdO wthOut hebureaucra|csIate
IsnOedenIhatthesehOpesarelusO.he
cIlpse Ol OmmunsI sOceIes has lalIy made
! J U 1L L1Lb L zL1L1L1T
undeiable what many have lelt allalone market
mechanisms insome orm ae indispensable to an
industrial soce, certainly lor its economic lli
cencyandprobablyalso oritsreedomomepeo
ple in he West reoice that his lesson has inally
been learned and make theend olthe old Wara
pretetlorthecelebrationoltheirownutopia,alree
societyoreredthrouehanthrouehbyimpersonal
marketrelations,wih|hestatepushedintoalimited
residualrole. utthisequallyurealstictability,
and henceelliciency, couldn tsurvive thismassive
withdrawal oleovementom the economy, and
it doubtul illreedom either could lone survie
thecompetiveunele thata really wildcapitalis
would breed, with its uncompesated inequalities
and exploia|on
hat should have died alonewith communism
is thebelielthat modern societies canbe n on a
sineleprinciple,whetherthatollannineunderthe
eeneral will or that ollree-market alloca|ions ur
challenee is actually to combie in some non sell
stultiine lshiona numberolways oloperatine,
whichareointlynecessatoalreeandprosperous
societybut which also tend to impede each other
arketallocatios,stateplannine,collectiveprovi-
sion lorneed, thedelenceolindividualriehtsand
elective democatic initiative an control !n the
short run, maimum market elliciency may be
resticted by each o the other lour modes in the
loneun,evenperhapseconomicperlormance,but
ceanly ustice and leedom, would suer lrom
thirmareialia|ion
YC a t abolishhemare,bunorcanweorea
/Vdtn5/ td
?
tn|d/tun
! ! !
nze Ourselve exclusely IhrOuh marke re
strtthemmaybe cOstly nOt tO restrct thCmat all
wOld be taIal. Oven a cOntemOOrar sOety
sconnuallyrecreatnabalancebeIweenrere
mets that tend O undecut each OIher cOstanty
tnncreatve nesOlutOns as IheOldeulra
becomestultnherecanneverbemthenature
Ot te case a denve sOlutOn n ths eard Our
OOlItcal saOn resembles the cultural rca
meI descrbed earler. he cOntnun ultral
stle between dtterent OutlOOks dtteren en
transOtthekeydealsOtmOdernty, OaallelsOn
thenstIOnallevelIhecOntlctndemansOtthe
dtterentbutcOmOlemenIaywaysweOrazeOur
cOmOn lte market ecency maybe daOCned
b cOllectve pOvsOn thrOuh Ihe weare state,
etIve sIaIe Olannn may edaner nvdual
rIstheOntOOeraIOnsOtstaIeandmaetmay
threaIendemOcraIccOntrOl.
utthere smOthana Oarallelhere. 1ere s a
cOnnecIOn, as l have ndcated. 1he OOetOn Ot
maket and bureaucratc sIaIe tends IO senhe
the entramns thaI tavOur anatOmsI an Iru-
meIalststancetOIhewOrld and OIhers.tthese
nstutOns can never e sOlyabOlshed thatwe
hae IO lve wth IhemtOrever, has a lOI tO dO Ih
the unendnz unresOlvable nature Ot Ou cural
sIle.
lthOuh Ihere s nO detnIve vctOr, there s
wnn Or Osn rOund hat ths nvOlves
emrestrOmtheexamOlelmenIOnednteprev-
OussecItOn. herel nOIed thaI Ihe bale O sOlaIed
cOmuIes Or zrOuOs aanst ecOlOzcal desOla
! ! Z 1L L1Lb L /11L11
ltODWSDOUuU lO DC OStu2ODCUDlI SUCD ltDCS
SODCCODDOuUDUCISluUuHDU CODDOD SCuSC
O DUIDOSC ODS lD SOCICO S WDOC dDOUl lDC
DICSCIVliOuOIhCCuuOuDCul.uOlhCIWOIUS,hC
OICC lhl Cu tO DCk lDC HODIuH hCHCDOuV O
tuSlIUDCulICSOuiS|lhCIt2DIKtuUO)UCDOCIlIC
tuliliVC.
Ul lDtS DOSCS DIODCD, DCCUSC lhC JODI ODCI
lIOD O DIKCl DG DUICUCIlIC SllC DS lCu
UCDCV lO WCkCu UCDOCIltC tDtlIliVC. CIC WC
IClUIu lO lDC IhtIU IC O DISC. lhC CI IlICU
lCUDVJOCGUCVIClDlCCIltDCODUIlIODSO!DOU
CID SOClClV UuUCIDtuC lhC WI lO UCDOCIltC
CODlU,lhC CIlDlDCODCWICODClOCCCDl lOO
CSiV DCtu2 2OVCIuCU DV u tDDCuSC lUlCIV
DOWCI.`
CIhDSJOCGUCVtlC SDOIlItlOSOlUCSDOlISD,
DUCD ShC DCuS lO UtSlID2UISD tlIODlIUIltOD
lVIuu S SOUDUS lOO UCSDOItC tD lhC lIUIItOu
SCDSC. OUCIu UCDOCIltC SOCICltCS SCCD I IOD
lhlS, DCCUSC IhCV IC lU ODIOlCSl, ICC luIlIlIVCS,
DU IDCVCICul ChBCD2CS lO UlhOItlV, uU HOVCO
DCulS GO Iu Cl lI6DDC DCOIC lDC u2CI uU COu
lCDDl OlDC 2OVCIuCU, S lDCSC IC ICVCCU n |DC
DOS lDI CISuCVCI CCSClKu2.
DUlWCCOuCCtVCJOCGUCVtC SCIlICUIHCI
CuV, lDCu tl UOCS SCCD IC CDOU2D. JhC Uu2CI IS
DO| ClU GCSDOllC COulIO DU| I2DCullIOu
lhI lS, DCOOCtDCICStu2VCSS CDDCO!OIDtu2
CODDOu DUIDOSC uU CIIVu2tlOUl. IHDCDl
ltOu IISCS WhCD DCODC CODC lO SCC lDCDSCVCS
DOIC DU DOIClODtSItCdV, OlDCIWISCDUl, S CSS
uU CSS DOUuU lO lhCtI ClOW CtlLCuS tu CODDOu
/90tn5/ r0Vmcn|0/t0n J J 3
poecIs and alleziances. 1hey may ndeed leel
liked in common projects with some oIhers, buI
IhesecomemoreIobepartialzroupinzsratherIhan
the whole socety Iornstance,a local commun,
aethniminoritytheadherenIsoIsoeelono
ideolozy, IhepromotersoIsomespecianteres.
1hislrazmentationcomesaboutparIlthrouzha
weakenin ol te bonds oI sath, DtlV n a
sellleedinz way, Ihrouzh the lalure oldemocatc
initiativeitselI.becausetheoreIrazmetedadem-
ocraIic elecIorate is n Ihis sense, Ihe more they
transIer ther poitical enerzes Io promoIinz Iheir
partial zroupizs, in the way l want Io descrbe
below, and thelesspossbletis to moblzedeo-
craticmoriIiesaroundcommonlyundersIoodpo-
zramsandpolcies.AsenserowsthattheelectoraIe
asawholeisdelencelessazanstIheleviaIhanstate
a well-orzanized and nIezrated parIial zrouinz
may,indeed,beabletomakeadent,buIteideaIhat
the maorIy ol the people mizhI Irame and carry
throuzha common proect comes to seemutoan
and nave. Andso peopleziveup. Already Iaiinz
smpathy wiIh others s ther weaened by Ihe
lackolacommonexperienceoIaction, and a sense
oIhopelessnessmakesitseemawasteolIeIo.
bIIhaI,olcourse,mc|cs I hopeless, anda vicous
circleisoined.
ow a socieIhaI zoes thisouIe ca sIl be
onesensehizhlydemocratc,IhatisezalIaran,and
ll olactivty andchallenzetoauthorit, as ev-
dent il we look to the zreat republc Io our south.
oliIicsbezns Io take on a dllerent mould, in the
wa indcated above necommonprpose l
]
l
J ! + L
remainsstronc|yshared,evenasthecthersatrophv,
isthatscietiscrcaned thedeencecrichts.
helecflawandtheupho|dingofrightsaeseen
as very much the American way, that s as the
cbjectscastrcnccmmcna||eciance. heetracr
dina reacticn tc the Watercate scanda|s, which
endedupunseatca president,areatestimonytc
his
keeping with this |wc lacets of po|ca| |ile
akcncreaterandcreatersa|iencyirstmorand
mcretusonjudicia|batt|es.hemericanswere
he lrst tc have an entrenched bil| c rights, aug
mentedsincebyprcvisicnsacainstdiscrimination
andimpcrtantchanceshavebeenmade m meri
can society thrcugh ccurt chaences tc |egi|ation
crprivaearrancementsalleced|vinbreachothese
entrenched prcvisicns. ccod eamp|e is the a
mouscase cl tcuntsc cctJcIEJucc||cn,which
desecrecated|heschcc|sin 9b nrecen|decades,
more and more enercv n the merican po|itica
process is turninc tcwards thisprocess cudicia|
review atters that in other sccieties are deter
mined y |egs|aticn, alter debate and scmetmes
compromisebetweendiferentcpinions,areseenas
proersubjectsfcrjudicia|decisioni|he |ighto
|he ccnstiicn. bcrtion is a case m poin|. Sice
Rcc0 na1e inI 97Jcreat|v|ibera|iedtheacrticn
lawinthecount theefocfccnservatives,now
gradually comingtcticn,hasbeentos|ackthe
ccutincrdertcgetareversa|. The resulthasbeen
an ascnishin intellectual ecrt, channe||ed intc
pol i tics-as-j udicia|-revi ew, that has made |aw
sccc|sthedynamiccenes csccia|andpclitical
/V0tnS/ 1/0Vmcnl0/tOn ! b
th0uzhtonAmericancampuses,andaoaSeriesol
titnic battles ove whaI used |o be the reavely
rotne oraIleastnonartisan materolsen-
atalonratonolDIC5IOCDtt aDDoDtDCDt5 to
theSuDremeourl.
Aonzside udicia review, and VoveH into it,
AUerican enerzy is channeed into nteresorad-
voacy DoitiCs CoDle throw themslvs into sin-
z0issue campaizns and wok lietceV lo their
laouredcause.othsidesintheabortionebateare
eood eXamDes 1his lacet over!aps the previous
one,becausepaolthebatIeisjudicia,utitaso
inolves lobbyine, mobiliZine mass opion, and
seectve inteention in Clection cmDainS lorOI
aziDsttareeted candida\es+
Al this makes lor a ot ol acvity. A oCeI m
wich this eoes on is hardy a despoIs uI the
zr0wth ol these two lacets is connected, artellect
andDartcause,wthIheatrophyolaIhirhichis
Ihe lomation ol democratic maoritie around
u0aDzl proera that can then be ared o
coDetion. In Ihis rezard, the America poiIIcal
5ene is aDysmal . 1he dCDate beIween Ihe uao
cadidates becomes ever more disoied, Iheir
sttments ever more batantly sel seInz, Ie
councation consisIinz more and mre ol Ihe
no laous ond bytes, their DroDse5 risiDly
ubeevabe readmyps)andcynicalUnkepI,
wle their attacsonteiropp0nenIs stoever
moreUishonouIableleves,seeminzyIhmOu-
it t te sae tie, in a cOmDCmentY move
nt voter participation in national elctios
declines, and has Iecently hit 5 DeI cent ol the
! o
1 1Lb L /11L1
elttble OOOulattOn, tar belOw that Ot Other demO-
cratcsOcetes.
bOmehtn can be sad tOr, ad OerhaOsa lOI can
be sad aanst, tht IOOsded system. ne mt
wOrry abOut ts lOn Ierm stablty, wOrry, that s,
whetherthectttzealtenaOncausedbyttslessand
less uncttOnal reprentatve system can be cOm-
pensated tOrbythezeaterenerOtttsspecaln
teresIOOlttcs 1hepOnIhasalsObeenmadeaIIhts
styleOtOOltttcsmaestssuesharderIOresOlve.udt-
caldectstOnsareusuallywtnnertake-all,etheryOu
tn Or yOu lOse. n Oarttcular, udctal decsOns
abOut rthtstend tO be cOnceved asallrOttn
matters.heverycOnceOtOtarthIseemstOcalItOr
nIeral satstactOn, tt Is a rtht at a and tt nOt,
then nOthtn. bOrttOn Once mOre can see as an
examOle nce yOu see t as the rtht Ot Ihe tetus
versustherhtOtthemOther,therearetestOOOn
Olaes beteen the unlmted mmunOthe One
and the untammelled trdOm Ot the Other. he
OenchanItOsettleIhnsudcally,turIherOOlared
byrtvalsOectaltnterestcamOatns, eecttvelycuts
dOwn theOssbtltttes OtcOmOrOmse.

We mht
aIsO arue that tt makes ceran ssues harder tO
address, thOse that requre a wdedemOcrac cOn
senssarOndmeasusthaIwtllalsOtnvOlesOe
sacrtttce and dttculty. erhaOs thts H OatI Ot the
OnInutn mercan OrOlem O Om t erms
wIh Iher declntn ecOnOc stuatOn thrOuh
sOme tOrm Ot nelet tndusal Olcy

bu tt
alsO brns me tO my OOnI, whch s that cetIatn
kds OtcOmmOnOrOesbecOmemOredtttcultO
enatwerethsnd OtpOlItcssdOmtnant.
/v0tn$/ rJvmcnlJ/l0n ! ! /
Anunbalancedsystemsuch asthbt rellects
and entrenches lraementaton. lts spt s aH ad-
versara one n which citen eicacy conssts u
beine able to eet your rehts, whatever te conse-
uences lor the whole oth udicial a and
snele-ssue poltcs operate m ths stance and
rther senethen t. ow what emered abve
lomtheexampleoltherecentlateoltheecooeical
movement is tha| IhC on wa to COunICa the
drilt bult into market and bureaucracy s thueh
thelormatonolacommondemocratcprpoe.u
thisisexactlywhatsdillcultn ademcratcsys-
temthatislraemented.
Alraementedsociesonewhosemembersnd
it harderand hardertoidentiwiththeirpoltcal
socety as a communty hislackolidentcaton
ma reect anatomstic outlook, n ichepe
cometoseescietpurelnstrumentalyuttalso
helpsto enenchatomsm,becausetheabsence ol
ellectve common acton throws peoe bck n
themselves. his is perhaps why one ol the ost
wdely held socal philsopes n te COnICmOO
rary nited States is he procedural lberalsm ol
eutraltythatlmentonedearlierinsectonll,and
which combines qute smoothly wth an aomt
ou|loo.
utnowwecanalsosthatlraemetationabets
atomsmnanothera.ecausetheonyeecte
counter o the dri towards atosm and insu
entalismbultnto marketandbureacratcstate
s the lormation ol an ellectve comon purose
throueh democratic acton, lraementaton in taCI
isables usom resistine this drilt.o lose theca
! ! b 1 1Lb L /L1L1L11
OaCV IO OuO OOlItCalV CllCCtVC ma|OtItCs ts IO
OC VOut OaOOC tn mtOOVCt. Ou ate cattteO n
CluCIaOV OOwnsItCam, whCh hetC mCans OhCt
aOthCtnIOatCCnltameOOVaIOmtsmanO
nsIumentatsm.
1hC OOltItCs OtCssIanCC s IhC OOItCs OldCmO-
CtaIC wll-lOtmaIOn Ps a2ansI IhOsC aOVCtsaOCs
OttCChnOOCCaCVtZatOnwhOhaVetCIOtawnIO
an CIkIsIanCC, wC musIsCCIhaIasCOus aIICmOI
IO Cn2a2C n IhC Cututa s22e O Out ImC tC-
utCs IhC OtmOItOn Ol a OOtCs Ot OCmOCtaIC
CmOOwCtmCnI. 1hC OOtItCa aIICmOI IO tC-CnltamC
ICChnOO2V CnCalV nVOlVCs tCstsItn2 and tCVCts-
n2 tta2mCnIaIOn.
uIhOwOOVOu2hIlta2mCnIaIOnI snOICas,
anOIhCtCatenOunVCtsaOtCscttOItOns IdCOCnOs
VCtVmuChOnIhCOatICulatsIuaItOn.DuIlta2mCn
IaIO 2tOws IO IhC CxICnI IhaI OCOOC nO On2Ct
OCntV wIh IhCt OOlICal COmmuntIV, IhaI IhCt
sCnsC Ot COtOOtaIC OCOn2n2 ts ItanseCO CsC-
whCtC OtahOOhCs aIO2CIhCt. PnO tItstCd, IOO,OV
IhCCxOCtCnCCOtOOICaOOwCtCssnCss PnOIhCsC
IwOdCVClOOmCnIsmuIuatCnlOtCCCaChOIhCtP
laOn2OOICalOCnIIVmaCsIhatOCtIOmOOttZC
ClCCIVCV,anOasCnsCOlhCOlCssnCssOtCCOsaCn-
aIOn.1hCtCsaOOICnIalVCOusCtCChCtC,OuIwC
Can sCC hOw I COuO asOOC a VttIuOus CcC. buC-
CCsslCOmmnaCIOnCanOtn2asCnsCOtCmOOw-
CtmCnI anO asO sItCn2thCn OCnItltCatOn wIh IhC
OOlICaOmmunIV
hs sOunOs tKC saVnC IhaI Ihe waV IO suCCCCO
hCtC ts IOsuCCCCO, whCh tsItuCtlOCthaOsunhCO-
.DuIwCCansaVaIICmOtC. neOlIhCtmOOtIanI
/V0!5| l0Vmtn|0|t0N J
souesol thesenseol powerIessnessi sthweare
eoverned by laree scale, centralized, bureucratic
stats at ca eIp itieate tis sese I dee
ralzationolpower, asTocquevlesaw d sou
eenra deolution, or a divisionolower as a
ledral sste, particuIarIy one based on terin-
cipe ol subsidiarity, can be eood lor democratic
emowerent Andthis is theoresoilenits
towhichpowerisdeoled aIreadylizure ascom-
muitiesintheiesoltheirmebers
! th respect, anada has been lornate e
have had a lederal system, which has been pre-
vented o eovine towards erater cetrIia-
tio onthemodeolthe nted Statesy urer
dirsi,whiletheprovincialunitszeeralycorre-
sond with reeional societies with which ther
membersidentily hat we seeto he aiedto
doiscreateacomonunderstandinethtcanoId
theerezionaIsocietiestoeether,andsowelacethe
prosectolanother ind ollossolpowe, no that
weexperience whenieeovernentseesutterIy
unresonsie,butratherthelateolsaIlesocetes
iieintheshdowolmaorpowers.
his has uliatelbeen a laiure to unerstad
a accept the real nature ol anadian iversi
aadins hae been er zood at accepne the
ow aeesoldillerence,butthesehaetaeically
laed to correspond to wat k reaI tere It is
perhapsnotanaccidentthathislailurecesust
whn an important leatureotheAmericode
beins o take hod in this cotr in the l ol
udicilreiewarouda charterolriehts nlt,t
cabeareuedthattheinsistenceonniloai
!Z
1L L1Lb L /11L1T
catOn Ota chartetIhaIhadbecOme OnC OtIhesy-
bOlsOanadancIzenshpwasanmpOrIanIcause
Ot Ihe demse Ot the eech aKe ateement, ad
henceOtthemOendnbreak-upOtIhecOn.
uI IheeneralpOnI!wanIIO dra trOm Ihs s
IhCnIeeavnOtIhedetenIsIrandsOtcOnce
abOuImOdernIy.heetlecIvete-enamnOtIh-
nOlOreques cOmmOnpOlIcalacOnIOreverse
IhC dtI thaI matKet and buteauctatc staIe enen-
derIOwardsreaIeraIOmmandnsumenIalsm
PndIhscOmmOnacIOnreutesIhatwCOvercOme
ttamenIaIOnandpOwerlessness thats,IhaIwe
addressIhewOtryIhaIOcquCvllersIdetned,the
slde n demOctacy IOwards Iel

ry pOwer. PIthe
sae me, aIOmst and nstenIalst sIances a
prme eneraIn acIOrs OtIhe mOre debased and
shallOw mOdes Ot auIhenIcty, and sO a Ous
demOcratc lte, enaed n a ptOecI Otre-enttam-
n, wOuldalsOhave apOsIvempacIhere.
haOutsaOnseemsIOcalltOtsacOmOlex,
many-levelled sIle, mtellecIual, sOttual, an
OOlIcal m whch the debaIes n Ihe Oublc atena
nternkwIhIhOsenahOstOtnsIIuIOnalsetIns,
lke hOsOIals and schOOls, where IhC ssues Ot en-
ttamntechnOlOyarebenledIhtOuhncOn-
ctCIetOtm and whete Ihese dsOutesn Iu bOth
teedandaretedbyIhearOusaIIempIsIOdenen
IheOreIcal es Ihe place Ot IechnOlOy and Ihe
demandsOtauIhencandbeyOndIhat,Ihesha
OhmanlteandtstelatOnIOIhecOsmOs.
buI IO enae eecvely n Ihs many-taceIed
dCbaIe,OnehasIOseewhaIk reaIntheclIurCOt
mOdernaswellaswhaIsshallOwOrdanerOus.
/v0/n5/ r0
?
cn/d/t0n ! Z!
s !ascal said about huan bCi2s, dei i s
characteredr0nraswellasbr. n
a ie that ebacCs bOIh ca 2tVC us thC nOts-
trtedinsiehtIourerathaweneedIOrisC tos
eeatestchallenee
0|c9
1 . les de Ocquelle, Dc |c r0 cn
Amcr|uc vOl . ? |as arner-lamarOn,
9b ), OJbb.
?. rrml ches behaen A| s c Src
Zcrc||usrc,aaIhusa srelace,sct J.
J. Ocuevlle,Dc| cDcmcc||c,O. .
. Or e absres Ot Iese alulas, see
bea e al . , c Coo Socc |l Ork
OOt, , O. .
b. bellaheIal. , T|cCccJScc|c|v,chaOe.
. ee esOeally aIrcta benner and dt Ih
Wbe, T|cPr|mccvcICsr|ng. S|tcscadCcp|ng
|nHcc|||cnJ|||ncss|enlO ark, LP. PddsOn-
Wesley, 1 9b) .
. lberI bOrzman Tcc|nc|cgvcnJ||c L0r c{
Ccn|cmpctcru l|Ic |hcaO ntvrs Ol ht-
cazO ress, 9b), pp. bOrzman even
seems IO ehO ezsche' s Otcre Ot he lasI
menwhenhearzuesIhIIheOrznallbetnz
prOmse OlIechnOlOzycandeeneratenOIe
prOcurementOllrvlOuscOmlOrI p J9
! Z1 1L L1Lb /L11L11
b anahrend,10cHumcn CcnJ|||cn arden
t ouleda,Anchrdition 959.p b3+
9 Tcquvill,Dc|cLem0cru|e, p.
I . eelorinstance ellaheal. ,Hc|||scI||c
erkeley niversityolalilornia!ress,I 95) .
I . 1s imaze occurs i nloom, Thc C|cs|ng cI |hc
Amcr|ccaM|nJewrk SimnandSchustr,
I Z) 1he loss ol the ks has made them
narrwer and aer. arrower because they
lack what is most necessar, a real basis lor
discontentwiththepresentandawarenessthat
thereare alternatives to it 1hey are bothmore
contented wit what is and despairineolever
escapinzlromit . ater,ecausewithoutin-
terpretationsolthines,withouthepoetryorthe
iaeinaon s actii, their souls are like mir-
rs,notolnature,butolwhatisaundp. I ).
I. loom,1hc C/0>/nv I|cAmcr|ccnM|nJ,D. b.
I3. eeohnawls,H 10c0rv 0I ]u>|/cc amridee
aard niversity!rss, 9ZI. and1heidea
oanoverappinzconsensus,in|0/|0>0phu cnJ
u0||c H!urs IZ1 9bb,onaldworkin,1u/v
R/g||sSct|cu|uondon uckworth,I)and
AMc||crcIrcp|c ambridee aard ni
ersity !ess, 9bbalsoWillymicka,L||ctc|
> m, CcmH n |v cad Cu| | u r xl rd The
larendon!es, b9
0/c5 1Zb
1 4 I hae written aout this at ereater neth
Scurccsc||cSc|Iamridee arvar ver-
sity!ess,1 b), chapterJ.
1b. Seeespecialy AlasdairacIntyre, ABe I|uc
otre ame niversityolotreaeress
1 vb ) and Wcsc ]us||cc/ W|c| Rc/cnc|||'
otre ame niversityol otre aeres,
1 bb) .
1 o. l course, lor a ceta ulear arsm, the
neeative answers quite expict. !des e the
product ol economic chanees. ut c n-
arxist socal scence operates imlcity on
simarpremissesndthisinspiteoteorie-
taion ol some ol the ereat lounders o scal
science, likeWeer, whorecoenedtecca
roIeolmoraad relieiousideasnhstory.
I . ndiidualismhasinlactbeenusedinwoute
dillerent sense In one its a moral aI one
lacetolwhichIhavebeendiscussme. 1anoter,
t is an amoral phenomenon, sometie Iie
whatwemeanyeeoism 1he rise ondv-
alismin this sense isusually a phenenonol
breakdown,wherethelossolaaditnao-
zon leavesmereanomieinitswake, every-
body lends lor themseles e e. i soe
demoraIized, cimedden slus lred y
new lyurbaniedpeasantsinthe1hiordor
in nneteenthcentuy anchester It is, ol
cousecatastrophictoconsethese wo kinds
!Z 1L 1Lb L /11L!
Ot ndvdualsm, whch hae uIterly derenI
causesandcOnsequences.WhchswhyOcque
vlle careully dstnshes ndvdualsm
trOm ezOsm.
1 b ee avd aey, !|c CcnJ|||cn cI Pcs|-mcJcr
n||u tOrd blackwell, 1bv)
1v blOOm!|c C|cs|ng cI ||c Amcr|cen M|nJ, O. Z.
?0. 1hedevelOOmentOtIhsdOctrne,aIrstnIhe
wOrk Ot rans utchesOn, drawnz On Ihe
wrIns Ot the arl Ot bhattesury and Is ad-
versaral relatOn IO Ockes theOy have ds
cussed at rIer lenIh n Scurccs cI ||c Sc|I,
chaOter1
Z1 e senImenIdel' esIence dOOu de IOuIe
aut aecIOn esI Oar lu-mme un senImenI
OrcdecOnIenIemenIetdeOausurOt
seulOOurrendreceIIeexstencecheIdOue
u sautcarIerde sO IOutes les mOessOns
sensuelles eI IeesIes u ennenI sans cesse
nOusendsIareeIenIublercbasladOucr.
aslaOlusOarIdes hOmmes aIs deOassOns
OnInuelescOnnOssentOeuceIIaIenel'ayanI
zOuI qu'mOartaIemenI duranI Oeu d' nsIans
n'en cOnseenI ue d Oscure eI cOnse
u ne leur en taI Oas senIr e charme Ous
seau,Lcs Rtcr|cs Ju Prcmcncur Sc|||e|rc, erOm
enade, n Ocutrc Ccmp|c|cs, vOl . 1 ars
allmard,1b),O. 14.
c IZ/
Z?. ]ederNenschhaatenetzenesNass,CleCham
ene eCne btmmunz aller sencr stnlChen
LehlC U Cnander. erdCr, lJccn, .. , m
crcr mc c, Ol. C. C
uphan,I5VO. |berltn. eidman,l b//-II3),
Oe ?1 .
3. haVC deVelOOed ths Vew OtmOta reasOnnq
aI zreaIer enh n LxOanatOn actCa
easOn, Wtder WOrkn aOer , Orl
lnsImtelOrCVelOpmentLcOnOmCsKCsearCh,
esnk,1 vbv.
1. LeOrCe erbert Nead, |nd, Sc|[ cnd Scc|c|v,
|hcazO.bcaCOLnversIyress, 1 v4).
b. Jhs nner daOCcalt has been CxOlrCd b
N. N bakhtnandthOsewhOhavedawnOn hs
wOr. bee Ot bakhtn, esOecally, Prc/|cms cI
Dcs|cvcts|s Pcc||cs |NneaOOs LnlVerstw t
NmnesOIaress,1 b4)andaONtchae-
st and atCina Llark, M|c|e|| bcn Lam-
brze. aard ntverst ress, b4), a
]ames ertsch, \c|ccs cI ||c M|nd abtdCC
arVardLnversttyress, 1 1 ) .
?6. eebakh, emblemOttheJcxtu s-
tcs,hOlOntheumanbcenCCsSpccch
Ccnrcs end O|hcr L|c Lssaus, ed. almesO
and CaC Oust |Pusm. Lmvers
JCxas ress, Ibb), O. b, tOr S OO Ota
suOeradrCsse, OevOnd Orcxst tr-
OCutOrs.
Zb 1 1Lb L 11L1
ta OersOn OOssesses any tOlerable amOunI Ot
cOmmOnsenseandeOerence,hsOwn mOdeOt
laynOIhtsetsIencetsIhebesI, nOIecause
tI s the besI n Iselt, buIbecause tI s hts Own
mOde. Ohn bart ll, !htcc Lsscvs Ord
nversIy ress, 1 b) O. bJ.
1hts OOnt k tOrcetlly madenK. bellah al. ,
He|||s cI ||c Hcct|.
. a bheehy, Pcssegcs: PtcJ|c|c||c Ct|scs cI AJu||
L|Ic ewOrk banIam bOO, 1 o), . Jo4,
b1J IalcsnOrttnal. )
. K.bellaheIal. OIethecOnnecItOnbeIweenthts
ktndOttndtvtduasand OrOceduralustcem
He|||s, OO. Zo.
1 have dscssed Ihts whOle urn O mOde
culture aI reaIer lenIh n Scutccs cI ||c Sc|f,
especaytn chaOIer1J.
JZ OnIesquteu, a nare de l' hOnneur esI de
demander des Ortrences eIdesdtstncIOns
Dc |Lspt|| dcs Lc|s, tvre,chaOtervtt.
J 1he stnttcance Otthts mOve trOm hOnOur
IOdtnIys nIeresItnlytscussedbyeIer
berernhsnthebsOlescenceOtIheOn
ceOt Ot OnOr, n bIanlev aerwas and
Plasdar acntre, eds. , Rct|s|cns: C|cng|ng
Pcrspcc||tcs |n Mctc| P|||cscp|v OIre ame
Z
niversityofotreamePress 93 , .
I .
3. ousseau s descrbn the trsI assenbes.
hacun commena reCarder les |CS et
ouloir tre reCardC soi-mme, et esti me
puliqueeutunpr.Celuiquichantaitoudan
sait e mieu e pus beau, e puslot e pus
adroit ou e plus Cloque| devi nt e p|us
consid, et ce lut l e Oremer Oas vers
l iCCa|it,etverseviceenmme|CDS. D|s
ccts sur| Ot|v|ncc||cslcadcmcn|sJc| Incvc| | c
ctm| |cs Hcmmcs |Paris Lranier-ammarOn,
I9I, p 2.
Jb. Seeloreamplethepassaeeinteosidera
tions sur e Lovernementde !o|Cene where
edescribestheancientpuliclestial, wbich
al the eople too part, in Du Ccn|rc| Scc|c|
!aris aer, ,p J4b,ndasothearael
passaCeinettre'|emDert sulespeta
ces,id. ,p.ZZ4 Z. heccia|prncewas
tbat tbere shouldbe no division beween per
omers and spectators, but that al sod be
seenbya|| asuClssero|eninlesojetsde
cesspectaclesu yDontrerat on` ie,s lon
veut. . . . donnez les sOectateurs e spetac|es
rende-es acteurs eummes lait es que
cbacunsevoieetsaimedanslesautes,que tous
ensoientmieuunis.
J6. SeeT|cIhcncmcnc|cgcSp|r|.cater +.
JU 1 1 L
3Z. beconnectionbetweenerrida santi-human
ismand a radicaluntrammelled sense offree
dcmemerces in passaceslikethecnealluded
IO DCIC, wDCIC DC UCSCIIDCS DIS DOUC O tDIHK-
ingas one that affirms free layand tries to
pass beycnd man and bumanism, the nae
an bei ng t he name cf hat bei ng, wo
trougout te bistory o metaphysics or of
ontotheology in other words, throuch te
hiStoIv ofallofhishistory asdreamed of
full presence, the reassurng fcundation, tbe
origi n andend cthegame errida, Struc
ture, Sign, and Play in lDC iscourse cf the
umanSciences,inichardacksevandu
genio onato, eds. , T|c S|tuc|uta| |s| Cca|c
ctsv t Ba|ti mcre ohns opkins niversi ty
ress, I92.pp. 25
Jb. cheoucault,interview,inreyusand
abinow, M|.|c| lcuccu||. cvcaJ S|tuc|urc||sm
cnJHctmcacu||cs Chicaco n versitv of Chi
cacoress,I bJ). pp. 2,25 .
9. lhaveiscussedepressivismatgreaterlength
i n Hcvc| tCambridce Cambridge niversit
Press, I9Z5.chapterI , and inScurccscI ||cSc|I,
chaper .
. redrch Scbler, On ||c Acs||c||c Jucc||ca c
Mcn, trans. labeth i|kinson and . . i|
logby, bilingual edition tford The Clr
endonPress, I
0/t5
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4. harles Osen and enr Zerner, Kcmcn||c|sm
cnJ Kcc||sm ewOrkOrIOn,1b4),O. bb. 1hs
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IheOmanIcaspaIOnIOanaturasymbOsm
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ott.
4v. uOIed n Osen and eer, Kcmen||c|sm cnJ
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b. Orman,!cc|nc|cg enJ ||c C|cmc|cr cI Ccn|cm
pctetv L|Ic, chaOter 1 1 .
b1 . beeOusseau,Lcs Kctcr|cs Ju Pomcncur sc|||e|rc,
e rOmenade, in Ouctrcs Ccmp||cs |ars
amard, 1bv),O. 14b.
bZ. havedevelOOed the accOunIO Ihese dtvsOns
aIreaIerlenIhnHcgc|.
bJ. rancsbacOn,Nctum Otgcnum, J,IranslaIOn
0|05
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