n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

LI M U
Hin nay, l in tr 3 pha v ang c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip nh: Ngnh cng nghip ch bin lng thc, thc phm; ngnh cng nghip sn xut hng tiu dng; ngnh cng nghip luyn kim; ngnh c kh vv. Nhng pht trin mnh nht l trong ngnh cng nghip ch bin thc phm, bi v n to ra c cc sn phm c ch cho con ngi, cho x hi v gp phn ng k cho ngun hng xut khu ca t nc. Tuy l in tr c cu to n gin, d ch to, d sa cha, d s dng m li lm vic tin cy song n cng c nhng hn ch nht nh nh l phi khng ch c nhit ca l in tr nht l cc l c cng sut ln ti vi chc, vi trm kilowat th vic thit k thit b khng ch nhit theo yu cu rt phc tp v cng knh, gi c rt t. Song ngy nay, vi trnh tin b khoa hc k thut ngi ta nghin cu, thit k v ch to c cc loi l in tr ln nh vi cng sut khc nhau, hiu sut lm vic cao v p ng c yu cu cng ngh ca cc ngnh cng nghip. Tu theo yu cu cng ngh ca tng ngnh sn xut m l in tr c nhng tnh nng, tc dng ca yu cu ca ngi s dng. Chnh v nhng yu cu i hi l in tr phi c nhng tnh nng iu chnh c nhit thch hp vi yu cu sn xut v s dng c ti a hiu sut ca l m khng lm h hng l hoc nhn chung khi iu chnh nhit ca l in tr. Nhn chung khi iu chnh nhit ca l in tr cn tun th cc yu cu c bn di y: - in p cp cho l n nh - Tn hao nhit nh. - Hiu sut lm vic cao - Lm vic an ton, d s dng, d iu khin - t c yu cu cng ngh

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Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

- Thit b s dng n gin, gn nh, chc chn, r tin. - D sa cha, thay th. Tuy nhin thit k v ch to c l in tr vi y yu cu trn s khng r tin. V vy ta phi cn c vo yu cu ca tng ngnh sn xut chn cng sut l v thit k b iu chinhr nhit ca l in tr thch hp.

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Thit k b iu chn nhit l in tr 3 pha nh C CHNG 1 G

PH HNG CHN MCH L N N LC

I.1. THYRIST TOR NG GUYN L CU TO V HO NG O T G.

Thyristor l phn t bn d cu to t bn lp bn dn p-n-p-n t ra n n p o ba tip gip p J1, J2, J3. Thyristo c ba c anot A, catot K, c iu k p-n or c: cc khin G nh c b din t n biu trn hnh 1

I.2. CC TH NG S C BN C C CA THYR RISTOR

Cc th hng s c bn l nh hng thng s da v ta c th la c g o chn m thyristor cho mt dng c th no t r ng c . 1. G tr dng trung b Gi bnh cho p php chy qua thyri istor, IVtrb y l gi tr dn trung b cho ph chy qu thyristor vi iu kin ng nh hp ua r nhi ca cu trc tin th bn dn ca th it nh n hyristor kh hng vt q mt gi tr qu i cho php. Tro thc t dng i cho php chy qua thyristor cn ph th o ong n p a huc vo cc iu kin lm m v nhi mi trng. Th o mt it hyristor c th c gn ln cc b tn nhit tiu chun v lm mt t nhin. N n Ngoi ra th hyristor c th tn c lm mt cn bc nh qut gi hoc dng nc t nhit l n m ng g ti ng to ra nhanh hn. Ni c chung c th la chn dng i theo cc iu kin lm h n n c m nh sau: t in: s ho n g - Lm mt t nhi Dng s dng ch php 1/3 dng IVtrb

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Thit k b iu chn nhit l in tr 3 pha nh

- Lm mt cng bc bng qut gi: Dng s d g g dng bng 2/3 IVtrb 2 g g ng 0% - Lm mt cng bc bng nc: C th s dn n 100 dng IV Vtrb 2. in p ng gc cho php ln n p nht, Ungm max y l gi tr i p ng ln nht cho php t ln th n c t p hyristor. Tr rong c g m m not cc ng dng phi m bo rng ti bt k thi im no in p gia an cat UAK lu nh hn hoc bn Ungmax. Ngoi ra p tot n n ng phi m b mt d bo tr nht nh v in ngha l Ungmax ph c ch t nht l bng 1 h p, hi hn t 1,2 1,5 ln gi tr bin l nht ca in p tr s . 5 n a rn 3. T Thi gian phc hi tnh cht kho ca thyristor , tr (s) y l thi gian ti thiu p phi t in p m l gia an catot ca ln not t yristor sau khi dng anot cat v b tot bng khng trc kh li c th c g hi thy i p UAK dng m thyristor vn kho. tr l mt thng s rt quan tr n . rng ca thyristor nht l tro cc b nghch l ph thu hoc n a ong u uc nghch lu c lp trong phi lun m bo rng thi gian dnh cho qu tr p, n rnh kho phi bn 1,5 2 ln tr. ng 4. T tn in p cho php Tc ng p p
dU (V / s ) dt

Thyristor c s dng nh mt phn t c i khin, ng l m d n u gha c khi c ph cc thu (UAK > 0) nhng vn phi c tn hiu iu khin th i n n c n n mi cho php dng in chy qua. Khi t p thyristor phn cc thun p c c phn ln in p r trn lp tip gip J2 nh ch ra tr hnh 6 n i c n

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Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

Lp tip gip J2 b phn cc ngc ln dy ca n n ra to ra vng khng gian ngho in tch, cn tr dng in chy qua. Vng khng gian ny c th coi nh mt t in c in dng CJ2. Khi c in p bin thin vi tc ln dng in ca t c th c gi tr ng k, ng vai tr nh dng iu khin. Kt qu l thyristor c th m ra khi cha c tn hiu iu khin vo cc iu khin G Tc tng in p l mt thng s phn bit thyristor tn s thp vi cc thyristor tn s cao. thyristor tn s thp vi cc thyristor tn s cao
dU vo khong 50 200 V/s, dt

dU c th t n 500 2000 V/s. dt

dI (A/s) dt

5. Tc tng dng cho php

Khi thyristor bt u m khng phi mi im trn tit din tinh th bn dn ca n u dn dng in ng u. Dng in s chy qua bt u mt s im, gn vi cc iu khin nht, sau s lan to dn sang cc im khc trn ton b tit din. Nu tc tng dng qu ln c th dn n mt dng in cc im dn ban u qu ln, s pht nhit cc b qu mnh lit c th s dn n hng cc b, t dn n hng ton b tit din tinh th bn dn. Tc tng dng cho php cng phn bit thyristor tn s thp c khong 50 100 A/s vi cc thyristor c tn s cao
dI dt

dI khong 500 2000 dt

A/s. Trong cc b bin i phi lun lun c bin php m bo tc tng dng di gi tr cho php. iu ny t c nh mc ni tip vi cc phn t bn dn nhng in khng nh, li khng kh hoc n gin hn l cc xuyn ferit lng ln nhau. Cc xuyn ferit c dng rt ph bin v cu to n gin, d thay i in cm bng cch thay i s xuyn lng ln thanh dn. Xuyn ferit cn c tnh cht ca cun cm bo ho, khi dng qua thanh -5-

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Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

dn cn nh in khng s ln hn ch tc tng dng. Khi dng ln ferit b bo ho t, in cm gim gn nh bng khng. V vy cun khng kiu ny khng gy st p trong ch dng nh mc chy qua dy dn.
I.3. NH HNG CA CC PHN T NI SONG SONG VI CC IU KHIN.

1. nh hng ca in tr ni song song vi cuc iu khin. in tr ny nh hng rt ln n Tiristo: a. Lm tng gi tr dng qua van Ia cn thit m c v duy tr cho van dn v in tr ny r nhnh dng qua va qua n. b. hn ch nh hng ca tc tng p du/dt, n s dn bt dng k sinh c hi ny qua n, gim bt tc ng ny n cc iu khin. c. Tiristo c nhy cao thng bt buc phi c in tr ny dn dng nhit (dng din r ) qua n trnh Tiristo b m v dng ny. d. Lm gim h s khuch i vng n1-p2-n2 dn n lm tng in p chuyn mch ca van. e. Lm gim c thi gian hi phc tnh cht kho cho Tiristo v n to thnh mch thot cho cc in tch d tch t trong vng p2 v n2. Nhn chung nh gi chi tit hn cn bit gi tr ca RG, RS. Tuy nhin quy lut chung ca cc in tr ny l: Tiristo cng nh th tr s RS cng ln ( i khi coi rng RS= ) Gi tr RG ph thuc vo kch thc tinh th bn dn, tinh th cng ln gi tr RG cng nh. 2. nh hng ca t in ni song song vi cc iu khin. a. Lm gim nh hng ca tc tng hp du/dt gn nh ca in tr, tuy nhin ch c tc dng tn s cao do , khc vi in tr, t in rt c ch chng nhim cao tn nh hng t mng in lc ti m khng gy hu qu khu vc tn s thp, nht l vi dng n nh mt chiu.

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b. Lm gim dc c xung iu khin m van, dn n k di hn thi gian m van cng nh thi gian thi gian tng dng Ia, do khng c li trong nhng mch cn c tc tng dng ln. c. Khi van dn in p trn trn t in ny c tr s xp x st p trn van (c 1 2V ). in p ny ni chung ln hn in p ti thiu m van. Khi van kho li sau li c in p dng t tr li th dng in phng ra t t in ny c th lm van m ra khng cn c dng iu khin thc hin na ( v d van lm vic tn s 50 Hz, nu t ln ko di dng phng qu 10ms s lm van m ngay na chu k in p trn van dng tr li.) 3. nh hng ca in p m t ln cc iu khin. in p trn cc iu khin khng c m qu tr s cho php ca tng loi van ( thng gii hn mc 5V ). V vy khi van lm vic c kh nng xut hin in p m qu mc trn cc iu khin cn c bin p hn ch trc m thng dng nht l u thm it ni tip song song vi cc iu khin nh trn hnh 4. nh hng ca in p dng trn cc iu khin khi in p trn van li m, iu ny c th dn n s pht nhit qu mc cc iu khin lm hng van. Nhn chung nn hn ch cc tnh trng: UGK>0 trong khi UAk<0; cng nh UGK<0 trong khi UAK>0. Trong s tra cu thng hai tr s m v dng ca UGK ly l -1 v vo khong 0,5V n 1V.
]I.4. C TNH VN AMPE CA THYRISTOR

c tnh vn ampe ca mt Thyristor gm hai phn (hnh 2). Phn th nht nm trong gc phn t th I l c tnh thun tng ng vi trng hp in p UAK > 0, phn th hai nm trong gc phn t th III gi l c tnh ngc, tng ng vi trng hp UAK < 0. a. Trng hp dng in vo cc iu khin bng khng (IG = 0) Khi dng vo cc iu khin ca Thyristor bng 0 hay khi h mch cc iu khin Thyristor s cn tr dng in ng vi c hai trng hp phn cc in p gia anot catot. Khi in p UAK < 0 theo cu to bn dn ca Thyristor hai tip gip J1, J3 u phn cc ngc, lp J2 phn cc thun, nh -7-

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vy Thyristor s s gi nh ha i t m ni tip b phn c ngc. Qua y r ng ai c c Th hyristor s ch c mt dng i rt nh chy qua, gi l dn r. Khi UAK n ng tn t n mt gi tr in p l nht Ungmax s xy ra hin t ng n y ng Thyri istor n b nh thng, dng i c th tng ln r ln. Gi nh on c tnh in t ng c rnh b n thng l qu trn khng t o ng nh l nh th gc ng ca i t qu tr ngha l nu c g c, l gim in UAK xu di m Ungmax th dng in p ng mc x cn khng g ng gim c v mc d r. Thy ng yristor b hng. b Khi tn in p anot cat theo chi thun UAK > 0 lc u cng ch ng tot iu g c mt dng in rt nh chy qua, gi l dng r in tr tng g l . ng ch c t i ip hn hun, m anot catot vn c gi tr r ln. Khi tip gi J1, J3 ph cc th J2 p phn cc ngc. Ch n khi UAK tng t n g tr in p thun ln ho i g gi n n nh Uthmax s xy ra hi tng in tr t t in ng n mch an catot t ng not t ng gim, d t dng in c th ch qua Thy c y yristor v g tr s c b gii hn gi ch bi i

n khi ng yristor c g tr ln hn gi i tr ti mch ngoi. Nu k dn qua Thy m mc dn ti thiu gi l d duy tr Idt th khi thyristo s dn d t ng u, ng or dng trn ng tnh thu ging nh n c tnh thun t. on c n c un, ng h i n tnh thun c tr bi tn cht dn c th c gi tr l nhng in h c ng nh ng c n

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Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

p ri trn anot catot th nh v hu nh khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca dng in. b. Trng hp c dng in vo cc iu khin (IG > 0) Nu c dng iu khin a vo gia cc iu khin v catot th qu trnh chuyn im lm vic trn ng c tnh thun s xy ra sm hn, trc khi in p thun t n gi tr ln nht, Uthmax. iu ny c m t trn hnh 1.7 bng nhng ng nt t, ng vi cc gi tr dng iu khin khc nhau IG1, IG2, IG3.. Ni chung nu dng iu khin ln hn th im chuyn c tnh lm vic s xy ra vi UAK nh hn.
I.5. M V KHO THYRISTOR

Thyristor c c tnh ging nh it, ngha l ch cho php dng chy qua theo mt chiu, t anot n catot v cn tr dng chy theo chiu ngc li. Tuy nhin khc vi it, thyristor c th dn dng ngoi iu kin phi c in p UAK > 0 cn cn thm mt s iu khin khc. Do thyristor c coi l phn t bn dn c iu khin phn bit vi it l phn t khng iu khin c. 1. M thyristor Khi c phn cc thun UAK > 0 thyristor c th m bng hai cch. Th nht c th tng in p anot- catot cho n khi t n gi tr in p thun ln nht , Uthmax khi in tr tng ng trong mch anot catot s gim t ngt v dng qua thyristor s hon ton do mch ngoi xc nh. Phng php m ny trong thc t khng c p dng v cn nguyn nhn m khng mong mun v khng phi lc no cng c th tng c in p n gi tr Uthmax. V li nh vy s xy ra trng hp thyristor t m ra di tc dng ca cc xung in p nhiu ti mt thi im ngu nhin, khng nh trc. Phng php th hai l phng php c p dng thc t l a mt xung dng in c gi tr nht nh vo gia cc iu khin v catot. Xung dng in iu khin s chuyn trng thi ca thyristor t tr khng cao sang tr khng thp mc in p anot catot nh. Khi nu dng qua anot -9-

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Thit k b iu chn nhit l in tr 3 pha nh

cat ln hn mt gi tr nht nh gi l d duy tr (Idt) th th tot n r h, ng hyristor s tip tc cho trng thi m d dng m khng cn n s tn ti ca xung d c g dn m c dng i khin n iu n ngha l c th i khin m cc thyr u a. y u m ristor bng cc g hin xun dng c rng xung nht nh, do cng su ca m iu kh ng t ut ch c th l rt nh, so v cng sut ca mc lc m thyristor l mt ph t i ch l n n ct, kh ch d in. ng ng ng 2. K Kho thyr ristor Mt th hyristor a dn d s tr v trng th kho ( ang ng v hi in tr t ng mch anot cato tng cao nu dng in gim xung, n hn gi tr ng ot o) m nh i dn duy tr Idt. Tuy n ng nhin th hyristor vn trng t n thi kho, vi tr kh hng cao khi in p anot catot li dng (UAK > 0) c phi c mt thi gian o, n U n nh nh cc lp ti gip ph hi ho ton tnh cht cn tr dng in t p hc n n ca mnh. Kh thyristor dn dng theo chi thun UAK > 0, ha lp tip gip a hi r g u ai J1, J3 phn c thun, c in tc i qua h lp ny d dng v lp y tip c cc ch hai y v gi J2 ang b phn c ngc. V vy m dng in c th ch qua ba lp p c n hy a tip gip J1, J2, J3. kho thyri p istor li c gim d anot catot v d n ng di m dng du tr (Idt) v t m in p ngc ln anot ca (UAK < 0) c uy t n atot trong mt kh hong thi gian ti th hiu, gi l thi gian phc hi, tr. Trong thi n , gia phc h c mt dng in ngc ch gia catot v an Dng in an i n hy not. ng ny d tn cc c di in tch r khi tip gip J2 v np i cho t in ra v n t ng ca hai tip gip J1, J3 lc ny ang b p ng g y phn cc n ngc. Kt qu l k nng cn tr d in c J1. J3, c phc hi. Thi gian phc hi kh c ng a c ph thuc v lng i tch c c di tn ra ngo cu tr bn dn ca o in n oi c n thy yristor v np in ch tip gip J1, J3. n ho p Qu tr kho m thyristo c m t trn th hnh 3. nh mt or 3 Theo h hnh 3 ph in tch gch ch di n h o ng dng in l l ng i tch Q cn di tn ra ngoi cu trc bn dn ca th n a u hyristor.

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Hnh 3. Qu trnh kho mt thyristor, ngha c thi gia phc hi tr 3 h , a an i, gian phc hi l m trong nhng th mt ng s qu trng ca uan Thi g yristor thi gian phc hi xc i c nh di t s lm v ca th n vic hyristor, tr, c thy gi tr c 5 50 s i vi cc th i hyristor tn s cao v c 50 2 s i vi n 200 i cc thyristor tn s thp c p.
I.6. CC YU CU VI TN HIU I U I N IU KHI THYRISTOR N

Quan h gia i p trn cc iu k h n khin v ca vi dng in i vo atot cc iu khi xc nh cc yu c i vi tn hiu khin thyristor . Vi c n h cu i iu cn mt lo thyristor nh sn x ng i r xut s cun cp mt h c tn iu kh ng t nh hin, v d nh tr hnh 4, trn c th thy c cc tnh gii hn v in n c p v dng in nh nh ng v mt nhi mi trng nh nh m tn ht, i it ht u in m chc chn m thyrist Dng iu mt tor. hi iu khi phi bo m c c khi i qua tip gip p-n gia c iu khin v ca cng l in cc k atot lm pht n nng tip gip ny V vy t hiu i khin c p y. tn u cng phi b hn ch v cng s b sut. C sut gii hn ca tn hiu ng a iu khin ph thuc thi gian Nu tn hiu n c n. i khin l mt xung c rng cng n u g ngn th c sut ch php c th ng ho cn ln. ng

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Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

S tiu biu ca mt mch khuch i xung iu khin thyristor c cho trn hnh 5. Kho Transistor T c iu khin bi mt xung c rng nht nh, ng ct in p pha s cp bin p xung. Xung iu khin a n cc iu khin ca thyristor bn pha cun th cp. Nh vy mch lc c cch ly hon ton vi mch iu khin bi bin p xung. in tr R hn ch dng qua transistor v xc nh ni tr ca ngun tn hiu iu khin. it D1 ngn mch cun s cp bin p cung khi transistor T kho li chng qu p trn T. iot D2 ngn xung m v cc iu khin. iot D3 mc song song vi cc iu khin v c th song song vi t C c tc dng gim qu p trn tip gip G K khi thyristor b phn cc ngc. +Un R bax

D2 D3

D1

T
Hnh 5

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II. CC B BIN I XUNG P II.1. C IM CHUNG. Cc b in p xoay chiu (AXC) dng ng ngt hoc thay i c in p xoay chiu ra ti. Do ti i hi dng in xoay chiu nn phi dng loi van bn dn l TRIAC hoc ghp hai van dn mt chiu song song ngc nhau mi van m nhn mt chiu ca dng ti: Nh vy c th ghp 2 thyistor vi nhau (gi l kiu i xng ) hoc 1 thyristor vi 1 it. AXC dng van bn dn c y cc u im ca nhng mch cng sut s dng k thut bn dn nh: D iu chnh v t ng ho, lm vic n nh, phn ng nhanh vi cc t bin iu khin, tin cy v tui th cao, kch thc gn, d thay th. Thch hp vi qu trnh hin i ho, tp chung ho cc qu trnh cng ngh...Nhc im chung v c bn ca AXC l in p ra ti khng sin trong ton di iu chnh. in p trn ti ch sin khi a ton b in p ngun ra ti, do vy mo in p trn ti s cng ln khi iu chnh cng su, thnh phn sng di kh cao. Vi nhng ti yu cu nghim ngt v mo v thnh phn sng di khng th dng AXC c. Do vy ng dng ch yu ca n l cho dng ti c tnh thun tr: - iu chnh nh sng n si t v n nh pht quang ca h chiu sng. - iu chnh v n nh nhit cc l in tr bng cch khng ch cng sut a vo l. - AXC cng c s dng iu chnh tc ng c in khng ng b. Nhng ch ph hp vi ph ti ca ng c dng qut gi hoc my bm li tm vi phm vi iu chnh khng ln. AXC thch hp vi cc ch nh khi ng, ng ngt ti cho ng c in. - AXC cng c dng iu chnh in p s cp cc bin p lc v thng qua iu chnh in p ra ti, ph ti c th dng dng in xoay chiu hoc mt chiu ( chnh lu it pha th cp ) khi ri vo hai trng

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hp sau : a/. in p th cp thp hn in p s cp nh dng in th cp rt ln. b/. in p th cp m ti yu cu cao hn nhiu ln in p ngun. Nguyn tc iu chnh ca AXC l iu chnh gc m ca van bn dn. Cc van lm vic vi in p xoay chiu nn c kho t nhin bng in p ngun v cng chu cc nh hng ca li in n van, kiu iu khin van cng l dch pha im pht xung so vi pha ngun xoay chiu.c trng khc bit v cc c s do tnh ton.

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II.2 XUNG P XOAY CHIU 3 PHA

1. Cc ng dng.
A B C A B C

v1

v4

v3

v6

v5

v2

ZA v1

ZB v2 v3

ZC

ZA
ZAB ZCA

ZB
ZBC

ZC

Hnh 7 Hnh 7. S XAAC 3 pha a, ti c th du Y hoc **: b, thyristor V1, V2, V3, s to thnh im chung tnh gi cho ti ZA, Zb, Zc,. XAAC 3 pha c th thc hin theo cc phng n nh trn hnh 7. S (a) c th p dng bn iu khin, v d thay V4, V6, V2 bng 3 it. 2. u nhc im ca s - Cc s XAAC ni chung u n gin, do cho hiu qu cao trong qu trnh iu chnh in p xoay chiu. - Tuy nhin dng in p ra ph thuc rt nhiu vo gc iu khin v tnh cht ca ti. Dng in p ra cng rt khng sin. - Ph hp vi cc ng dng yu cu cng sut va v nh, nht l vi ti thun tr v khi dng in p trn ti khng yu cu kht khe. - Vi cng sut ln c th p dng trong nhng trng hp di iu chnh in p yu cu hp hoc qu trnh iu chnh ch din ra trong mt thi gian ngn, v d trong cc b khi ng c.

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Thit k b iu chn nhit l in tr 3 pha nh

- Tron mi tr hp ph c bin php trn nh h ng ng hi n nh ng ca nhiu ra ngoi li din do i ng in khng si V d p n in. phi lp th hm cc b lc u u vo. - C th ci thin ng k tnh c XAAC n s dn cc van iu h n c a nu ng khi hon to Khi vic iu chnh s p dng p in on. u phng ph iu ch p rn xung mi na ch k in p li. ng m hu 3. P Phn tch s hot n ca s s ng ph tch s hot ng ca s ta phi xc nh lc no 3 pha n g cn dn, lc no ch c 2 pha d cng nh khong dn ca c van. Ta hy ng c c n h c xt s (a) vi ti Y thun tr, ZA= ZB= ZC. th dng in p trn ti vi t t i gc iu khi =300. d c n dc biu din trn hnh 8 h

nh h n Hn 8. th dng i p trn ti v gc i i khin =300. u s (a)

 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

Gc iu khin trong XAAC c tnh t thi im in p ngun qua khng. Ta cn lu rng trong h thng in p 3 pha dng c th chy qua c 3 pha hoc ch qua 2 pha. Khi dng chy qua c 3 pha th in p trn mi ph ng bng in p pha. Khi dng chy qua hai pha th in p trn cc pha tng ng s bng mt na in p dy. Nh trn th 8 vi 01 0 02 dng c th chay qua c 3 pha. Khi V1 dn pha A, V6 dn pha B, V5 dn pha C. uZA=uA Vi 02 0 03 pha C dng khng th chy qua V5 c na v uc o chiu nn ch cn li V1 dn dng pha A cng vi V6 pha B. Do :
u ZA = 1 u AB 2

Vi 03 0 04 pha C, V2 nhn c tn hiu iu khin nn s c 3 van dn 3 pha l V1, V2, V6. Do : uZA=uA Vi 04 0 05 pha B, V6 khng th dn c na v uB o chiu, ch cn V1, V2 dn:
u ZA =
1 u AC 2

Vi 05 0 06, V3 s vo dn cng vi V1, V2: uZA=uA Vi 06 0 07: uZA=0 bng tnh cht i xng c th xc nh c in p trn ZA trong na chu k cn li. T phn tch trn c th thy rng: Vi 0 600 c cc giai on 3 van v 2 van cng dn. Vi 600 900 ch c cc giai on 2 van cng dn. Vi 900 1500 ch c cc giai on 2 van dn hoc khng c van no dn c. - 17 -

 n mn h in t cn sut c ng

Thit k b iu chn nhit l in tr 3 pha nh

V d v dng i p trn ti vi g iu khin =900 c cho trn in n c hn 9 nh

nh g Hn 9. Dng in p trn ti vi g iu n c khi =900 in

 n mn h in t cn sut c ng

Thit k b iu chn nhit l in tr 3 pha nh C CHNG II.

TNH TON TH T HIT K CHN M MCH LC CHO B IU C CHNH NHIT L H IN TR 3 PHA.

n i xoay V ti thun tr nn ti dng ta s dng b bin i xung p x chi 3 pha c mch lc. iu cho Vi c phn t b v mch lc c bo - Bo v qu trn cho van S dng R1C mc so song vi van v nh ong v - Bo v tc t dng d v ng di/dt cho v S dn cun cm L. van: ng lc: S mch l

Tnh chn van mch ng lc. I. T m o ot m i m bo cho mch ho ng mt cch tin cy khi lm vic vi dn in ln in p cao, cng sut pht nhit mnh trnh hin t ng n, n h, c ng van t m kh khng c xung i khin ta phi chn van 1 cc hp l. n hi n u a n ch Vi c sut ti Pm=30kw ng i w V ti t thun tr n ta c: nn
Pdm = 3.U f .I tdm I ttdm = Pdm 3U f

 n mn hc in t cng sut
I tdm =
30.000 = 45,45( A) 3.220

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

Dng in tc thi qua van i(v) = 2.I tdm .sin ( A) i(v) = 2.45,45 sin = 64,3 sin (A) y dng in trung bnh qua van l:
I tbv 1 64,3 = 64,3. sin d = 2 ( cos ) 2 0

I tbv =

64,3 64,3 .1 (1) = 20,48 (A) 6,28 6,28

- Tnh in p ngc t ln van: in p ngc ln nht t ln van:

U ng max = 6U d = 6 .380 930(V )

Chn cch lm mt bng cch tn nhit v qut gi. H s d tr in p: Ka=2,0 H s d tr dng in : Ki=1,5 Vy ta c: Ungmaxthc = Kc.Ungmax = 2.930 = 1860 (V) ItbthcV = Ki . Itbv = 1,5.20,48 = 30,72 (A) Chn 6 Thyristor m hiu: T11 40 do Lin X ch to vi cc tham s:

K hiu T1140

Icp(A ) 40

IX (A)

Id (A)

Id

Cp

Cp

Cp Cp

Uk (V) 5

Ik (mA) 200

(mA) in p 1322

du/dt tph 2-4 1

di/dt (V) 2 2,7

360 600 20

- 20 -

 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

- Cp in p : Ungmax=1300-2200(v) - Dng in trung bnh ti a cho php chy qua van Icp=40(A). - Dng in qu ti ngn hn cho php qua van trong thi gian khng qu vi ms IX=360(A). - Tr s bin dng in dng sin cho php 1 ln qua van sau phi ngt in p t: Id=600(A). - Dng in d khi van trng thi kho: Id=20mA. - Tc tng in p thun ln nht t ln van m van s ri vo hin tng t dn khng cn dng iu khin cp(2-4). - Tc tng trng dng ln nht qua van m van khng b nh thng cp 2. - St p trn van dng nh mc U = 2,7(V). - in p iu kin nh nht vn m bo dng iu khin m van: Uk=5V. - Dng in iu khin nh nht vn m bo m van: Ik=200mA. - Thi gian phc hi tnh cht kho ca van: Cp 1.
II. TNH CHN CC PHN T BO V CHO VAN MCH NG LC.

Trong b AXC, phn t km kh nng chu c cc bin ng mnh v in p v dng in chnh l cc van bn dn. V vy vic bo v mch g lc ch yu l bo v cc van bn dn khi hai trng thi l qu dng in v qu in p. Tra cc thng s ca van TM11-40 ta c: - Tr s dng in cho php : Icp=40(A). - in p nh mc ca van: Um=2200(V). - Tc tng in p thun cho php (cp2): du/dt=50V/ms=50.106 V/S - Tc tng dng ti a (cp 2):

- 21 -

 n mn hc in t cng sut di/dt = 40A/ms=40.106A/S - Tr s in tr ti:

Rt = Ut 220 = = 4,8() It 45,45

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

1. Tnh in cm bo v tc tng dng : di/dt. Dng mch AXC mc trc tip vo li in, nn in cm ny c v tr rt quan trng. Tc tng dng s ln nht khi in p trc khi van dn l cao nht, tng ng in p li tng thm 5%. in cm L c tnh:
L = 0,08. U1 220 = 0,08. = 0,0012( H ) 23,14.50.45,45 .I dm

2. Chn phn t bo v qu p R-C mc song song vi van: Chn theo kinh nghim van cng ln th t cng ln v in tr cng nh vi cc tr s: in tr nm trong khong vi trc n 100 ,in tr nm trong khong 0,1 n 2F. Ta chn R = 60 C = 0,4F.

- 22 -

 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha CHNG III

TNH TON THIT K MCH IU KHIN

I. S CU TRC MCH IU KHIN CA 1 TIRISTO.

Uta

SS + TX

KX

Uk
II. CC KHU CA MCH IU KHIN S V NGUYN L HOT NG. II.1 KHU NG B:

S dng MBA ng b: To ra c in p c gc lch pha c nh vi in p t ln vn lc. Ngoi ra cn t thm 2 mc tiu quan trng l: Chuyn i p thng c gi tr cao song gi tr ph hp vi mch iu khin thng l in p thp. Cch ly hon ton gia mch iu khin v mch lc. m bo an ton cho ngi s dng cng nh cho cc linh kin iu khin. to in p B cho b AXC 3 pha, s dng bin p 3 pha. Tuy nhin, v mch iu khin c nhiu khu cng cn dng bin p nn ch dng chung 1 bin p c nhiu cun th cp. S mch bin p B 3 pha:
A B C UpA UpB UpC
0V iu khin

A B C

UpA UpB UpC

a) S u ni tam gic

a) S u ni tam gic

- 23 -

 n mn h in t cn sut c ng

Thit k b iu chn nhit l in tr 3 pha nh

Bin p n b 3 pha & in p pha ng ng

Vi s a : S cp u tam gic: Ph vi gc khin v t m m iu = (00-1800) 0 Vi s b: S c u sao: Phm vi gc iu kh ch p : g hin t = (00-1500) v van khn m nga c kh in p li bt u ng ay hi p d ng.
II.2 TO IN P T DNG RNG C CA T 2. A A TUYN TN C H NH HAI N CHU K S DN KHUY A K NG YCH I THUT T TON 0A.

cc mch to in p t dng rng ca d ta r dng trand disto c nh hc m l thuc kh r thi i m v kho cc bng vo in m i chung l s ph t p ng pha. Do vy i p cng t nhiu b bin n theo i p li in in g b ng n xoa chiu. ay iu ny l nh h m ng ti g iu khi v cng nh phm vi c in g m i chnh n Hin na mch t rng ca s dng 0A ngy cng c u . ay o cng dn nhiu h do kh phc cc nh im c mch d ng hn c c c ca dng Trad disto. M khc gi thnh ca 0A kh r. t a

 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

S mch to rng ca
Khuych i thut ton 0A1 u theo s so snh, c nhim v so snh 2 in p u vo ca 0A1. in p u ra tun theo quy lut: Ura = K0U= K0(U+ - U-) Dng 0A2 lm nhim v to in p rng ca. Nguyn l lm vic nh sau: Khi in p u ra ca 0A1: UB < 0 0A1 bo ho m: UB = - Ubh i t D3 dn. S dng c im ca 0A l in th gia hai ca (+) v (-) ca n bng nhau, ta c in th im l (-) ca 0A bng 0V do im (+) ni vi 0V lc theo s mch ta thy. in p trn t C1 bng in p u ra 0A2:Uc1 = U0A2 in p trn in tr R2 in p u ra 0A1 (b qua st p trn it D3): UR2 = UB. Vi R2 << R3 dn n iR3 << iR3, nn qu trnh phn tch c th b qua dng in iR3. Nh vy dng qua t in IC1 bng dng qua in tr IR2. V dng ca (-) c A khng ng k (tng tr vo c A v cng ln) kt hpnhng iu kin trn ta c: Uc = Uc1 =

1 1 1 ic1dt = iR2dt = C1 C1 C1

II.2. KHU TO XUNG CHM:

S dng khuch i thut ton OA. S mch to dao ng dng khuch i thut ton OA.
R7

OA4 R9

Ud

C2

R8

- 25 -

 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

Khuch i thut ton OA c s dng nh 1 b so snh 2 ca. T C2 lin tc c php np lm cho OA o trng thi mi ln in p trn t t tr s ca b in tr chia in p
II 3. MCH TRN XUNG.

S ng mch logic AND. Loi CMOS 4081.

Uss Uss Ud 0 1 0 1 Uv 0 0 0 1 Uv Uss

&
Ud

Ura

0 0 1 1

Ud

Tn hiu u ra Ur=1 ch khi Uss=1 v Vd=1

I-4. KHU KHUCH I XUNG V BIN P XUNG.

Khu khuch i xung c nhim v tng cng xut do khu to dng xung hnh thnh mch m van lc. Khch i xung ghp bng bin p xung la phng php rt thng dng v r dng cch ly mch iu khin v mch ng lc. a- S nguyn l mch:
R13 D7 G D6 R11 C R14 K T2 T1 UV D0 R12

+E

b- Nguyn l lm vic: Xung s pht khi T1, T2 cng m im tng ng gc . Tn hiu vo l tn hiu logic:

- 26 -

 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

Khi Uv="1" th T1 dn - T2 dn. Khi Uv="0" th T1 kho - T2 kho. Do bin p xung c tnh vi phn nn in tr R2 dng tiu tn nng lng tch lu cc cun dy trong giai on T1 v T2 kho. Nu khng c R2 th bin ca cc xung s b gim i ng k do im lm vic ca li thp bin p xung b y ln pha bo ho. T C2 dng gi in p ban u trn bin p xung bng +E (Do R2 mc ni tip vi cun s cp bin p xung nn khi dn n s lm gim p t vo bin p xung).
II. 5. KHU TO IN P TA:

Hin nay s dng ch yu 2 dng bin p ta l dng hnh sim v dng rng ca. a s cc in p ta trong mch iu khin chnh lu, AXC hin thi u dng dng rng ca. V n khc phc c nhc imca dng hnh sin: t b nh hng ca in pv tn s ngun xoay chiu. Tuy nhin nhc im ca n khng t c quan h tuyn tnh trong in p iu khin v in p ca b AXC.

II.6. KHU SO SNH.

Khu ny c chc nng so snh in p iu khin vi in p ta ( dng rng ca) nh thi im phat xung iu khin, thng thng l thi im khi 2 in pny bng nhau. Ni cch khc y l khu xc nh gc iu khin . Khu so snh c th thc hin bng cc phn t nh sau: Khuch i t, trandisto hay khuch i thut ton OA,. S dng nhiu nht hin nay l cc OA v cho php m bo chnh xc co, nht l khi dng OA chuyn dng comparator, c gi thnh h, khng cn chnh nh phc tp. So snh dng khuch i thut ton: khuch i thut ton (OA) l phn t so snh l tng v nhng l do sau:

- 27 -

 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

Tng tr vo ca OA rt ln nn khng gy nh hng n cc in p a vo so snh, n c th tch bit hon ton chng khng tcng sang nhau. Tng vo ca OA cng thng l loi kuch i vi sai, mt khc s tng nhiu nn h s khuch i rt ln ( c th nn n 1 triu). V th chnh xc so snh rt cao, tr khng qu vi S. Sng xung dc ng nn, so vi tn s 50HF. So snh kiu 2 ca
Uta
R5
-

U
+

+ Uk U + - ta -

R5

Uss Uss
+Ubh

-Ubh

Ura = K0(U+ - U-) = K0(Ut Uk). Nu Uk > Ut in p ra l m bo ho Khi Uk < Ut in p ra l dng bo ho C 2 im cn lu khi dng so snh ca. Cc in p a vo so snh phi cng du (cng dng hoc cng m) Th mi c hin tng thay i trng thi u ra. chnh lch ti a gia 2 ca trong khi lm vic khng c vt gii hn cho php ca loi OA chn. R8, R9.
II - 7. NGUN CUNG CP CHO MCH IU KHIN.

Chn ngun cung cp cho mch iu khin l ngun mt chiu n p c gi tr thao cp.

- 28 -

 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

V mch n p yu cu in p vo phi l in p mt chiu c lc s b, nn khng th dng ngun cho KX cp chung, cho mch n p tin dng cho mch n p loi ny ta s dng IC n p chuyn dng c seri 7812. Dng ti cho php loi ny l 1,5 A( phi c tn nhit). S mch n p dng IC 7812.
+ + C -

7812
+ 0.1 Ura

UV

II- 8. CHN BIN P CHO NGUN IU KHIN.

Ngun iu khin thng c cng sut khng qu 1KVA, nn bin p cp ngun cho n l loi cng sut nh. V vy mc ch ca vic tnh ton bin p iu khin l da vo cng sut ca bin p cn thit chn ra loi li thp chun ho ri tnh ton cc cun dy sao cho m bo in p ratn cc cun dy th cp in p khi mang ti v khng pht nng qu mc.

- 29 -

 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

CHNG IV

TNH TON V CHN CC THIT B CA MCH IU KHIN.

I. TNH CHN CC PHN T KHU TO IN P TA DNG RNG CA.
DZ

D1 BAF R0

R1

+Ecc

+
OA1

D3

R2
C1

-Ecc

R3

+Ecc

+
OA2

URC
-Ecc

D2

+E
P1 R4

Chn ngun cung cp Ecc=12V : in p ng pha Up = 10V, tn s 50 HF Chn OA loi TL082 cha hai OA trong 1 v IC. in p ng pha c bin l: U dp max = 2U dp = 14,14V Ch R0=10 K. R1=15K. Chn iot n p loi KC 191A, in p n p U=9,1V. Vy bin in p rng ca l Urcmax=9,1V. Chn t in C1=0,22F Tng in tr (P1+R4) = 20 K chn P1=12K, R5=8K. Tnh R3: R3 =
R3 =

E.T 1 1 vi T = = = 0,02( s ) 2U oa .C1 f 50

12.2.10 2 = 60(k) 2.9,1.0,22.10 6

Tnh chn R2: R2=(0,1 0,25)R3 Vy chn R2 : R2=0,2 R3=60.0,2=12K.

- 30 -

 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

Bng cch iu chnh in p ngng bi P1 ta thy thay i c quan h gia thi gian to rng ca v thi gian phc hi v theo yu cu.

II. CHN CC PHN T KHU SO SNH

R5 +E cc

R5 Uk OA3

+
-Ecc

U ss

Ut

gim nh hng ca 2 in p so snh tc ng sang nhau cn chn gi tr ca R6 ln hng chc K Vy chn R6 = 15 K

III. TNH CHN CC PHN T KHU KHUCH I XUNG .
R13
+E

D7 A1

D6

C3
R14

BAX R11 T2

K1

Uv

T1

R12

- 31 -

 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

Chn bin p xung c t s cc cun dy = 2 , vy tham s bin p v dng in cun s cp l U1 = U.K = 5. 2 = 10V I1 = Ig/K = 0,2/2 = 0,1A Ngun cng sut phi c tr s ln hn U1 b st p trn in tr . V vy chn Ecs = 12 T gi tr ECS v I1 chn bng T1 loi ZTX 550 c tham s UCC = 45 V; ICmax = 1A; min = 100. Vy ta c:
R13 > ECS 12 = = 12 1 I Cp

Chn R13 = 15

Cng sut in tr ny thng khong (2 4) W do dng qua n ln v kh thng xuyn, ln nht khi gc iu khin nh nht. Do cn phi c tn nhit. Kim tra st p trn in tr ny kho bng dn dng: UR13 = I1 . R13 = 0,1 . 15 = 1,5 (V) U1 = ECS UR13 = 12 15 = 10,5 (V) v t yu cu. Tuy nhin tng mnh xung kch cho van, dng thm t tng cng p C3, c tnh nh sau: Vi tn s xung chm fXC = 10 KHz tng ng chu k 1 xung l: TXC =
1 1 = = 100.10 6 S = 100S 3 f XC 10.10

Cho rng, xung i xng th khong ngh bng khong c xung, c ngha khong cch gia hai xung l: ta = 0,5 . TXC = 50 S Vy ta c:
C3 < ta 50.10 6 = = 1,1.10 6 F = 1,1S 3R13 3.15

Chn C3 = 1 S Bng T2 chn loi BC 107 c UCe = 45 V; ICmax = 0,1A; min = 110. Vy in tr u vo c tr s l:

- 32 -

 n mn h in t cn sut c ng R11
11. 2 .ECS
S .I1 max =

Thit k b iu chn nhit l in tr 3 pha nh

110.100.12 2 91.103 = 91K 1 1,2.1,2

Chn R11 = 20 K K
b.T Tnh chn bi p xung: in :

Do ch lm vi ca B l t ho 1 phn nn ta chn: ic n B = 0,2T; H = 30A/m 0

Do tn = tx nn co rng tr s dng hiu chung cun th cp bng mt oi h g na dng i khin I2 = 0,5Ig. Vy ta c kch thc tn ca bin p xung: a u h ng n y
V= K ba .U 2 .0,5I g .t x .U 2 a B.H = 2.5.0,5.0,2.50.1 6.0,1 10 0,2.30

= 0,8 . 10-6m3 = 0 cm3 0,8 Tra b cho tr ng ng hp t ho 1 ph chn lo hnh tr k hiu 1 hn oi 1811 ( ng knh ngoi 18m ng k m, kch trong 11mm c tit din li tng ng g bn 0,443cm2). ng m Vy s vng dy cun s c y cp:
W1 = U 1 .t x 10,5.10 6 0 = = 59,30 vng g B.S ba 0,2.0,443.10 4

 n mn hc in t cng sut
Ly W1= 60 vng; suy ra W2 =

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

W1 60 = = 30 vng K 2

IV. TNH CHN CC PHN T KHU TO DAO NG.

R7

OA4 R9

Ud

C2

R8

Chu k dao ng: T = 2R7 . C2 . Cn (1 + 2R8/R9) Chn 0A4 loi: LF351 (c tham s v tc tng p ln ) c sn xung dc ng; Tng tr b phn p (R8 + R9 chn xp x 20K gim chnh lch gia hai ca vo 0A ta chn R8 = 12 K v R9 = 8K. Chn t C2 c 10nF (vi tn s dao ng 8 12 KHz Lc ny in tr R7 c tnh:
R7 = T 1 / 10000 = = 3,6 K 2.C2 . ln(1 + 2 R8 / R9 ) 2.10.10 9 ln(1 + 2.12 / 8)

- 34 -

 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

Ub

UA Ung UB

UC Ut UD Uk

UN UGKT1,T4

Gin iu ch xung

- 35 -

 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

NGUYN L HOT NG MCH IU KHIN

Trn s nguyn l th hin h thng iu khin bao gm 3 knh, mi knh s chu trch nhim iu khin 2 tirito. Din p ng pha ly t th cp my bin p qua chnh lu ly ra ti A in p mt cc tnh a n u vo ca khuych i thut ton 0A1. KTT0A1 lm nhim v so snh in p ny vi in p ngng t vo ca (t ca 0A1, u ra s c dng xung ch nht khng i xng (phn xung m ln hn phn xung dng. in p dng xng ny c a qua it D3 ct b phn dng v ch cho phn xung mi qua. y l tn hiu iu khin cho mch to xung rng ca trn KTT 0A2, mch to rng ca trn 0A2 lm vic theo nguyn l phng np ca t in C1. Khi in p u ra ca 0A1, UB < 0 it D3 dn c im ca 0A l in th gia hai ca (+ v (- ) bng nhau, ta c in th im (- ) ca 0A2 bng 0V do im (+) ni vi 0V Lc in p trn t C1 bng dng in u ra ca 0A2 v t C1 c np in. Khi in p trn C1 t tr s ngng ca it n p DZ th n thng v gi in p ra tr s ny. Khi UB > 0 it D3 kho nn dng qua R2 bng khng. Lc ny dng qua t C1 bng dng qua in tr R3 v ngc chiu dng in khi UB < 0, ngha l t C1 phng in. DO in p trn t C cng nh in p ra ca 0a2 gim xung tuyn tnh. Khi in p gim n 0 ri m xung th it Dz dn theo chiu thun nh cc it thng gi cho in p nhn c u ra ca 0A2 trong mi na chu k li in c dng rng ca tuyn tnh. in p ta dng rng ca ny c a ti khu so snh dng KTT0A3 so snh vi in p iu khin Uk xc nh gc iu khin . Tn hiu iu khin t u ra ca 0A3 c ct b phn m nh mch c in tr hn ch v it D4 c a n mch logic AND v c bm nh vi xung tn s cao to nn bi mch to dao ng OA4. Xung chm c a n mch khuych i xung dng trandssito T1, T2 v bin p xung to nn tn hiu iu khin a n ca iu khin ca Trristo.

- 36 -

 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

KT LUN
Sau mt hti gian lm n, c s gip tn tnh ca cc thy c gio trong khoa t ng ho, c bit l thy gio Phm Quc Hi v s n lc ca bn thn, chng em hon thnh n ng thi hn vi ni dung thc hin. - Trnh by phng n la chn mch ng lc. - Tnh ton, thit k mch ng lc. - Tnh ton, thit k mch iu khin. Tuy nhin do thi gian cn hn ch v trnh hiu bit cn hn ch nn bn n khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong nhn wocj s gp ca thy c cng ton th cc bn.

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 n mn hc in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh nhit l in tr 3 pha

TI LIU THAM KHO

1- L thuyt iu khin t ng Nguyn Don Phc. 2- L thuyt iu khin t ng Phm Cng Ng. 3- K thut in tr - Xun Th Nguyn Vit Nguyn. 4- Gio trnh in t cng sut Trn Trng Xinh. 5- Ti liu hng dn lm n in t cng sut Phm Quc Hi.

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