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Dreams & Ideas Pvt. Ltd.
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Power of Information Technology and Its Use • bf];|f] v08 M g]kfndf ;"rgf k|
in Nepal
- Vinaya Kumar Kasajoo ljlwsf] pkof]u oyfy{, ;+efjgf /
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bzscl3 OG6/g]6sf] k|f/Deaf6 ePsf] lyof] .
o;sf d'Vo rf/ j6f ljz]iftf 5g\ M ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
(decentralization), ljZjLs/0f (universalization),
;fdGh:oLs/0f (harmonization) /
JolQmJolQmnfO{ zlQm x:tfGt/0f
(devolution) . gofF cfly{s Joj:yfsf] pNn]vgLo
kIf s] xf] eg] of] lg/Gt/ kl/jt{gzLn 5
. of] Joj:yfdf 1fg (knowledge) g} k|d'v
;+;fwg ag]sf] 5 . sf]lg{; eG5g\, æ1fg clt
b|'t ultn] ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf ax'd"No ;fwg
aGb}5 . o;n] ;DklQsf] l;h{gf ub}{5 .
o;cl3sf] cfly{s cfwf/ ag]sf] e"ld, >d,
OGwg / k"FhLsf] 7fpF 1fgn] lnFb}5 .
;"rgfsf] lgjf{w k|jfxnfO{ /f]Sg vf]Hg]
b]zx¿n] cfkm}nfO{ cljsl;ttfsf] cj:yflt/
ws]Ng]5g\ .Æ
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tTj 5g\ M clt b|'t ultn] kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] k|
ljlw, clt pRr ultsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtf /
36bf] d"No . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;+rf/ k|
ljlwsf] cfwf/ ag]sf] lrksf] Ifdtf x/]s jif{
b'O{ u'gf a9b}5 eg] o;sf] df]n tLg u'gf
36\b}5 .
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s'g} z+sf 5}g . clxn] g]kfndf klg ;"rgf k|
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pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 . gLlt lgdf{tf, g]tf,
cleg]tf, pBf]uL, Jofkf/L, ljBfyL{, lzIfs,
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ljifo . o;sf] af/]df
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;a}sf] nflu cfjZos eO;s]sf]5 . of] s'g}
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n]lvPsf] k|fl1s jf kf7\o k':ts xf]Og . of]
k':ts ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] uxg k|fljlws
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o;sf af/]df hfgsf/L jf 1fg /fVg vf]Hg] /
/fVg kg]{, ;dfhsf ;a} If]q jf ju{sf
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t't ug{;lsG5 . ;+rf/M b'O{ JolQm jf
kIfx¿aLr af]n]/, n]v]/ jf b'a}n] a'‰g;Sg]
;+s]t jf Jojxf/åf/f ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug'{
;+rf/ xf] . csf]{ tl/sfn] eGg'kbf{ k|]ifs /
k|fKtstf{aLr k|fKtstf{nfO{ a'‰g ;lhnf]
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dfkm{t ;"rgf :yfgfGt/0f ug'{, Ps 7fpFaf6
csf]{ 7fpFdf jf Ps JolQmaf6 csf]{
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dflg;x¿nfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
k|ljlwsf cfwf/e"t 1fg;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg' /
g]kfndf o;sf] dxTj / ;+efjgfaf/] a'\‰g
;3fpg' xf] . of] k':ts k|sfzg ug{ ljleGg
tl/sfn] ;3fpg] hLjg;fyL u+uf s;h" /
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df nfluk/]sf tLgefO
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wGojfb lbG5' .
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k|fljlws zAbx¿sf] JofVof
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5.
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dfWod jf ;fwgdfkm{t k|fKtstf{nfO{
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u5{_ / ;Gb]z a'lemof] ls a'lemPg eGg] k|
ltlqmof hgfpF5 .
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Pp6f sDKo'6/af6 csf]{ sDKo'6/;Dd jf
sDKo'6/x¿sf] aLrdf 6]lnkmf]g,
dfOqmf]j]e l/n], :of6]nfO6 ln+s jf s]a'n
tf/h:tf ;+rf/sf Ps jf cg]s k|ljlw / dfWodåf/f
8]6f k|]if0f ug]{ eGg] a'lemG5 .
k|ljlwM ;"rgfnfO{ ;+rf/ ug{ k|of]u
ul/g] tl/sf, pkfo, k|lqmof, dfWod, ;fwg tyf
pkfo / ;fwgnfO{ ;+rfng u/fpg] ljlw,
;ˆ6j]o/;d]t ;+rf/ k|ljlw xf] . c+u|]hL
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f}Bf]lusL elgG5 . k|ljlw xftsf] O;f/f,
af]nL, lr7L, 6]lnkmf]gb]lv sDKo'6/ /
OG6/g]6;Dd h] klg
x'g;S5 .
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o;sf] pkof]u
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;+rf/sf pkfo, ;fwg jf dfWodsf] pkof]u
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pkof]u / ljsf; ub}{ cfO/x]sf] ;+rf/sf ;fwg,
pkfo jf k|ljlwx¿nfO{ df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf rf/
efudf afF8\g ;lsG5 M
      zf/Ll/s jf cf+lus k|ljlw M dflg;n]
;'?b]lv g} xft uf]8fb]lv lbdfu;Dd z/L/sf
ljleGg c+ux¿sf] ;+rfng / pkof]u u/]/ ;+rf/
ug]{ u/sf] 5 . cljsl;t jf cNkljsl;t ;d'bfox¿
a9L dfqfdf oxL k|ljlwdf lge{/ 5g\ . clxn]
klg of] k|ljlwsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} pkof]u
eO/x]sf] 5 . t/ km/s s] 5 eg] dflg; hlthlt
ljsl;t x'Fb}5 pltplt cf+lus k|ljlwsf] t'ngfdf
cGo k|ljlwsf] pkof]u al9/x]sf] 5 . ;fy}
o;sf] pkof]u ug]{
tl/sf kl/is[t / snfTds x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
    kf7Ø k|ljlw M dflg;n] leQf, df6f] jf
9'+ufdf ;+s]t sf]/]/ c?nfO{ ;Gb]z lbg
yfn]b]lv g} kf7Ø k|ljlw ;'? ePsf] xf] . of]
k|ljlwn] efjnfO{ ;+s]t jf efiffdf, efiffnfO{
lnlkdf / lnlknfO{ sfutdf ptf5{ . of] k|
ljlwdf ;"rgf jf ;Gb]z cIf/df n's]sf] x'G5 .
lnlksf] cfljisf/ ePkl5 of] k|ljlwn] klxnf]
km8sf] df¥of] eg] 5fkfvfgfsf] cfljisf/
ePkl5 of] k|ljlwn] dfgj ljsf;sf] ult g}
a9fOlbof] . k|hftGq / dfgjclwsf/nfO{
a9fP/ dfgj hLjgnfO{ ul/dfdo agfpgdf of]
k|ljlwsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 .
     On]S6«f]lgs k|ljlw M /]l8of] t/+usf]
cfljisf/ ePkl5 o;sf] yfngL ePsf] xf] . of] k|
ljlwdf ;"rgf jf ;Gb]z ljB't–r'DasLo t/+usf]
dfWodaf6 k|;fl/t x'G5 . ;"Id ljB'tLo oGq
pks/0fx¿sf] dfWodaf6 of] k|ljlwn] sfd
u5{ . dflg;nfO{ cGtl/If / rGb|dfdf
k'¥ofpg, ;+;f/sf 7"nf7"nf ;fd|fHox¿
9fNg / ljZjLs/0fsf] hfnf] km}nfpg of] k|
ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . kf7Ø
k|ljlw / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] aLrsf] k|ljlw ePsf]n]
o;nfO{ dfWolds k|ljlw klg elgG5 . o;nfO{
Pgfnu k|ljlw jf /]l8of] k|ljlw klg eGg ;lsG5
. o;df Pgfnu k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t /]l8of],
6]lnlehg / 6]lnkmf]g
k|ljlw k5{ .
      ;"rgf k|ljlw M ;+If]kdf On]S6«f]lgs
pkfo tyf ;fwgx¿af6 ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{, k|
zf]wg ug]{, e08/0f jf ;+u|x ug]{, l;h{gf
ug]{ / ;+rf/ jf k|;f/ ug]{
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k|ljlw ;"rgf k|ljlw xf] . o;df sDKo'6/, o;;Fu
;+j+lwt pks/0fx?, sDKo'6/ rnfpg] ;ˆ6j]o/,
sDKo'6/x¿aLr ;+rf/ u/fpg] g]6js{ /
b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnL tyf tL ;a}nfO{ ;+rfng
ug]{ ;"Id On]S6«f]lgs pks/0fx¿ k5{g\ .
of] k|ljlwdf hfgsf/L jf 8]6fx¿ s]jn b'O{ j6f
c+s -l8lh6_, z"Go / Ps c+sdf x'g] ePsf]
x'gfn] o;nfO{ l8lh6n k|ljlw klg elgG5 .
of] k|ljlwn] ljZjdf lg/Gt/ gofFgofF rdTsf/
b]vfO/x]sf] 5 . of] k':ts d'Vo ¿kdf oxL
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljifodf xf] .
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw k|0ffnL
dfly elgPsf] ;"rgf / k|ljlw eP/ dfq} x'Fb}g
. logn] sfd ug{sf] nflu pko'Qm ;"rgf
;+rf/ ug]{ k|0ffnL / kl/l:ylt jf jftfj/0f
rflxG5 . ;"rgf k|0ffnL k"/f x'gsf nflu dflg;
/ k|lqmof x'g'k5{ . o;/L ;"rgf, k|ljlw /
;"rgf k|0ffnL ePkl5 tL ;a}n] sfd ug{sf
nflu plrt kl/l:yltsf] cfjZostf x'G5 .
kl/l:yltnfO{ ;/sf/L u}/;/sf/Lnufot ljleGg
lgsfox¿, ;d"xx¿, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ ;]jf k|bfg
ug]{ lgsfox¿, ahf/h:tf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿
tyf /fhgLlts k|0ffnL, cy{tGq, ;fdflhs tyf
;f+:s[lts kl/l:ylt, gLltut tyf sfg'gL k|
fjwfgx¿, lzIff, oGqpks/0f / k"jf{wf/ cflbn]
k|efj kf5{ . o;}n] ;"rgf hlt;'s} dxTjk"0f{
eP klg To;sf] k|efj s:tf] / s;/L k5{ eGg]
s'/fnfO{ lgoGq0f, k|efj / lgwf{/0f ug]{
tTjx¿ w]/} x'G5g\ . To:t} k|ljlw / k|0ffnL
hlt;'s} k|efjsf/L eP klg ltgnfO{ dflysf
ljleGg s'/fn] lgoGq0f u5{ . o; sf/0f s'g}
klg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ cnUu}
gx]/Lsg ;DalGwt b]zsf] ;"rgf ;+rf/ k|
0ffnLsf] cfwf/df x]g'{k5{ .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] tfTko{
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] kl/efiff / o;n]
;d]6\g] k|ljlw / oGq pks/0fx¿sf] af/]df
ljleGg JolQm / ;+:yfsf] ;f]rfOdf s]xL
leGgtf kfOG5 . s]xLn] On]S6«f]lgs
;fwgx¿sf] d2tn] ;"rgf k|zf]wg / ;+k|]if0f
ug]{ tyf ;+rf/ ug]{ k|ljlwnfO{ ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/ k|ljlw dfG5g\ . o;leq /]l8of] /
6]lnlehgh:tf k/Dk/fut On]S6«f]lgs ;fwg /
sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6 tyf tf/hl8t / df]afOn
kmf]g klg k5{g\ . s;}s;}n] 5fkf
dfWodnfO{ klg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf]
7"nf] 3]/fleq ;d]6\g] u/]sf 5g\ .
zAbfy{sf] lx;fan] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlwn] af]nLrfnL, xfjefj, k':ts klqsf,
/]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 6]lnkmf]g tyf
OG6/g]6;Dd ;"rgf / ;+rf/sf] Jofks If]q
;d]6] klg rng rNtLsf] efiff, s'/fsfgL /
Jojxf/df On]S6«f]lgS;, sDKo'6/ / k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . la;f}F ztfAbL;Dd ;"rgf
b"/;+rf/sf] cfwf/df rNg] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlwnfO{ g} a'lemG5 . ;+If]kdf o;nfO{
;"rgf k|ljlw jf cfO{6L dfq} klg elgG5 . of]
k':tsdf klg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] nflu
w]/} 7fpFdf ;"rgf k|ljlw g} elgPsf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlw s] xf] <
;"rgf jf hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{, e08f/ jf ;+sng
ug]{, k|zf]wg ug]{ / ;+rf/ jf k|;f/ ug]{
On]S6«f]lgs tl/sf, pkfo / ;fwgnfO{ ;"rgf
k|ljlw elgG5 . o;df b"/;+rf/ tyf
On]S6«f]lgS;nufot ljleGg k|ljlwx¿sf]
;Fu;Fu} pkof]u ul/G5 . o;leq sDKo'6/;Fu
;+a+lwt xf8{j]o/, ;ˆ6j]o/ / cGo
pks/0fx¿sf ;fy} b"/;+rf/ / ;"IdOn]S6«f]lgs
k|ljlwx¿ k5{g\ . o;cGtu{tsf]
;"rgf jf hfgsf/Ldf ljleGg k|sf/sf hfgsf/L jf
8]6f, Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq cflb dlN6ldl8of klg
k5{g\ . o;df pkof]u x'g] ;"rgf b'O{ c+s jf
l8lh6 -) / !_ df cfwfl/t x'g] x'gfn] of] k|
ljlwnfO{ l8lh6n k|ljlw klg elgG5 . 8]6fx¿
hlt;'s} / h'g ¿kdf eP klg sDKo'6/df s]jn ) /
! sf] d]naf6 aGg] x'gfn] tL b'O{
c+snfO{ csNkgLo ultdf k|zf]wg, k|;f/0f,
e08f/0f / k'gM k|fKt ug{;lsG5 . of] g}
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d'Vo ;+/rgfTds ljz]iftf xf] .
oxL ljz]iftfn] ubf{ o;nfO{ csNkgLo
sfdx¿df,
ljljw ¿kx¿df pkof]u ug{;lsg] ePsf] xf] .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf ljz]iftf
;"rgf k|ljlwn] ubf{ s'g} klg JolQm jf
;+:yfn] s'g} klg :yfgdf s'g} klg :j¿kdf
-lnlk, zAb, lrq, Wjlg jf rnlrqdf_ clxn]
;Ddsf] ;a}eGbf ;:tf] b/df / l56f] ultdf
;"rgf jf 1fg k|fKt ug{, pTkfbg ug{ / To;/L
pTkfbg u/]sf] ;"rgf jf 1fgnfO{ k|zf]wg
(Process), e08f/0f (Store), k'gM pkof]u jf
k'gM k|fKt ug{ (Retrive) tyf sxLF klg k7fpg
jf
5
k|;f/ ug{ (Dissemination) ;+ej ePsf] 5 . ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] csf]{ k|d'v ljz]iftf dlN6ldl8of jf
ax'dfWod x'g' xf] .
ca ;"rgf / 1fg zAb, cIf/, c+s jf lrqdf
;Lldt 5}g . OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 ca cIf/,
lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg cflb ljljw dfWodx¿df ;"rgf
k|fKt ug{, k|zf]wg, ;+sng, k'g?Tkfbg /
/ 1fg 5flkPsf cIf/h:t} crn / /]l8of]
6]lnlehgn] k|;f/ u/]h:t} PstkmL{ lyof]
eg] PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf cfP/ ;"rgf / 1fg
;rn, lqmofzLn / cGtlq{mofTds (Interactive)
ePsf] 5 . o;sf] k|efj dfgj ;dfhsf] x/]s kIfdf
kl//x]sf] 5 . h}ljs d"n k|j[lQ, hGdhft
;+:sf/ / k/Dk/fut 1fgn] dfq ca dflg;sf]
hLjg rNg ;Qm}g . clxn]sf] dflg; ;"rgf /
1fglagf afFRg g;Sg] x'Fb}5 . afFRgsf]
nfludfq xf]Og hLjg:t/
;kfg{ / ;Ddfg tyf ;'vk"j{s afFRgsf nflu
klg p;nfO{ ;"rgf / 1fgsf] cfjZostf
al9/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf h;n] a9L kx'Fr
kfpF5 / h;n] o;sf] a9L pkof]u ug{;S5
p;}n] cfkm\gf] Ifdtf, ;DkGgtf / zlQm
a9fpg;S5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwn] ug{;Sg] k|d'v
sfd
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] sxfF s:tf] sfd
u5{, s'g b]zdf of] slt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5
eGg] s'/f tL b]zsf] ;"rgf k|0ffnL / kl/j]zdf
lge{/ x'G5 . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf]
b[li6n] sd ljsl;t b]zx¿df of] k|ljlwsf]
d'Vosfd ;"rgf cf];f/k;f/ jf ;+rf/ ug'{dfq}
b]lvG5 eg] ljsl;t b]zx¿df of] k|ljlwn] ;"rgf
;fdu|L pTkfbg, k|ljlw / pks/0f pTkfbg,
hl6n,j}1flgs, dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgfsf] k|zf]wg
u/]/ b]zsf] cy{tGqdf clwstd of]ubfg
lbO/x]sf] 5 . cem ;"rgf ;dfhsf] cj:yfdf
k'Ugnfu]sf] bfaL ug]{ hfkfg cd]l/sfh:tf
s]xL b]zx¿df of] k|ljlw b]zsf] cy{tGqsf]
k|d'v c+u aGb}5 .
cWofo @
;"rgf qmflGt / dfgj
ljsf;
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / hfgsf/L / 1fgnfO{ s'g} ;+s]t jf lnlkdf
dfgj ljsf; ptf/]/ cyf{t\ lnlvt jf d'lb|t ¿kdf k':ts jf
kqklqsf dfkm{t ;+sng / k|]if0f jf k|;f/0f
dflg; / kz'x¿nfO{ 5'§Øfpg] d'Vo tTj
ug]{ k|ljlwnfO{ xfdL kf7Ø k|ljlw eG5f}F
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug]{ Ifdtf xf] . dflg;sf]
. u'6]gju{sf] k|];n] 306fdf d'l:snn] Ps
k'vf{n] n¶Ln] kmnkm"n em/fNg, kftn]
xhf/ kfgf sfut 5fKg ;SYof] eg] clxn] j]a
kfgL pafP/ vfg / l/;
ckm;]6 k|];n] 306fdf c;L xhf/ kfgf 5fKg
p7]sf] a]nfdf 9'+uf l6k]/ lxsf{pg
;S5 . lbglbg} nfvf}Fsf] ;+Vofdf lg:sg]
yfn]b]lv g} dflg;sf] ljsf; tyf ;d[l4sf] nflu
cvaf/, kqklqsf tyf k':tsn] dflg;sf] 1fg /
k|ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb} cfO/x]sf]
;Eotfdf s] k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f
5 . em08} rfln; xhf/ jif{cl3 cf]9f/sf]
xfdLn] b]lv/x]s} 5fF} .
leQfdf / 9'+ufdf ;+s]t jf lrq sf]/]/ dflg;n]
lat]sf] ;o, ;jf;o jif{df dflg;n] lah'nL
ljrf/ / ;+rf/ clen]vg -/]s8{_ ug]{ /
/ lah'nLaf6 rNg] 6]lnkmf]g, l;g]df, /]l8of]
k'¥ofpg] sfddf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{
/ 6]lnlehgh:tf ;fwgsf] cfljisf/ u¥of] . o;n]
yfn]sf] xf] . To; a]nfb]lv g} dfgj ;dfhsf]
dflg;sf] hfgsf/L / 1fg a9fpg], ;+ufNg] /
ljsf;sf] nflu ;"rgf / 1fgn] k|d'v e"ldsf
km}nfpg] sfddf lgSs} 7"nf] kl/jt{g
v]Nb} cfPsf] 5 . clxn] cfP/ dflg;sf] hLjg
Nofof] . On]S6«f]lgs k|ljlw eg]/ lrlgg] of]
;'vdo agfpgsf
;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ljZjdf ;+rf/
nflu ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw / h}ljs k|ljlw
qmflGtsf] ;"qkft u¥of] . o;n] dfgj ;Eotfdf
(Biotechnology) dfly ;a}sf] cfzf s]lGb|t ePsf]
kf/]sf] k|efj tkfO{F xfd|f] ;fd' gofFgofF
5.
Pj+ rdTsfl/s ¿kdf b]vf kb}{5 . ca of] k|
k[YjLdf hLj ljsf;sf] qmddf kz' / dflg;
ljlwlagfsf] ljZjsf] xfdL sNkgf klg ug{
5'l§Pkl5 klg xhf/fF} jif{;Dd dflg;;Fu
;Qm}gf}F . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;'?b]lv g} rn]sf]
cfˆgf] efjgf JoQm ug]{ ;+rf/sf ;fwgx¿
zf/Ll/s c+u ;+rfngdf cfwfl/t k|ljlw clxn]
cToGt ;Lldt / ckl/is[t lyP . xft, d'v, cfFvf,
klg emg kl/lis[t ¿kdf dfgj dgsf] cleJolQm
lbdfu, :j/, af]nL cflb dflg;sf] z/L/sf ljleGg
ug]{ sfddf pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 eg] kf7Ø k|
c+ux¿ ;+rfng u/]/ dfq dflg;x¿ cfk;df
ljlw / On]S6«f]lgs k|ljlw klg lg/Gt/ ljsl;t
;+rf/ ug{;Sy] . dflg;n] ;+rf/sf] nflu
x'Fb} dfgj ;EotfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb}5 .
efiffsf] pkof]u ug{ yfn]sf] tLg nfv jif{
o;}aLr em08} krf; jif{cl3 dfq ;'? ePsf ]
ePsf] cg'dfg ul/G5, tfklg em08} rfln;
OnS] 6f« l] gs pks/0f, b/" ;r+ f/ / sDKo6'
xhf/ jif{cl3;Dd dflg; ;+rf/sf] nflu z/L/sf
/sf ] dn] af6 kf| be' fj{ ePs;f"r] gf k|
c+u ;+rfngdfly g} lge{/ lyof] . c+u
ljlwn] t emg dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;df
;+rfng k|ljlwaf6 dflg;n] dgsf] efj JoQm
csNkgLo rdTsf/ b]vfpg yfn]sf] 5 . xfn j]a
ug{ t ;SYof], t/ cfˆgf] efjgf / 1fgnfO{
k|];n] c;L xhf/ kfgf sfut 5fKg Ps 306f
w]/} ;do;Dd ;+ufn]/ /fVg / Ps 7fpFaf6
nfU5 eg] xhf/f}F k]hsf] kmfOn
csf]{ 7fpFdf k7fpg ;Qm}gYof] .
sDKo'6/sf] sLaf]8{ lyRg] lalQs}
u'kmfaf;L dfgjn] leQfdf sf]/]/ ;+s]tåf/f
OG6/g]6dfkm{t ljZjel/ km}lnPsf s/f]8f}F
;+rf/ ug{= yfn]b]lv cfˆgf efjgf jf
sDKo'6/df k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . cvaf/ jf lstfa
ljrf/nfO{ lglZrt lnlk jf cIf/df n]Vg] Ifdtfsf]
cf];fg{ oftfoftsf ;fwg / ;8s jf jfo' dfu{
ljsf; ug{ dflg;nfO{ em08} tL; xhf/ jif{
;fy} ;dosf] cfjZostf x'G5 eg] Pp6f
nfUof] . dflg;n] lnlksf] pkof]u ug{ yfn]sf]
sDKo'6/df ePsf nfvf}F k]hsf ;"rgf ;fdu|L
O;fk"j{ rf/kfFr xhf/ jif{cl3b]lv dfq} xf] .
s/f}8f}F sDKo'6/df k'/\ofpg g t s'g}
To;kl5 dfq} ;"rgf / 1fgnfO{ a8f] d]xgt;fy
oftfoftsf] ;fwg rflxG5 g t w]/} ;do g}
;'/lIft /fVg / cf];f/k;f/ ug{ ;+ej eof] . ;g\ !
nfU5 .
$%% lt/ hd{gLdf u'6]gju{n] 5fkfvfgf
cfljisf/ u/]kl5 dflg;sf] 1fg ;+sng ug]{ / 1fg k|fKt ug]{, ;+u|x ug]{ /
km}nfpg] Ifdtf crfgs a9Øf] . ;"rgf jf k|;f/ ug]{ dfgj Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
6
 dflg;n] lnlksf] pkof]u ug{ hfg]kl5, n] n]Vg yfn] . oxL cEof;af6 clxn]sf /f]dg,
laut !) xhf/ aif{leq cfˆgf] / ljZjsf] af/]df b]jgfu/L cflb
1fg k|fKt / ;+u|x ug]{ ult csNkgLo ljleGg lnlkx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 .
9+un] a9fO/x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !%)) eGbf cl3 • dflg;x¿n] %))) b]lv $))) jif{ O;fk"j{
;+;f/el/ d'l:sn}n] jif{sf] Ps xhf/ k':ts cfˆgf] ljrf/nfO{ s'g}
xftn] n]v]/ tof/ x'Gy] xf]nfg\ . Tof] ultn] ;+s]tn] hgfpg n]vg÷lnlksf] pkof]u ug{
k':ts k|sflzt ubf{ Psnfv zLif{ssf k':ts tof/ yfn] .
kfg{ em08} !)) jif{ nfU5 . t/ ;g\ !(%) • ld;|af;Lx¿n] #%)) jif{ O;fk"j{b]lv n]Vg]
cyf{t\ 5fkfvfgf sfddf ef]hkq -kkfO/
cljisf/ ePsf] rf/ ;o jif{ glaTb} o'/f]kdf Ps ;_ sf] pkof]u ug{ yfn] .
jif{df !,@),))) zLif{ssf k':ts 5flkg yfn] . ;o • kmf]g]l;ofaf;Lx¿n] !&)) jif{ O;fk"j{b]lv
jif{df x'g] sfd b; jif{df x'g yfNof] . ;g\ ! @@ cIf/sf] j0f{dfnf
(^) cyf{t\ b; jif{kl5 of] ult a9]/ ;o jif{sf] pkof]u ug{ yfn] .
sfd ;f9] ;ft dlxgfdf ug{ ;lsg] eof] . kfFr • ld;|af;Lx¿n] !$^) jif{ O;fk"j{b]lv
jif{kl5 g} ;+;f/el/ k|ltlbg !))) zLif{ssf
hfgj/x¿sf] k|zf]lwt 5fnf
k':ts lg:sg yfn] . 1fg jf hfgsf/L km}nfpg]
-kfr{d]06_ df n]Vgyfn] .
ult s;/L a9\of] eGg] of] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] .
• lrlgofx¿n] !)$! jif{ O;fk"j{df rn cIf/
em08} ;o jif{cl3 /]l8of]sf] cfljisf/
ePkl5 1fg km}nfpg] ult cem} Jofks / -d'e]an 6fOk_ sf]
l56f] x'g yfNof] . 1fg jf ;"rgf kfpgsf nflu cfljisf/ u/] .
cIf/ lrGg' kg]{ cfjZostf ePg . 6]lnlehgn] • uGg] oGq, ca]s;sf] pkof]u !))) jif{
o;nfO{ cem cfsif{s / /f]rs klg agfof] . O;fk"j{b]lv ;'? eof] .
cfw'lgs sDKo'6/sf] cfljisf/ tyf pkof]u x'g • lrgdf &$* jif{ O;fk"j{df klxnf] klqsf
yfn]sf] krf; aif{ x'g yfNof] . o;aLr 5flkof] .
sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]gsf] d]nn] dfgj • u'6]gju{n] ;g\ !$%% lt/ 5fkfvfgf agfP/
;Eotfsf] Oltxf;df k':ts 5fKgyfn] .
Pp6f ce"tk"j{ kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 h;nfO{ • ;g\ !^)) sf] ;'?lt/ cvaf/n] :ki6 ¿k lng
xfdL ;"rgf qmflGt eG5f}F . of] qmflGt yfNof] .
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 5 . Jofj;flos • ;g\ !^$@ df An]h kf:snn] oflGqs u0fs
tyf k|fljlws ;d'bfodf o;nfO{ cfO{6L, ;"rgf -d]sflgsn
k|ljlw, l8lh6n k|ljlw, ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ SofNs'n]6/_ cfljisf/ u/] .
(Information Superhighway) cflb elgG5 . • ;g\ !&)& df klxnf] b}lgs klqsf n08g
;"rgf / ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ljsf;sf] 8]nL sf]/f06 k|sflzt x'g
emns yfNof] .
• dflg;n] tLgnfv jif{ klxn]b]lv efiffsf] • ;g\ !&(# df k|sfz;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlqmof
pkof]u ug{ yfn]sf] u/fP/ lrq agfpg
cg'dfg 5 . ;lsG5 eGg] kQf nfUof] . klxnf] k6s
• u'kmfjf;L dflg;x¿n] #% xhf/ jif{ klxn] kmf]6f]u|flkms lk|ltljDa -
n]v]/ ;+rf/ ug]{ k|of; 5fofl5q_ ;g\ !*@^ df tof/ kf/]sf] dflgG5 .
yfn] . • ;g\ !*#) ;Dd xft] k|];n] Ps 306fdf @)) k|
• d];f]kf]6fldofaf;Lx¿n] O;feGbf *))) lt 5fKYof] eg]
jif{klxn] lunf] df6f]sf] afkmn] rNg] O+lhgsf] cfljisf/ ePkl5
;Dd k/]sf] OF6f÷l9Ssf -6ØfAn]6_ df lt/sf] 306fdf $))) k|lt
6'Kkf] jf tLvf] cf}hf/ 5fKg;lsg] eof] .
• klxnf] 6]lnu|fkm ;g\ !*#!

7
• 6]lnkmf]gsf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !*&^
• u|fdf]kmf]gsf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !*&&
• lah'nLsf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !*&(
• a]tf/ 6]lnu|fkm÷/]l8of]sf] sf] cfljisf/
;g\ !*(%
• /]l8of] k|;f/0f ;'? ;g\ !(@)
• /+lug 6]lnlehg cljisf/ ;g\ !(@%
• Pgfnu sDKo'6/sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !(#)
• On]S6«f] d]sflgsn sDKo'6/sf] cfljisf/ ;g\
!($$
lrGtgdf klg o;n] k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] 5
. s'g} ;dfh slt ljsl;t 5 eGg] s'/f Tof] ;dfhsf
;b:ox¿n] slt dfqfdf 1fg / ;"rgfnfO{ pkof]u
jf pkef]u u5{g\ eGg] s'/fn] hgfpg yfn]sf]
5 . dfgj ;Eotf b|'t ultn] ;"rgf ;dfh
-OGkmd]{;g ;f];fO6L_ cyf{t\ 1fgdf
cfwfl/t ;dfh -gn]h a]:8 ;f];fO6L_ lt/ pGd'v
x'Fb}5 . dfgj ljsf;sf] ;"rs ca ef}lts ;'v
;'ljwfsf] pkef]u Ifdtfsf] ;§f ;"rgf / 1fgsf]
pknAwtf, pkof]u ug]{ Ifdtf / kxF'rnfO{
dfGg yflnPsf] 5 . dfgj hfltnfO{ h+unaf6
lg:s]/, 3'dGt] / lzsf/L hLjg Tofu]/ a:tL
a;fn]/ ;Eotfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] sfd s[lif k|ljlwn]
u/]sf] lyof] . o; lx;fan] dfgj ;Eotfdf ePsf]
klxnf] qmflGt s[lif qmflGt lyof] . kmn:j¿k
xhf/f}F jif{;Dd s[lifdf cfwfl/t ;Eotfsf] ljsf;
eof] .
dflg;n] kf+u|f / jfkmn] rNg]
OlGhgsf] cfljisf/ u/]kl5 cf}Bf]lus
qmflGtsf] yfngL eof] . cf}Bf]lus
qmflGtn] dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; a]Un} 9+un]
ug{ yfNof] . gofF jfl0fHo, cy{tGq, /fHo,
;fd|fHo, pklgj]z, ljZjLs/0f -Unf]anfOh];g_
n] ljZjsf] ¿k g} km]l/lbof] . t/ cf}Bf]lus
qmflGt ;'? ePsf] kfFr ;o jif{ glaTb} ;"rgf
qmflGtsf] yfngL eof] . cfh xfdL ;"rgf
qmflGtsf] ;+3f/df 5f}F .
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|efj
cf}Bf]lus k|ljlwn] dflg;sf] hLjgz}nL,
lrGtg, 1fg, lzIff, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs Joj:yf,
snf, ;+:s[ltnufot hLjgsf x/]s c+udf h'g k|
efj kf¥of] Tof]eGbf csNkgLo dfqfdf ;"rgf
qmflGtn] k|efj kfg]{ nIf0f b]lvPsf] 5 .
;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ k|efj t o;n]
s]6fs]6Lsf] l;Sg] pd]/ / Ifdtfdf kfb}{5 .
8
sDKo'6/ pgLx¿sf] v]nf}gfdfq xf]Og l;Sg]
d'Vo ;fwg aGb}5 . pgLx¿n]
sDKo'6/dfkm{t 1fg k|fKt ug]{ s'/fdf
cfkm"eGbf cl3sf ;a} k':tfnfO{
pl5Gb}5g\ . afkmn] rNg] OlGhg / /]nn]
cf}Bf]lus o'udf rdTsf/ u/]em}F ;"rgf k|
ljlwn] pBf]u / jfl0fHosf] If]qdf csNkgLo
9+un] ;Defjgfsf 9f]sfx¿ vf]Nb}5 . o;n]
ljZjs} cy{tGq, /fhgLlt / ;dfhsf x/]s c+udf
kl/jt{g NofpFb}5 . o;n] ljZjnfO{ g} Pp6f
ahf/df kl/0ft ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;fdfgsf] pTkfbg
s'g} ufpFsf] s'gfdf ePtf klg To;sf] ljqmL /
ljt/0f ljZjJofkL / k|lt:kwL{ ePsf] 5 . Ps}
jfSodf eGg] xf] eg] ;"rgf qmflGtn]
dflg;n]
• l8lh6n sDKo'6/sf] ljsf; ;g\ !(%) sf] bzs
• On]S6«f]lgs o'u ;g\ !($& — !(&@
• 6«flGh:6/sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !($&
• :jrflnt k|f]u|fd /fvL rnfpg ldNg]
sDKo'6/sf]
cfljisf/ ;g\ !(%)
• sDKo'6/ o'usf] k|f/De ;g\ !(%!
• /+lug 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f k|f/De ;g\ !(%#
• e"pku|x k|If]k0f ;g\ !(%&
• ;+rf/ e"pku|xsf] k|f/De ;g\ !(^@
• OG6/g]6sf] k"j{¿k ARPAnet sf] :yfkgf
;g\ !(^(
• ;"rgf o'usf] k|f/De ;g\ !(&#
• Ps ju{ ;]lG6ld6/ cfsf/sf] lrkdf b; xhf/
6«flGh:6/ c6fof] .
• ˆofS; d]l;gsf] ;'?jft ;g\ !(&$
• klxnf] k;{gn SDKo'6/ -kL;L_ ahf/df cfof]
;g\ !(&%
• sDKo'6/x¿sf] :yfgLo g]6js{ agfpg]
Oy/g]6sf]
k|f/De ;g\ !(&^
• clK6sn kmfOa/ s]ansf] cf/De ;g\ !(&&
• Wjlg l/s8{ ug{ sDKofS6 l8:s -;L8L_ sf]
cf/De ;g\ !(*@
• klxnf] ;]n'n/ 6]lnkmf]gsf] cf/De ;g\ !(*#
• klxnf] ;L8L /f]d / PKkn DoflsG6f];
sDKo'6/
cf/De ;g\ !(*%
• O06/g]6÷ jN8{jfO8j]asf] k|f/De ;g\ !(()
lt/
dfgj ljsf;sf] ;f+rf] / ;"rs M ;"rgf /
1fg
æ1fg kl/jt{gsf] phf{ xf]Æ eGg] s'/f
;flat eO;s]sf] 5, lsgls 1fg, hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf
km}lng] ultsf] j[lWb;Fu} dflg;n] gofF
1fg–lj1fgsf] cfljisf/ ug]{ ult klg a9\b} 5 .
;fy} dflg;sf] hLjg:t/, Jojxf/ /
cWofo #
;"rgf k|ljlwsf cfwf/
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df qmlGtsf/L kl/jt{g
Nofpg] d'Vo sf/s tTj xf] l8lh6n k|ljlw .
cf}Bf]lus o'udf pBf]u wGbfx¿ ljzfn / ux|
f}F oflGqs pks/0fx¿af6 rNy] . snsf/vfgdf
hl8Psf oGqx¿ klxn]sf 38Lx¿h:t} ;}of}F
k'hf{x¿n] ag]sf x'Gy] . ltgnfO{ rnfpg
dflg;, 3f]8f, afkm OlGhg, bd -l:k|ª_ cflb
zlQmsf] cfjZostf x'GYof] . lah'nLsf] cljisf/
ePkl5 snsf/vfgdf pkof]u ul/g] oflGqs
pks/0fx¿df w]/} ;'wf/ eof] . lah'nLn] ubf{
g} 6]lnkmf]g, /]l8of] cflb ;+rf/
pks/0fx¿sf] cfljisf/ eof] . t/ To; a]nfsf
/]l8of] / 6]lnkmf]g tyf clxn]sf] /]l8of] /
6]lnkmf]gaLr lgSs} leGgtf 5 . clxn]
6]lnkmf]g, /]l8of], 6]lnlegh cflb ;+rf/sf
k|foM ;a} dfWodx¿ l8lh6n k|ljlwdf kl/0ft
eO;s]sf 5g\ . cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf k|d'v
cfwf/x¿ sDKo'6/, g]6js{, OG6/g]6,
b"/;+rf/, dlN6ldl8of / ;"rgf ;fIf/tf x'g\ .
sDKo'6/ / l8lh6n k|ljlw
cfhef]ln 3/df sDKo'6/ /fVg' km];g, OHht /
cfw'lgstfsf] lrgf];d]t eO;s]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs
k|lt:kwf{Tds ljZjdf s'g} klg Joj;fosf]
;kmntfsf]nflu sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u ckl/xfo{
x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] b}lgs hLjgsf x/]s
c+unfO{ k|efljt ub}{5 . lxFhf];Dd ljBf jf
1fg, wg tyf dfg ;Ddfgsf] nflu ;fIf/ x'g'
cfjZos dflgGYof] eg] cj k/Dk/ut ;fIf/tfn]
dfq k'Ub}g . sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tflagf casf]
;dfhdf 1fg, wg / ;Ddfg kfpg'
;xh 5}g . /]l8of], 6]lnlehg / oftfoftsf
;fwfgx¿h:t} sDKo'6/ klg hLjgsf] c+u
aGb} uPsf] 5 .
9
sDKo'6/ s] xf] <
sDKo'6/ o:tf] oGq xf] h;n] cfb]z
cg';f/ b|'t ultdf On]S6«f]lgs 8]6f k|zf]wg
u5{ . On]S6«f]lgs 8]6f eg]sf] sDKo'6/n]
a'‰g] ;+s]tdf tof/ kfl/Psf] kf7Ø, lrq,
Wjlg, rnlrq cflb cfwf/e"t ;"rgf ;fdu|L xf] .
sDKo'6/n] d'Vo tLg j6f sfd u5{ M o;n]
;'lgof]lht, ;'ul7t tyf lgolGqt ¿kdf tof/
kfl/Psf] ;"rgf ;fdu|L lnG5 (Input), Tof] ;fdu|
LnfO{ To;nfO{ sfd ug]{, l;Sg], Pscfk;df
;+rf/ ug]{, Jofkf/ ug]{h:tf x/]s If]qdf
kl/jt{g Nofpg'sf ;fy} dfgj ;dfh /
cy{tGqnfO{ gofF cfsf/df 9fNg] sfd
ub{}5 . o;n] ;do / b"/Lsf] aGwgnfO{ dfq
tf]8]sf] 5}g clkt' ;+;f/ el/sf dflg;x¿nfO{
Pscfk;df ;+jfb ug{ nufP/ pgLx¿aLr
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts e]befjnfO{
d]6\g] ;Defjgf a9fPsf]5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwn] dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{
w]/} ;lhnf] agfpFb}5 . ;a}eGbf d'Vo s'/f
t o;n] ;do / ef}lts b"/LnfO{ d]6fpFb}5 .
lzIff, ;Lk, 1fg / ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ / k|]if0f
ug{ clt ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . ljZjel/ km}lnPsf]
1fgsf e08f/df /x]sf k':ts klqsf cflbnfO{
lgd]ife/d} 6]a'ndfly Nofpg, x]g{, 5fKg,
;'Gg ;Dej ePsf] 5 . oftfoftdf x'g] vr{ /
;donfO{ 36fPsf] 5 . Ps hgf JolQmsf] ljrf/
jf ;Gb]z If0fe/d} ljZjel/ km}nfpg ;lsg]
ePsf] 5 . pBf]uL tyf Joj;foLx¿n] cfˆgf]
pTkfbg / ;]jfsf] ljqmL
ljZjahf/df k'¥ofpg yfn]sf 5g\ . 3/d}
a;La;L u|fxsn] lrof skmL vfhf dfq xf]Og
b}lgs pkef]usf ;fdfg 3/d} k|fKt ug{;S5 .
s'g} klg 7fpFdfa;]/ ljZjsf] s'g} klg 7fpFdf
pTkfbg / ljqmL x'g] j:t' lsGg ;lsG5 .
;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ lbg] ;]jf a9L k|efjsf/L /
b|'t ultn] k|bfg ug{ ;S5 . ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L
lgsfox¿ / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ a9L ;Ifd,
lhDd]bf/ / kf/bzL{ agfpgsf ;fy} hgtfnfO{
cfˆgf] dt tTsfn hfx]/ ug]{
;'ljwf lbP/ ;"rgf k|ljlwn] k|hftflGqs ;dfhsf]
lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg lbg yfln;s]sf] 5 . lzIff,
dgf]/+hg, Jofkf/, pBf]uwGbf, :jf:Yo ;]jf,
/fHo Joj:yfkg÷;'zf;g, cfd;+rf/, dfgj ;|f]tsf]
ljsf;, of]hgf th'{df cflb cgluGtL If]qdf
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
;"rgf qmflGtsf] nIo / k|efj
dfgj hLjgdf ;"rgf / ;+rf/sf k|ljlwn]
;j{JofkL e"ldsf v]Ng yfn]sf] / dflg;sf]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts nufot ;a} kIfdf
o;n] kl/jt{g Nofpg yfn]sf] x'gfn] ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] of] o'ufGtsf/L ljsf;nfO{ ;"rgf
qmflGt elgPsf] xf] .
jf:tjdf dfgj hLjgsf cfly{s, ;fdflhs /fhgLlts
nufot ;a} lqmofsnfknfO{ 1fgdf cfwfl/t
agfpFb} ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhnfO{ g} 1fgjfg
agfpg] qmflGtsf] yfngL xf] of] . o;n]
dflg;sf] Pp6} k':tfdf klg ;+:s[lt, rfnrng,
lrGtg / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs Jojxf/df kTofpg}
g;lsg] kl/jt{g NofO/x]sf] 5 .
agfpg nufpF5g\ . a}Fs, c:ktfn,
b"/;+rf/, hgu0fgf, dt ;j]{If0f cflb ljljw
sfdsf nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ ;ˆ6j]o/x¿
agfOG5g\ . sDKo'6/nfO{ sfd u/fpgsf]
nflu ;a}eGbf klxn] To;df ;'lgof]lht 8]6f
eg'{k5{ . sDKo'6/nfO{ 8]6f pknAw
u/fpg] pks/0fx¿nfO{ Ogk'6 l8efO; elgG5
. cIf/ 6fOk u/]/ jf sdf08 lbP/ sfd u/fpg]
lsaf]8{, dfp;,
Hjfol:6s, k]g cflb Ogk'6 l8efO; x'g\ . dfp;
xftn] rnfpg] ;fgf] pks/0f xf] . o;n]
sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df b]lvg] cIf/, lrq jf
;+s]tx¿nfO{ /f]Hg], tndfly / Pp6f
kmfOnaf6 csf]{ kmfOndf n}hfg],
sDKo'6/n] ;DkGg ug]{ s'g} sfd ug]{
cfb]z lbg] cflb sfd u5{ . dfp; ljleGg
cfsf/sf / ljleGg sfd ug]{ vfnsf kfOG5g\ .
Hjfol:6s, 6rKof8 / 6«Øfsan klg kbf{df
b]lvg] ;+s]tx¿nfO{ rnfpg] / ljleGg sfd
ug{ cfb]z lbg] pks/0fx¿ x'g\ . sDKo'6/df
8]6f ;+sng ug]{ Pp6f d'Vo pks/0flsaf]8{
xf] . lsaf]8{df 6fOk/fO6/df h:t} cIf/ /
c+sx¿ 6fOk ug]{ sLx¿sf] ;fy} ljleGg sfd
u/fpg] jf sdf08 lbg] sLx¿ x'G5g\ . dfp;n]
ug]{ sltko sfd lsaf]8{n] u5{ .
:Sofg/ klg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ Ogk'6 l8efO;
xf] . o;n] sfutdf ePsf lrq tyf cIf/nfO{
sDKo'6/df k7fpg] sfd u5{ . o;n] sfutdf
ePsf] lrqdf k|sfz k7fP/ To;sf] k|ltljDanfO{
ljleGg dfqfdf gfk]/ To;}cg';f/ lrqnfO{
l8lh6 (Digit) df kl/0ft u5{ . :Sofg/ ljleGg
cfsf/ / Ifdtfsf x'G5g\ .
10
Ogk'6 l8efO;n] 8]6f lbPkl5
sDKo'6/n] 8]6fnfO{ ;+u|x u5{ . 8]6f
;+u|x ug{sf nflu sDKo'6/df ljleGg pks/0f
x'G5g\ . oL pks/0fx¿nfO{ :6f]/]h l8efO;
elgG5 . :6f]/]h l8efO;n] 8]6f jf ;"rgfnfO{
;+u|x ug]{ / rflxPsf] a]nfdf lemSg] sfd
u5{ . 8]6f :6f]/ ug]{ :yfoL pks/0f
xf8{l8:s 8«fOe xf] . xf8{l8:s 8«fOe jf
5f]6s/Ldf xf8{ 8«fOe sDKo'6/df :yfoL
¿kn] hl8Psf] x'G5 . sDKo'6/df /fVg /
lemSg ldNg] xf8{ 8«fOe klg x'G5 . ;a}
vfnsf 8]6f, kmfOn jf ;"rgf xf8{ 8«fOedf
:6f]/ ul/G5 . xf8{l8:sn] slt 8]6f ;+u|x
ug{;S5 eGg] Ifdtf afO6df gflkG5 . klxn]
xf8{l8:sx¿ ;fdfGotof d]uf afO6 MB df
pknAw x'Gy] eg] clxn] luuf afO6 GB df
kfOG5 . To:t} l;8L /f]d, ˆnkL l8:s, yDa
8«fOe, hLk 8«fOe, l8le8L cflbn] klg
:yfoL / c:yfoL ¿kdf
lbOPsf] lgod / cfb]z cg';f/ k|zf]wg u5{
(Process) clg pTkfbgsf] ¿kdf kl/0ffd lbG5
(Output) .
sDKo'6/sf c+ux¿
Pp6f ;fdfGo sDKo'6/df ljleGg pks/0f
jf lx:;fx¿ x'G5g\ . sDKo'6/sf] lbdfu dflgg]
;]G6«n k|f];]l;ª o'lg6;lxt dxTjk"0f{
oGqpks/0fx¿ Pp6f afs;df /flvPsf] x'G5 .
o;nfO{ l;:6d o'lg6 elgG5 . o;n]
sDKo'6/sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|0ffnL ;+rfng u5{ .
sDKo'6/n] u/]sf] sfdsf] kl/0ffd cIf/ jf
lrqsf] ¿kdf df]lg6/ jf l:qmg cyf{t\ kbf{df
b]lvG5 . kbf{df b]lvPsf
kl/0ffd lk|G6/n] 5fK5 . sDKo'6/nfO{
cfb]z lbg] sfd lsaf]8 { / dfp;n] u5{ .
df]8]dn] sDKo'6/nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g;Fu
hf]8]/ c? sDKo'6/x¿;Fu ;+rf/ ug{ / cGo
pks/0f ;femf ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;3fpF5 .
sfd / cfjZostf cg';f/ sDKo'6/df :Sofg/,
6]lnkmf]g ˆofS;, dfOqmf]kmf]g, l:ks/
cflb pks/0fx¿ pkof]u ul/Psf x'G5g\ . l;:6d
o'lg6leq xf8{ 8«fOe, ;LkLo", lah'nL
cfk"lt{ Joj:yf, d]df]/L, ;L8L /f]d 8«fOe,
ˆnkL 8«fOe, PS:kfG;g sf8{, PS:kfG;g
:n6, db/af]8{, ;fp08 sf8{, lel8of] sf8{
tyf ljleGg sfdsf] nflu ljleGg sf8{, h:t}
6LeL sf8{,
/flvPsf x'G5g\ .
sDKo'6/n] s;/L sfd u5{ <
sDKo'6/sf] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] xf8{j]o/ /
;ˆ6j]o/ . xf8{j]o/ eg]sf] sDKo'6/sf] aflx/ /
leq ePsf, b]Vg, 5fDg / 5'g ;lsg] 7f];
pks/0f / kf6{k'hf{x¿ x'g\ . h:t} M
df]lg6/, dfp;, ;LkLo', sLaf]8{, lk|G6/,
l:ks/ cflb ;ˆ6j]o/ eg]sf] sDKo'6/sf
xf8{j]o/x¿nfO{ sfd u/fpg] cfb]z xf] .
;ˆ6j]o/
d'Vo ¿kdf b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M ck/]l6ª
l;:6d ;ˆ6j]o/ / PlKns];g k|f]u|fd ;ˆ6j]o/ .
ck/]l6ª l;:6d ;ˆ6j]o/ sDKo'6/nfO{ ;+rfng
u/fpg] cfwf/e"t ;ˆ6j]o/ xf] . o;}sf] cfwf/df
PlKns];g k|f]u|fd ;ˆ6j]o/x¿n] sfd u5{g\ .
lj+8f]h / lngS; ck/]l6ª l;:6d ;ˆ6j]o/sf
pbfx/0f x'g\ .
PlKns];g k|f]u|fd s'g} lglZrt ljifodf
lgwf{l/t sfd ug{sf nflu agfOG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu lr7L kq / n]v /rgf n]Vgsf]
nflu j8{k|f];]l;ª k|f]u|fdsf] pkof]u ul/G5
eg] lx;fa lstfa /fVgsf] nflu PsfplG6ª
;ˆ6j]o/ pkof]u ul/G5 . To:t} k':ts klqsf
n]cfp6 l8hfOg ug{ k]hd]s/, kmf]6f]
;Dkfbg ug{ kmf]6f];k cflb k|f]u|fd
pkof]u x'G5 . ljleGg If]qdf sfd ug]{x¿n]
cfcfˆgf] sfd / cfjZostf cg';f/ PlKns];g
;ˆ6j]o/x¿ /fVg] / aflx/} /fVg] b'O{ k|sf/sf
x'G5g\ . df]8]dsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f
o;sf] ult jf l:k8 xf] . df]8]dsf] ultnfO{ la6
k|lt ;]s]08 -aLkLP;\_ jf lsnf]la6 k|lt ;]s]G8
-s]aLkLP;\_ df gflkG5 . %^,))) aLkLP;\
cyf{t\ Ps ;]s]08df %^,))) la6 a/fa/sf]
;+s]t k7fpg jf k|fKt ug{;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf]
df]8]d al9 k|rlnt 5 . df]8]dsf] ult hlt w]/}
eof] Tolt l56f] Od]n jf OG6/g]6 k|fKt ug{
jf x]g{ ;lsg] x'gfn] ;do hf]ufpg /
6]lnkmf]gsf] vr{ 36fpg klg w]/} ultsf]
df]8]d a]; x'G5 .
l8lh6, la6, afO6 / 8]6f
sDKo'6/n] a'‰g] / v]nfpg] efiff jf ;+s]t
b'O{ j6f c+s, ! / ), dfq xf] . oL b'O{
c+ssf] hf]8LnfO{ afOg/L l8lh6 elgG5 .
sDKo'6/n] Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq, cIf/ cflb s'g}
klg ;"rgf jf 8]6fnfO{ log} b'O{ c+ssf]
hf]8fdf kl/0ft u/]kl5 dfq u|x0f, k|zf]wg /
11
pTkfbg ug{;S5 . Pp6f ! / Pp6f ) sf]
afOg/L l8lh6sf] hf]8fnfO{ la6 elgG5 .
sDKo'6/n]
k|of]u ug]{ efiff jf To;sf] lbdfusf]
;a}eGbf ;fgf] OsfO{ la6 xf] . cf7 j6fla6
ldn]/ Pp6f afO6 aG5 . Ps afO6n] s]xL
;"rgf lbg;S5 , h:t} j0f{dfnfsf] s'g} cIf/ jf
yf]Knf / c4{ lj/fdh:tf lrGxx¿ . sDKo'6/sf]
d]df]/L jf e08f/0f IfdtfnfO{ afO6df
gflkG5 . !)@$ afO6 a/fa/ Ps lsnf] afO6
/ !)@$ lsnf] afO6 a/fa/ Ps d]ufafO6 x'G5
.
8]6f eg]sf] ;"rgfsf] d;nf, hfgsf/L,
tYof+s cyf{t\ cfwf/e"t ;fdu|L xf] . of] cIf/,
lrq, Wjlg, rnlrq cflb cg]s ¿kdf x'g;S5 . t/
sDKo'6/n] v]nfpg] jf ;+sng, k|zf]wg /
pkof]u ug]{] ;a} 8]6f, rfx] Tof] cIf/df
xf];\, rfx] Wjlg, lrq, rnlrqdf xf];\, ! / ) x¿df
x'G5 .
l8lh6n k|ljlw
gofF ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ ;kmn
agfpg] Pp6f k|d'v sf/s tTj l8lh6n k|ljlw
xf] . clxn] s'g} klg ;"rgfnfO{ l8lh6n
;+s]tdf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 . l8lh6fOh];g
cyf{t\ zAb, Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq ;a} k|sf/sf
8]6fnfO{ l8lh6 jf b'O{ c+ssf] afOg/L k|
0ffnLdf kl/0ft ug'{ ;"rgfnfO{ dlN6ldl8of
cyf{t\ ax'dfWoddf n}hfg ;+ej t'Nofpg]
d'Vo s8L xf] . l8lh6df kl/0ft ePkl5
sDKo'6/n] ;lhn};Fu To;nfO{ v]nfpg ;S5 .
pkof]ustf{n] ax'dfWoddf sDKo'6/df
/x]sf] 8]6fnfO{ cfkm"n] rfx]h:tf] k|zf]wg
ug{;S5 . 8]6f :6f]/ u5{g\ . ˆnkL l8:sdf
yf]/}yf]/} 8]6f c:yfoL ¿kdf :6f]/ ug{ /
Pp6f sDKo'6/af6 csf]{ sDKo'6/df
cf];f/k;f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . l;8L /f]d df w]/}
dfqfdf :yfoL ¿kdf 8]6f ;+sng / cf];f/k;f/
ug{;lsG5 . l;8L /f]ddf l;+u} lkmNd /
7"nf7"nf lstfax¿ klg c6fpF5g\ .
sDKo'6/sf] 8]6f k|]f;]; jf k|zf]wg ug]{
d'Vo sfd ;LkLo" cyf{t ;]G6«n k|f];]l;ª
o'lg6n] u5{ . ;LkLo" sDKo'6/sf] d'Vo lrk
jf lbdfu xf] . k|f];];/x¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf / Ifdtf
jf ultsf x'G5g\ . k|f];];/sf] ult jf l:k8nfO{
d]ufxh{ (MHz) jf Millions of cycle per second df
gflkG5 .
 s'g} klg sDKo'6/df k|f]ufd rnfpg jf
8]6f k|zf]wg ug{ klxnf k|f];];/n] :6f]/]h
l8efO;af6 k|f]u|fd / 8]6fnfO{ d]df]/L
(RAM) df /fV5 . To;sf/0f Ps}k6s slt j6f, slt
7'nf] / slt RffF8f] k|f]u|fd jf kmfOn
vf]Ng] eGg] s'/f d]df]/Lsf] Ifdtfdf e/ k5{ .
;LkLo'n] 8]6f k|f];]; u/]kl5 h'g kl/0ffd
cfpF5 Tof] ljleGg ¿kdf b]Vg jf pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} l:qmg jf df]lg6/df cIf/,
lrq / rnlrqsf] ¿kdf x]g{ / l:kls/af6 ;'Gg
;lsG5 eg] lk|G6/af6 5fKg ;lsG5 . l:qmg jf
df]lg6/, l:ks/, lk|G6/ cflb ;fdfGo cfp6k'6
l8efO; cyf{t\ pTkfbg pks/0f x'g\ .
sDKo'6/n] u/]sf] sfd df]lg6/ jf
l:qmgdf b]lvG5 . df]lg6/df b]vfpgsf] nflu
u|fkmLs sf8{ rflxG5 . lk|G6/n] sDKo'6/n]
tof/ kf/]sf] kf7Ø tyf lrq 5fK5 . To;n]
lr7Lkq,
lan, l/kf]6{, Go'hn]6/, k'l:tsf, n]an tyf
ljleGg ;fdu|L 5fKg;S5 . lk|G6/ ljleGg
u'0f:t/, cfsf/ / Ifdtfsf x'G5g\ . lk|G6/sf]
dbtn] sDKo'6/af6 k':ts, l/kf]6{, d]g', a|
f];/, Go'hn]6/ cflb 5fKg] sfdnfO{ 8]:s6k
klAnl;ª elgG5 .
• df]8]d M sDKo'6/nfO{
6]lnkmf]g;Fu s'/fsfgL u/fOlbg]
pks/0f df]8]d xf] .
• df]8]d zAb df]8'n]6/ / l8df]8'n]6/
b'O{ zAb ldnfP/ 5f]6ØfP/ agfOsf]
zAb xf] . sDKo'6/n] l8lh6n k|
0ffnLdf sfd u5{ t/ 6]lnkmf]gn]
Pgfnu k|0ffnLdf
sfd u5{ . leGgfleGg} k|0ffnLdf sfd ug]{
x'gfn] sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]gn] l;w} 8]6f
cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;Qm}g . df]8]dn] l8lh6n
;+s]tnfO{ Pgfnu ;+s]tdf / Pgfnu
;+s]tnfO{ l8lh6n ;+s]tdf kl/0ft u/]/ b'O{
a]Unfa]Un} k|0ffnLnfO{ cfk;df 8]6f
cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;Sg] agfpF5 . df]8]d
sDKo"6/ leq d'6' tyf z/L/sf ljleGg c+usf]
ult rfk cflb Pgfnu k4ltn] gflkG5 eg] To;df
k|fKt 8]6f k|zf]wg / kl/0ffd b]vfpg] sfd
l8lh6n k4ltn] u5{ . t}klg clxn] ljZjdf
clwsf+z l8lh6n sDKo'6/ g} k|of]u x'G5 .
sDKo'6/n] 3/leq ug{;Sg] sfd M
12
sDKo'6/n] s]s] sfd u5{ eGg] s'/f n]v]/
;fWo 5}g . t}klg, Pp6f ;fdfGo sDKo'6/n]
ug]{ sfdaf/] c8sn ug{ ;lhnf]sf nflu Pp6f
3/]n' kL;Ln] ug{;Sg] 3/leqsf] sfdsf] ;"rL
x]/fF} .
• lr7L, n]v, syf, sljtf, l6kf]6 cflb n]Vg] .
• ;a} vfnsf lx;fa lstfa /fVg] .
• b}lgs sfdsf] ljj/0f jf 8fo/L /fVg] .
• kfgL, lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n ltg]{ .
• 3/df b}lgs pkef]usf] ;fdfg ;lsPsf]
hfgsf/L lbg] / k;naf6 ;fdfg dufpg] .
• 3/leq cfuf] nfUg yfNof], rf]/ k:of],
kfgLsf] gn v'n} /Xof] eg] To;sf] hfgsf/L
lbg] / 3/nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] .
• b}lgs jf efjL sfdsf] of]hgf agfpg] / s'g
lbg sxfF hfg' 5, s;nfO{ e]6g' 5 jf s] ug{'
5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbg] .
• efG5fdf ksfpg] kl/sf/sf] hfgsf/L lbg] .
• efiff tyf ;Lk l;sfpg] / cfo;|f]t a9fpg] .
• Od]n, OG6/g]6 cflbsf] dfWodaf6 x/]s k|
sf/sf ;"rgf / 1fg, lr7Lkq, kmf]6f] uLt,
;+uLt k7fpg] / k|fKt ug]{ tyf ;dfrf/ yfxf
kfpg] / k7fpg] .
• uLt ;+uLt ;'Gg], 6LeL tyf rnlrq x]g]{,
v]n v]Ng] / cGo dgf]/+hg ug]{ .
• lrq sf]g]{ jf k]l06ª ug]{ .
• 3/sf] ;/;fdfgsf] ;"rL /fVg] .
• JolQmsf] k]zf cg';f/sf u|fxssf] ;"rL /
hfgsf/L /fVg] .
• Go'hn]6/, a|f];/, lj1fkg, lgdGq0ff tyf
z'esfdgf sf8{, lr7L, ;"rgf cflb yf]/} 5fk]
k'Ug] sfd 3/d} ug]{ . o:tf ;fdu|L Od]naf6
k7fpg] . sDKo'6/n] k|zf]wg jf k|f];]; ug]{
eg]sf] ltg} b'O{ j6f l8lh6 jf c+snfO{
otfptf ug'{ dfq} xf] . efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0f,
gf/fo0f uf]kfnsf] uLt, n}gl;+x afFub]nsf]
lrq jf d"lt{ cflb h] lrhnfO{ l8lh6fOh u/]
klg sDKo'6/sf] nflu To;sf] s'g} km/s cy{
nfUb}g . To;sf] nflu ;a} ;"rgf s]jn ! / )
xf] . oxL l8lh6n :jefjn] ubf{ sDKo'6/df
dN6Lldl8of ;Dej ePsf] xf] . cfw'lgs ;"rgf
k|ljlw olt b|'t, k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL ePsf]
sf/0f klg oxL xf] .
sDKo'6/sf] k|sf/
 sfd ug]{ tl/sf, sfdsf] p2]Zo jf k|
0ffnLsf] cfwf/df sDKo'6/ ljleGg vfnsf
x'G5g\ . sfof{nox¿df 6]a'ndfly c6fpg]
;fgf sDKo'6/nfO{ k|foM k;{gn sDKo'6/ jf
kL;L elgG5 . xfn ahf/df b'O{ k|sf/sf kL;L
a9L nf]slk|o 5g\ M cfOaLPd kL;L / PKkn
DoflsG6f]; . sDKo'6/nfO{ ju{ cg';f/, k':tf
cg';f/ / To;n] k|f];]; ug]{ tl/sf cg';f/ d'Vo
¿kdf tLg tl/sfn] 5'6Øfpg ;lsG5 .
ju{ cg';f/ M ;'k/ sDKo'6/, d]gk|m]d
sDKo'6/, ldgL sDKo'6/ / dfOqmf] sDKo'6/
. c? s'/f ldn]sf] 5 eg] of] juL{s/0faf6
sDKo'6/x¿sf] ult, cfsf/, df]n, / Ifdtf yfxf
nfU5 . k':tf cg';f/ M ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf
ag]sf, P]ltxfl;s dxTj af]s]sf, UNIVAC h:tf,
klxnf] k':tfsf sDKo'6/x¿ EofSo'd 6Ø'a k|
ljlwdf cfwfl/t lyP . !(^) sf] bzsdf ag]sf
bf];|f] k':tfsf sDKo'6/x¿df EofSo'd
6Ø'asf] 7fpF 6«flGh:6/n] lnof] . !(^) sf]
bzsb]lv g} aGg yfn]sf t];|f] k':tfsf
sDKo'6/x¿df 6«flGh:6/sf] 7fpF lrk jf
OlG6u|]6]8 ;ls{6n] lnof] . !(&) sf] bzsdf
b]vf k/]sf dfOqmf] sDKo'6/x¿h:tf rf}yf]
k':tfsf sDKo'6/x¿df ;fgf] lrksf] pkof]u x'g
yfNof] h;df Pp6} lrkdf xhf/f}F ;ls{6
c6fpF5 . ca cfpg] kfFrf}F k':tfsf
sDKo'6/x¿ clt ljzfn ;+Vofsf ;ls{6x¿ /
sDKo'l6ªsf] hl6n k|0ffnLx¿sf ;fy} s[lqd
a'l4 / zlQmzfnL k|f];]l;ªsf] d]naf6 ag]sf
x'g]5g\ . k|f];]l;ªsf] tl/sf cg';f/ M
sDKo'6/x¿ Pgfnu, l8lh6n / xfOla|8 x'G5g\
. Pgfnu sDKo'6/ w]/}h;f] j}1flgs sfddf
h:t} gfk tf}n, ult, tfkdfg, jfo'sf] ult / lbzf
h:tf ef}lts u'0f gfKg pkof]u ul/G5 .
pRr:t/Lo tyf hl6n j}1flgs lrlsT;f;+j+wL
sfddf Pgfnu / l8lh6nsf] d]naf6 ag]sf]
xfOla|8 sDKo"6/ k|of]u ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu la/fdLsf]
Pp6f zx/leq ljleGg efudf /x]sf
a}+s, Po/nfOG; cflb ljleGg sfof{nosf
cflGtl/s 8]6f cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;3fpF5 .
o:t} lj:t[t If]qLo g]6js{n] b]zJofkL ¿kdf jf
b]zx¿df km}lnPsf zfvf sfof{nox¿aLr 8]6f
cfbfg k|bfgu5{ . g]6js{sf cg]s kmfObf
5g\ . o;df cfj4 ePkl5 3/}df jf hxfF a;]/ klg
sfof{nosf] sfd ug{;lsG5 . Pp6f sDKo'6/df
13
ePsf] kmfOn, 8]6f jf ;"rgf csf]{n] pkof]u
ug{;S5 . lr7L, kmfOn jf l/kf]6{ Ps
7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k'¥ofpg s'g} JolQm
jf x'nfs rflxFb}g . s'g} klg s'/f cfbfg k|
bfg ug{ ;do / vr{sf] art x'G5 . Pp6f
sfof{no jf JolQm;Fu ePsf lk|G6/, ˆofS;,
:Sofg/ cflb pks/0f csf]{n] pkof]u ug{;S5
. g]6js{af6 Od]n, ;fd"lxs 5nkmn, lel8of]
sGk|m]G; cflb ug{ ;lsG5 . hlt 6f9f klg
s'/fsfgL ug{, lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg k7fpg / k|
fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]6js{sf] ;'/Iff M sDKo'6/sf] xf8{j]o/
/ ;ˆ6j]o/ ;fy} sDKo'6/df /flvPsf dxTjk"0f{
8]6f, kmfOn, ;"rgf cflbnfO{ hf]ufP/
/flvPg eg] ljleGg 36gf jf sf/0faf6 tL ;fdu|
Lx¿ gi6 x'g ;S5g\ . a}Fssf zfvfx¿aLr x'g]
;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfgnfO{ uf]Ko /fVg
a}Fsx¿aLr :yflkt g]6js{df k7fOg] ;"rgf
uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . g]6js{x¿nfO{
;'/lIft ug{sf nflu ljleGg pkfox¿ k|rlnt 5g\ .
kmfo/jfn (Firewall) o:t} Pp6f pkfosf] k|rlnt
gfd xf] . of] gfd xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/ b'a}sf]
nflu pkof]u ul/G5 . a}Fsh:tf ;+:yfx¿n]
of] pkfo ckgfpF5g\ . s'g} g]6js{df k|j]z
u/]/ s'g} kmfOn x]g{ jf k|fKt ug{sf nflu
o'h/g]d / kf;j8{sf] ;fy} s]xL ;+s]t jfSo jf
cIf/x¿ pkof]u ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf]
x'G5 .
OG6/g]6 M ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{
;g\ !*$) df 6]lnu|fkmsf] cfljisf/, ;g\ !
*&) df 6]lnkmf]g, ;g\ !(@) sf] bzsdf
/]l8of] jf ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf 6]lnlehgn] h'g
rdTsf/sf] cf/De u/]sf] lyof] clxn] xfdL
Tof]eGbf klg a9L rdTsf/ b]vfpg] k|ljlwsf]
k|f/lDes cj:yfdf 5f}F . o;nfO{ xfdL
;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ eGb}5f}F . cn]Sh]08/ u|
fxd a]nn] 6]lnkmf]g cfljisf/ u/]kl5 ;'?df
dflg;x¿n] cfk;L ;+jfbsf nflu 6]lnkmf]gsf]
olt w]/} pkof]u unf{g\ eg]/ sNkgf;Dd klg
u/]sf lyPgg\ . t/ cfhsf] ljZj 6]lnkmf]glagf
rNg ;Dej b]lvFb}g . To:t} ;"rgfsf]
dxfdfu{sf] eljiodf x'g] rdTsfl/s pkof]usf]
sltko kIfaf/] clxn] xfdLn] ljrf/ klg gu/]sf]
x'g;S5 .
laqmL ul/g] ;fdfgsf] n]an jf df]n 5fk]/
6fF:g] . cflb=====
 s]6fs]6LnfO{ k9g / xf]djs{ ug{ ;3fpg] .
a'xf/L, HjfOF jf hLjg;fyL vf]Hg ;3fpg] .
cGo pkof]u
sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u k|foM ;a}h;f] Joj;fo
jf k];fsf dflg;x¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ .
Jofkf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf] :6f]/sf] ;fdfgsf] tfhf
:6ssf] hfgsf/L /fVg, lan agfpg, lx;fa /fVg /
u|fxsx¿;Fu ;Dks{ u/]/ Jofkf/ a9fpg
sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . 8fS6/x¿n]
lj/fdLsf] /]s8{ /fVg, /f]u
v'6\Øfpg / pkrf/sf cgsf}F sfddf o;sf]
pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . O+lhlgo/x¿n]
l8hfOg ug{, of]hgfsf/x¿n] of]hgf agfpg,
kqsf/x¿n] cvaf/ lgsfNg, sfof{nox¿n]
;'Jojl:yt 9+un] sfd ug{ sDKo'6/sf] ;s];Dd
w]/} pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . cfh ef]ln
sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u gx'g] Joj;fo / o;sf]
pkof]u gug]{ Joj;foL kfpg ufx|f] x'Fg
yfn]sf] 5 .
g]6js{
w]/} sDKo'6/ / ;+a+lwt pks/0fx¿ jf
sDKo'6/sf ;d"xx¿ / To;;Fu ;DalGwt lk|G6/
ˆofS; cflb pks/0fx¿nfO{ Ps cfk;df hf]8]/
sDKo'6/ pkof]ustf{x¿n] cfk;df sDKo'6/df
ePsf kmfOn, ;"rgf / pks/0fsf] afF8r'F8 jf
;femf ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{
g]6js{ elgG5 .
g]6js{ :yfkgf ubf{ sDKo'6/x¿ /
pks/0fx¿nfO{ cfk;df tf/åf/f,
6]lnkmf]gnfOgåf/f, lagftf/ jf /]l8of]
t/+uåf/f jf b"/;+rf/sf cGo dfWodåf/f
hf]l8G5 . o;sf] nflu b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLsf]
cfjZostf x'G5 . b"/;+rf/ dfWodåf/f
sDKo'6/ g]6js{df hf]l8Pkl5sf] cj:yfnfO{
cgnfOg (online) elgG5 . o;/L cgnfOg eP/
g]6js{df hf]l8Pkl5 Tof] g]6js{;+u
hf]l8Psf xf8{j]o/ oGqpks/0fx¿, ;ˆ6j]o/ k|
f]u|fdx¿, 8]6f / ;"rgfx¿ cfk;df afF8g /
pkof]u ug{;lsG5 .
g]6js{ d'Vo tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M
:yfgLo g]6js{ (Local Area Network
= LAN), zx/L If]qleqsf] g]6js{ (Metropolitan Area
Network = MAN) / lj:t[t If]qLo g]6js{ (Wide Area
Network = WAN) .
:yfgLo g]6js{af6 Pp6f sfof{no
sf]7fdf ejg leqsf sDKo'6/x¿aLr g]6js{
14
u/]/ cfk;df 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ul/G5 eg] zx/L
If]qLo g]6js{n] lgsfox¿aLr ;+rf/ Joj:yf
hf/L /fVg' lyof] . s]Gb|Lo sdf08df gflesLo
xdnf eP/ Wj:t ePsf] v08df cd]l/sL ;]gf
g]t[TjljxLg xf]nf eGg] /Iff ljefusf] lrGtf
lyof] . o;}n] ARPAnet sf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n]
of] cj:yfaf6 hf]lug k"0f{¿kn] ljs]lGb|t
;+rf/ k|0ffnL ckgfpg] lgwf] u/L o; k|sf/sf]
;"rgf ;+hfnsf] ljsf; u/] . of] g} cfhsf]
OG6/g]6sf] cfwf/ aGof] . sfnfGt/df o;df
BITNET, Usenet, UUCP tyf NSFnet nufotsf c?
g]6js{x¿ klg cfj4 eP . o;/L clxn]sf]
OG6/g]6sf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] .
OG6/g]6sf] Pp6f d'Vo ljz]iftf s] 5 eg] olb
o;sf] s'g} efu gi6 eP/ o;sf] af6f] lju|] klg
o;n] t'?Gt} csf]{ af6f] vf]h]/ cfˆgf] nIfdf
k'Ug;S5 . OG6/g]6nfO{ lgoGq0f jf
;+rfng ug]{ s'g} Pp6f ;+:yf 5}g .
o;nfO{ ;+rfng ug{] cGt/f{li6«o lgod
sfg'g klg 5}g / o;df ePsf ;"rgfnfO{ ;]G;/
ug]{ s'g} Joj:yf 5}g . o;sf] s'g} s]lGb|o
sfof{no klg 5}g . o;df s]s] ljifo j:t' 5
eGg] ljifo ;"rL 5}g . jf:tjdf of] :jo+;]jL
JolQm / Joj;foL ;+:yfx¿åf/f rln/x]sf] 5 . t/
;g\ !((@ b]lv Pp6f gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zo
/lxt bL OG6/g]6 ;f];fO6L gfds ;d"xn]
OG6/g]6sf gLltx¿ / k|f]6f]snx¿x¿sf]
/]vb]v ug'{sf ;fy} dflg;x¿n] o;sf] pkof]u
s;/L u5{g\ / o;k|lt s:tf] k|ltlqmof
hgfpF5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] /]vb]v ug]{ u/]sf]
5.
OG6/g]6 a|fplhª÷ljr/0f
OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug{sf nflu Pp6f
pko'Qm sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]g nfOg clg
6]lnkmf]g / sDKo'6/nfO{ hf]8g] df]8]d
rflxG5 . ;fy} s'g} OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosaf6
OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf -PsfpG6_ lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
OG6/g]6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf nflu g]kfndf
ds{G6fOn / jN8{ln+snufot 8]9 bh{ghlt
cfOP;kL cyf{t\ OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿
(Internet Service Providers) 5g\ . cfOP;kLx¿n]
JolQm, ;+:yf jf sfof{nox¿nfO{ z'Ns lnP/
u|fxs agfpF5g\ / OG6/g]6 / ;f];Fu
;+alGwt ;]jfx¿ lbgsf] nflu ;Dks{ ;'ljwf
lbG5g\ . cfOP;kLsf] u|fxs ag]kl5 cfˆgf]
o'h/ g]d cyf{t\ u|fxsf] ljz]if gfd / kf;j8{
cyf{t\ uf]Ko ;+s]t x'G5 . o'h/ g]d / kf;j8{
lbP/ s'g} klg a]nf cfOP;kL;Fu ;Dks{
ug{;lsG5 / To;} dfkm{t OG6/g]6df
;Dks{ x'G5 . kf;j8{ cfkm"n] rfx]sf]
a]nfdf km]g{ ;lsG5 . cfˆg} sDKo'6/ geP
klg cfˆgf] jf s;}sf] o'h/ g]d / kf;j8{af6
klg h'g sDKo'6/df klg OGkmd]{;g
;'k/xfOj] cyf{t\ ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ eGg]
cfn+sfl/s gfdn] o:tf] ;+rf/ ;+hfnnfO{
hgfpF5 hf] ljZjel/ km}lnPsf On]S6«f]lgs
;+rf/ ;+hfnx¿nfO{ Ps} hfnf]df afFw]/
ljZjel/sf u|fxsx¿nfO{ ltgn] rfx]sf] ;"rgf,
1fg, dgf]/+hg, lzIff, cfly{s cj;/ cflb k|fKt
ug]{ / pknAw
u/fpg] ;'ljwf k|bfg u5{ . of] gfd cd]l/sfsf
e"tk"j{ pk/fi6«klt cn uf]/n] /fv]sf x'g\ .
;+If]kdf OG6/g]6n] clt w]/} dfqfdf
l8lh6n 8]6f cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf]
b"/;+rf/sf] ;+hfn eGg] a'emfpF5 . oL
8]6fx¿ cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ sfddf 6]lnkmf]gsf]
tf/, 6]lnlehgsf] s]a'n, :of6nfO6sf ;fy}
sDKo'6/ / On]S6«f]lgS; ;fwgx¿sf] pkof]u
ul/G5 . o;n] dflg;x¿nfO{
On]S6«f]lgs ljlwn] Pscfk;df ;+rf/ ug{ ;Ifd
agfpF5 . o;dfkm{t s;}n] klg
cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ljifoa:t' ljZjel/sf s/f]8f}F
OG6/g]6 pkof]ustf{;dIf k'¥ofpg;S5 . xfn
OG6/g]6n] of] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6
ljZjsf ljleGg b]z jf efudf :yflkt
sDKo'6/x¿sf] ;fgf7"nf ;+hfnx¿nfO{
hf]8g] ;+hfnx¿sf] klg ;+hfn, dxf;+hfn jf
g]6js{x¿sf] ljZjJofkL g]6js{ xf] . of]
;+hfndf cfj4 ;a} sDKo'6/x¿n] ;+;f/sf]
s'g} s'gfdf eP klg Pscfk;df ;+rf/ ug{,
8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ . o;dfkm{t
;+;f/e/df ePsf OG6/g]6df hf]l8Psf
sDKo'6/x¿df ePsf c;+Vo 1fg, ;"rgf /
;]jfx¿sf] hfgsf/L kfpg j]a;fO6 / j]a;fO6 x]g{sf nflu j]a a|fph/ /
Od]ndfkm{t pknAw ug{ / u/fpg ;lsG5 .
o;df cfj4 sDKo'6/x¿n] Ps cfk;sf pks/0f /
;]jf;d]t pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . OG6/PlS6e
;'ljwf / dlN6ldl8of OG6/g]6sf clt pkof]uL
/ cfsif{s kIf x'g\ .
OG6/g]6sf] d'6' jf /Qm ;+rf/ ug]{ d'Vo k|
0ffnL eg]sf] clt b|'t ultsf] b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnL
xf] . b"/;+rf/sf] zlQmzfnL k"jf{wf/lagf
15
OG6/g]6 rNg ;Qm}g . ;+;f/el/ km}lnPsf
ljleGg b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLx¿ / tL k|0ffnL;Fu
cfj4 s/f]8f}F Jofkfl/s, ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L,
z}lIfs, dgf]/+hgfTds g]6js{x¿ ldn]/
OG6/g]6 rN5 .
Oltxf;
;g\ !(^( df ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf]
klZrdL t6df P8efG:8 l/;r{ k|f]h]S6
Ph]G;Ln] k|of]usf] ¿kdf rf/ j6f sDKo'6/
hf]8]/ OG6/g]6sf] yfngL ePsf] xf] .
o;nfO{ ARPAnet (Advanced Research Project Agency net)
elgGYof] . of] k|f]h]S6sf] p2]Zo o'4df
gflesLo cfqmd0f ePsf] l:yltdf klg cd]l/sL
;]gfsf] sdf08sf ljleGg c+u / tL c+u
cGtu{tsf hgr]tgf km}nfpg tyf cg]sf}F
sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df clxn] ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf ;a} lgsfo / ltgsf sfo{qmdb]lv
lnP/ ufpFsf] Pp6f u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;Dd /
eQmk'/sf] df6fsf] d"lt{ a]Rg]b]lv lnP/
ljZjJofkL Dofs8f]gfN8 /]:6'/]G6 /
l8:g]Nof08sf] dgf]/+hgsf] Jofkf/ / ;]jf
kfpg;lsG5 .
jN8{ jfO8 j]adf s/f]8f}F j]ak]hx¿
x'G5g\ . ljZjel/ km}lnPsf OG6/g]6df cfj4
sDKo6' /x¿n ] lbgx F' nfvfsF} f ] ;V+
ofdf ja] kh] agfP/ cfcfˆgjf]a ] ;fO6df
/flv/x]sf x'G5g\ . j]ak]hdf cIf/ / lrq jf
kmf]6f] dfq x'Fb}g Wjlg / rnlrq klg x'G5
. s'g} klg j]ak]hnfO{ s;}n] klg x]g{,
k9\g, ;'Gg ;S5 . o:tf j]ak]hx¿sf] ;+sng jf
;+u|xnfO{ j]a;fO6 elgG5 . ;lhnf]sf] nflu
j]a;fO6 eg]sf] lstfa xf] eg] j]ak]h eg]sf]
Tof] lstfasf] kfgf xf] . k':tssf] ;'?df k':ts,
n]vs, k|sfzssf] gfd / cGo hfgsf/L
5flkPem}F w]/}h;f] j]a;fO6sf]
;'?df xf]dk]h x'G5 . o;n] k|foM j]a;fO6sf]
kl/ro lbG5 / ljifo ;"lrsf] sfd u5{ .
OG6/g]6 sg]S;g rflxG5 . j]a a|fph/ eg]sf]
Ps k|sf/sf] ;ˆ6j]o/ xf] . o;n] jN8{ jfO8
j]adf ePsf] j]ak]hx¿ x]g{ ;3fpF5 . j]a
k]hdf ePsf xfOk/ln+sx¿df lSns u/]/ l;w}
cfkm"n] rfx]sf] a]jk]hdf k'Ug] jf ;"rgf
kfpg] k|0ffnLnfO{ xfOk/6]S:6 elgG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, tkfO{Fn] x]l//xg' ePsf]
s'g} j]ak]h, j8{ kmfOnsf] k]h jf Od]n
k]hdf s'g} zAb h:t} www.thopathopa.com
a]Un} /+udf b]lvg;S5 / Tof] zAbdfly s;{/
k'Ug]lalQs} s;{/sf] lrGx km]l/P/
cf}Fnfsf] cfsf/ aGg;S5 . o;sf] dtna Tof]
zAbnfO{ lSns u¥of] eg] tkfO{F l;w} Tof]
j]a;fO6 jf k]hdf k'Ug'x'G5 . o:t} s'g}
;+s]t lrGxdfly s;{/ k'¥ofP/ klg ;f]em}
Tof] k]hdf k'Ug;lsG5 . o;/L Ps 7fpFaf6
;lhn};Fu / ;f]em} csf]{ 7fpF jf k]hdf
k'Ug] ;Dks{nfO{ xfOk/lnFs elgG5 .
j]ak]hx¿df o:tf ln+sx¿ y'k|} x'G5g\ .
s'g} klg j]a;fO6 a|fph ug{sf] nflu To;sf]
o'cf/Pn -o'lgkmd{ l/;f];{ nf]s]6/_ yfxf
x'g'k5{ . o;nfO{ jN8{jfO8j]adf ePsf]
8s'd]06sf] 6'Fuf] jf 7]ufgf eg] x'G5 .
o;nfO{ OG6/g]6 P8«]; klg elgG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;fOa/ g]kfn gfds OG6/g]6
klqsfsf] o'cf/Pn www.cybernepal.com.np xf] .
ljZjel/ km}lnPsf cgluGtL j]a;fO6 /
ljifox¿dWo] s'g sxfF 5 egL
kQfnufpgsf] nflu ;r{ OlGhg tyf j]a
l8/]S6«Lsf] pkof]u ul/G5 .OG6/g]6
pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . s'g} cfOP;kLx¿ Pp6f
;x/df dfq ;Lldtx'G5g\ eg] s'g} ljleGg
;x/df km}lnPsf, s'g} /fi6«JofkL / s'g}
cGt/f{li6«ojf w]/} b]zdf ;Dks{ ePsf
x'G5g\ .
Pp6f sDKo'6/df cfcfˆgf] o'h/ g]d /
kf;j8{ pkof]u u/]/ w]/} hgfn] kfn}kfnf]
OG6/g]6 x]g{ / OG6/g]6;Fu ;DalGwt
cGo ;'ljwf pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . ;fdfGo
sDKo'6/af6 klg OG6/g]6 x]g{;lsG5 .
sDKo'6/ / cfOP;kLaLr ;Dks{ ug{ pko'Qm
6]lnkmf]g nfOg rflxG5 . xfn g]kfnsf
clwsf+z ;x/L If]qdf ljBdfg 6]lnkmf]g
nfOgaf6 OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug{ jf Od]ndfq
klg rnfpg ;lsG5 . t/ ltgsf] Ifdtf (Bandwidth)
km/s km/s 5 . Jof08ljy sdhf]/ ePsf 7fpFdf
OG6/g]6 ;Dks{ /fd|f] x'Fb}g . eP klg
l9nf x'G5 . o;af6 vr{ / ;do a9L nfU5 .
df]afOn kmf]gaf6 klg OG6/g]6
rnfpg;lsG5 . t/ of] ;'ljwf ;Lldt 5 . df]jfOn
kmf]gsf] ;]6df ePsf] ;fgf] kbf{d}
OG6/g]6 x]g{ ;lsg] ;'ljwf klg pknAw
eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfndf klg o;sf] k|rng
a9\b}5 .
16
OG6/g]6 a|fph ug{ jf x]g{sf] nflu
dfq s'g} ljz]if tflnd jf ;}4flGts 1fg jf
lzIffsf] cfjZstf x'Fb}g . t/ 5f]6f] cjlwsf]
cfwf/e"t tflnd lng'k5{ . o;sf] pkof]u slt k|
efjsf/L / pkof]uL 9+un] ug]{ eGg] s'/f
cEof; / p2]Zodf e/ k5{ . OG6/g]6af6
w]/} nfe kfpgsf nflu o;n] k|bfg ug]{
ljleGg k|sf/sf ;'ljwfaf/] hfgsf/L x'g'k5{ .
s'g j]a;fO6 sxfF km]nfk5{ egL hfGg ;s]g
eg] ;do / k};fsf] gf]S;fgL x'G5 .
cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] ljifosf] hfgsf/L sxfF
kfOG5 eGg] s'/f cEof;n] klg l;sfpF5 .
clxn] ;"rgf ;fIf/tf (Infrormation Literacy) sf]
s'/f lgSs} rrf{df cfPsf] 5 . ;xL ;"rgf ;xL
7fpFdf vf]Hg / ;xL 9+un] pkof]u ug{sf]
nflu ;"rgf ;fIf/tf x'g' cfjZos 5 .
xfn OG6/g]6dfkm{t lgDglnlvt
;]jfx¿ pkof]u eO/x]sf 5g\ M
jN8{ jfO8 j]a
8An'8An'8An' cyf{t\ jN8{ jfO8 j]a
;a}eGbf a9L pkof]u x'g] / cfsif{s ;+rf/
dfWod xf] . of] ljZjJofkL sDKo'6/ ;+hfn
OG6/g]6sf] clt /f]rs, 1fgj4{s,
dgf]/+hgsf/L /dfOnf], l56f] tyf ;lhnf]
lsl;dn] ;+rfng ug{;lsg] kIf xf] . o;af6
k':ts klqsf k9\g, ;+uLt ;'Gg, ;fdfg lsGg /
a]Rg, lkmNd x]g{, v]n v]Ng, hflu/ vfg,
Jofkf/ ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;]jf k|bfg
ug{, lzIff xfl;n ug{, ;fj{hlgs lxtdf hgjsfnt
jf cfGbf]ng rnfpg, nj]a;fO6df s] /fVg]
eGg] lg0f{o u/]kl5 j]a;fO6sf] 8f]d]g g]d
cyf{t\ gfd / 7]ufgf btf{ ug'{k5{ . h:t} M
www.companyname.com . of] sfd s'g} pBf]u,
Joj;fo jf ;+:yf ;/sf/L sfof{nodf btf{ ubf{
To;sf] gfd / 7]ufgf btf{ u/]h:t} xf] .
8f]d]g g]d /lh:6/ ug]{ sfd OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|
bfg ug]{ sDkgL -cfOP;kL_ jf j]a klAnl;ª
sDkgLx¿n] u5{g\ . of] sfd g]kfnleqs}
sDkgLx¿n] ug{;S5g\ . 8f]d]g g]d ;f]em}
OG6/g]6af6 klg /lh:6/ ug{ ;lsG5 t/ o;sf]
k};f ltg{sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf k|fKt
qm]l86 sf8{ rflxG5 .
j]a;fO6 /fVg]x¿n] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6sf]
8f]d]gsf] gfd z'Ns lt/]/ btf{ u/fpg' k5{ .
OG6/g]6sf] pkof]unfO{ a9fpgsf nflu
sltko sDkgLn] 8f]d]g /lhi6/ / xf]l:6ª
lgMz'Ns klg u5{g\ . .np n] g]kfnaf6 /lh:6/
ul/g] j]a;fO6nfO{ hgfpF5 . .com afx]s cGo
k|rlnt 8f]d]gx¿ x'g\ M .edu, .gov, .mil, .net, .org .
oL gfdn] ljleGg ljifosf j]a;fO6 eGg]
hgfpF5g\ . h:t} .com. n] Jofkfl/s p2]Zosf]
j]a;fO6 hgfpF5 eg]
.edu n] z}lIfs, .gov n] ;/sf/L, .mil n] ;}lgs, .net
n] g]6jls{ª clg .org n] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf
j]a;fO6 eGg] a'lemG5 . t/ xfn cfP/ of]
juL{s/0f Tolt :ki6 ¿kdf nfu" ePsf]
b]lvFb}g . j]a;fO6sf] l8hfOg Jofj;flos tyf
cfsif{s 9+un] ug'{ jf u/fpg' k5{ .
a]a;fO6 l8hfOg ug{sf] nflu k|mG6k]h /
l8«dlje/ h:tf l8hfOlgª ;ˆ6j]o/ / cGo u|
flkms ;ˆ6j]o/ pkof]u ul/G5 . j]a;fO6
l8hfOg ug]{ sfd Jofj;flos l8hfOg/ JolQm jf
sDkgLx¿n] u5{g\ . j]a;fO6 OG6/g]6df
/fVg' eg]sf] ;+;f/el/sf hf];'s}n] klg x]/f];\
eg]/ xf] . o;}n] j]a;fO6sf] ;kmntfsf] Pp6f
cfwf/ ;s];Dd w]/}nfO{ Tof] ;fO6 a|fph
u/fpg' xf] .
o;sf] nflu j]a;fO6 /fd|/L l8hfOg
ug'{k5{ . ;fdu|L klg cfsif{s / pkof]uL
x'g'k5{ . /fd|/L l8hfOg ul/Psf] j]ak]hdf
;fdu|Lx¿ cfsif{s, pkof]uL 9Fun] ;hfOPsf] /
x]bf{ cfsif{s x'G5, s/f]8f}F j]a;fO6x¿sf]
eL8df :ki6 lrlgG5, 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;lhnf] /
l56f] x'G5, s'g} klg a|fplhª ;ˆ6j]o/af6 a|
fph ug{ ;lsG5, kf7Ø ;fdu|Lx¿ kl9/x'Fh:tf]
nfU5, hfgsf/Lx¿ sf]rfsf]r u/L lbSsnfUbf]
9+un] /flvPsf] x'Fb}g, ck8]6 ug{ ;lhnf]
x'G5 tyf lgoldt ¿kdf ck8]6 ul/Psf] x'G5 .
s'g} sfof{no jf pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ 3/
axfndf lnPh:t} j]a;fO6 /fVg klg :k]; jf
7fpF ls/fofdf lng' k5{ . cyf{t\
j]a;fO6nfO{ j]a ;e{/df /fVg' k5{ . o;nfO{
j]a xf]l:6ª elgG5 . j]a xf]l:6ª ug]{ sfd
ofx", u'u'n cflb k|rlnt ;r{ OlGhg x'g\ . j]a
l8/]S6«Ldf j]a;fO6x¿sf]
7]ufgf / ljj/0f ;+sng u/]/ /flvPsf] x'G5 .
cfkm\gf] j]a;fO6 s;/L /fVg] <
cfhef]ln o'jf tyf lszf]/x¿n] cfˆgf]
kmf]6f], kl/ro, ;Gb]z, ;+uLt cflb /fv]/
JolQmut j]a;fO6 agfpg' km];gh:t}
eO;s]sf] 5 eg] ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, Jofkfl/s,
cf}Bf]lus, wfld{s, ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿n]
17
cfˆgf] p2]Zo, sfd, kl/ro, ;]jf / pTkfbg tyf
;fj{hlgs lxtsf hfgsf/L /fv]/ cfˆg} j]a;fO6
agfP/ OG6/g]6df /fVg] rng lgSs}
al9/x]sf] 5 . clwsf+z ;+:yfx¿sf] nflu of]
clgjfo{ cfjZostf eO;s]sf] 5 . clt sd vr{df
cfˆgf] kl/ro, k|rf/, hg;]jf / Jofkf/ ug]{ of]
clt k|efjsf/L / ;/n dfWod ag]sf] 5 .
j]a;fO6 /fVgsf] nflu j]a;fO6 /fVg]
;+:yf jf JolQm :jo+n] j]a;fO6af/] ;a} s'/f
hfGg / ;s];Dd cfkm}n] ug'{ a]; x'G5 t/
;a}n] o;f] ug'{ ;+ej / cfjZos klg x'Fb}g .
o;sf nflu ljleGg Jofj;flos ;+:yf tyf
JolQmx¿sf] ;xof]u kfOG5 . Pp6f ;kmn
j]a;fO6 /fVg / ;+rfng ug{ lgDg lnlvt sfd
ug'{ jf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;]jf k|fKt ug'{kg]{ x'G5
. ;a}eGbf klxn] t j]a;fO6 lsg /fVg], s;sf]
nflu /fVg] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'g'k5{ . clg
ljifoj:t' tof/ kfg'{k5{ . j]a;fO6 eg]sf]
OG6/PlS6e cyf{t\ cGtlq{mofTds k':ts xf]
hxfF kf7s jf bz{sn] lstfasf] kfgf
kN6fPeGbf ;lhnf];Fu cfkm"n] rfx]sf]
ljifosf] kfgf kN6fpg;S5 . sfutdf 5flkg]
k':tsdf cIf/ / lrqdfq x'G5, t/ j]ak]hdf :j/ /
rnlrq klg x'G5 . o;}n] j]a;fO6df /fVgsf]
nflu kf7Ø ;fdu|Lsf ;fy} lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg
cflb klg x'g' a]; x'G5 . To;f] t clwsf+z
j]a;fO6 k9\gdfq ;lsg] cIf/ / lrqdfq ePsf
x'G5g\ . j]a;fO6df s]s] ljifo ;fdu|L /fVg]
egL lg0f{o ug]{, tL ljifox¿ a6'Ng] / tof/
kfg]{ sfd j]a;fO6 /fVg rfxg] JolQm jf
;+:yfsf] xf] . To;kl5 ug'{kg]{
sfdsf] nflu j]a;fO6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpg]
sDkgLsf] ;]jf lng' a]; x'G5 . ;fgf tyf
demf}nf sDkgL jf ;+:yfx¿n] cfkm}n] k|
fljlws /fv]/ j]a;fO6sf ;Dk"0f{ sfd cfkm}
ug'{ cJofjxfl/s / dxFuf] klg x'G5 . vf; u/]/
;"rgf k|ljlws} If]qdf ;]jf k'¥ofpg]
;+:yfx¿n] dfq j]a;fO6 /fVg], lgoldt ¿kn]
gjLs/0f ug]{ cflb sfd cfkm}n] ug{;S5g\ .
j]a;fO6df cfˆgf] Od]n 7]ufgf agfpg
;Sg'x'G5 . OG6/g]6sf] j]a;fO6df /fv]sf]
s'/f h;n] klg x]g{;S5 eg] Od]n 7]ufgfdf
k7fPsf] s'/f k|fksn] dfq} x]g{;S5 . Od]n
k7fpFbf w]/}hgfsf] 7]ufgf n]v]/ Ps}
k6sdf w]/}hgfnfO{ Pp6} lr7L
k7fpg;lsG5 . o;af6 6]lnkmf]g vr{ / ;do
hf]luG5 . h;n] Od]n k7fPsf] 5 p;}nfO{
ToxL Od]ndf hjfkm k7fpg] Joj:yf klg x'G5
. To:t} cfkm"n] kfPsf] Od]n c? w]/}
hgfnfO{ Ps} rf]l6 k7fpg klg ;lsG5 .
Od]ndfkm{t s'g} Go'h u|'k jf ln:6;e{df
cfˆgf] Od]n 7]ufg btf{ u/fP/ tfhf ;dfrf/,
s'g} ljifoaf/] hfgsf/L, cfkm"n] cWoog
cg';Gwfg ug]{ ljifoaf/] jf cfkm"n] cg'/f]w
u/]sf] ljifosf] hfgsf/L kfpg;lsG5 . Od]nsf]
gsf/fTds kIf s] 5 eg] Od]n h;n] jf h'g
gfdsf] JolQmn] k7fPsf] egL lr7Ldf
n]lvPsf] x'G5 Tof] gfdsf] JolQmn]
gk7fPsf] x'g;S5 . o;sf/0f ;xL s'/f hfGg
plNnlvt JolQmnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g u/]/
;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cGo Joj;fosf] cfrf/
;+lxtfh:t} Od]naf/] klg s]xL ;+lxtf jf
lgodx¿ ag]sf5g\ . gofFgofF lgodx¿ klg
cfpFb}5g\ .
Rof6 Od]n lr7L ePsf]n] o;nfO{
k9\g] / cfjZos eP hjfkm lbg] ul/G5 eg]
Rof6df tfTtft} cyjf pxL ;dodf -l/on 6fOd_
b'O{ hgfn] jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf sDKo'6/df n]v]/
s'/fsfgL ug{;S5g\ . o;sf pkof]ustf{ jf u|
fxsn] sDKo'6/df cfˆgf] s'/f n]V5 / lSns
ug]{ lalQs} p;n] rfx]sf] cgnfOgdf
ePsf] JolQmsf] sDKo'6/df Tof] s'/f b]lvG5
. csf]{n] To;sf] hjfkm jf k|ltlqmof To;}
u/L k7fpF5 . o;/L ljZjsf] s'g} efudf a;]sf]
eP klg cfk;df pxL ;dodf ljrf/ cfbfg k|bfg
x'G5 . OG6/g]6n] pknAw u/fpg] ljljw
;]jfx¿dWo] o'jf tyf lszf]/x¿n] w]/} pkof]u
ug]{ ;'ljwf Rof6 xf] . Rof6 ug]{x¿ pxL
;dodf cgnfOgdf x'g'k5{ . ljleGg ljifodf
5nkmn ug]{ Go'h u|'k ePh:t} ljleGg
ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{ Rof6 klg x'G5 . o:tf]
Rof6 ;d"xdf x'G5 . cyf{t\ w]/} hgfn] vf;
ljifodf Ps} ;dodf cfcfˆgf] ljrf/ n]lv/x]sf
x'G5g\ . ljleGg ;+:yfx¿n] o:tf Rof6 ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fPsf x'G5g\ .
Rof6sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !(** df
lkmgNof08sf Jarkko Oikarinen n] u/]sf lyP .
;+;f/sf s'g} klg efusf dflg;x¿ s'g} klg
a]nf Rof6 cyf{t\ ljleGg sDkgLn] u5{g\ .
j]a ;e{/ eg]sf] ljzfn dfqfdf 8]6f ;+sng / k|
f];]; ug{ ;Sg] zlQmzfnL sDKo'6/ xf] . j]a
;e{/x¿ rf}la;} 306f OG6/g]6;Fu hf]l8Psf
18
x'G5g\ . j]a;fO6 x]g{ rfxg] hf];'s}nfO{
klg j]a ;e{/n] p;n] x]g{ rfx]sf] kmfOn
p;n] rfx]sf] h'g;'s} a]nfdf klg pknAw
u/fpF5 . j]a;fO6 /fVg]x¿n] j]a xf]l:6ªug]{
;+:yfnfO{ j]a;fO6sf] kl/df0f jf cfsf/ tyf
:j¿k jf u'0f cg';f/ jflif{s z'Ns ltg'{k5{ .
kf7Ø ;fdu|Ldfq ePsf] j]a;fO6sf] nflu yf]/}
z'Ns nfU5 eg] >Jo tyf rnlrq cflb ePsf
j]a;fO6sf] a9L z'Ns nfU5 . l8hfOg ul/Psf]
j]a;fO6nfO{ j]a ;e{/df /fv]kl5 h;n] klg
OG6/g]6df x]g{;S5 . o;/L j]a;fO6sf] ljifo
j:t' tof/ ug]{b]lv lnP/ j]a ;e{/df /fVg] k|
lqmofnfO{ j]a klAnl;ª jf j]a k|sfzg elgG5
.
Ps kN6 j]a k|sfzg u/]kl5 j]a;fO6df /flvPsf
ljifo cg';f/ a]nfa]nfdf tfhf jf ck8]6 ul//xg'
k5{ . cgnfOg ;dfrf/ lbg] j]a;fO6x¿n] s]xL
306f la/fP/ tfhftfhf ;dfrf/ lbG5g\ eg] cfˆgf
;]jf jf pTkfbgsf] lj1fkg ug]{ j]a;fO6x¿n]
;]jf jf pTkfbgdf s]xL kl/jt{g geP;Dd ck8]6
gug{;S5g\ . j]a;fO6 ck8]6 ug]{ sfd klg
j]a l8hfOg/x¿n] u5{g\ . t/ sltko JolQm jf
;+:yfn] cfkm} klg ck8]6 u5{g\ .
s;}n] j]a;fO6 x]/]kl5 k|ltlqmof
hgfpg gfd, 7]ufgf / ljrf/ klg n]vL k7fpg]
Joj:yf sltko j]a;fO6x¿df ul/Psf] x'G5 .
cfkm\gf] j]a;fO6 slt hgfn] jf lbgsf] slt
k6s x]¥of], sxfFsxfFaf6 x]¥of] eGg] h:tf
hfgsf/L lbg] Joj:yf klg j]a;fO6df /fVg
;lsG5 .
Od]n
OG6/g]6 ;]jf lnPkl5 :jtM Od]n ;]jf
kfOG5 . t/ g]kfndf ljleGg OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|
bfosx¿n] Od]n ;]jf dfq} klg pknAw
u/fpF5g\ . tkfOFsf] OG6/g]6df kx'Fr 5 jf
cfˆg} Od]n Psfp06 5 eg] tkfOF{sf] cfˆg}
Od]n 7]ufgf klg kSs} x'g'k5{ . Od]n
7]ufgfdfkm{t tkfOF{ Ps ;o ;Q/LeGbf
w]/} b]zsf s/f]8f}F Od]n 7]ufgf ePsf
dflg;x¿;Fu lr7L / ;+b]z cfbfg k|bfg ug{
;Sg'x'G5 . lr7Ldf kmfOn, ;+uLt, lrq, rnlrq
klg ;dfj]z ug{ ldN5 . lgoldt ¿kdf OG6/g]6
pkof]u ug]{x¿dWo] clwsf+z jf em08}
;}s8f c;LeGbf w]/}n] OG6/g]6 Od]nsf]
nflu rnfpF5g\ . Od]n rnfpgsf] nflu
sDKo'6/df cfp6n's PS:k|]; / o'8f]/f h:tf]
;ˆ6j]o/ x'g'k5{ . tkfOF{ OG6/g]6
;Dks{df x'g'x'G5 eg] tkfOF{n] x6d]n,
ofx' cflb
OG6«fg]6
OG6«fg]6 :yfgLo sDKo'6/x¿sf] ;+hfn
xf] . s'g} vf; ;+:yf jf sfof{noleq ;"rgfsf]
;femf pkof]u jf cfbfg k|bfgsf nflu o;sf]
pkof]u ul/G5 . o;sf] pkof]u kmfOn jf
8s'd]06x¿ / ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ ljt/0f, 8]6fa]; ;dIf
kx'Fr tyf tflndsf] nflu ul/G5 . OG6«fg]6
OG6/g]6;Fu cfj4 x'g klg ;S5 gx'g klg ;S5
. o;nfO{ OG6«fg]6 elgPsf] sf/0f s] xf]
eg] o;df OG6/g]6df h:t} j]a k]hx¿ x]g{
;lsG5 . ;fy} o;df OG6/g]6df pkof]u ul/g]
j]a a|fph/h:tf sltko ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ pkof]u
x'G5g\ . o;cGtu{t Od]n, Pkm6LkL,
Go'hu|'k / d]lnª ln:6 klg k5{g\ t/ o;sf]
pkof]u OG6«fg]6 /fVg] ;+:yfleq jf To;sf
;b:ox¿n] dfq ug{ ;S5g\ .
b"/;+rf/
Wjlg, lrq, 8]6f tyf ljljw k|sf/sf
;"rgfnfO{ tf/, clK6sn nfOg jf /]l8of]
t/+usf] dfWodaf6 pNn]vgLo b"/Ldf
k'¥ofpg' jf k|]if0f ug'{ b"/;+rf/ xf] .
;+If]kdf o;nfO{ On]S6«f]lgs ;+rf/ elgG5
. b"/;+rf/sf] ljsf;n] ubf{ ca Wjlg jf :j/dfq
xf]Og kf7Ø ;fdu|L, lrq, rnlrq, ;+uLtnufot
ljljw k|sf/sf ;"rgfnfO{ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{
7fpFdf k7fpg ;lsG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d'Vo
cfwf/ b"/;+rf/ xf] . b"/;+rf/sf] ;fwg / k|
ljlwdf
csNkgLo ljsf; ePsf] kmn:j¿k ;"rgf qmflGt
;+ej ePsf] xf] .
b"/;+rf/sf] ljsf;n] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] nflu
cfw'lgs ljZj cy{tGqdf gofF cfly{s
cj;/x¿sf] 9f]sf vf]n]sf] 5 . b"/;+rf/sf]
ljsf;;Fu cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;f]emf] ;DaGw
b]lvG5 .
b"/;+rf/sf k"jf{wf/ :yfkgf ug{ ufx|f]
ePsf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] nflu lagf tf/sf]
b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLn] ;:tf] / ;/n ¿kdf b"/;+rf/
;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] cj;/ a9fPsf] 5 .
ca Pp6f ufpFnfO{ csf]{ ufpF;Fu
hf]8g] sfd k[YjLsf] sIfdfly :yflkt ;+rf/
e"pku|xx¿ -sDo'lgs];g :of6]nfO6_ n]
ub}{5g\ . k[YjLsf] ;'ud, b'u{d, kxf8
19
sGb/f, vf]Fr, agh+un, d?e"ld, dxf;fu/ ;a}
7fpFdf ;+rf/sf= laGb'x¿df ;"rgf ;+k|]if0f
u/]/ ;+rf/sf] ;+hfn -g]6js{_ :yfkgf ug]{
sfd ;+rf/ e"pku|xx¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ .
k[YjLsf] sIfdf ljleGg prfO / ultdf 3'ld/x]sf
xhf/f}F e"pku|xx¿n] ljZjel/ 6]lnkmf]g,
6]lnlehg, /]l8of] tyf 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ;]jf
pknAw u/fO/x]sf 5g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
;Fu;Fu} o:tf e"pku|xsf] ;+Vof klg lg/Gt/
al9/x]sf] 5 . ;+jfb ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . Rof6
ug]{ dflg;x¿ cfk;df ckl/lrt x'g;S5g\ . o;n]
Ps csf{sf] ljrf/, ;+:s[lt, tyf ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf
ljifox¿ a'‰g ;3fpg;S5 . Rof6df cg]s
lsl;dsf dflg;x¿ e]l6g ;S5 . sf]xL
af}nfxfh:tf / sf]xL cZnLn ljrf/ kf]Vg] klg
x'G5g\ . sltko cj:yfdf Rof6df ;do latfpg'
Joy{ / lg/y{s klg x'G5 . o;}n] cfkm"n]
rfx]sf] / cfjZos ;d"xdf Rof6 ug'{ a]; x'G5
.
d]lnª ln:6
Od]ndfkm{t w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ Ps}
k6s Pp6} jf ljleGg ljifosf] lr7L jf ;Gb]z
k7fpg] d]lnª ln:6 elgG5 . o;df gfd / Od]n
7]ufgfx¿sf] ;"rL agfP/ Pp6f ;d"xdf /flvPsf]
x'G5 / To;nfO{ Pp6f gfd lbOPsf] x'G5 .
Tof] gfddf Od]n k7fpFbf :jtM ;a}sf]
7]ufgfdf Pp6} lr7L hfG5 .
o'hg]6÷Go'hu|'k
;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf s'g} vf; ljifodf w]/}
dflg;x¿aLr 5nkmn rnfpgsf nflu
Go'hu|'ksf] pkof]u ul/G5 . o;df
;xefuLx¿n] s'g} vf; ljifodf cfˆgf] ljrf/
n]v]/ k7fpF5g\ / Go'hu|'ksf ;a} ;b:ox¿n]
x]g{, k9\g ;S5g\ . o;df n]v, /rgf, / d"n jf
klxn]sf] /rgf;Fu ;+a+lwt yk n]v,
:ki6Ls/0f tyf k|Zgf]Q/ x'g;S5 . of] Ps k|
sf/sf] ljrf/ d+r jf rf}tf/L xf] .
Pkm6LkL
OG6/g]6sf] kmfOn 6«fG;km/ k|
f]6f]sn -Pkm6LkL_ pkof]u u/]/ 6f9f6f9fsf
sDKo'6/df kmfOn k7fpg jf tL sDKo'6/df
/x]sf kmfOn 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;lsG5 .
OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]gL
OG6/g]6sf] ljZjel/ km}lnPsf]
;+hfnnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ Ps sDKo'6/af6
csf]{ sDKo'6/df cyjf sDKo'6/af6
6]lnkmf]gdf s'/fsfgL ug]{ gofF k|ljlw
OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]gL xf] . of] k|ljlwdf
6]lnkmf]gsf] k/Dk/fut cGt/f{li6«o nfOg
pkof]u gul/sg OG6/g]6sf] ;+hfn pkof]u
ul/g] x'gfn] cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g
;Dks{sf] nflu of] k|ljlw ;:tf] / nf]slk|o
x'Fb}5 . x'g]5g\ . OG6/g]6sf] clxn] c8sn
ug{ g;lsg] vfnsf pkof]ux¿ x'g
yfNg]5 . clK6sn kmfOa/ OG6/g]6 / cGo
;]jfsf] nflu ;a}eGbf l56f] k|ljlw xf] .
kmfOa/ clK6S;sf] Ifdtf olt ljzfn 5 ls o;n]
Ps};fy 6]lnkmf]g, 6]lnlehg, OG6/g]6 cflb
;a} vfnsf ;+rf/ ;]jf lbg;S5 . xfn of] k|
0ffnL dxFuf] 5 t/ rfF8} g} o;sf] Jofks
pkof]u x'g] ;Defjgf 5 . 6]lnkmf]gaf6
OG6/g]6 k/Dk/fut tfdf]sf] b'O{ j6f tf/df
cfwfl/t k|0ffnLdf clxn]sf] nflu ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿n] e/ gk/L ;'v 5}g . t/ l8lh6n
;A:qmfOa/ nfOg (DSL) k|ljlwsf] d2tn] of]
k|0ffnLsf] IfdtfnfO{ krf; u'gf a9fOPsf] 5 .
ca k'/fgf] vfnsf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgaf6 klg !
=% d]ufafO6
k|lt;]s]08sf b/n] 8]6f k|fKt ug{ / )=%
d]ufafO6 k|lt;]s]08sf b/n] 8]6f k7fpg
;lsG5 . a|f]8Jof08sf] t'ngfdf 8LP;Pn lgSs}
;:tf] 5 . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ljBdfg k/Dk/fut
tfdf]sf] b'O{ j6f tf/df cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]g k|
0ffnLsf] Ifdtf a9fP/ OG6/g]6sf] nflu
pko'Qm agfpg xfn OlG6u|]68 ;le{;
l8lh6n g]6js{ (ISDN) k|ljlw k|rlnt 5 .
cfOP;8LPgsf] p2]Zo ljBdfg 6]lnkmf]g
g]6js{sf] 7fpF lng' xf] . g]kfnh:tf]
k"0f{tof l8lh6n k|0ffnL ckgfPsf] b]zdf
ljBdfg 6]lnkmf]g k|0ffnLsf] Ifdtf a9fpgsf
nflu of] k|ljlw pkof]uL dflgG5 .
:of6]nfO6dfkm{t OG6/g]6 b'u{d
If]qsf nflu pko'Qm ;+rf/ dfWod xf] .
k[YjLsf] sIfdf ljleGg prfOdf :yflkt eljiodf
:yfkgf ul/g] ;+rf/ e"pku|xx¿sf] hfnf]n] clt
;/n 9+un] eljiodf ;+rf/sf ;a} k|sf/sf ;]jf
pknAw u/fpg]5g\ . g]kfnh:tf] ef}uf]lns
ljifdtf ePsf] / ufpF g} ufpF ePsf] b]zsf]
nflu of] k|0ffnL lgs} pkof]uL x'g]5 .
;]n'n/ kmf]g jf ToxL k|0ffnL;Fu ldNg]
nf]sn dlN6KjfOG6 l8l:6«Jo';g ;le{; (LMDS)
a9L Jof08ljysf] OG6/g]6 ;]jf pknAw
20
u/fpg] s]xL ;:tf] k|0ffnL xf] . o;sf] ;+rfng
xfn sf7df8fF} / s]xL ;x/df ;+rflnt df]afOn
kmf]g h:t} u/L 7fpF7fpFdf 6fj/ /fv]/
/]l8of] t/+usf] dfWodaf6 ;+rfng x'G5 .
o;sf] l;Ugn 8fF8f, kxf8, h+un / jiff{n]
vNjlng] x'gfn] x/]s If]qdf b'O6f 6«f+l:d6/
/fv]/ of] sdhf]/L x6fpg ;lsG5 . tfdf]sf] tf/
jf kmfOa/ clK6S; grflxg] x'gfn] of] ;:tf]
klg x'G5 . afSnf] a:tLsf] nflu of] k|0ffnL
a9L pkof]uL x'G5 .
uf]hLdf af]s]/ lxF8g ldNg]
:of6]nfO6 kmf]gaf6 cfsfzdf 3'ld/x]sf]
;+rf/ e"epu|x;Fu ;f]em} ;Dks{ u/]/
:yfgLo ¿kdf cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g jftf{
ug{' ;fdfGo eO;s]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{
xjfOhxfh, kfgLhxfh, /]n jf df]6/df ofqf
ul//x]sf] dflg;n] klg :of6]nfO6 kmf]gaf6
hxfF klg s'/fsfgL ug{ jf ;+rf/sf cGo
dfWod pkof]u ug{;S5 . kxf8L tyf b'u{d
:yfgsf] nflu :of6]nfO6 ;+rf/sf] ;lhnf] ;fwg
aGb}5 . k|ljlw / ahf/sf] ljsf;n] ubf{
:of6]nfO6 kmf]g ;:tf] klg x'Fb}5 . ljZj
cy{tGqdf nufgLsf] lx;fan] b"/;+rf/ pBf]u
:jf:Yo ;]jf / a}+lsªkl5 ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
pBf]udf k5{ . On]S6«f]lgs ¿kdf ;"rgf k|
fKt ug]{ k|zf]wg ug]{ / k|;f/ ug]{ sfd
ljZjdf h'g a]un] a9b}5 ToxL a]un] b"/
;+rf/ pBf]u klg al9/x]sf] 5 . Psflt/ b"/;+rf/
:jo+ klg Pp6f pTkfbg / ;]jfsf] Jofkf/ ePsf]
5 eg] csf]{lt/ b"/;+rf/n] cGo pBf]uwGbf,
pTkfbg, Jofkf/ / ;]jfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ sfd
ul//x]sf] 5 .
k'/fgf] vfnsf] 6]lnkmf]g
nfOgdfkm{t s'/fsfgL dfq ug{;lsG5 . cIf/,
lrq cflb k7fpg] / cGo ;]jf To;n] lbg ;Qm}g
. lel8of] cyf{t\ rnlrq k|]if0f ug{sf nflu
emg w]/} Ifdtf (Bandwidth) ePsf] 6]lnkmf]g
nfOg rflxG5 . hlt w]/} Jof08ljy eof] plt
l56f] ;"rgf jf 8]6f j;f/k;f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn
ljZjsf ;f7L s/f]8eGbf w]/} 3/x¿nfO{
hf]8g] tfdf]sf] tf/sf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgn]
a9Ldf %^,))) la6 -%^ lsnf]afO6_ k|
lt;]s]08sf] ultn] 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ug{;S5 .
o;}n] OG6/g]6nfO{ oxL ult cyf{t\ %^
lsnf]afO6 k|lt;]s]08sf] ultn] 8]6f ;+k|]
if0f ug{] u/L ldnfOPsf] 5 . t/ sDKo'6/x¿n]
of]eGbf b'O{ ;o u'gf a9L a]un] 8]6f
;+k|]if0f ug{ ;S5g\ . OG6/g]6
pkof]ustf{x¿ klg pxL dGb ultn] OG6/g]6
rnfpg cEo:t eO;s]sf 5g\ . of] pgLx¿sf]
jfWotf klg xf] . t/ cfpFbf rf/kfFr jif{leq}
ljsl;t b]zx¿df pRr Jof08ljysf] cyf{t\ a|
f]8Jof08sf] pkof]u ;'? x'g]5 . o;af6 Psflt/
8]6f ;+k|]if0fsf] ult lgSs} a9g]5 eg]
csf]{lt/ sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u gofFgofF sfddf
x'g yfNg]5 .
a|f]8Jof08df cfwfl/t OG6/g]6
pkof]u ug{] u|fxsx¿n] Wjlg, 6]lnlehg /
OG6/g]6 ;Fu;Fu} rnfpg ;Sg]5g\ .
pgLx¿sf] 1fg / ;"rgf vf]Hg] / k|fKt ug]{
ult lgSs} a9\g]5 . :jf:y ;]jf, lzIff cflb 3/}df
jf sfof{nodf a9L k|efjsf/L / ;'ne x'g]5 .
rf}la;} 306f OG6/g]6 v'nf x'g]5 . cyf{t\
;a}
3/, sfof{no, Jofkf/ tyf ;]jfx¿ hlxn] klg k|
ToIf ;Dks{df jf cgnfOg ;fdu|L rfx]sf]
tl/sfn] pkof]u ug{;Sg'x'G5
dlN6ldl8ofsf] of] u'0fnfO{ cGtlqm{ofTds
cyf{t\ OG6/PlS6e elgG5 .
dlN6ldl8ofsf pkof]ux¿ M
dlN6ldl8of ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf]
kl5Nnf] pknlAw xf] / xfn;Dd dflg;n]
pkof]u u/]sf ;+rf/ dfWodx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf
;zQm / k|efjsf/L, b|'t / ;/n dfWod xf] .
o;sf] pkof]u dfgj hLjgsf] x/]s I]fqdf
ug{;lsG5 . o;n] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ sfdnfO{
;/n, cfsif{s / /dfOnf] klg
agfPsf] 5 . dgf]/+gh pBf]udf gofFgofF
rdTsf/ yk]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ Joj;fonfO{ ljZjJofkL
/ ;/n agfPsf] 5 . :jf:Yo ;]jfdf gofFgofF
cfofd yKb} o;nfO{ Jofks / ;'ne agfpFb}5
. /fHo Joj:yfkgsf zf;g oGqnfO{ bIf,
kf/bzL{, lhDd]jf/o'Qm, hgtfsf] glhs tyf k|
hftflGqs agfpg ;3fpFb}5 .
dlN6ldl8ofn] ;"rgf kfpg] / k|;f/ ug]{
sfddf rdTsf/ b]vfPtf klg o;n] w]/} sfd ug{
afsL g} 5 . clxn] o;nfO{ dflg;sf] :j/ lrGg
nufpg] k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . dflg;sf] :j/
lrGg;Sg] ePkl5 w]/} sfd d'vs} e/df x'g]5
. s'g} s'/f 5fKg, s'g} lkmNd x]g{
sDKo'6/nfO{ af]n]/ sdf08 lbP
k'Ug]5 . cgk9 / ckf+ux¿nfO{ of] ;'ljwf
a/bfg ;flat x'g]5 .
dlN6ldl8ofaf6 lzIff
dlN6ldl8ofn] ubf{ ca l;:gf] nfP/
afnaflnsfnfO{ cIf/ lrgfpg' kg]{ hdfgf
;lsof] . casf s]6fs]6Lx¿ ;fg}b]lv sDKo'6/
rnfP/ cfkm}n] j0f{dfnf, ul0ft /
lrqsnfnufot ljleGg snf l;Sg ;S5g\ . ca
pgLx¿n] lghL{j lstfasf kfgfdf c dfg] cgf/
eg]/ cIf/df jf /]vf lrqdf k9g'sf] ;§f
sDKo'6/df c dfg] cgf/ eGg] zJb ;'Gg,
cgf/sf] lrq b]Vg / cgf/sf] af]6df
km"nk\'mn]/ kmn kmn]sf] ;d]t
x]g{;S5g\ . s]6fs]6Ln] cgf}7fcgf}7f
syfsf ljlrqsf kfqx¿n] clego u/]sf] x]b}{
1fg lj1fgsf s'/fx¿ l;Sg;S5g\ . dlN6ldl8ofn]
l;Sg] / /dfOnf] s'/fsf] d]n ul/lbPsf] x'gfn]
afnaflnsfn] /dfOnf] ubf{ub{} l;ls/x]sf
x'G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] l;Sb}5'
eGg] yfxf geOsg l;S5g\ . o;/L l;Sg]
. tl/sfnfO{ P8'6]Gd]G6 cyf{t\ lzIff/~hg klg
elgG5 . Plgd];g, uLt, ;+uLt, ljlrqsf
cfjfhx¿, rnlrq / 76Øf}nf s'/fx¿n] el/Psf
z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkm}n]
rnfpg;Sg] OG6/PlS6e x'G5 . o:tf
sfo{qmdx¿n] s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ Psflt/ cIf/ /
c+s lrGg, ;fdfGo lx;fa ug{ l;sfpF5g\ eg]
csf]{lt/
dlN6ldl8of
;g !((^ df klxnf] k6s g]kfnaf/]
dlN6ldl8of ;L8L /f]d k|sflzt eof] . lrofsf]
sk la;fpg] Kn]6 hqf], uf]nf], l6gkftf
hlQs} kftnf] ;f] ;L8L /f]ddf ;ft xhf/ k[i7sf]
kf7Ø ;fdu|L, !@) j6f /+lug kmf]6f], @*
j6f
rnlrqsf 6'qmfx¿ / afx| j6f g]kfnL uLtx¿
5g\ . sDKo'6/sf] kxF'r ePsf] hf];'s}n] klg
g]kfnaf/] cfkm"n] vf]h]sf] hfgsf/L k9\g,
x]g{, ;'Gg;S5 . dfgf}F tkfOF{nfO{ OGb|
hfqfaf/] hfGg dgnfUof] . sDKo'6/sf] s]xL
sL lyRg]lalQs} jf dfp; rnfP/ tkfO{Fn]
sDKo'6/df OGb|hfqfaf/] n]lvPsf] s'/f k9\g
kfpg'x'G5 . ;fy} OGb|hfqfsf] kmf]6f]dfq
xf]Og 6]lnlehgdf em}F hfqf ePs} x]g{
;Sg'x'G5 . OGb|hfqfdf ahfOg] afhf /
ehgx¿ klg ;'Gg kfpg' x'G5 . ;fy} g]kfnsf
21
ljleGg nf]sw'g / uLtx¿ ;'Gg;Sg'x'G5 . h'g
zLif{ssf] hfgsf/L rflxof] Tof] hfgsf/L kf7Ø,
>Jo, b[Zo / rnlrqsf] ¿kdf cfgGb lng
;Sg'x'G5 . o;/L kf7Ø, Wjlg, lrq / rnlrqsf]
d]nnfO{ ax'dfWod jf dlN6ldl8of elgG5 .
ljt]sf b; jif{df sDKo'6/n] sfd ug]{ tl/sfdf
w]/} km/s kl/;s]sf] 5 . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlwdf cfPsf] csNkgLo kl/jt{gn] ubf{
sDKo'6/sf] sfo{s'zntf, tLj|tf, Ifdtf /
sfo{z}nLdf ljzfn kl/jt{g cfPsf] xf] .
kmn:j¿k sDKo'6/n] cIf/ c+sx¿df dfq ;"rgf
lng], k|zf]wg ug]{ / lbg] sfddf ;Lldt geP/
lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg cflb ljljw dfWodx¿sf] ;"rgf
u|x0f, k|zf]wg, ;+sng, k'g?Tkfbg / k|;f/0f
ug{;S5 . sDKo'6/sf] of] ax'dfWoddf sfd
ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ dlN6ldl8of elgG5 . :Sofg/,
l8lh6n l:6n Sofd]/f, l8lh6n lel8of] Sofd]/f
h:tf lrq tyf rnlrqnfO{ sDKo'6/df /fVg]
pks/0f / lel8of] Pl8l6ª / Plgd];g k|f]u|
fdx¿sf] dbtn] ;a} vfnsf lrq, rnlrq, /]vflrq,
Plgd];g tyf lel8of] lkmNdx¿ sDKo'6/df
/fv]/ x]g{ k|zf]wg ug{, ;+u|x ug{ / k|]
if0f ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . To:t} ;a} vfnsf
WjlgnfO{ l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf /]s8{ ug{
ljleGg pks/0f / pkfox¿ alg;s]sf] 5 h;n] clt
pRr:t/sf] :6]l/of] ;fp08 k}bf ug{;S5 .
kmn:j¿k ca sDKo'6/ 1fg / dgf]/+hgsf]
Pp6} ;fwg ag]sf] 5 . o;df tkfO{F
pRru'0f:t/sf] uLt ;+uLt ;'Gg, lkmNd
x]g{, kf7Ø ;fdu|L k9g, v]n v]Ng
;Sg'x'G5 / cfkm} klg ljleGg dfWodsf
;"rgf
/ dgf]/+hg pTkfbg / ljt/0f ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
dlN6ldl8ofsf] csf]{ d'Vo ljz]iftf s] xf] eg]
o;sf] ;+rfngdf tkfOF ;xefuL aGg ;Sg'x'G5
. sDKo'6/df pknAw lrq rnlrq jf Wjlg cflb
lx;fa /fVg, lr7Lkq, l/kf]6{, n]v /rgf n]Vg,
tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{, clen]v /fVg, sDKo'6/
dfkm{t a}7s / uf]i7Ldf sfo{kq jf ljrf/ k|:
t't ug{ ;Sg] ;Lkx¿ k5{g\ . ;"rgf ;fIf/tf df
sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tfsf ;fy} ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{,
;"rgfsf] cy{ a'‰g], ;"rgf pTkfbg ug]{
tyf ;+rf/dfkm{t c?;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug]{ ;Lk
hfGg'k5{ .
;"rgf ;fIf/tfn], ljz]if u/L
OG6/g]6n] o:tf] ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ub}{5
22
hxfF s'g} klg 7fpFsf dflg;x¿n] s'g} klg
a]nf ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg efudf lgjf{w ¿kdf
;"rgf jf hfgsf/L lng / lbg ;S5g\ . ;"rgf
;+hfn -OGkmd]{;g g]6js{_ xfd|f] b}lgs
hLjg / cy{tGqsf] clt cfjZos c+u x'g
yfln;s]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u a9g'sf]
;Fu;Fu} of] s'/f :ki6 x'Fb}5 ls ca sDKo'6/
rnfpg] / ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ ;Lk hfg]/ dfq}
k'Ub}g, ;"rgf ;+hfnsf] ljzfn e08f/af6
cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] ;"rgf k|fKt ug'{ / tL
;"rgfnfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;d'bfosf] lxtdf k|of]u
ug{ hfGg' cfhsf] k|lt:kwf{o'Qm ;dfhdf
afFRgsf nflu clgjfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . oxL
;LknfO{ ;"rgf ;fIf/tf elgG5 . lxFhf] xfdL
sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tfsf] s'/f uYof}{+ eg] cfh
Toltn] dfq k'Ub}g .
lzIff, pBf]uwGbf tyf dflg;sf] b}lgs
hLjgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf] cfwf/df
;"rgf ;fIf/tfnfO{ o;/L kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M
1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfhdf sfd ug{sf nflu l8lh6n
k|ljlw, ;+rf/sf ;fwgx¿, tyf÷jf g]6js{
pkof]u u/L ;"rgf k|fKt, Jojl:yt, ;dGjo,
d"Nof+sg / l;h{gf ug'{ ;"rgf ;fIf/tf xf] .
of] kl/iffefn] ;"rgf ;fIf/tfsf kfFr
tTjx¿nfO{ cf}FNofPsf] 5 M kx'Fr jf k|fKt
ug'{ M ;"rgfsf] af/]df hfGg', ;"rgf sxfF 5,
sxfFaf6 / s;/L kfpg;lsG5 egL yfxf kfpg' /
;"rgf k|fKt ug'{ . Jojl:yt ug'{ M k|fKt ;"rgf
s'g} sfd jf p2]Zosf nflu pkof]u ug{] pkfo
jf of]hgf agfpg' . ;dGjo ug'{ M ;"rgfsf]
cy{ a'‰g', cYof{pg' . ;"rgfsf] ;f/ lvRg',
c? ;"rgfx¿;Fu bfFHg', ;dfg / leGg s'/fx¿
ku]{Ng' . d"Nof+sg ug'{ M ;"rgfsf] u'0f,
;fGble{stf, pkof]lutf jf bIftf cflbaf/]
lg0f{o ug'{ . pgLx¿sf] ;f]Rg], ts{ ug]{ /
/rgfTds sfd ug]{ zlQmnfO{ hufpF5g\ .
jf:tjdf dlN6ldl8ofn] l;Sg] l;sfpg] jf lzIffsf]
If]qdf ce"tk"j{ Pj+ rdTsf/L kl/jt{g NofPsf]
5 . zAbsf]z / ljZjsf]z M clxn] ljZjsf gfdL
zJbsf]z / ljZjsf]ifx¿ ;L8L /f]ddf /
j]a;fO6x¿df pknAw 5g\ . tL sf]zx¿
k':tseGbf lgs} ;:tf, /fvgw/g ug{ ;lhnf],
b/fh klg grflxg] , pkof]u ug{ klg clt l56f]
;fy} ax' dfWodsf ePsf] x'gfn] ;fx|}
pkof]uL, /dfOnf / sfutdf 5flkPsf k':tseGbf
stf xf] stf k|efjsf/L / 1fgj4{s 5g\ . ltgdf
kz'klIf af]n]sf], dflg; gfr]sf], gfdL
g]tfx¿s} :j/df pgLx¿sf] efif0f ;'Gg kfOG5
. jf:tjdf ax'dfWoddf tof/ kfl/Psf oL sf]zx¿
1fgsf vfgL x'g\ / Tof] vfgL vGg kl;gf
r'xfpg' kb}{g xfF:b} /dfpFb} 1fgsf]
e08f/df :jtGq ¿kn] 3'Dg ;lsG5 .
dlN6ldl8ofaf6 dgf]/+hg M
sDKo'6/df tf; v]Ng', ljleGg k|lt:kwf{Tds
v]n v]Ng', lkmNd x]g'{, uLt ;+uLt ;'Gg',
6]lnlehg x]g{' lxFhf]cfh ;fdfGo s'/f
eO;Sof] . l;g]df pBf]udf Plgd];g tyf
ljleGg ;ˆ6j]o/x¿sf] dbtn] c;+ej b[Zox¿sf]
lkmNdx¿ agfpg] sfd ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . ;:tf] /
;lhnf];Fu :t/Lo uLt, ;+uLt j;f/k;f/ ug]{,
/]s8{ ug]{ sfd klg ;fdfGo
eO;s]sf] 5 . dgf]/+hg pBf]usf] If]qdf
dlN6ldl8ofn] rdTsf/ g} u/]sf] 5 eg] klg
x'G5 .
dlN6ldl8ofsf ;+efjgfx¿
lzIff, :jf:Yo, dgf]/+hg, Jofkf/, k|zf;g,
;dfh;]jf, ;'/Iffsf] If]qdf dfqxf]Og ca
wd{sd{, rf8kj{, wfld{s cg'i7fg tyf
;+:sf/x¿df ;d]t dlN6ldl8ofsf] kof{Kt
pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 . dfgj hLjgsf] s'g}
klg kIf ca o;sf] pkof]uaf6 a+lrt /xnf eGg
ufx|f] 5 . k|ljlwsf] lg/Gt/ ljsf;n] ubf{
dlN6ldl8of lbgx'F emgemg ;:tf], ;lhnf] /
/dfOnf] x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 / of] ;j{JofkL
aGb}5 .
;"rgf ;fIf/tf
dflg;n] k9g n]Vg yfn]b]lv pm tLg k|
sf/sf ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfaf6 u'h|Fb}5 . k9g,
n]Vg / ;fdfGo lx;fa ug{ ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{
k/Dk/fut ;fIf/tf elgG5 eg] sDKo'6/
;fIf/tfleq ;fwf/0f jf k|rlnt sDKo'6/sf ;fdfGo
cf}hf/x¿ rnfpg, Od]n k7fpg / k|fKt ug{,
n]vf,
cWofo $
;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u
;'gsf] km'n kfg]{ s'v'/f
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u eGgfn]
;fdfGotM ;"rgf, 1fg, dgf]/+hg, lzIff cflb
23
ljleGg ljifoj:t' ;+rf/ ug]{ k|ljlw eg]/
a'‰g] ul/G5, t/, ;+rf/ k|ljlw oltdf dfq}
;Lldt 5}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu cd]l/sfdf aGg]
s'g} lkmNd jf6]lnl;l/on cyf{t\ 6]lnlehgdf
k|;fl/t x'g] sfo{qmd ljZjsf xhf/f}F l;g]df
xnx¿ / :of6]nfO6 Pj+ :ynLo -6]/]:6]l/on_
6]lnlehg :6];gdfkm{t s/f]8f}F bz{sx¿;dIf
k'U5 . d"n ¿kdf tL lkmNd jf
6]ln>[+vnfx¿ c+u|]hL efiffdf ag] klg
ljleGg b]zdf tL sfo{qmdx¿ tTsfn :yfgLo
tyf /fli6«o efiffx¿df :j/ xfnL -8laª_ em08}
;f]xL ;dodf k|;f/0f x'G5 . c/af}F 8n/
sdfpg] of] dgf]/+hg pBf]u cd]l/sfsf]
cy{tGqdf ;'gsf] km'n kfg]{ s'v'/fsf] ¿kdf
lrlgG5 .
Pp6f lkmNd jf 6]ln>[+vnf
agfpg]b]lv bz{s;dIf k'¥ofpFbf;Dd ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] em08} rf/ tl/sfn] pkof]u ul/Psf]
x'G5 . !_ lkmNd agfpg syfj:t' ;+sng
n]vg, hfgsf/L ;+sng / k|zf]wgh:tf klxnf]
r/0fsf] sfddf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kof{Kt pkof]u
x'G5 . @_ lkmNd ;'l6ª u/]b]lv ;Dkfbg,
pTkfbg, ljt/0f u/L bz{ssf] cfFvf cufl8
k'¥ofpFbf;Dd cjZos Sofd]/f, :6'l8of]
pks/0f, k|;f/0f oGq, :of6]nfO6, 6]lnlegh
:6];g, s]a'n 6LeL, 6]lnlehg ;]6, lkmNdxn
/ To;df cfjZos pks/0f h:tf cgluGtL oGq
pks/0fx¿sf] pTkfbg :jo+ klg ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ pkof]u xf] . cd]l/sf
/ hfkfgsf] cy{tGqsf] 7"nf] lx:;f o:tf]
oGqpks/0f pTkfbgn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . #_ dfly
plNnlvt clwsf+z pks/0fx¿ clxn] l8lh6n k|
ljlwaf6 rN5g\ . tL pks/0f rnfpgsf nflu
PlKns];g ;ˆ6j]o/ tyf k|f]u|fd ;ˆ6j]o/x¿sf]
cfjZostf x'G5 . sDKo'6/nufot ljleGg
oGqpks/0f ;+rfng ug]{ ;ˆ6j]o/sf] pTkfbg
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . $_
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf] rf}yf] kIf dfly
plNnlvt k|lqmof, k|ljlw / pks/0fx¿sf] k|
of]u u/]/ pTkfbg x'g] ;"rgf -lkmNd,
6]ln>[+vnf
cflb_ ;+rf/ ug'{ cyf{t Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{
7fpF;Dd k'¥ofpg', k|;f/ ug'{ l;h{gf ug'{
M k|fKt ;"rgf kl/dfh{g, sfof{Gjog,
l8hfOg, gjLg pkof]u jf n]vgåf/f h'g
p2]Zosf nflu ;"rgf vf]lhPsf] xf] Tof]
p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;3fpg] ;"rgf l;h{gf ug'{ .
pbfx/0fsf nfluM tkfO{FnfO{ kf]v/f
hfg' 5 . s] ug]{ <
;"rgfdf kx'Fr M kf]v/f s;/L hfg] eGg] ;"rgf
jf hfgsf/L tkfO{Fn] sxfFaf6 / s;/L kfpg'
x'G5 < s;};Fu df}lvs ¿kdf jf
6]lnkmf]gaf6 ;f]w]/, lstfadf k9]/, Od]n
u/]/ jf j]a;fO6 x]/]/ klg of] ;"rgf k|fKt
ug{;Sg' x'G5 . s'gs'g ;+rf/ dfWoddf
tkfO{Fsf] kxF'r 5 / tL dfWodx¿dWo] s'g
dfWod slt e/ kg{ of]Uo / l56f] 5 < tL
dfWodaf6 a; ;]jf / xjfOhxfh ;]jfaf/] lj:t[t
hfgsf/L xfl;n ug'{x'G5 . ;"rgf Joj:yfkg M
k|fKt ;a} hfgsf/LnfO{ tkfO{Fn] Ps}
7fpFdf /fVg'x'G5 / ltgsf] juL{s/0f
ug'{x'G5 . h:t}, a; ofqf / xfjfOhxfh
ofqf;DaGwL b"/L, ;do, ef8f OToflb
hfgsf/L 5'6\ofpg'x'G5 . ;"rgfsf]
;dGjo÷/f]hfO M k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df /
ofqfsf cfjZostf / p2]Zosf] cfwf/df kmfObf
a]kmfObf 5'6Øfpg'x'G5 . ;"rgfsf]
d"Nof+sg M ofqfsf] nflu pknAw ;]jfx¿,
ltgsf] ;do, ef8f cflb ljleGg s'/fx¿sf]
cfwf/df s'g ;]jf a]; egL d"Nof+sg
ug'{x'G5 . clg,
;"rgf l;h{gf M o:tf] ;"rgf l;h{gf ug'{x'G5
hf] tkfO{FnfO{ kf]v/f hfgsf nflu ;do,
k};f, ;'ljwf / ofqfsf] p2]Zo cflb ;a} b[l6n]
pko'Qm x'G5 . jf:tjdf cfOnfu]sf] ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{, s'g} sfd k"/f ug{ jf nIfdf
k'Ug ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf ;"rgf ;+hfnaf6
kmfObf p7fpg;Sg' g} ;"rgf ;fIf/tf xf] .
o;n] d'Vo ¿kdf s;/L lg0f{odf k'Ug], ljrf/ jf
wf/0f agfpg] jf
;d:of ;'Nemfpg] eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .
;"rgf ;+hfnsf] dfWodaf6 c?;Fu ldn]/ sfd
ug'{ clt cfjZos tyf dxTjk"0f{ ;Lk xf] .
;+If]kdf, ;"rgf ;fIf/tf eg]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf
;+hfnsf] dbtn] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf
xf] . hf] JolQm a9L ;"lrt x'G5 p;n] a9L
;xL lg0f{o ug{ / of]hgf agfpg ;S5 . of]
gofF s'/f xf]Og t/ plxn] ;"rgfsf ;fwg / ;|
f]tx¿dfly ;Lldt JolQmx¿sf] Psflwsf/
x'GYof] eg] xfn cfP/ ;"rgf k|ljlwn] k|bfg
u/]sf] hfb'u/L zlQmnfO{ pkof]u u/]/
24
clwstd nfe lng;Sg] Ifdtf h;n] klg xfl;n
ug{;S5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] zlQm / g]kfndf
o;sf] pkof]u
• Od]n / OG6/g]6af6 ;"rgf, hfgsf/L / 1fg
cfbfgk|bfg ug{;lsG5 .
6]lnkmf]g, ˆofS;, x'nfsh:tf c? tl/sfn] ;"rgf
cfbfgk|bfg u'g{eGbf of]
tl/sf lgSs} ;:tf] / l56f] x'G5 .
• rfx]sf] ljifodf cfjZos ;"rgf / 1fg vf]Hg /
kfpg;lsG5 . OG6/g]6 jf:tjdf 1fgsf] e08f/
xf] . o;nfO{ ljZjsf ljzfn k':tsfnox¿;Fu
bfFHg ;lsG5 .
• ljZjel/sf] ahf/df rflxPsf] ;fdfg vf]Hg /
lsGg;lsG5 . s;};Fu cg'/f]w ug'{kb}{g /
lj1fkgsf] y'k|f] rfxfg'{ klg kb}{g .
• :yfgLo pTkfbg ljZj ahf/df k|rf/ ug{ /
a]Rg;lsG5 . k|rf/ ug{sf] nflu cvaf/,
/]l8of]df h:tf] OG6/g]6df 3]/} vr{
nfUb}g / of] ljZjJofkL klg x'G5 . ;fdfg
a]r]sf] e'QmfgL tTsfn} :yfgLo a}+sdf
cfOk'U5 .
• ;+;f/sf] ljleGg efusf cvaf/, /]l8of]
6]lnlehg cflb cfd;+rf/ dfWodaf6 tTsfn
;dfrf/, ;"rgf, dgf]/+hg tyf ljljw ;fdu|L
x]g{;lsG5 . of] k|foM lgz'Ns jf clt sd
vlr{nf] x'G5 .
• ljZjlel/sf ljZjljBfno, sn]hdf pknAw lzIff,
kf7\oqmd, 5fqj[lQ af/] hfgsf/L kfpg, tL
;+:yfdf egf{ x'g / 5fqj[lQ kfpg;lsG5 . ;do
art x'G5 . s;}sf] l;kmfl/;lagf cfk\mg}
of]Uotfsf] e/df ljZjsf pRr:t/Lo lzIf0f
;+:yfx¿df :t/Lo lzIff / 5fqj[lQsf] cj;/
kfOG5 .
• 8fS6/n] la/fdLsxfF gk'uL sg /f]u hfFr]/
cf}ifwL lbg jf pkrf/sf cGo pkfo ug{;S5 .
ufpF tyf b'u{d :yfgdf /f]usf] lgbfgsf nflu
of] lgSs} pkof]uL x'G5 .
• ljBfno guO{ 3/df a;La;L lzIff xfl;n ug{,
k/LIff lbg / k|df0fdq k|fKtug{;lsG5 . hflu/
vfFb} k9\g]x¿sf nflu o;n] j[lQ ljsf;sf] /fd|
f] cj;/ lbG5 .
• cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] ;lhn};Fu cfjZos ;"rgf
;fdu|L kfpg ;S5g\ . cfkm"n] cg';Gwfg
ug{ nfu]sf] ljifoaf/] hfgsf/L k7fpg cg'/f]w
ub}{ p;n] Od]n k7fpg jf OG6/g]6sf]
pkof]u ug{;S5 . ToxL ljifodf klxn] ul/Psf
cg';Gwfg kqx¿ x]g{kfpF5 / cg';Gwfg
ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
• ljleGg ljifodf sfd ug]{, hgjsfnt ug]{
;+:yfx¿n] cfk\mgf s'/f
;lhn};Fu c?;dIf k7fpg / hgjsfntsf]
ljifonfO{ km}nfpg;S5g\ . xf] . of]
kIfnfO{ hg;fwf/0fn] lbglbg} k|ToIf pkof]u
ug]{ x'gfn] w]/} dflg;x¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlw
eGgfn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] of] kIfnfO{ a9L
a'‰g] u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿n] cfˆgf] kl/l:ylt / Ifdtfcg';f/ ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u d'Vo ¿kdf rf/ k|sf/n]
ul/x/]sf
5g\ M
! ;"rgf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
g]kfnh:tf] ljsf;zLn d'nsdf d'Vo ¿kdf
;"rgfsf] cf];f/k;f/sf] nflu ePsf] b]lvG5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu g]6jls{ª u/]/ jf OG6/g]6sf]
pkof]u u/]/ lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, dgf]/+hg,
pBf]u, jfl0fHo, ko{6g cflb dxTjk"0f{
ljifosf 1fg / ;"rgf ;+rf/ jf k|;f/ u/]/, k|zf]wg
tyf ;+sng u/]/ b]z / ;dfhsf] cfly{s,
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lt ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ sfd x'g
yfn]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] pkof]u 1fg /
;"rgfnfO{ cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ sfddf ;Lldt ePsf]
x'gfn] of] s]jn ;"rgf ;+rf/ k|ljlw xf] .
clwsf+z b]zn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] oxL kIf jf
e"ldsfsf] a9L pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . oxL
kIfnfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf pkof]u ug{;s] klg
b]zsf] cy{tGq, lzIff, :jf:Yo, k|zf;g / ;fdfhdf
w]/} pNn]vgLo kl/jt{g Nofpg;lsG5 .
;"rgf ;+rf/ ug{] of] On]S6«f]lgs
dfWod ePsf] x'gfn] h'g ljifodf o;sf]
pkof]u ul/G5 Tof] ljifo jf zAbsf] cufl8
c+u|]hL zAb On]S6«f]lgssf] klxnf] cIf/ …
OÚ hf]8]/ gofF zAb agfpg] rng 5 . h:t} M
Od]n, Osd;{, Oueg]{G;, O8]df]qm];L,
Onlg{ª, Ohg{lnHd cflb . dfly plNnlvt
ljifox¿sf] 1fg / ;"rgf kfpg jf k7fpg g]6js{
jf OG6/g]6 rnfpg' kg]{ x'gfn] tL ljifo jf
zAbsf] cul8 …OÚ sf] ;§f cgnfOg zAb klg
k|rlnt 5 . h:t} cgnfOg hg{lnhd, cgnfOg
sGk|m]G;, cgnfOg d]l8l;g, cgnfOg
25
P8's];g cflb . g]kfnL efiffdf klg c+u|]hL
zAbsf] 7ØfSs} ldNg] g]kfnL zAb gePsf]
cj:yfdf O / cgnfOg zAbs} k|rng al9/x]sf]
5 . h:t} M Od]n, cgnfOg
kqsfl/tf jf O kqsfl/tf, cgnfOg k"hf,
cgnfOg >f4 cflb .
xfn;Dd g]6 jls{ª / cem} ljz]if ¿kdf
OG6/g]6 g} ;"rgf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] cfwf/ xf]
. ctM ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u eGg' d'Vo
¿kdf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u xf] . x'gt o;sf]
pkof]u s;n] s'g b]zdf s;/L u5{ eGg] s'/f
ToxfFsf] k"jf{wf/nufot w]/} s'/fdf e/k5{,
t}klg sf7df8f}Fh:tf] zx/L If]qdf o;sf]
pkof]u lgDglnlvt sfddf ug{;lsG5 M lx:;f
xf] . hfkfg, cd]l/sf, l;+ufk'/h:tf b]zx¿sf]
/fli6«o cy{tGqdf o:tf pks/0fx¿sf] pTkfbg
/ Jofkf/n] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / pkof]udf
j[l4;Fu;Fu} o; k|sf/sf] ;fdu|L, xf8{j]o/sf]
pTkfbg al9/x]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus d'n'sx¿sf]
cy{tGq la:tf/} ;"rgf k|ljlw ;fdu|Lsf]
pTkfbglt/ a9b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt oGq
pks/0fx¿sf] pTkfbg / lgof{t u/]/ cy{tGq
alnof] agfpg] Ifdtf sd} b]lvG5 .
$ ;km\6j]o/÷cef}lts ;fdu|Lsf]
pTkfbgdf
ef}lts ;fdfg, oGqpks/0f pTkfbgh:t}
cef}lts, cfFvfn] gb]lvg] t/ tL
oGqpks/0fx¿ ;+rfng ug{ geOgx'g]
PlKns];g k|f]u|fdx¿ cyf{t\ ;ˆ6j]o/ sf]
pTkfbg ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;+a+lwt csf]{
dxTjk"0f{ pTkfbg xf] . ;ˆ6j]o/ sf] pTkfbg
/ Jofkf/n] g} lan u]6\;nfO{ aL; jif{leq
;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf wgf9Ø dflg; agfPsf] xf] .
of] If]qdf clxn];Dd cd]l/sfs} jr{:j 5 .
;ˆ6j]o/ agfpgsf nflu kmnfd, k]6«f]n,
vlghh:tf ef}lts sRrf kbfy{ / ;8s, xjfO tyf
;d'b|L oftfoftsf] ;fwg grflxg] x'gfn]
g]kfnh:tf] pBf]usf] nflu rflxg] ;|f]t
;fwgljlxg / e"kl/j]li7t d'n'ssf nflu of]
pBf]u lgSs} pkof]uL x'g;S5 . lbdfu jf
af}l4s Ifdtf s'g} b]zsf] lghL ;DkQL xf]Og
. clxn] klg sltko g]kfnLx¿ g]kfnleq} a;]/
;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbg ug{] sfddf nflu/x]sf 5g\ .
sltko g]kfnLx¿ cd]l/sfdf gfdL ;ˆ6j]o/
sDkgLdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf
k|ltefzfnL o'jfx¿sf] nflu of] If]q lgSs}
cfsif{s / hLjg:t/ psf:g] cj;/ xf] . ljsf;zLn
b]zsf dflg;x¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf s]jn
lbdfu nufP/ 3/df a;La;L sdfpg] cj;/ /
If]qx¿ cg]s 5g\ . o;sf] nflu pko'Qm
k"jf{wf/ / kl/j]z x'g' cfjZos 5 . o;sf] nflu
Od]n / OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u ubf{ vr{
nfUb}g nfu] klg lgSs} yf]/} nfU5 .
ljleGg Joj;fodf nfu]sf Joj;foLx¿n]
cfkm\gf] Joj;fo / ;Lk a9fpgsf nflu rflxg]
;"rgf / 1fg ;lhn};Fu kfpg;S5g\ .
ljZjsf s'g} klg efudf a:g] dflg;;Fu
s'/fsfgL ug{ ldqtf ug{ / /dfOnf];Fu ;do
latfpg;lsG5 . hLjg;fyL /f]Hg] sfddf klg
OG6/g]6, Od]n / Rof6 pkof]uL eO/x]sf] 5
.
@ ;"rgf k|zf]wg k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf
g]kfndf klxnf] sDKo'6/ hgu0fgfsf]
tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{sf] nflu NofOPsf]
lyof] . clxn] e"ld;'wf/ ljefun] g]kfne/sf
hUufhldg, hUufjfn / df]xLx¿sf] nut tof/
kfb}{5 . Tof] tof/ ePkl5 s'g} klg dflg;sf]
gfddf g]kfndf slt hUuf, s:tf] hUuf 5 eGg]
s'/f t'?Gt} yfxf kfpg;lsG5 . hgu0fgf,
s[lifu0fgfh:tf a]na]nfdf x'g] /fli6«o :t/sf
sfo{qmdsf nflu dfq xf]Og lgjf{rg cfof]u,
dGqfnox¿, ljefux¿, a}+sx¿, u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿ tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿df klg
w]/}yf]/} dfqfdf eP klg tYof+s / ;"rgfsf]
y'k|f] x'G5 / ltgnfO{ pkof]u ug{ ltgsf] k|
zf]wg ug'{k5{ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; gePsf]
eP of] sfd ug{ lgs} d]xgt / w]/} dlxgf jf
jiff}{F nfUYof] . t/ clxn] nfvf}F ljBfyL{sf]
k/LIffsf] glthf klxn]eGbf lgSs} sd ;dodf
lgsfNg / k|;f/ ug{;lsG5 . ljh'nL /
6]lnkmf]gsf] nfvf}F ;+Vofdf lan / /l;b
t'?Gt} tof/ x'G5 .
;"rgf ;+rf/ ug]{ sfdsf] t'ngfdf ;"rgf
k|zf]wg ug]{ sfd cln dxFuf] x'G5 . o;sf]
nflu a]Un} / dxFuf] ;ˆ6j]o/sf] cfjZostf
k5{ . s'g} lgsfo jf ;+:yfsf] cfjZostfcg';f/
;k\m6j]o/ agfpg lgSs} vr{ nfU5 . o;}n]
;fgf ;+:yfx¿n] Tof] vr{ wfGg;Qm}gg\ .
ef}lts ;|f]tn] ljkGg t/ dfgj ;|f]tn] ;DkGg
26
g]kfnh:tf] b]zsf o'jfx¿nfO{ ;ˆ6j]o/ agfpg]
/ ;"rgf
k|zf]wg ug]{ tflnd lbg;lsof] eg] g]kfnd}
a;La;L ljZjel/sf sDkgLx¿sf] nflu sfd ug{ /
cfsif{s cfDbfgL ug{] af6f] v'nfpg;lsG5 .
# oGqpks/0f tyf ;fdu|L
pTkfbgdf
sDKo'6/, 6]lnkmf]g /]l8of] 6]lnlehg,
l8lh6n Sofd]/f, lk|G6/, :Sofg/, b"/;+rf/ k|
0ffnL, OG6/g]6 k|0ffnL cflb ;+rfng ug{
rflxg] oGq pks/0fb]lv e"pku|x;Ddsf
ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdfg pTkfbg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
cleGg s'g} ufpFdf df]6/ af6f] k'u]kl5
df]6/ r9g]x¿dfq} xf]Ogg\ gr9g]x¿ klg
k|efljt x'G5g\ To:t} ;"rgf k|ljlwn] o;sf]
pkof]u ug]{x¿nfO{ dfq} xf]Og sDKo'6/
g} gb]v]sf jf 6]lnkmf]gdf slxNo}
gaf]n]sfx¿sf] hLjgnfO{ klg k|efljt kf5{ .
;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ef}uf]lns ¿kn]
PSnfPSn} k/]sf b]zx¿n] ef]Ug' k/]sf afwf
c8rgx¿ x6fP/ tyf ;"rgf, 1fg tyf lzIffdf
hgtfsf] kx'Fr ;/n agfP/ ;fy} ljkGg / kfvf
k/]sf hgtfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] hLjgnfO{ k|efj
kfg]{ s'/fx¿df cfkm} lg0f{o lng;Sg]
agfP/ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿sf] ;d[l4df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg
ug{;S5 . gofF ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn]
ljkGg ;d'bfo / /fi6«sf ;fd' Jofks cj;/x¿ k|
bfg u/]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] ;"rgf / 1fgsf]
e08f/;dIf kx'Fr k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] bIftf,
Jofkf/Lx¿sf] gfkmf, lzIffyL{x¿sf] 1fg,
Joj;foLx¿sf] sf/f]af/, ls;fg / ;fgf pBdLx¿sf]
ahf/ a9fpg] cj;/ lbPsf] 5 . u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo cfjfh ljZj;fd' k'¥ofpg
;3fPsf] 5 . b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf a:g]
ljkGg ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ljsf; / cy{tGqsf]
d"nwf/df Nofpg dbt ub}{5 . la;{g} gx'g]
s'/f s] xf] eg] cf}Bf]lus k|ljlweGbf of] k|
ljlw km/s 5 . of] k|ljlwsf] nflu sf]Onf, t]n,
kmnfd, kfgL, gbLgfnf, ;d'b| cflb k|s[lts ;|
f]teGbf klg dflg;sf] lbdfu / dfgjLo ;|f]tsf]
a9L cfjZostf / pkof]u x'G5 . ul/a /fi6«x¿
dfgj ;|f]tsf wgL 5g\ . o;}n] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
k|ljlwn] ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿sf] nflu ce"tk"j{
cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwn] k|bfg ug]{
cj;/x¿
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ljBdfg ;+rf/ /
;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] pkof]usf] If]qnfO{
csNkgLo 9+un] a9fpg;S5 . o;af6 gofF
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿ l;h{gf ug{ /
tL ;DaGwx¿nfO{ alnof] agfpg;lsG5 .
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] oxL df}lns
ljz]iftfn] ubf{ of] k|ljlw dfgj ljsf;sf]
zlQmzfnL sf/s aGg;S5 . of] k|ljlwsf ljz]iftf
/ o;n] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df s'gs'g If]qdf s;/L
of]ubfg lbg;S5 eGg]af/] hfkfgdf ePsf] hL
* sf] ;Dd]ngn] v6fPsf] l8lh6n ck/Ro'lg6L
Olgl;Pl6e gfds sfo{bnn] o;/L :ki6 kf/]sf]
5M
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw ;j{Jofks / ;j{sflns 5
. o;nfO{ JolQmut sfd, Jofkf/ tyf ;/sf/L
sfdnufot dflg;sf ;a} vfnsf ultljlwx¿df
cWofo %
ljsf;zLn b]zsf nflu
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxTj
;"rgf k|ljlw / cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfdWo] s'g /f]Hg] <
ljZjsf cf7 wgf9Ø b]zsf /fi6«k|
d'vx¿sf] ;g\ @))) df hfkfgdf ePsf] a}7sn]
-hL *_ ul/a d'n'sx¿sf] pGgltsf] nflu ;"rgf
k|ljlwdf nufgL ug{ hf]8 lbFbf l/gdf 8'a]sf
b]zx¿sf] l/g df]rg ug]{ dfu ul//x]sf
xhf/f}F k|bz{g–sf/Lx¿n] æxfdLn]
sDKo'6/ vfg ;Qm}gf}FÆ eGg] gf/f
nufpFb} Nofk6k sDKo'6/ hnfP/ lj/f]w
hgfPsf lyP . bftf /fi6«x¿n] k|ljlwdf a9L
hf]8 lbg yfn] eg] k/Dk/fut ljsf; ;xfotf
36\g;S5 eGg] w]/}sf] lrGtf lyof] . ;g\
@))! df O6nLdf ePsf] a}7sn] km]l/ klg
;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ul/a /fi6«sf] ljsf;df
nufpg' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbof] . ;+o'Qm
/fi6« ;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o'Pgl8kL_ n]
k|sflzt u/]sf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @))! n]
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw / h}ljs k|ljlwn] jf:tjd}
ljZjdf ul/aL 36fpg;S5 eGg] ts{ cl3 ;f/]sf]
5 . 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;Dks{n] hfb'sf] 58Ln]
em}F ;a} ;d:of ;'NemfpF5 egL 7fGg]
27
dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vof lbglbg} al9/x]sf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwdf kl5 kl/of] eg] dfgj ljsf;sf]
bf}8d} kl5 kl/g]5 eGg] wf/0ffn] ljleGg
b]zsf of]hgfsf/ / gLlt lgdf{tfx¿ rlGtt eP/
sfd ul//x]sf b]lvG5g\ .
ljZjsf em08} b'O{ c/a dflg;x¿ :jR5 /
;'/lIft vfg] kfgLaf6 a+lrt 5g\ . tLg c/a
dflg;x¿n] Go"gtd ;/;kmfOsf] ;'ljwf
kfO/x]sf 5}gg\ . /f]u, ef]s, clzIff cflbn]
u|:t tyf ljsf;sf Go"gtd k"jf{wf/x¿sf] cefj
ePsf b]zx¿sf nflu vfBfGg, s[lif, :jf:Yo ;]jf,
:s'n, vfg]kfgL, l;+rfO, ;8s cflbsf nflu ;|f]t
/ ;fwgsf] cefj eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf b"/;+rf/,
:of6]nfO6, df]afOnkmf]g, sDKo'6/ cflbdf
ul/a b]zsf b'n{e ;|f]t / ;fwg vr{ ug'{
cfjZostf geP/ ckJoo jf ;f]v xf] eGg] ts{
ug]{x¿sf] sdL 5}g .
sf/f]af/ ug{ ;3fpg] x'gfn] aLrsf]
gfkmf jf sld;gdf hfg] vr{ 36\5 . o;n]
n]gb]gdf ;/ntf / lz3|tf dfq xf]Og ahf/df
Psflwsf/nfO{ klg 36fpF5 .
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw s'g} :yfg jf If]qdf
;Lldt geP/ of] ljZjJofkL x'G5 . ;+hfn
cyf{t\ g]6js{x¿ l;h{gf u/]/ tyf a9fP/ o;n]
;f+:s[lts tyf efiffut Jojwfgx¿ kf/ ug{;S5 .
o;n] JolQm / ;d"xx¿nfO{ hxfF a;]/ klg sfd
ug{ ;Sg] agfpF5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿nfO{
/fli6«otf;Fu ;/f]sf/ g/fvL ljZj cfly{s k|
0ffnLsf] lx:;f aGg ;3fpF5 . :yfgLo
pTkfbgn] ljZjJofkL ahf/ kfpg;S5 . o;n]
ljBdfg gLlt, /fi6«/fi6«aLr
;Demf}tfx¿ / /fi6«leq k|rlnt P]gsfg'g /
lgodx¿nfO{ xfFs lbG5 . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlwsf oL ljz]iftfx¿n] ubf{ ljsf;nfO{ cl3
a9fpg of] zlQmzfnL ;fwg aGg;S5 .
;"rgf k|ljlw M ;]tf] e"t
;"rgf k|ljlw, l8lh6n k|ljlw, ;fOa/ k|
ljlw, OG6/g]6 cflb ljleGg gfdn] lrlgg] of]
gofF ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ olt w]/} If]q tyf
sfddf olt w]/} tl/sfn] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 ls
clxn] To;sf] cg'dfgdfq ug{;lsG5 . o;nfO{
nf]ssyfsf] ;]tf] e"t;Fu bfFHg' a]; xf]nf .
Tof] e"tnfO{ jzdf kfg{ ;lsof] eg] To;af6
dgn] rfx]sf] sfd u/fpg;lsG5 elgGYof] .
;"rgf k|ljlw Tof] sfNklgs e"teGbf klg
sfdnfUg] 5 . t/ o;af6 clxn];Dd h]hlt sfd
lnOPsf] 5 jf sfd lng;lsG5 eg]/ sNkgf
ul/Psf] 5 Tof] t o;sf] jf:tljs pkof]lutf jf
Ifdtfsf] ;fx|} ;fgf] lx:;f xf] egL j}1flgsx¿
eG5g\ . s'g} klg 7fpFdf ;+rf/ ;'ljwf
k'u]kl5 To;sf] pkof]u ljleGg sfdsf nflu
x'gyfN5 . hflu/ vfg, lzIff xfl;n ug{, lzIf0f
;+:yf vf]Hg, dfn;fdfgsf] efpm yfxf kfpg,
cfˆgf] pTkfbg / ;Lk ljqmL ug{, b]z ljb]zsf
;dfrf/ tTsfn hfGg, r]tgf km}nfpg, hgjsfnt
ug{, ;/sf/ / ljleGg lgsfox¿n] pknAw
u/fpg] ;]jf, ;'ljwfx¿ ;/n tl/sfn] k|fKt ug{
dflg;x¿n] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
ug{ yfN5g\ . hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf t'?Gt} /
;lhn};Fu kfPkl5 pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] ;/f]sf/sf
lg0f{ox¿ tTsfn} / cfkm"nfO{ kmfObf
x'g] 9+un] ug{ yfN5g\ . o;af6 dflg;x¿n]
:jf:Yo, lzIff, ahf/, ;Lk, cfo a9fpg] s'/f
cflbsf af/]df hfgsf/L kfpF5g\ / Tof]
hfgsf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] hLjg:t/ ;kfg{] sfddf
pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . k9g jf hflu/ vfg
nufpg ;lsG5 . o;n] Ps} kN6 w]/} sfd u5{
;fy} of] k|ljlw sfdsf] :jefj jf cfjZostfcg';f/
9fNg ;lsg], nlrnf] klg 5 .
• ;Dks{sf] ;+hfn sfod ug]{ d'Vo sf/s tTj
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw xf] . o;n] ;+hfn jf
g]6js{sf] kx'Fr ePsfx¿nfO{ hlt w]/}
pkof]u ug{;Sof] plt w]/} kmfObf lbnfpF5
. ljlwsf]
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ;"rgf / 1fg k|;f/
ug]{ sfdnfO{ a9fpF5 . o;nfO{ ef}uf]lns
;Ldf jf aGwgx¿n] 5]Sb}g . kmn:j¿k
b'u{d :yfgdf a:g] ;d'bfox¿ klg ljZjJofkL
;+hfnsf] c+u aG5g\ / l;4fGttM ljZjsf]
;"rgf, 1fg / ;+l:s[ltdf ;a} JolQmsf] kx'Fr
x'G5 .
• ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljifoa:t' 7f]; ¿kdf
geO{ l8lh6n / cef}lts -er'{cn_ ¿kdf x'g]
x'gfn] To;nfO{ hltw]/} k|lt jf ;+Vofdf
pTkfbg u/] klg To;sf] vr{ guGo x'G5 .
ljifoj:t' jf sG6]G6 h'g ¿kdf / hlt 7"nf]
dfqfdf eP klg km/s kb}{g . ;fy} k|]if0f jf
;"rgf j;f/k;f/ ug{ klg ljz]if vr{ nfUb}g .
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ;"rgfnfO{ lagf
s'g} afwf ;+u|x jf e08f/0f ug{, k'gM k|
fKt ug{, k|zf]wg ug{, /f]Hg, ljt/0f ug{ /
afF8r'F8 ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] ;fdfg / ;]jfsf]
28
pTkfbg, ljt/0f / ahf/df o;n] ;sf/fTds e"ldsf
v]N5 . kmn:j¿k Jofkf/ / cfly{s sf/f]af/ ;/n /
k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] NofPsf] sfo{
s'zntfdf j[l4 / To;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k vr{df
cfPsf] sdLn] ubf{ k/Dk/fut pBf]u
wGbfx¿df gofFgofF pTkfbg, ;]jf / ljt/0f k|
0ffnLx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf 5g\ . ;fy} gofF Pj+
df}lns tyf k"/} gofF vfnsf pBf]ux¿sf]
k'gM ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . ef}lts j:t'sf] 7fpFdf
af}l4s l;h{gfh:tf cef}lts ;DklQx¿ d"Nojfg
aGb}5g\ . cyf{t\ ef}lts dfn;fdfg pTkfbg
ug]{x¿sf] eGbf cef}lts af}l4s j:t' pTkfbg
ug]{x¿sf] cfDbfgL a9b}5 . k/Dk/fut
snsf/vfgf vf]Ngsf nflu hUuf hldgnufot
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ v8f ug{ h'g ljzfn nufgL
rflxG5 Tof]eGbf lgSs} sd nufgLaf6 ;"rgf
tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]uwGbf,
pTkfbg / ;]jf tyf gofF vfnsf / a9L nfebfoL
sf/f]af/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L of] If]qdf k|j]z
ug{sf nflu cfOnfUg] afwfx¿ 36]sf 5g\
eg] k|lt:k4f{ a9]sf] 5 .
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] Jofkf/df aLrdf
gfkmf vfg] larf}lnofx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{
36fP/ pTkfbs / pkef]QmfaLr ;f]em}
;Dks{ /fVg jf cfk;d}
:jf:Yo If]qdf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
pkof]usf] gd'gf M
x]Nyg]6
x]Nyg]6 k|0ffnL dfkm{t ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿df :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g nfOgaf6 rNg]
;fdfGo Od]naf6 :yf:Yof]krf/ ;DaGwL
hfgsf/L clt yf]/} vr{df cbfgk|bfg ug]{
sfd s]xL jif{b]lv eO/x]sf] 5 . vf; u/L
cf}ifwf]krf/ ug]{ 8fS6/x¿ / :jf:Yo
sfo{stf{x¿n] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]gaf6
;xsdL{ lrlsT;sx¿sf] ;Nnfx ;xof]u,
lrlsT;fzf:qsf gjLgtd hfgsf/L, lrlsT;f
;+a+wL k':tsfnodf kx'Fr, dxfdf/Lsf]
r]tfjgL tyf gofFgofF cg';Gwfgaf/] hfgsf/L
;f6f;f6 ug{ x]Nyg]6sf] pkof]u ul//x]sf
5g\ . x]Nyg]6 ;]jf :yfgLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o
bftfx¿sf] ;xof]udf ;]6nfOkm gfds gfkmf
gsdfpg] ;+:yfn] pknAw u/fO/x]sf] 5 .
x]Nyg]6sf] pkof]u 8]9;o b]zsf aL; xhf/hlt
:jf:ysdL{x¿n] ul/ /x]sf 5g\ . clk|msfdf
o;sf] ;a}eGbf a9L k|efj b]lvPsf] 5 . ToxfF
;x/ / ufpFnfO{ hf]8g], pkof]ustf{x¿sf]
Ifdtf a9fpg], ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;]jfx¿sf]
dfu a9fpg] / st}st} Jofj;flos ¿kn] ;+efJo
;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug]{ sfd klg eO/x]sf] 5 .
x]Nyg]6 dfkm{t :jf:Yo If]qdf p7fO/x]sf
nfex¿sf] s]xL pbfx/0f o:tf 5g\ M
• df]hflDas, tfGhflgof / o'ufG8fsf
zNolrlsT;sx¿n] lj/fdLs]f pkrf/ ub}{
;h{/Lsf gofF tl/sf l;Sg x]Nyg]6sf] pkof]u
ub}{5g\ .
• hflDaofdf pkrf/ ;DaGwL 8]6f a6'Ng
Pstfsf ;ft ;o lsnf]ld6/ ;Dd ofqf ug'{kYof]{
eg] clxn] x]Nyg]6sf] Od]naf6 ;a} 8]6f
k7fOG5 .
• Olyof]lkofdf 8fS6/x¿n] lj/fdLx¿ hfFRg]
;do ldnfpg x]Nyg]6sf] pkof]u u5{g\ .
plxn] lj/fdL hDdf eP klg 8fS6/ cfpg]
lgZro x'Fb}gYof] .
• s+uf]df :yfgLo ljz]if /f]usf lj/fdLsf] k|ult
ljj/0f k7fpg] sfddf x]Nyg]6sf] pkof]u
eO/x]sf] 5 .
• uflDaofdf eO/x]sf] dn]l/of ;+a+wL
cg';Gwfgsf] lgoldt l/kf]6{ x]Nyg]6
dfkm{t o'/f]kl:yt :jf:Yo lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿df
k7fOG5 . ljsf;zLn b]zsf w]/} lrlsT;sx¿sf
nflu P8\; tyf pi0f k|b]zdf nfUg] /f]ux¿sf]
pkrf/ / cf}ifwLaf/] hfgsf/Lx¿, afn /f]u tyf
hg:jf:Yoaf/] ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ d'Vo ;|f]t g}
x]Nyg]6 xf] . 6f9f, ljb]zdf uPsf cfkmGt /
;fyLefOx¿;Fu lg/Gt/ ;Dks{ eO/xG5 . w]/}
lbg;Dd x'nfsLsf] af6f] x]// a:g'kb}{g .
ljb]z uPsfx¿n] sdfPsf] k};f ;lhn};Fu
:jb]zdf lelqG5 . :yfgLo pTkfbg / ;]jfn]
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/
kfpF5 . kfNkfsf] Pp6f ufpFdf ljZjsdf{x¿n]
agfPsf] tfdf]sf efF8fs'F8f OG6/ g]6sf]
dfWodaf6 cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df laqmL
eO/x]sf] 5 . -x]g'{;\ rf}sf]; M
OG6/g]6af6 efF8fsf] Jofkf/_ .
g]kfndf a;]/ of] k|ljlw pkof]u u/]/ ;+;f/sf
7"nf7"nf ljZjljBfno, k':tsfno, ;+u|xfno,
cvaf/, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, lel8of] cflb x]g{
;lsG5 . gfd rn]sf sDkgLsf pTkfbg / ;]jf
kfpg ;lsG5 . ;+;f/sf h'g;'s} s'gfaf6 klg
g]kfnsf tf/] xf]6nx¿df sf]7f a's ug{,
29
6«]lsªsf] sfo{qmd agfpg, un}Frf, kl:dgf
/ x:tsnfsf ;fdfg lsGg, xjfOhxfhsf] l6s6 a's
ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIff, ;"rgf, dgf]/+hg, pBf]u,
Jofkf/, sfof{no ;+rfng, ;/sf/ ;+rfng, ;'zf;g,
a}+lsª, s[lif, oftfoft htftt} of] k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u lbglbg} al9/x]sf] 5 .
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] pkof]usf ljz]if If]qx¿
/fi6«;+3Lo ;x;|fAbL lzv/ ;Dd]ngn]
ljsf;sf nflu ckl/xfo{ kfFr If]q – :jf:Yo, lzIff,
cfly{s cj;/, ;anLs/0f / ;xeflutf tyf jftfj/0f –
df ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u a9fpg;s]
ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿sf] pGgltsf] ult a9fpg
;lsg] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 .
:jf:Yo
ljsf;sf] kmfF6df ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlwsf] pkof]usf] Pp6f d'Vo If]q :jf:Yo xf] .
hgtfsf] :jf:Yo l:ylt ;kfg{sf nflu ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/
k|ljlwnfO{ cgluGtL tl/sfn] pkof]u
ug{;lsG5 . ljleGg ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿df
b'u{d :yfgdf :jf:Yo ;Nnfx lbg, /f]u lgbfg /
pkrf/ ug{ o;sf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . ufpFsf
la/fdLsf] l8lh6n Sofd]/fn] kmf]6f] lvr]/
zx/df a:g] 8fS6/sxFf /f]usf] lgbfg ug{
k7fpg], :jf:Yo ;+a+wL cg';Gwfg ug]{,
8fS6/x¿n] cfk;df ;/;Nnfx u/]/ lj/fdLsf] lz3|
/ ;xL pkrf/ ug]{, :jf:Yo sfo{stf{x¿nfO{
tflnd lbg], lj/fdLx¿sf] hfgsf/L -8]6f_ /fVg],
cf}ifwL tyf pks/0fx¿ k|fKt ug]{ cflb sfddf
ljleGg b]zdf o;n] e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5 .
sfo{qmd pknAw u/fpF5 . ljBfyL{x¿n]
OG6/g]6af6 o'lg;sf] eJo
k':tsfnosf] klg pkof]u ug{;S5g\ .
k|ToIf k|efj
o'lg;fsf] b"/lzIff sfo{qmdn] k|ltjif{
Ps nfv la; xhf/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIff k|bfg
u5{ . tL ljBfyL{dWo] w]/}h;f] clk|msfsf /
s]xL c? ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf x'G5g\ . cfjf;Lo
ljZjljBfnoLo lzIffsf] bfFhf]df b"/lzIff sd
vlr{nf] -*) k|ltzt sd_ x'G5 . ljBfyL{x¿n]
cfˆgf] Joj;fo jf sfd g5fl8sg hxfg kl/jf/
kfNb} cfˆg} ;'/df pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{;S5g\
. dlxnfx¿nfO{ sfd / lzIffsf] cj;/ lbP/
o'lg;fn] n}+lus ;dtfnfO{ k|j4{g u5{ .
o'lg;fsf %^ k|ltzt ljBfyL{ / %! k|ltzt
sd{rf/L dlxnf 5g\ . o'lg;fn] blIf0f clk|
msfleq Jofj;flos sfd÷hflu/sf] cj;/ pknAw
u/fpF5 . z}lIfs, k|zf;lgs / ;xfos sd{rf/L;d]t
#,))) sd{rf/L 5g\
xf“sx¿
o'lg;fsf] kf7Øqmd :t/Lo / z}lIfs
ljifoj:t'sf] lx;fan] ;fGble{s 5g\, tfklg o;n]
lbg] cgnfOg lzIffnfO{ Jofks ¿kn]
km}nfpgsf nflu cg]sf}F dxTjk"0f{
xfFsx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{k5{ . z}lIfs ljifoj:t'sf
uxlsnf / Jofks sfo{qmdx¿ tof/ kfg'{ /
ltgnfO{ wfGg] / Jojl:yt ug]{ ;Lk / Ifdtf
xfl;n ug'{ Pp6f k|d'v xfFs xf] .
ljifoj:t'nfO{ Jofks / clt ljleGg kf7sx¿;dIf
k'¥ofpg] kl4lt -PlKns];g_ ljsl;t ug'{ klg k|
fylds sfo{ xf] .
;|f]t M www.unisa.co.za
cfly{s cj;/
;"rgf k|ljlwn] ljleGg tl/sfn] cfly{s
pGgltsf] cj;/ lbG5 . Jofj;flos
s';ntf a9fpg], lj:t[t cfly{s ;+hfn tyf ahf/sf
ultljlwdf ;lqmotf;fy
lzIff
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df lzIff / lzIf0fsf] u'0f:t/,
Ifdtf / ;Lk a9fpg tyf nb'u{d If]qdf lzIff /
lzIf0f k'¥ofpg ljleGg tl/sfn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf]
cjZostf / Tof] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ pko'Qm
k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf b"/lzIff -l8:6]G; nlg{ª_ ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] o; If]qdf ;kmn pkof]usf]
pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ef}uf]lns, cfly{s
tyf cg]sf}F sl7gfOn] ubf{ pRr lzIff xfl;n
ug{ g;s]sf dflg;x¿sf] nflu o;n] lgSs}
;3fPsf] 5 . ;+;f/sf 5 j6f ;a}eGbf 7"nf b"/
lzIff ljZjljBfnox¿ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿ —
OG8f]g]l;of, sf]l/of, lrg, 6sL{, yfONof08
/ ef/tdf 5g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ljZjJofkL :t/df
j}1flgs vf]h cg';Gwfg ug{ ;3fPsf] 5
eg] k|fljlws / Jofj;flos tflnddf lbg]
sfddf klg o;sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 . k|lzIfs
tyf lzIfsx¿ tof/ kfg{df o;sf] ljz]if of]ubfg
5 . cfjZos ;\"rgf ;+sng u/L ljleGg 7fpFdf
a;]sf JolQmx¿ ldn]/ kf7Øqmd, kf7Ø k':ts
tyf lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx¿ ;:tf] / :yfgLo ¿kdf
pTkfbg ug{ tyf z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf] sfddf
30
klg ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ;lhnf] kf/]sf] 5 . b"/ lzIff
afx]s klg lzIffsf] If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u cgluGtL 5g\ . lh1f;' ljBfyL{ tyf
cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] OG6/g]6sf] ;d'b|df
8'a'NsL dfg{ hfg] eg] 1fgsf] vhfgf
e]§fpg;S5g\ . Od]n / l8:s;g u|'ksf] dbtn]
ljZjdf 5l/Psf ljz]if1 tyf hfgsf/x¿af6
cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] ;"rgf / 1fg ;lhn};Fu k|
fKt ug{;S5g\ .
blIf0f clk|msL ljZjljBfno -o'lg;f_
df b"/lzIff
blIf0f clk|msfsf] of] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf]
ljZjljBfno xf] . ;fy} of] ljZjs} 7"nf
b"/lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿dWo] Pp6f xf] . o'lg;fsf
k|df0fdq, l8Knf]df / l8u|Lb]lv 8fS6/
tx;Ddsf 5 j6f ˆofsN6Lsf — cf6{;\,
Osf]gf]ldS; / Dofg]hd]G6 ;fOG;, sfg'g,
lj1fg, lzIff / k|ljlw, tyf wfld{s cWoog —
kf7Øqmdx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf kfPsf
5g\ . SofDk;x¿af6 lbOg] lzIffsf ;fy}
o'lg;fn] OG6/g]6 / cgnfOg Snf;?d, lel8of]
/ cl8of] n]Sr/ tyf x'nfsdfkm{t klg z}lIfs
e"ldxLg leNn hfltsf @! jif]{ uf]j4{g b'O{
jif{hlt cl3 dlxgfsf] #%)) ¿k}ofF -ef/tLo_
sdfpFy] . ufpFsf] ;"rgfno cyf{t\ ;fOa/
lsof]:sdfkm{t pgn] jl/kl/sf ahf/df cgfh /
cGo s[lif pkhsf] efpm a'‰y] .
ufpFn]x¿sf] ph'/L, l;sfot / ljleGg vfnsf
lr7Lkq Od]naf6 cfbfgk|bfg lul/lbGy] .
hUufhldgsf] k"hf{, cGo ;/sf/L sfutkq /
;"rgfx¿ k'¥ofpFy] . ;fy} pgL ufpFsf kGw|;
f]x| hgf s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ sDKo'6/ klg
l;sfpFy] .
ef/ts} k"jL{ ;d'b|L t6df l:yt kl08r]/Ldf
;+rflnt o:t} ;"rgf s]Gb|x¿n] ;d'b|df df5f
dfg{ hfg nfu]sf dfemLx¿nfO{ ;d'b|sf]
df};d, df5f kfOg;Sg] 7fpF, ahf/ efpm
cflb dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbP/
dfemLx¿sf] hLjg:t/ psf:g ;3fO/x]sf 5g\ .
dxf/fi6«sf pv' / skf; v]tL ug]{
ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwn] pgLx¿sf]
v]tLsf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{, pTkfbgsf]
cg'dflgt kl/df0fsf] yfxf lbg], 7Ls ;dodf
pTkfbg sf/vfgfdf k'¥ofpg], pTkfbgsf]
u'0f:t/ hfFr]/
sf/vfgf;Fu ;Dks{ ul/lbg] / dfnsf] plrt df]n
lbnfOlbg] ;fy} pgLx¿sf] sf/f]af/sf] lx;fa
/flvlbg] sfddf ;3fO/x]sf] 5 . klxn]
sf/vfgfdf hfg jf cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf]
dfn;fdfgsf] efpm a'‰g / a]rlavg ug{sf]
nflu w]/} k6s ;x/ ahf/ wfpg' kYof]{ .
xKtf}Fsf] ;do nfUYof] eg] clxn] ;a}
sfd ufpFd} a;La;L t'?Gt} x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
To;}n] ToxfFsf pv', skf;, b"w pTkfbs
ls;fgx¿sf] ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] ljxfg
sfof{no v'Ng] lalQs} sDKo'6/nfO{ w'k
aQL afn]/ k"hf u5{g\ .
ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] bfFhf]df ef/tdf
b"/;+rf/sf k"jf{wf/x¿ lgs} yf]/} 5g\ .
ToxfF 6]lnkmf]gsf] pkof]u ug]{
dflg;x¿sf] cf};t ;+Vof klg yf]/} 5 .
ljh'nLsf] ;'ljwf klg Tolt w]/} 5}g .
l5gl5gdf nfOg uP/ x}/fg kf5{ . t}klg
;"rgf k|ljlwn] ToxfFsf ufpFn]x¿sf] hLjgdf
kl/jt{g Nofpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng
yfn]sf] 5 . ufpFn]x¿sf] nflu clt cfjZos
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{, ufpFn]n] pTkfbg u/]sf
dfn ;fdfgx¿sf] ahf/ vf]Hg],
larf}lnofx¿nfO{ x6fpg], gofFgofF / a9L
nfebfos ahf/ vf]Hg] cflb sfd u/]/ ;"rgf k|
ljlwn] ufpFn]x¿nfO{ k|ToIf kmfObf
k'¥ofO /x]sf] 5 .
;|f]t M cfp6n's, clk|n (, @))!
efulng nufpg], / /f]huf/sf cj;/ lbnfP/
o;n] cfDbfgL a9fpg / ul/aL 36fpg ;3fpF5
. ufpFdf pTkfbg a9fpg / cfDbfgL a9fpg
;"rgf k|ljlwn] cg]s k|sf/n] dbt u5{ .
:yfgLo hgtf / ;d'bfonfO{ cfk;df ;dfwfgsf
pkfox¿ afF8r'F8 ug{, cfkm"n] pTkfbg
u/]sf] dfn;fdfg / cGg kmnkm"n t/sf/L
cflbsf] ahf/, ahf/ efpm kQfnufpg / ahf/df
k'¥ofpg, s[lifsf] nflu rflxg] df};d, dnvfb
tyf k|ljlwsf pkof]uL s'/fx¿ yfxf kfpg o;n]
lgSs} ;3fpF5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u x'g] sltko
ufpFsf ls;fgx¿n] glhssf] ahf/df cfkm"n]
pTkfbg u/]sf] s[lif kbfy{x¿sf plrt efpm
gkfPsf] cj:yfdf 6f9f6f9fsf ahf/x¿sf] efpm
a'em]/ kmfObf kfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n]
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ efpm klg a'lem/fv]sf
x'G5g\ / Jofkf/Lx¿;Fu s;]/ efptfpm ug{
31
;S5g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u x'g yfn]sf
ufpFx¿df ;/sf/L sfd, n]gb]g tyf Jofkf/df
bnfnL ug]{ dflg;x¿ x6\g', sfd l56f] x'g' /
:yfgLo lgsfox¿df e|i6frf/ 36\g' of] k|
ljlwaf6 ufpFn]x¿n] kfpg yfn]sf d'Vo
kmfObfx¿ x'g\ .
ef/tsf] ufp“sf] cg'ej
ef/tsf] dWo k|b]zsf] wf/ lhNnfsf
ljleGg ufpFx¿df s]xL ;dob]lv ;"rgf k|
ljlwdf cfwfl/t 1fgb"t sfo{qmd nfu"
ul/Psf] 5 . o;cGtu{t u|fd k+rfot
sfof{nox¿df æ;"rgfnoÆ cyf{t\ ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/ s]Gb|x¿ ;+rfng ul/Psf 5g\ .
;"rgfnox¿df ls;fgx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ rflxg]
dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/Lx¿ h:t}, cfkm"n]
pTkfbg u/]sf] pAhgLsf] :yfgLo dfq xf]Og
ljleGg k|fGt / ljZjs} ahf/ efpm, cfkm"n]
lsGg' kg]{ dn aLpnufot s[lif / b}lgs
pkef]usf ;fdfgx¿sf] ahf/ efpm, df};dsf]
af/]df hfgsf/L cflb kfpF5g\ . b]x/L;f/L
ufpFdf ;+rflnt ;"rgfnosf ;"rs cyf{t ;+rfns
uf]j4{g c+uf/Ln] sfd ug{ yfn]sf] jif{ lbg
klg ePsf] 5}g . t/ pgL eG5g\, æof]
d]l;gsf] af/]df hlt w]/} hfGof] plt w]/}
cfDbfgL x'Fbf] /x]5 . o;sf ;+rfns / o;af6
pknAw x'g] ;"rgfsf] pkof]ustf{ b'a}nfO{
o;n] kmfObf lbG5 . of] t crDd}sf] k|ljlw
/x]5 .Æ
dlxgfsf] b'O{ kN6 aL/axfb'/
sf/sfvfgfdf ag]sf efF8fx¿ lnP/ sf7df8f}F
k'U5g\ / x:tsnf ;+3nfO{ tof/L dfn
a'emfpF5g\ . ;+3n] tL dfn ;fdfg
OG6/g]6dfkm{t ljZjahf/sf Jofkf/Lx¿;Dd
k'¥ofpF5 . sf7df8fF}df ;+3sf] cfˆg} k;n
klg 5 . ;+3n] ;g\ !((( df rfln; xhf/ cd]l/sL
8n/ a/fa/sf] tfdf]sf efF8fs'F8f a]r]sf] lyof]
. OG6/g]6df tL efF8fs'F8fsf] ;lrq hfgsf/L
/fVg yfn]kl5 Jofkf/ b'O{ u'gf a9]sf] 5 .
;+3n] g]kfnL sfl/u/x¿sf] ;LknfO{ ljZj
ahf/df k'¥ofpg ;3fO/x]sf] 5 . æ;+3n]
em08} kGw| jif{b]lv cfˆgf Ps xhf/
;b:ox¿n]
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ufpFsf] nflu ag]sf] tf/fxf6 kf]6{n ufpFdf
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ljleGg k|sf/n] ufpFn]x¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f
ul//x]sf cg]s pbfx/0f kfpg;lsG5 .
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;3fO/x]sf] 5 . o; k6ssf] lqm;d;sf] cj;/df
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efF8fs'F8fx¿ lsg] . cd]l/sf / o'/f]ksf
dflg;x¿ OG6/g]6af6 lsgd]n ug{ / qm]l86
sf8{af6 OG6/g]6dfkm{t g} k};f ltg]{
gofF kl/kf6Lk|lt lgSs} cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ .
Osd;{sf] gfdn] lrlgg] of] gofF k|0ffnL
ljZjel/ g} nf]slk|o x'Fb}5 .
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kfNkfsf ljZjsdf{x¿n] ;of}F jif{b]lv ub}{
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afF8r'F8 ug{, cfk;df ax; 5nkmn rnfpg
k|]l/t u5{ . o;/L, hgtfsf] ;]jf ug{ a;]sf
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cfdhgtfk|lt lhDd]jf/, pgLx¿sf] sfdsfjf{xL
kf/bzL{ agfpg, e|i6frf/ 36fpg / l56f] / ;/n
9+un] ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;"rgf k|ljlwn]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . tldngf8" l:yt,
ef/tsf] ;+ejtM ;a}eGbf klxnf]
On]S6«f]lgs ufpF lt?jo'/df hgtfn] k]G;g
a'‰g], C0f lng], lt/f]e/f], Jofh, ls:tf /
z'Ns a'emfpg], hUufsf] l/s8{ yfxfkfpg],
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sfd cgnfOg cyf{t\ OG6/g]6af6 ug{
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dlxgfeGbf w]/} ;do nfUYof] eg] ca tLg
xKtfdf C0f kfpg;lsg] ePsf] 5 .
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afwfsf] c8rglagf dflg;x¿ / ;+:yfx¿nfO{
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nflu clt cfjZos s'/f x'g\ . kmn:j¿k ;"rgf k|
ljlwn] k|hftGqnfO{ alnof] agfpF5 .
lyrf]ldrf]df k/]sf ;d"xx¿n] klg ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ Gofo kfpg ;S5g\ .
d]lS;sf] ;x/df Pp6f sf/vfgfdf sfd ug]{
dlxnfx¿n] Hofnfsf] s'/fdf cfkm"x¿ dsf{df
k/]sf] cg'ej u/L Soflnkmf]lg{ofl:yt Pp6f
;+:yf;Fu Od]naf6 sf/vfgfsf] af/]df
vf]lhlgtL ug{ cg'/f]w u/] . sf/vfgfsf]
cg';Gwfgsf] l/kf]6{ cfPkl5 dlxnfx¿ cfˆgf]
hflu/sf] ;'/Iff / /fd|f] Hofnf kfpgsf nflu
sf/vfgfsf] gfkmf gf]S;fg / sf/f]af/sf]
tYof+s;lxt sf/vfgf Joj:yfkg;Fu jftf{sf]
6]a'ndf a;] . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] kIfdf
ts{ ug{ alnof] agfof] . ;"rgf kfPkl5
dflg;x¿ ;an x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ larf/ kf]Vg /
ts{ ug{ ;S5g\ . r'gfj tyf :yfgLo /fhgLltdf
pgLx¿sf] egfO / ljrf/sf] k|efj x'G5 . hgk|
ltlglwx¿ pgLx¿k|lt a9L lhDd]jf/
aGgyfN5g\ .
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Onfsfsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfly{s ¿kn] ;an
agfO{ ul/aL 36fpg] p2]Zon] u|fdL0f
a}+sn] nfu" u/]sf] of]hgf xf] . u|fdL0f
a}+s / u|fdL0f kmf]gsf] ;d"xn]
6]lnkmf]g k|0ffnL, df]afOn kmf]gsf]
g]6js{b]lv ufpFsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ df]afOn
kmf]g lsGg C0f lbg] sfd u5{ . kmf]gwgL
dlxnfn] k};f lnP/ ufpFdf kmf]g ;]jf
pknAw u/fpFl5g\ . ls;fg, ;fgf Jofkf/L,
ufpFaflx/ sfddf hfg] HofdL tyf ;d'bfosf
ljleGg ju{sf dflg;x¿n] k};f lt/]/ kmf]g
pkof]u u5{g\ . tL dlxnfn] z'Ns lnP/
aflx/af6 cfPsf] kmf]gsf] ;Gb]z klg
k'¥ofOlblG5g\ .
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Ps xhf/ ufpFdf 6]lnkmf]g afFl8Psf]
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6]lnkmf]g afF8g] nIf 5 . To;dWo] ^*, )))
kmf]g ufpFsf] nflu 5'6ØfOg] 5 . ufpFn]
kmf]gn] kmf]gwgL, w]/}h;f] dlxnfx¿sf]
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33
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fs[lts k|sf]ksf af/]df hfgsf/L kfP/ cfˆgf]
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s[lif pTkfbgsf] !) k|ltzt;Dd a9L efpm
kfpF5g\ . pgLx¿ v]tLkftLsf] nflu rflxg]
laplahg / cGo ;fdfg /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf] tyf
rflxg] a]nfdf kfpg] s'/fdf 9'Ss ePsf 5g\ .
kmf]gwgLx¿sf] cfDbfgLsf] 7"nf] efu
pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/sf] /fd|f] lzIff / :jf:Yo ;]jfdf
vr{ x'G5 . s[lif, kz'kfng, k|s[lts ljklQsf]
a]nfdf ;]jf, ;'/Iff ;]jf cflb ;/sf/n] lbg] ljleGg
vfnsf ;]jfdf ufpFn]x¿sf] ;xh kx'Fr ePsf]
x'gfn] k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] a]nfdf p4f/sfo{
rfF8} x'G5 . ;dfhdf ck/fwsf] ;+Vof 36]sf]
5 . kz'x¿ csfndf db}{gg\ .
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cfGbf]ngnfO{ cufl8 a9fP/ tyf ;|f]tx¿sf]
s'zn / lbuf] pkof]u ug{ ;Ifd agfP/ lbuf]
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg
lbg;S5 . ;fGble{s tyf ljZj;gLo tYof+ssf]
cefjdf k|efjsf/L ¿kn] jftfj/0f
Joj:yfkg ug{;lsFb}g . ;"rgf k|ljlwn]
tYof+s ;+sng, k|zf]wg / k|;f/ ug{ ;3fpF5
h;n] ubf{ jftfj/0fsf] cj:yf / ;d:of df};d
kl/jt{g, h}ljs ljljwtfaf/] a'‰g / kfl/l:ylts
cj:yfsf] cg'udg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . kmn:j¿k
;+/If0fsf] sfdnfO{ a9fpg;lsG5 . g]kfndf
c?0f gbLsf] hnfzosf] nflu e"ld ;|f]tsf]
tYof+s e08f/ tof/ kfg{ sDKo'6/ Od]lhª k|
ljlw pkof]u ul/Psf] lyof] . o;af6 klxnf] k6s
k"/} pkTosfsf] e"pkof]u gS;f tof/ eof] /
jftfj/0fLo ;d:of jf vt/fsf
If]qx¿ kQf nfUof] . s'g} If]qsf] e" Joj:yfkg
sfo{qmd tof/ kfg{ of] k|ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{
sfd u5{ . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df jftfj/0fLo
ljgfzsf] cg'udg ug{ / To;sf] b'ikl/0ffd
36fpg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
al9/x]sf] 5 . o;df pkof]u ul/g] e" pku|xn]
df};d, jiff{, af9L, h+un ljgfz cflbsf]
e/kbf]{ ;"rgf pknAw u/fP/ jftfj/0f ljgfz,
;+/If0f / b}jL k|sf]k 36fpg dxTjk"0f{
of]ubfg lbG5 .
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tyf hgdt lgdf{0f / dflg;x¿nfO{ vt/faf6
;r]t ug]{ sfd ;lhnf]l;t ug{;S5g\ . eljiodf
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug]{ ;+3if{df ;"rgf k|ljlwn]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng;S5 .
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lbG5 . o;n] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿ / lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿aLr
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;3fpF5 . kf/bzL{ ;/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlw, lzIff, :jf:Yo, cy{tGq, >d, dlxnf,
dfgjclwsf/ tyf jftfj/0f ;f+uf]g]6sf k|d'v
ljifo x'g\ . ;f+uf]g]6 P;f]l;P;g km/ k|f]u|]
l;e sDo'lgs];g -PkL;L_ gfds gfkmf
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lg0f{o ug{ nufP/ JolQm / ;+:yfx¿nfO{
;an agfpF5 . ;f+uf]g]6n] pknAw u/fPsf]
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;f+uf]g]6sf] ;:tf] z'Nssf] ;]jfaf6 kmfObf
p7fpF5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cfGtl/s Ifdtf /
sfo{s'zntf a9fpg klg o;af6 ;xof]u x'G5 .
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lah'nLsf] k"jf{wf/sf] cefj clxn] klg
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sfddf tuf/f] ag]sf] 5 . ;fy}, dflg;x¿ tyf
;+:yfx¿n] cfˆgf] ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ /
;+rf/ ug]{ sfdnfO{ ;kfg{ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
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tfklg ;"rgfnfO{ ;dlGjt sfo{df ¿kfGtl/t ug{
alnof] g]t[Tj / Joj:yfkg Ifdtfsf] cfjZostf
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ug{ s[lif pTkfbgsf] nflu afof]6]Sgf]nf]hL
cyf{t\ s[lif pTkfbg a9fpg] k|ljlwn]
;3fpg;S5 eg] s[lifsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L,
s[lif ahf/, tyf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{
;3fpg] ;"rgf /
1fg ;lhnf], ;:tf] / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf kfpgsf]
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pkof]u ug]{ tl/sf / Jojxf/sf] 1fg ;xL
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pkof]uL x'G5 / ;"rgf k|ljlwn] of] sfd a9L
/ k|efjsf/L 9+un] ug{;S5 . jf:tjdf ufpFsf]
ljsf;sf] nflu ;a}eGbf ;:tf] / ;lhnf] nufgL
1fg xf] . o;n] g} vfBfGg, lzIff, :jf:Yo,
;/;kmfO, kf}li6s cfxf/, ;'/Iff clb
ljsf;sf cfwf/ :yfkgf ug{ ;3fpF5 / ufpFdf
afFRg] cfwf/ / :t/ a9fpg;S5 . cfw'lgs ;"rgf
tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] pkof]uL 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlw
5f]6f] ;dodf, ;lhn};Fu ;xL JolQmsf] xftdf
k'ofpg ;3fpF5 . dflg; ;"rgf;DkGg ePkl5
dfq cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] nflu ;r]t /
cu|;/ x'G5 .
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dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf s[lifsf] nflu rflxn]
laplahg, dnvfb, s[lif pTkfbg a]Rg] ahf/,
ahf/ efpm, df};dsf] hfgsf/L, afnL /
kz'x¿df nfUg] /f]u / ltgsf] /f]syfd / pkrf/,
k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] k"j{ hfgsf/L, k|lt:kwL{
s[ifssf] pTkfbgaf/] ;"rgf cflb x'g\ . ;fy}
ufpFn]x¿nfO{ s[lif / cGo cfwf/e"t
cfjZostf k'¥ofpg :yflkt lgsfox¿,
s[lif;+a+wL cg';Gwfg ug]{ JolQm /
lgsfox¿;Fu ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;Dks{ ul/lbg'
klg clt cfjZos x'G5 . cWoogaf6 s]
b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ufpFn]nfO{ ;a} vfnsf]
;"rgf Ps} rf]l6 k|jflxt ug'{eGbf
pgLx¿nfO{ rflxg] ljz]if If]q, h:t} s[lif,
:jf:Yo cflb, sf] ;jf{+uk"0f{, ;fGble{s ;"rgf
34
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jflxt ug{ k':ts, kqklqsf, kf]:6/, k+kn]6,
/]l8of], 6]lnlehg cflb ljljw k/Dk/fut
dfWodx¿sf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 tfklg
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k|ljlw / gofF k|ljlwaLr Pp6f d'Vo leGgtf s]
5 eg] /]l8of] 6]lnlehgh:tf dfWodx¿
PstkmL{ 5g\ . cyf{t\ sfo{qmd pTkfbs /
k|;f/sn] k|:t't ug]{ sfo{qmd / ltgn]
tf]s]sf] ;dodf dfq tL ;fwgx¿ x]g{ ;'Gg
;lsG5 . t/ gofF ;"rgf k|ljlwdfkm{t u|fxs jf
pkef]Qmfx¿n]
cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] ljifo / ;dodf ;"rgf / 1fg k|
fKt ug{ tyf ;f]wvf]h, df]nefpm ug{ /
bf]xf]/f] ;+rf/ ug{;S5g\ .
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nflu ul/Psf] lyof] . hLPkm8An'n] jgn]
9fs]sf] e"efu / o;sf] cj:yf ;fy} jg k}bfjf/df
cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿n] ljgfz ul//x]sf] jg If]qsf]
clen]v /fVg e"pku|xsf] lrq, ef}uf]lns
;"rgf k|0ffnL -hLcfO{P;_, gS;f agfpg]
;ˆ6j]o/, OG6/g]6 / k|ToIf ko{j]If0fsf]
pkof]u u5{ . oL ;a} ;"rgf OG6/g]6df
/flvG5 . jftfj/0fLo gLlt tyf ;Demf}tf kfng
gug]{ sDkgLx¿sf] gfd klg o;df /flvG5 .
k|ToIf k|efj
hLPkm8An'n] jg k}bfjf/ pkof]u ug]{
sDkgLx¿sf] Jojxf/nfO{ ;"Id tyf j:t'ut ¿kn]
cWoog ul//x]sf] 5 . of] ;d"xn] cf7 b]zdf
sfd ul//x]sf] 5 / s]xL jif{leq @% b]zdf
sfd ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . hLPkm8An'n]
;/sf/x¿, :yfgLo lgsfo / ;d'bfox¿,
pkef]Qmfx¿ / ;lqmotfjfbLx¿nfO{ jgdf s]
eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpF5 / k|
efjsf/L jg Joj:yfkg ug{ ;3fpF5 . o;n]
e"pku|x k|0ffnLaf6 gkfOg] / ;/sf/x¿n] ;xh
¿kdf gkfpg] ;"rgf klg kfpg;S5 .
;|f]t M www.igc.org , www.globalforestwatch.org
u|fdL0f ljsf;df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
e"ldsf
ljsf;zLn b]zdf *) k|ltzteGbf w]/} dflg;
ufpFdf a:5g\ . zx/sf] t'ngfdf ufpFdf
vfg]kfgL, lzIff / :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO, ;'/Iff,
kf]if0f / vfBfGgh:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿sf]
35
k|foM sdL x'G5 . hLjg si6s/ x'G5 .
cNkfo'df d[To' x'G5 . ;'ljwfsf] vf]hLdf
dflg;x¿ ufpFaf6 zx/lt/ cf]Ol/G5g\ / ;x/df
klg cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] vfFrf] a9\5 . olb
ufpFdf plrt ;dod} afFRgsf nflu cfjZos
k"jf{wf/ / hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ;fwg / cj;/
kof{Kt dfqfdf k'ofpg ;lsPg eg] ufpF
l/lQFb} hfg] /
zx/x¿df hg;+Vofsf] rfk a9]/ cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfsf k"jf{wf/ / ;]jfx¿ etfe'+u x'g]
l:ylt cfpg;S5 . ufpF l/lQFbf Psflt/ zx/sf]
cj:yf lau|G5 csf]{lt/ s[lif, ag, hn;|
f]tnufotsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] plrt
pkof]u / ;+/If0f x'g;Qm}g . ;fy} k/Dk/fut
1fg, k|ljlw / ;Lk, ;+:s[lt,
efiff tyf dxTjk"0f{ dfgj ;+;fwgsf] lj:yfkg /
nf]k klg x'ghfG5 .
;fdfgsf] ;"rgf lbG5g\ . ufpFsf o'jfx¿n]
/f]huf/L kfpg] cj;/ a9\5 . s]Gb| cfkm}n]
klg ;Lkd"ns tflndx¿ ;+rfng u/]/
:j/f]huf/sf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug{;S5 .
ul/aL 36fpg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
e"ldsf
l8kf6{d]G6 km/ OG6/g];gn
8]enKd]G6 -8LPkmcfO{8L_ gfds a]nfotL
;+:yfn] ul/aL 36fpg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlwsf] dxTjsf] af/]df cWoog u/fPsf] lyof] .
cWoogsf] lgisif{ 5 M != ul/aLsf] sf/0f
cfwf/e"t ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] sdLdfq} xf]Og .
ul/aLsf w]/} tyf hl6n sf/0fx¿ x'G5g\ .
ul/ax¿ cfˆgf] hLjgsf] nflu / b}lgs u'hf/f
ug{sf nflu geOgx'g] ;"rgfaf6 a+lrt
x'G5g\ . cfkm"n] pTkfbg ug]{ dfn;fdfg /
s[lif pkhsf] ahf/ efpaf/], :jf:Yo;DaGwL
hfgsf/Laf/], ;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf]
u7g / ltgLx¿n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf tyf cfˆgf]
clwsf/af/] pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g . cfˆgf]
eljio lgwf{/0f ug]{ of]hgf agfpg] /
lg0f{o ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ / tL ;+:yfx¿sf cfk;L
zlQm;DaGwaf/] pgLx¿nfO{ s]xL klg yfxf
x'Fb}g . cfˆgf] hLjg:t/ ;'wfg{;Sg]
;"rgf, lzIff / ljsf;sf ;Lkx¿;Dd pgLx¿sf]
kxF'r x'Fb}g . pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;|
f]t;fwg / ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] ;/sf/L /
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ tyf ahf/;dIf pgLx¿sf]
kx'Fr x'Fb}g . cfDbfgL a9fpg] sfdaf/]
hfgsf/L / o:tf cj;/x¿sf] ;"rgfdf pgLx¿sf]
kx'Fr g} x'Fb}g .
@= ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf] k|jfxnfO{
a9fP/ ul/aL 36fpg] sfddf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'k5{ . xfnsf
jif{x¿df w]/}h;f] OG6/g]6 / df]afOn
kmf]gh:tf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df Wofg s]lGb|t
ePtf klg ul/aLsf]
lj?4 n8gsf nflu /]l8of] 6]lnlehgh:tf
;"rgfsf] ;fwgx¿ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ lsgls ul/a
d'n'sx¿df df]afOn kmf]g / OG6/g]6eGbf
/]l8of] / 6]lnlehg a9L Jofks dfqfdf
km}lnPsf 5g\ . ;dfhdf ljljw ljrf/ x'sf{pg /
;"rgf k|jfx a9fpg 5fkf dfWodsf] klg dxTj
5 . Unf]an g]6js{ jf OG6/g]6df ghf]l8P
klg sDKo'6/ ;dfhsf] x/]s c+usf] Ifdtf
a9fpg] dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ xf] . ljsf;nfO{
cl3 a9fpg] / ul/aL 36fpg] sfddf gofF k|
ljlwx¿n] ;"rgf / 1fgsf cfwf/e"t
e"ldsfx¿nfO{ abNb}gg\, g t :yflkt ;"rgf /
;+rf/sf k|ljlwx¿nfO{ cf]em]ndf g} kf5{g\
. t/, ltgLx¿n] ;"rgf / 1fg
km}nfpg, pknAw u/fpg, cfbfgk|bfg ug{ /
k|efj a9fpg gofF cj;/x¿ l;h{gf u5{g\ .
ufpFdf ;+rf/ k|0ffnL ;+rfng ubf{
ufpFn]x¿sf] ;xeflutf eof] eg] dfq pkof]uL
aGg;S5 . cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
ufpFn]x¿ cfkm}n] ug{;Sg] l:ylt sd}
b]lvG5 . o;l:yltdf k/Dk/fut cfd;+rf/
dfWodx¿;Fu cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d]nf
u/fP/ pkof]u ug{ ;lsof] eg] pQm dfWod /
cfdhgtf b'a} nfeflGjt x'g;S5g\ . cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ ;3fpg'k5{ .
dfWodx¿n] Od]n / OG6/g]6 dfkm{t ;:tf] /
l56f] ;xL / ;fGble{s ;"rgf kfpg;S5g\ eg]
ufpFn]n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;"rgf dfUg /
ufpFn] /]l8of] jf cGo ;fwgdfkm{t ;"rgf
kfpg;S5g\ . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw ;a}
;d:ofsf] cr's cf}ifwL t xf]Og, t}klg o;n]
ufpFn]x¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt If]qdf kmfObf
k'¥ofpg;S5 M lg0f{o k|lqmof M ufpFdf
af6f] s'nf] agfpg], :yfgLo ;/sf/ r'Gg]b]lv
lnP/ ;+;bdf k|ltlglw /f]Hgsf nflu ;d]t ;xL,
pkof]uL, ;fGble{s / tfhf ;"rgfsf] cfjZostf
x'G5 . To:t} ufpFn]sf] hLjgsf cfly{s
;fdflhs kIf / eljionfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ sltko
of]hgf, cfof]hgf / lg0f{ox¿ ufpFn]x¿n]
36
g} lng'kg]{ x'G5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwn] l56f] /
;lhnf];Fu ;jf{+uk"0f{, ;d;fdlos
/ vf]h]sf] ;"rgf / 1fg pknAw u/fP/
ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;xL / 7f]; lg0f{o ug{
;3fpF5 . ahf/sf] hfgsf/L M ls;fgx¿n] cfˆgf]
pTkfbgsf] ahf/ vf]Hg, k|bz{g ug{ / /fd|f]
df]n kfpg kqklqsf, ˆofS; / 6]lnkmf]geGbf
;"rgf k|ljlw a9L pkof]uL x'G5 . ufpFsf
pTkfbsx¿n] klg :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ljZj ahf/
kfpg;S5g\ . ufpFn] hgtfsf] ;zQmLs/0f M
ufpFn]x¿sf] cfjfh, ljrf/, efjgf JoQm ug]{
cj;/ a9fP/ ufpFn]x¿nfO{ cfTdljZjf;,
cfTd;Ddfg lbG5 / alnof] agfpF5 .
kmn:j¿k ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;3fpm k'U5 .
ufpFn]x¿ af]Ng yfn]kl5 :yfgLo lgsfob]lv
gLlt lg0f{o tx;Dd k|efj k5{, ;'zf;g a9g] /
k|hftGq alnof] x'g] ;Defjgf a9\5 .
;'ljwfljxLg÷kfvfk/]sf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ nfe M
;'ljwfljxLg ju{, vf; u/L afnaflnsf, dlxnf,
ckf+u, blntx¿sf] nflu sfd ug]{ ;+:yfx¿,
ljsf;, k|hftGq / dfgjclwsf/sf] nflu nl8/x]sf
;+3;+:yfx¿dfkm{t pgLx¿n] ck|ToIf
kmfObf kfpF5g\ .
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ M ufpFdf 6]ln;]G6/ jf To:t}
vfnsf] ;"rgf s]Gb| eof] eg] ltgn]
ufpFn]x¿nfO{ lzIff / /f]huf/L nufot ljljw
cj;/, ;]jf /
• cfO{;L6Lsf] lj:tf/, o;;DaGwL pBdzLntf
tyf cg;Gwfg, ;fy} ;"rgfsf] lgjf{w÷:jtGq k|
jfxnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{ jftfj/0f agfOg'k5{ .
• ul/ax¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
• of] sfddf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] Wofg
cfslif{t ug'{ / pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u a9fpg'k5{
.
• cfO{;L6Lsf af/]df cGt/f{li6«o d+rx¿df
x'g] n]gb]g 5nkmndf ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿sf]
cfjfhnfO{ alnof] agfpg'k5{ .
ul/a b]zx¿sf nflu tf/laxLg
;"rgf k|ljlw
xfn} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlw, vf; u/L OG6/g]6
;'ljwf ;'ne ug{sf] nflu tf/laxLg k|ljlwdf
hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . xn;fn} ljsl;t ePsf] of]
jfo/n]; OG6/g]6 k|ljlwnfO{ ;+If]kdf
jLkmL -jfo/n]; lkm8]ln6L_ cyf{t\ tf/ljxLg
k|ljlwk|lt cg'/fu elgG5 . ;+;f/sf w]/}
b]zx¿df b'u{d tyf 5l/P/ a;]sf ufpF /
a:tfLx¿df vDaf uf8]/ tfdf]sf] tf/ tfg]/
6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg', cfly{s,
ef}uf]lns, ;'/Iff tyf ljljw b[li6sf]0fn] clt
sl7g / k|foM c;+ej ePsf] x'gfn] of] jLkmL
k|ljlwn] tL b]zx¿df ;"rgf / 1fgsf] vf8n sd
ug{ dxTjk"0f{ cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . t/
clxn];Dd klg clwsf+z ljsf;zLn b]zx¿
tf//lxt k|ljlw ckgfpg s'/fdf bf]wf/df 5g\ .
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] nflu jLkmL k|ljlwsf]
pko'Qmtfsf] af/]df uPsf] h'gsf] cGTolt/
-@))#_ Go'of]s{df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n]
cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;Dd]ngdf efulng] @))
eGbf w]/} ;xeuLx¿ ljsf;zLn ljZjsf gLlt
lgdf{tfx¿n] tf//lxt OG6/g]6 cyf{t\ ljkmL
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] nflu k|fyldstf
lbg'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ;xdt ePsf lyP . ljsl;t /
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿aLr / ljsf;zLn b]zleq klg
l8lh6n l8efO8 cyf{t\ 1fg / ;"rgfsf] vf8n
36fpg ljkmLsf] ljsf;df w]/} b]z
/ ;+:yfx¿ nfluk/]sf 5g\ .
#= ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] JolQmut
;"rgfsf] vfFrf] k"/f ug]{b]lv :jf:Yo, lzIff,
jftfj/0fh:tf ;fdflhs cfly{s s'/fx¿ ;fy} /fHo
Joj:yfkg, cy{tGq, gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf
cflbnfO{ kf/bzL{, pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ /
:jR5 agfpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng;S5 .
cWoogn] ul/aL 36fpg ;"rgf k|ljlwn] v]Ng]
e"ldsfnfO{ o;/L ;f/ ¿kdf
k|:t't u/]sf] 5 M
!= ;f] cWoogsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;"rgf
tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw -cfO{;L6L_ sf] kl/efiff o:tf]
ul/Psf] 5 M o:tf] k|ljlw h;n] ljB'tLo
;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ ;"rgf k|zf]wg / k|;f/
tyf ;+rf/ sfo{nfO{ ;xh agfpF5 . of]
kl/efiffn] cfO{;L6Lsf ;Dk"0f{ If]q, /]l8of]
/ 6]lnlehgb]lv k/Dk/fut / df]afOn
6]lnkmf]g;Dd tyf sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6nfO{
;d]6\5 .
@= of] k|ljlwdf nfUg] ljzfn vr{ / o;sf]
hl6ntf;Fu ul/a hgtfnfO{ tTsfn
k'¥ofpg'kg]{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfaLr olt
7"nf] lj/f]wfef; b]lvG5 ls bftf /fi6«x¿
37
bft[;+:yfx¿ ;fy} :jo+ ;xof]u kfpg] ul/a
b]zn] klg
o;df vr{ ug'{ plrt xf]nf egL s]xLn] z+sf
JoQm u5{g\ . t/ s]xLn] eg] of] k|ljlw;Fu
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] eljio ufFl;Psf] b]V5g\ /
ljZjdf a9\bf] l8lh6n l8efO8nfO{
cGt/f{li6«o k|of;af6 36fpg'k5{ egL hf]8
lbG5g\ .
#= cWoogn] s] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5
eg] cfO{;L6L cfkm}df ;fWo jf nIo xf]Og .
l8lh6n l8efO8 36fpg' jf k|ljlwnfO{
km}nfpg'eGbf o;n] ul/aL 36fpg]
cGt/f{li6«o nIf xfl;n ug{ slQsf] k|ult u5{
eGg] s'/fdf o;sf] ;kmntf gflkg'k5{ .
t}klg, ul/ax¿sf] ;"rgf cfjZostf k"/f ug{' /
;"rgf–
;DkGg ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{' ul/aL 36fpg] k|
of;sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f xf] . plrt
9+un] pkof]u u/]df ;"rgfsf] k|jfx a9fpg] /
hgtfnfO{ ;an agfpg] sfddf cfO{;L6Lsf]
lgs} 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 .
$= cWoogn] bft[;+:yfx¿nfO{ oL sfdx¿
ug{ l;kml/; u/]sf] 5M
• ul/aLsf] ;"rgf / ;+rf/ kIfnfO{ d"n wf/df
Nofpg' tyf ljsf; k|lqmofdf cfO{;L6Lsf]
plrt pkof]u ug'{k5{ .
• ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ /fli6«o /0fgLltdf ;"rgf
tyf ;+rf/sf ljifox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ .
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlw k|
j4{gsf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfd
l8lh6n ckRo'{lg6L Olgl;Pl6e
sfo{bnn] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;fdflhs tyf
cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult a9fpg] sfddf ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] zlQmnfO{ pkof]u ug{sf
nflu cfjZos /0fgLltsf] 9fFrf tof/ kf/]sf] 5 .
oL kfFr j6f /0fgLlts If]qx¿sf] cfk;df 3lgi6
;DaGw 5 . To;}n] ;a}df
plQs} Wofg k'¥ofpg' h?/L 5 .
k"jf{wf/ — ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf]
;+hfn v8f ug'{k5{ . ;j{JofkL kx'Frsf]
Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . ljsf;sf pRr k|
fyldstfx¿nfO{ k"/f ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpg]
sfo{qmddf s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ .
dfgj Ifdtf — 1fgsf] If]qdf sfd
ug]{x¿sf] hdft tof/ kfg'{k5{ . ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/ k|ljlw pkof]ustf{x¿sf] k|fljlws ;Lk
a9fpg'k5{ . :yfgLo Joj;foLx¿sf] Jofj;flos
sfo{s';ntf / Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf ;'b[ ug'{k5{ .
gLlt — kf/bzL{ tyf ;do / If]q :ki6
tf]lsPsf] gLlt tyf k|lqmof tof/ kfg'{k5{ .
:j:y / v'nf k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ug'{k5{ . gLlt nfu" ug{sf nflu ;+:yfut
Ifdtf ;'b[9 agfpg'k5{ .
Jofj;flostf — k'FhL jf nufgL tyf cGo
cfly{s ;'ljwf ;lhnf];Fu k|fKt ug{;lsg]
x'g'k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o tyf :yfgLo ahf/df
k'Ug] ;'ljwf x'g'k5{ . plrt s/ Joj:yf tyf
;DklQdf clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf
x'g'k5{ . Jofkf/ tyf cfly{s sf/f]af/ ;/n tyf
s'zn÷;Ifd agfpg'k5{ . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlwsf] dfu b]zleq} a9fpg k|]l/t ug'{k5{ .
ljifoj:t' / pkof]lutf — :yfgLo hgtfnfO{
sfd nfUg], pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf / dfu cg';f/sf
;"rgf ;fdu|Lx¿÷ljifoj:t' tof/ kfl/g' k5{ .
dflysf] /0fgLlts 9fFrf Ps} rf]l6 nfu"
ug'{k5{ eGg] 5}g . ljsf;sf k|of;x¿n]
ef]Ug' k/]sf Jofjxfl/s ;Ldfx¿ a'‰g' clt
cfjZos 5 . s'g} Pp6f If]qdf sfd u/]/ klg
ljsf;sf nfex¿ gkfOg] t xf]Og, t/ ;a}
c+unfO{ Ps} rf]6L
kl/rfng ug{ ;lsof] eg] kmfObf w]/} x'G5
. nfU5 . o;}n] vr{ 36fpg ax'/fli6«o
ljkmLsf kmfObfx¿
ljkmLdf k|of]u x'g] 6«fG;ld6/n]
s'g} klg vfnsf] 8]6f k7fpg nfO;]G; lng
gkg]{ vfnsf] /]l8of] t/+usf] pkof]u u5{ .
tL /]l8of] t/+ux¿ sDKo'6/ tyf c?
oGqpks/0fx¿n] OGk|mf/]8 l/l;e/
kf]6{dfkm{t k|fKt u5{g\ . ljkmLnfO{
lgoddf afFWg;lsFb}g . of] pBf]u xf] /
o;sf] :t/ ;+;f/e/ Pp6} x'G5 . o;n] a|
f]8Jof08sf] OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf lbO/x]sf] 5 .
oL rf/ u'0fx¿n] o;nfO{ ljZjel/ ;:tf] / lgSs}
pkof]uL agfPsf] 5 . cd]l/sfdf x/]s ldg]6
#) hgf gofF u|xsx¿n] of] ljkmL k|ljlw
ckgfpFb} 5g\ . 7"nf zx/L Onfsfdf ljkmL
;]jf ;j{AofkL / ;j{sflns x'Fb}5 eg]
gofFgofF Joj;foLx¿ / Jofkf/sf cu'jfxn] of]
k|ljlwnfO{ b|'t ultn] c+ufln/x]sf 5g\ . ljZj
a}+ssf] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ lgb]{zssf c'g;f/ of]
k|ljlwsf] Ifdtf / ;kmntf ljsl;t b]zx¿df xf]Og
38
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df k/LIf0f x'g]5, lsgls tL
b]zx¿df tf/ tfg]/ a|f]8Jof08sf] 6]lnkmf]g
;'ljwf
lbg' lgs} ufx|f] 5 . ljkmLnfO{ ljkGg u|
fdL0f Onfsfdf k'¥ofpg cfOnfUg] s]xL
xfFsx¿ o:tf 5g\ M ufpFdf rflxg]
oGqpks/0f, xf8{j]o/ k'¥ofpg' tyf u|fdL0f
k"jf{wf/sf nflu lgSs} alnof / udL{ ;bL{
tyf ljifd xfjfkfgLdf klg sfd ug]{, d/Ddt
;Def/ ug{ ;lhnf] vfnsf alnof ;fdfgsf]
cfjZotf x'G5 . o;afx]s tL pks/0fx¿
lemsfpgsf nflu nfUg] afwf c8rgx¿, h:t}
dxFuf] eG;f/ dx;'n, ;fdfg lemsfpg k"/f
ug'{kg]{ em+eml6nf] k|lqmof tyf eG;f/
sfof{nodf dlxgf}F em'nfpg] k|j[lQ h;n]
ubf{ oGqpks/0fx¿ pkof]ustf{sf] xftdf
kbf{;Dd lalu|;s]sf x'g;S5g\ .
tf/ljxLg OG6/g]6 k|ljlwsf
nfex¿nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ tfdf]sf] tf/sf] hfndf
h]lnP/ ;+rf/ ug]{ hdfgfsf] cGTo eO;]sf] 5
. o;}n] ca tfdf]sf] tf/df cfwfl/t k"jf{wf/df
nufgL ug'{sf] ;§f kmfOa/ clK6s g]6js{
lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ . nufgLsf] b[li6n]
ljkmL k|ljlwsf] nflu kmfOa/ clK6shlt
vlr{nf] 5}g, tfklg of] cem} klg dxFuf] 5
. o;sf] :yfkgfdf eGbf ;+rfngdf w]/} vr{
sDkgLx¿, ljsf;] lgsfox¿, ;/sf/L ;+/rgf /
;fdYo{ tyf ;/sf/L / lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf]nfO{
kl/rfng u/]/ o;nfO{ ;:tf], ;/n / ;j{;'ne
agfpg ;lsG5 . -;|f]t M ;Dd]ngsf] l/kf]6{_
cWofo ^
g]kfnsf] nflu ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] dxTj
;d'b| ;txb]lv &) ld6/b]lv *)))
ld6/eGbf cUnf] e"agf]6, c;+Vo vf]nf
gfnf, 8fF8fsfF8f cflb ljifd ef}uf]lns
;+/rgfn] ubf{ oftfoft / ;+rf/ ;'ljwfaf6
a+lrt, / cfk;df ljR5]lbtÙ ljzfn l5d]sLx¿sf]
aLr cjl:yt x'gfn] e"/fhgLlts ¿kn] k/lge{/,
;d'b|L dfu{af6 a+lrt, pBf]u wGbfsf]
ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos vlgh tyf cGo
k"jfwf{/x¿s]f cefjn] u|:t,
o'uf}Fsf] ;fdGtL / lkt[;QfTds dfgl;stfn]
kLl8t tyf ljljw hflt, hghflt tyf cflbaf;L /
efiffefifL, wd{, ;+:s[lth:tf ljljwtfk"0f{ /
c;dfg cGofok"0f{ ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] ubf{
ljsf;df kl5 kb}{ uPsf] g]kfnn]
s[lif qmflGt / cf}Bf]lus qmflGtaf6
kmfObf p7fpgg;Sg' :jefljs} lyof] . clxn]
ef}uf]lns ljifdtf, e"/fhgLlts jfWotf, k|
fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cefj, e"kl/j]li7ttf, ;fdGtL
dfgl;stf, cg]s k|sf/sf ljljwtf cflb afwfx¿n]
5]Sgg;Sg] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf g]kfnsf]
;fd" Pp6f ck"j{ cj;/ cfPsf]5 .
of] jf:tljstf xf] ls clxn] klg clwsf+z
g]kfnLx¿ ;kmf vfg]kfgL, kf]lifnf] cfxf/,
u'0f:t/Lo lzIff tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfaf6 a+lrt 5g\ .
;fdfGo pkrf/ kfP lgsf] x'g;Sg] /f]u / ef]sn]
aif]{gL ;}s8fF} dflg;x¿ csfndf d5{g\ .
xhf/f}F dlxnf / afnaflnsx¿ ;'/lIft ¿kdf
;'Ts]/L x'gg;s]/ tyf s'kf]if0fsf] sf/0fn]
Hofg u'dfpF5g\ . cfwfhlt g]kfnLn] cIf/
lrGb}gg\ . ;}s8f Psn] klg cvaf/ k9\b}gg\
. clxn] klg ;}s8f gAa] dflg;sf nflu ;"rgf /
1fg k|fKt ug]{ k|d'v ;|f]t dflg;dfq} xf]
.PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] k|f/Dedf htftt} ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] kmfObfsf] s'/f rn]sf] a]nfdf
g]kfnh:tf] cNk lzlIft / cNk ljsl;t b]zn]
o;af6 s] / s;/L kmfObf p7fpg ;S5 eGg] k|
Zg p7g' :jefljs xf] . cfO6Lsf] ;'ljwf pknAw
x'Fb}df cyjf ljZjJofkL ;"rgf ;+hfn;Fu
;Dkls{t x'Fb}df hgtfsf g'gt]nsf ;d:of
kSs} klg ;dfwfg x'Fb}gg\ . t/ ljZj;Dks{sf]
clt dxTjk"0f{ dfWod OG6/g]6 / Od]n
o:tf] ;fwg xf] h;n] ljsf; k|lqmofdf cgluGtL
;Defjgfx¿ pknAw u/fpF5 . ljsf;nfO{ cl3
a9fpg] OGwg ;"rgf / 1fg xf] . OG6/g]6n]
;"rgf / 1fgnfO{ clt ;lhnf], ;:tf] / l56f]
ultdf pknAw u/fpF5 .
ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ s'/f
dfgj ljsf;sf] nflu ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlwsf] pkof]lutf / k|efj :ki6 x'Fbfx'Fb}
klg of] s'/f la;{g' x'Fb}g ls s'g} klg k|
ljlwsf] dfgj ;dfhsf ;a} c+un] ;dfg ¿kdf
nfe kfpg ;Qm}ggg\ . s]xL c+u kfvf
k5{g\ . k|ljlw :jo+ s'g} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
xf]Og . To;nfO{ s;/L / s;sf] lxtdf pkof]u
ul/G5 eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug]{ t dflg;n]
39
l;h{gf u/]sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
Joj:yfn] g} xf] . o;}n] ;"rgf k|ljlwaf6
nfeflGjt x'gsf nflu klg dfgj Ifdtfsf] ljsf;sf
;fy} cg's"n /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
kl/l:yltsf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;j{k|yd ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ :yfgLo jf /fli6«o ;Gbe{df
s;/L pkof]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f a'‰g'k5{ .
/0fgLltut sfo{qmdx¿aLrsf ldlxg
;DaGwx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'k5{ . o;df k|
ToIf jf ck|ToIf e"ldsf v]Ng]x¿ tyf o;af6
nfe kfpg] jf k|efljt x'g]x¿ h:t} :yfgLo
;d'bfo, ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L lgsfo tyf gLlh
Jofj;flos If]q ;fy} ax'd'vL ;+:yf cflbsf]
;xeflutf, e"ldsf / argj4tf clt dxTjk"0f{
x'G5 . afwf c8rg km'sfpg / gofF tyf
df}lns ;dfwfg vf]Hg ;/sf/ k|d'vx¿sf] g]t[Tj
cfjZos x'G5 .
sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] cfˆg} vfnsf
cfjZostf x'G5g\ . ltgsf cfjZostf cg'¿ksf k|
ljlwx¿sf] ljsf;, kl/dfh{g / cg's"ng ug{ tyf
cfOnfUg] ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu
/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o lghL pBf]ux¿n]
Psh'6 eP/ sfd ug'{k5{ . ljsf; nIfcg'¿k
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/fdf
gful/s ;dfh hfu?s x'g'k5{ . df}lns tyf
gjLg b[li6sf]0f tyf g]t[Tjaf6 ;sf/fTds
kl/l:yltsf] l;h{gf u/]/ dfq} ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
k|ljlwnfO{ ljsf;sf] sfddf nufpg;lsG5 . k|
ljlwdf cfwfl/t cGo ;]jfx¿x¿ x'g\ . of] If]qdf
g]kfnn] cg'ej xfl;n ul/ klg ;s]sf] 5 .
g]kfnn] jiff}F{b]lv ;]gfdf tyf s'nL, b/afg,
efF8f df‰g]h:tf sd cfDbfgL x'g] vfnsf
sfddf nfvf}F g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ljb]zdf k7fP/
clxn] klg b]zsf] cy{tGqdf pNn]vgLo
of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . olb Tof]
hgzlQmnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
dWod:t/;Ddsf] ePklg tflnd lbP/
k7fpg;lsof] eg] ltgLx¿sf] cfDbfgL w]/}
u'gf a9g;S5 . b]zleq} klg cGo sfdsf]
kfl/>ldssf] t'ngfdf sDKo'6/sf] sfd ug]{
hgzlQmsf] kfl/>lds w]/} 5 . c? vfnsf
/f]huf/L a9fpgsf nflu w]/} nufgL, sRrf
kbfy{, ahf/, oftfoft cflb rflxG5 eg] ;"rgf
k|ljlwdf nufgL ug{ / o;;+a+wL Joj;fo ug{
w]/} nufgL
rflxFb}g / ahf/, oftfoft, sRrf kbfy{sf]
em+em6 klg x'Fb}g . s]xL sDKo'6/,
6]lnkmf]g nfOg, lah'nL / lbdfu eP k'U5 .
o;af6 jftfj/0f b"lift klg x'Fb}g .
g]kfnn] w]/} klxn]b]lv ko{6g /
hnljB'tnfO{ g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf of]ubfg
lbg;Sg] d'Vo cfwf/ dfGb} cfPsf] 5 . t/
clxn] cfP/ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fosf]
;+efjgf lgSs} a9]sf] 5 . lah'nL pTkfbg
u/] klg a]Rgsf] nflu l5d]sL d'n'ssf] d'v
tfSg'k5{ . ko{6gdf klg cfGtl/s tyf
jfXo ;'/Iff, /f]usf] dxfdf/L
a]nfa]nfdf x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 . ltgLx¿sf]
bfFhf]df ;"rgf k|ljlw a9L ;'/lIft / lg/fkb
Joj;fo b]lvPsf] 5 . t];|f] cWofodf pNn]v
ul/Psf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf rf/
pkof]ux¿dWo] g]kfndf clxn] d'Vo ¿kn]
tLg k|sf/sf] pkof]u b]lvPsf] 5 M ;"rgf
;+rf/ ug]{ k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf, ;"rgf k|zf]wg k|
ljlwsf] ¿kdf / ;ˆ6j]o/sf]
pTkfbgdf . s]xL dfqfdf xf8{j]o/sf] pTkfbg
/ Jofkf/ klg ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljsf;zLn /
cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿aLr Jofkf/ a9fpg] sfddf
OG6/g]6sf] pkof]lutf lbglbg} al9/x]sf] 5
. OG6/g]6n] ;:tf] / l56f] ;+rf/ k|bfg ug]{
x'gfn] sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fldªb]lv
sfof{noLo sfdh:tf ;]jfx¿ ;d]t OG6/g]6
dfkm{t ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] cf}Bf]lus
b]zx¿df a]Rg ;S5g\ .
g]kfnd} a;]/ o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf Jofkfl/s
sDkgLx¿sf] sfd ul/lbg] ;]jfx¿sf] oxfF
;+rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;:tf] >dsf] sf/0fn]
o:tf sfdx¿ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿lt/ cf]Ol/g] 7"nf]
;+efjgf 5 . aflx/ jf ljb]z guO{ 3/d} a;La;L
ul/g] 6]lnsDo'6, 6]nLjs{ jf 6]ln;le{;
al9/x]sf] 5 . o;n] sDKo'6/sf] cufl8 a;]/
ljZjJofkL ;+hfn (www) sf] dfWodåf/f o;/L
pknAw x'g] 1fg / ;"rgfsf] pkof]u cfd
hgtfn] l;w} ug{ g;s] tfklg clxn] klg
g]kfnnufot ljZjsf cg]s cNk ljsl;t b]zsf
;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / :yfgLo lgsfox¿ tyf
pBf]uL Pj+ Joj;foLx¿n] Od]n
OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 ljleGg vfnsf
kmfObf p7fO/x]sf5g\ / Tof] kmfObf
hgtfnfO{ klg k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . Psflt/
ljkGgtfn] k/fsfi6f gfWg yfn]sf] 5 eg]
csf]{lt/ ;DkGgtfn] 9f]sf 3R3RofO/x]sf] 5
. ljkGgtfnfO{ c:yfoL pkfo ckgfP/ 3kfpg]
ls ;DkGgtfnfO{ 3/df a;fP/ ljkGgtfnfO{
;bfsf] nflu nv]6g] < of] b'ljwf g]kfnsf]
dfq} xf]Og g]kfnh:tf clwsf+z ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿sf] klg xf] .
;"rgf k|ljlw jf cfO6L dfkm{t g]kfndf
klg clxn] ljleGg If]qsf ;dembf/ tyf k|
ltefjfg dflg;x¿n] cg]s nfe p7fO/x]sf 5g\ .
Jofkf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf] sf/f]af/ ljZjahf/df
km}nfO/x]sf5g\ . ljBfyL{, cg';Gwfgstf{
cflbn] tyf j'l4hLjLx¿n] ljZj1fgsf] e08f/af6 ;xh,
;/n / ;:tf]df cd"No 1fg
k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g\ . snfsf/, ;+uLtsf/, slj,
;flxTosf/, kqsf/ ;a}n]
k|sf/sf cfˆgf snfs[lt, uLt, ;+uLt, sfJo, ;flxTo,
kqklqsf, cvaf/, lrq, rnlrq cflb kf7Ø, >Jo,
b[Zo cflb dfWoddf cfwfl/t s[ltx¿ If0fe/df
ljZjJofkL u/fpFb}5g\ . ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf
lghL ;+:yfx¿ sf]xL klg of] k|ljlwsf] nfeaf6
a+lrt x'g rflx/x]sf 5}gg\ . cfO6L olt ;/n /
;:tf] dfWod aGb}5 ls o;sf] pkof]u ug]{
g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+Vof aflif{s ;}s8f @) eGbf
w]/} b/n] a9\b}5 . ca o;af6 k|ToIf jf ck|
ToIf kmfObf glnPsf
lnP/ dflg;x¿ kfpg ufx|f] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t Joj;fodf g]kfnn] hf]8 lbg'kg]{
csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f s] 5 eg] g]kfnL
pTkfbg / ;]jfsf] vkt jf ahf/ g]kfnleq cToGt
;Lldt 5 . oxfF 8fS6/ / OlGhlgo/x¿;d]t
a]/f]huf/ aGg yfn]sf 5g\ .
$@ k|ltzteGbf w]/} dflg; ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg
/x]sf] cj:yfdf ax';+Vos g]kfnLx¿n] bfdL
a:t' jf ;]jf pkef]u ug]{ ;+efjgf 5}g .
ljZjsf] ;jf{lws hg;+Vof ePsf b'O{ l5d]sL
b]zx¿sf] ;:tf] pTkfbgsf ;fd' g]kfnL
dfnfdfgn] l5d]sL ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ux|
f] ePsf] cg'ej ul//x]s} 5f}F . ctM g]kfnn]
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ vf]Hg}k5{ . rfx] ljb]zdf
sfdbf/ k7fpg] s'/fdf xf];\ jf c? k|sf/sf
;]jfsf] nflu . lagf oftfoftsf] em+em6
/ g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df :t/Lo / ;xh
¿kdf k'¥ofpg;Sg] pTkfbg ;ˆ6j]o/ / ;"rgf
cWofo &
40
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf cfwf/ /
l:ylt
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|f/De / jt{dfg
l:ylt
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlw lelqPsf]
;g\ !(&! df xf] . Tof] ;fndf ePsf] /fli6«o
hgu0fgfsf] tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{ bf];|f]
k':tfsf] cfO{aLPd !$)! sDKo'6/ NofOPsf]
lyof] . o;df 8]6f e08f/0f ug{ 6]ksf] k|
of]u x'GYof] / 8]6f OG6«L ug{ Kjfn k/sf
k+rsf8{ k|of]u ul/GYof] . Tof] sDKo'6/
d]l;g lgSs} 7"nf] l;+u} sf]7fhqf] lyof] .
Tof] d]l;gsf] lhDdf lng / ;+rfng ug{
/fli6«o sDKo'6/ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf eof] . bz
jif{kl5 csf]{ hgu0fgf x'Fbf a]nfotaf6
csf]{ sDKo'6/, Tolt a]nfsf] ;a}eGbf ljsl;t
cfOl;Pn @(%) NofOof] . To;df Ps
d]ufafO6 ¥ofd,
^$) d]uf afO6sf] xf8{l8:s / *)) luuf
afO6sf] :6f]/]h Ifdtf lyof] . ;Dk"0f{ oGq
rf/ OsfOdf afFl8P/ ag]sf] lyof] . clxn]sf]
sDKo'6/ rnfpg]x¿ Tof] sDKo'6/sf] Ifdtf /
sfd ug]{ tl/sf ;'Gbf xfF:g;S5g\ t/ Tof]
sDKo'6/ Tolt a]nfsf] ;a}eGbf ljsl;t
sDKo'6/ dflgPsf] lyof] / rflxg]hlt sfd klg
lbPsf] lyof] . Tof] sDKo'6/n] s]Gb|nfO{
yk bz jif{;Dd sfd lbof] . g]kfndf ;g\ !(&(
df klxnf] dfOqmf] sDKo'6/ agfpg] d'lg
zfSo ;Q/Lsf] bzssf] ;'?df a]nfotdf
On]lS6«sn OlGhlgol/ª cWoog ug'{sf ;fy}
sDKo'6/ sf] sv/f klg l;ls/x]sf lyP . !(&@ df
g]kfn cfP/ ;/sf/L ;]jf ub}{ pgn] s]xL
cg';Gwfg u/] . To;kl5 pgL 5fqj[lQ kfP/ k|
mfG; uP . Tolt a]nf cfOaLPdn]
dfOqmf]sDKo'6/ ahf/df Nofpg] k|of;
ub}{ lyof] . k|mfG;af6 kms{Fbf pgn]
sDKo'6/ agfpgsf nflu rflxg] ;fdfgx¿
cfkm";Fu} NofP . g]kfn cfPkl5 pgn]
cfˆg} 3/sf] Pp6f sf]7fdf dfOqmf]sDKo'6/
agfP / blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;Dd]ngsf]
cj;/df sf7df8f}Fdf k|bz{g u/] . !(*# df
d'lg zfSon] b]jgfu/L lnlk agfP/ g]kfndf
41
sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u a9fpg ;3fP . ToxL jif{
ds{G6fOn sDkgLn] sDKo'6/sf] sf/f]af/ ;'?
u/]kl5 g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cwfl/t Jofkf/
;'? ePsf] xf] . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df /f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/ a9fPsf] 5 . a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿ 3/af/L a]r]/
ljb]zdf sfd ug{ ef}Ftfl/g' gkg]{ cj:yf
cfPsf] 5 . ca g]kfnLx¿ ljb]zdf rf}sLbf/L
ug]{ jf xf]6ndf efF8f df‰g] sfd gu/L
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;Lk l;s]/ 3/}df klg /fd|f]
cfDbfgL x'g] hflu/ vfg;S5g\ .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ca xjfO{
ofotfoft, a}+s, 6]lnkmf]g, lah'nL,
vfg]kfgL, 7"nf pBf]u Joj;fo, ko{6g, Jofkf/,
c:ktfn, ljZjljBfno, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg,
kqklqsf, ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L sfof{no,
dgf]/+hg pBf]u, oxfF;Dd ls wd{sd{df
klg eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] pkof]u gePsf] jf
ug{g;lsg] If]qsf] gfd lng ca d'l:sn
eO;s]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf ;"rgf k|ljlw ca g]kfnsf]
nflu zf]vsf] s'/f geP/ ckl/xfo{ s'/f ePsf] 5
.
dfgjclwsf/, k|hftGq / ;'zf;g :yfkgf
ug{ cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿n] ;/sf/nfO{ ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] ;xf/f lng k|]l/t ub}{ / ;3fpFb} 5 .
:yfgLo lgsfob]lv dGqfno, lgjf{rg cfof]u,
clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, k|x/L,
Gofofno cflb k|;fzg tyf hg;/f]sf/sf
lgsfox¿df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/]/ ltgsf]
sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{
ckl/xfo{ dflgPsf] 5 . 5f]6s/Ldf, b]zsf]
/fhgLlt, k|zf;g, ljsf;, pBf]u, Jofkf/, lzIff,
:jf:Yo, ;+rf/, oftfoft, ljh'nL, 6]lnkmf]g,
dgf]/+hg, ;flxTo, snf, s[lif, ko{6g cflb
;Dk"0f{ sfddf clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
eO/x]sf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt / sfg'g
;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)%& M
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / lj1fg tyf k|
ljlw dGqfnon] w]/} cWoog, 5nkmn,
uf]i7L u/L ljleGg sfo{bn agfO{ @)%&
;fndf tof/ kf/]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltn] ;'?df
lgSs} :jfut kfPsf] lyof] . o;n] ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] cfwfdf b]zsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ug]{
cj;/ k|bfg u5{ eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf dflg;x¿n]
o;sf] sfof{Gjog x'g] s'/fdf 7"nf] cfzf u/]sf
lyP . o;sf] kl/sNkgf a8f] ;'Gb/ 5 M
æcfpFbf] kfFr jif{leq g]kfnnfO{ ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] ljZj dfglrqdf :yflkt ug'{ .Æ o;sf]
/0fgLlt emg cfsfif{s 5 M æ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
;~hfn
-g]6js{_ nfO{ u|fdL0f If]q;Dd lj:tf/ ug]{,
g]kfnnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdfkm{t cGt/f{li6«o
ahf/df :yflkt ug]{, cfufdL kfFr jif{leq
;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jf (Software tyf
Hardware) sf] lgsf;L ¿= !) c/a
k'¥ofpg]===Æ cflb . ;fy} o;sf] sfo{gLlt
lgSs} dxTjfsf+IfL 5 M æ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf
;a}nfO{ sDKo'6/ lzIffÆ . ;"rgf k|ljlw
gLltsf] e"ldsfn] b]zsf] jf:tljstf a'em]sf]
b]lvG5 M æg]kfnh:tf ljZjsf cNkljsl;t
d'n'snfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, ko{6g, Jofkf/
cflb ljleGg If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlw sf] k|of]uaf6
tLa| ultdf ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;
k|ljlwsf] Jofks lj:tf/af6 cfly{s ;'b[9Ls/0f,
k|hftflGqs d"No tyf dfGotfsf] ljsf;, cfly{s
;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f Pj+ hgtfdf
r]tgfsf] clej[l4 x'g uO{ hLjg:t/df ;'wf/
x'g] / cGttf]uTjf u/LaL lgjf/0fdf 7"nf] d2t
k'Ug] b]lvG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw g} g]kfnsf]
ef}uf]lus ljifdtfdf sdL Nofpg] Ps ;zQm
k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g]5 . cfufdL
jif{x¿df ljZj dfglrqdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ / o; g]kfndf clxn] ;fgf]
sf]7fdf sDKo'6/sf k"hf{x¿ hf]8g] b]lv
lnP/ %)) hgfeGbf w]/} sd{rf/L /fv]/ pBf]u
ug]{ ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL pBf]u jf
sDkgLx¿sf] ;+Vof %)) gflw;s]sf] 5 .
To:t}, ;fgf] sf]7fdf rf/kfFr j6f sDKo'6/ /fv]/
sDKo'6/sf] sv/f l;sfpg]b]lv lnP/
cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfk|fKt
kf7Øqmdcg';f/ tflnd lbg] ;+:yfx¿sf]
;+Vof klg xhf/ gfl3;s]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
g]kfndf sltko sDkgLx¿n] clxn] ljZj:t/s}
PlKns];g ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ agfO/x]sf 5g\ . a}+s,
Jofkfl/s sDkgL / ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] n]vf
/fVg] :t/Lo ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ oxLF pTkfbg eO/x]sf
5g\ . ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbgdf
dfq ljz]iftf xfl;n u/]sf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof Ps
bh{ghlt 5 eg] 3/d} a;]/ ljb]zL,
cGt/f{li6«o sDkgLx¿sf] nflu ;ˆ6j]o/
agfOlbg] JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vof klg w]/} 5 .
42
sf7df8f}Fdf 8]9 nfveGbf
w]/}n] OG6/g]6 / Od]n pkof]u ul//x]sf]
cg'dfg 5 . sf7df8f}Fl:yt OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|
bfosx¿af6 @% xhf/ u|fxsn] OG6/g]6 /
Od]n ;]jf lgoldt ¿kdf lnO/x]sf 5g\ .
OG6/g]6 / Od]n k|of]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof
jflif{s @) b]lv #) k|ltzt;Dd al9/x]sf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf s'g} ljifodf lzIff jf tflnd xfl;n
u/]sf sl/a @))) o'jfx¿ x/]s jif{ of] If]qdf k|
j]z ub}{ 5g\ / tLdWo] em08} cfwf
ljb]zdf hfg] u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 . sltko o'jfx¿
oxLF a;]/ ljb]zL sDkgLx¿sf] nflu sfd
ul//x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] lzlIft hgdfg; clxn] ;"rgf
k|ljlw, ljz]if u/L sDKo'6/ lzIffk|lt lgSs}
pT;'s / hfu?s b]lvG5 . ufpF7fpFdf
sDKo'6/ tflnd s]Gb| v'n]s 5g\ . sDKo'6/
ghfgL /fd|f] sfd kfOGg eGg] efjgf alnof]
x'Fb}5 . sDKo'6/ hfb"sf] afs;h:tf]
sf}t'sdo a:t' geP/ hLjgdf / b}lgs Jojxf/df
rflxg] pks/0f aGb}5 . ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L
lgsfox¿n] hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ;]jf tyf
;'ljwf ca sDKo'6/sf] pkof]un] ubf{ k|
efjsf/L aGg yfn]sf] 5 . ;f+;b, lhNnf /
ufpFsf g]tfb]lv lnP/ hLjg ;fyL /f]Hg] sfddf
klg sDKo'6/ / ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ;3fpFb} 5 .
hGd, d[To' btf{, /fxbfgL lng], s/ ltg]{,
hUufhldgsf] clen]v /fVg], vfgf ksfpg],
s[lif;+a+wL ;"rgf / 1fg kfpg], s[lif ahf/
a'‰g], dfn;fdfg a]Rg], ko{6sx¿nfO{
tfGg], gfr ufg, snf ;+:s[lt, ;flxTo cflb
em08} ;a}h;f] sfdsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf]
5.
tj/af6 k|of]u ug{ jf To:tf
clen]vdf u}/ sfg"gL tj/af6 kl/jt{g ug]{
sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{
;/sf/, ;/sf/L lgsfo / JolQm ;d]tsf] ;/sf/L,
Jofj;flos / Jofkfl/s sfd sf/jfxLdf ;d]t clwstd
k|of]u ug{ u/fpg jf~5gLo ePsf]n],
===== ;+;bn] of] P]g agfPsf] 5 .Æ
ljw]ossf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;f] P]g clxn] Oltxf;
alg;s]s]f 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] b|'t ljsf;n] ubf{
clxn] ;f] P]gsf sltko s'/fx¿df c;fGble{s
eO;s]sf 5g\ . P]gsf] cefjn] ubf{ g]kfndf
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, o;sf] pkof]u tyf ;"rgf
k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fo kl5 k/]sf] 5 tyf ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] cfwf/df x'g] ck/fwx¿ a9]sf 5g\ .
bzf}“ k+rjifL{o of]hgfsf]
gLlt tyf sfo{qmd
xfn rfn" bzf}F k+rjifL{o of]hgfdf ;"rgf k|
ljlw gLlt tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ b]z ljsf;sf]
nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgsf] ¿kdf lnP/ o;sf]
ljsf;df lgSs} hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . ;f] of]hgfdf
3f]lift gLlt tyf sfo{gLltx¿sf] ;f/ o:tf] 5 M
• ;fd'bflos txdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] kx'Fr
;"rgf ;]jfx¿df k'¥ofpg ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL
lzIff tyf tflnd, ;f] k|ljlw;Dd kx'Fr / o;sf]
pkof]uaf6 k'¥ofpg;lsg] ;]jfx¿sf] lj:tf/df
pk/f]Qm tLg j6} kIfnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} ljsf;
ul/g] 5 . lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtfdf ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; / lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ u/L s[lif, lzIff, :jf:Yo
tyf s[lifj:t'sf] d"No Pj+ cfk"lt{ l:ylt
cflbaf/] dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf ;]jfx¿ u|fdL0f
If]qx¿df klg ;fd'bflos ;"rgf s]Gb|dfkm{t
pknAw u/fpg hf]8 lbOg]5 . OG6/g]6df
g]kfnL ljifoj:t' ePsf ;fdu|Lsf] clej[l4 ug]{
/ g]kfnL snf, ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gfP ug]{ tyf u|
fdL0f If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ vfnsf ljifoj:t'
:yfgLo efiffdf tof/ ul/g]5 . ufpF ljsf;
;ldltx¿df klg OG6/g]6 ;'ljwfo'Qm u|fdL0f
;"rgf s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ub}{ nlug]5 .
• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu z}lIfs tflndx¿
k|j4{g ug{'sf ;fy} lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/
Nofpg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 . æ;g\
@)!) ;Dddf ;a}nfO{ sDKo'6/ lzIffÆ eGg]
Pp6f bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmd agfOg]5 /
qmdzM clgjfo{ ¿kdf ljBfnox¿df sDKo'6/
lzIffsf] k7gkf7g u/fOg]5 . ;/sf/L tyf lghL
b'a} If]qsf] ;+nUgtfdf bIf hgzlQm tof/
ul/g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL ljleGg txsf
:t/Lo If]qdf kl5 kg]{ /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s
l:yltdf 7"nf] cGt/ cfpg]5 . o:tf] l:yltn]
lg/Gt/tf kfpg' ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf nflu klg ;xh
ljifo x'g ;Sb}g . o; ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o
;d'bfoaf6 cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug;Sg] pRr ;Defjgf
5 . xfd|f] h:tf] cNkljsl;t /fi6«sf nflu o:tf]
;xof]un] /fli6«o ljsf;df 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng]
s'/f :ki6 5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{
43
l56f]eGbf l56f] ljsf; u/L /fli6«o cy{tGqdf
6]jf k'¥ofpg ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltsf] cfjZostf 5
.Æ gf} bkmfdf ljeflht ;f] gLltn] ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] ljsf; lglDg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf k'¥ofO{ o;sf dfWodaf6
/f]huf/Ldf clej[l4 ug]{, 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfh
(Knowledge Based Society) sf] lgdf{0f ug]{, tyf
1fgdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿ (Knowledge Based
Industries) sf] :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 .
dflysf p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu !
% a'Fb] /0fgLltÙ tL /0fgLltx¿ sfof{Gjog
ug{ !& a'Fb] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt / #^ a'Fb]
sfo{gLlt cg';/0f ug]{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
;fy} ;f] gLltdf k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf
/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf; kl/ifb, kl/ifbcGtu{t
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /fli6«o
;"rgf k|ljlw ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ul/g], tyf lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw dGqfnocGtu{t /fli6«o ;"rgf k|
ljlw s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
;|f]t M www.most.gov.np
/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt hlt;'s}
cfsif{s eP klg To;sf] sfof{Gjog kIf lgSs}
tLtf] 5 . gLlt ag]sf] tLg jif{ eO;Sbf klg
To;nfO{ nfu" ug{sf] nflu rflxg] P]g sfg'g,
lgodfjnL alg;s]sf] 5}g .
;"rgf k|ljlw P]g
;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu
;/sf/n] @)%& ;fnd} ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/ /
l8hL6n x:tfIf/ P]g, @)%& sf] th'{df u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . k|:tfljt ;f] P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf
elgPsf] 5 M æljB'tLo tYof+s cfbfg–k|
bfgsf] dfWodaf6 jf cGo s'g} ljB'tLo ;+rf/
dfWodaf6 x'g] sf/f]jf/nfO{ e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft
agfO{ ljB'tLo clen]vsf] l;h{gf, pTkfbg, k|
zf]wg, ;+ro, k|jfx tyf ;Dk]|if0f k|0ffnLsf]
dfGotf, ;Totf, cv08tf tyf ljZjzgLotfnfO{ k|
dfl0fs/0f Pj+ lgoldt ug{, Joj:yf ug{ /
ljB'tLo clen]vnfO{ cgflws[t
• ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿ h:t}
;ˆ6j]o/ ljsf;, pTkfbg tyf k|of]u;+a+wL
pBf]u / ;]jf h:t} 8]6fOG6«L, l8lh6fOh];g,
d]l8sn 6«fG;lqmK;g, sn ;]G6/, j]a
sG6]G6 l8hfOg cflb ljsf;sf nflu cfGtl/s tyf
j}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f ug{ rflxg] pko'Qm
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/g]5 .
• ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf ;f];+a+wL ;]jfx¿sf]
Jofkf/, ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf nflu zfxL g]kfnL
/fhb"tfjf;x¿df cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw
gLltåf/f lglb{i6 ;+:yfut ;+/rgfnfO{ k|
efjsf/L ¿kdf cufl8 a9fOg] 5 tyf u|fdL0f
b"/;+rf/ ljsf;sf nflu b"/;+rf/sf ;+/rgfx¿
;"rgf k|ljlwd}qL -cfO6L k|m]08nL_
agfOg]5 .
;|f]t M www.npc.gov.np
;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt lgofds
lgsfox¿
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u g]kfnsf]
ljsf;sf] of]hgf / gLlt agfpg] k/fdz{bftf
lgsfo xf] . o;n] /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifbsf]
lgb]{zgcGtu{t gLlt / of]hgf tof/ kf5{ .
cfof]un] ;/sf/nfO{ ah]6sf] afF8kmfF6
ug]{ sfddf klg ;'emfpm lbG5 . ;fy}
;/sf/n] u/]sf ljsf;sf sfd / of]hgfx¿sf]
cg'udg /
d"Nof+sg klg u5{ . lj:t[t hgsf/Lsf nflu
x]g';\ M www.npc.gov.np . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
dGqfno
;+rf/ If]qsf] gLlt, of]hgf,
sfo{qmd agfpg] / nfu" ug]{ lhDd]jf/L
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnosf] xf] . of]
dGqfnocGtu{t x'nfs ;]jf ljefu, ;"rgf ljefu,
d'b|0f ljefu, g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0f,
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg, /]l8of] k|;f/ ;]jf ljsf;
;ldlt -/]l8of] g]kfn_, g]kfn 6]lnlehg,
/fli6«o
;dfrf/ ;ldlt, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg, rnlrq ;+:yfg,
/]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L dxfzfvf, k|]; sfplG;n
g]kfn cflb lgsfox¿ k5{g\ .
;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL gLlt, P]g, lgod
agfpg], nfu" u/fpg] lhDdf lj1fg k|ljlw
dGqfnosf] ePtf klg of] k|ljlwnfO{ ;+rfng
ug]{ d'Vo cfwf/ b"/ ;+rf/ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
dGqfnosf] dftxtdf kg]{ ePsf] x'gfn] b'O{
hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ :jb]zL
z}lIfs ;+:fx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ul/g]5 . ;"rgf k|
ljlw If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu u}/cfjf;Lo
g]kfnLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .
44
• ;/sf/L lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg,
;/sf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Ifd / k|
efjsf/L agfpg tyf ljQLo Joj:yfkg / k|zf;lgs
Ifdtfsf] ;'wf/ ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ pkof]u
ul/g]5 . o; qmddf ljB'tLo k|zf;g k|ljlw -O
uegf{G;_ nfO{ klg k|ofudf NofOg]5 .
;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u Jofks
ug{ tLg jif]{ sfo{qmd agfO{ nfu" ul/g]5
. ;a} dGqfno, ljefu tyf sfof{nox¿nfO{
OG6/g]6af6 hf]l8g]5 / cGo lgsfox¿nfO{
klg OG6/g]6dfkm{t cfj4 x'g k|f]T;fxg
ul/g]5 .
• ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf o;;+a+wL k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf
lgldQ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|
f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf
pko'Qm :yfgx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ :yfkgf
ul/g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qdf ;+nUg
Joj;foLx¿nfO{ dfucg';f/ b"/;+rf/ tyf ljB't
;]jf pknAw u/fOg]5 .
• ljB'tLo Jofkf/ -Osd;{_, ljB'tLo lzIff
-OPh's];g_, b"/:jf:Yo -Ox]Ny_, ljB'tLo
x'nfs -Okf]:6_ cflbsf] k|j4{g / uf|dL0f
If]qdf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
k|of]u ul/g]5 . b"/;+rf/ tyf ljB't ;]jf
pknAw ePsf :yfgx¿sf lzIf0f ;+:yf /
c:ktfnx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL ;]jfsf] k|
of]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . ljB't ;]jf
pknAw gePsf :yfgx¿df klg ;f}o{ phf{sf
dfWodaf6 ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ 6]jf
lbOg]5 .
• /]l8of] 6]lnlehgnufot OG6/g]6 tyf
OG6«fg]6sf] dfWodaf6 b"/lzIf0f
-l8:6ØfG; nlg{ª_ k|0ffnL ;'? ul/g]5 . :s'n
g]6, l/;r{ g]6, sd;{ g]6h:tf g]6jls{ª /
ax'eflifs sDKo'l6ªsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
• b"/;+rf/ pkrf/ -6]lnd]l8l;g_, b"/ lzIf0f,
b"/ k|zf]wg, tyf ljB'tLo Jofkf/sf] k|j4{gsf
nflu cfjZos sfg'gL k"jf{wf/x¿ lgdf{0f /g]5
. ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df af}l4s
;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/ -OlG6n]Sr'cn k|
k6L{ /fO6_ sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu Joj:yf ePsf
sfg'gL ;+/rgfsf] cfjZos ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 .
• b"/;+rf/ tyf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf;Fu ;+a+lwt
oGqpks/0fx¿sf] u'0f:t/, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/
lgwf{/0f ug]{ / nfu" u/fpg],
• b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng stf{x¿nfO{ Ohfht
lbPafkt lnOg] z'Nsx¿sf] lgwf{/0f / lgodg
ug]{ .
• b"/;+rf/ ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] pks/0fx¿sf]
u'0f:t/ hfFRgsf nflu lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg
ug]{,
• ;]jf k|bfosx¿aLr jf ;]jf k|bfos / u|
fxsx¿aLr ljjfb p7]df To;sf] lg/fs/0f ug]{,
tyf
• b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n]
ckgfpg'kg]{ gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdaf/]
;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg] .
lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{;\ M www.nta.gov.np
/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf; kl/ifb
;"rgf k|ljlw gLltdf ;"rgf k|ljlw
If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu ;"rgf k|
ljlw;DaGwL gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf
kl/dfh{g, jflif{s k|ult ;dLIff / cfOkg]{
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf ;fy} cfjZos cGo sfo{x¿
ug{ /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw kl/ifb u7g ug]{ k|
fjwfg 5 . kl/ifbsf] cWoIfdf k|wfgdGqL,
pkfWoIfdf lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno dGqL,
tyf ;b:ox¿df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqL, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf / ;"rgf k|ljlw
x]g]{ ;b:o, cy{, pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{,
sfg'g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo, hn;|f]t, lj1fg tyf k|
ljlw dGqfno, lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfno,
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿, sDKo'6/ lj1
k|ltlglw, ljZjljBfno÷/f]gfi6 -tLghgf_,
sDKo'6/ P;f]l;P;g ckm g]kfnsf cWoIf,
g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf cWoIo,
lghL If]qsf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿
-tLghgf_, b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf cWoIf, tyf
;b:o ;lrjdf /fli6«o ;"rgf lj1fg s]Gb| (NITC) sf
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ;dGjo ;ldlt
;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL cg';Gwfg tyf
ljsf; ug{, o; If]qsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQm
ljsf; ug{, ;"rgf k|ljlw ljifosf] kf7Øqmd
ljsf; ug{, lghL If]qdf ;~rflnt sDKo'6/
tflndsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ u/L :t/ lgwf{/0f Pj+
;f]sf] cg'udg ug{ / cGo ljb]zL z}lIfs
;+:yfx¿;Fu ;DaGw ufF:g]h:tf dGqfnoaLr
;dGjo x'g g;s]df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; plrt
¿kdf x'g;Qm}g . x]g'{;\ M www.moic.gov.np
45
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g]kfnsf] ljsf;df lj1fg / k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u a9fpg] nIf lnP/ @)%# h]7df lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
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;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)%& tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] .
;fy} ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt P]g, tyf
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o;sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . b"/;+rf/ ;]jfnfO{
e/kbf]{ / cfdhgtfsf] nflu ;'ne tl/sfn]
pknAw u/fpg'Ù clw/fHoel/ ufpF tyf
gu/ If]qdf cfwf/e"t b"/;+rf/;]jf pknAw
u/fpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{Ù u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|
bfg u/fpg] sfd ;'lglZrt u/fP/ pkef]Qmfsf
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sf] u7g eO{ b"/;+rf/ ljsf; sfo{df qmdzM
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;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf kl5 dfq r/0fa4 ¿kdf
b"/;+rf/ If]qsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/n] ult lng
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eof] . ;g\ !(!$ df k|fOe]6 a|f~r PS;r]~hsf
¿kdf DofUg]6f] ;]6x¿sf] k|of]u eof] .
csf]{ jif{ v'nf tf/ nfOg k|0ffnLaf6 nfdf]
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cd]l/ sL ;xof]udf :jrflnt 6]lnkmf]g
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a}+sn] kfFrj6f C0f ;xof]u
sfo{qmddfkm{t\ g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ ljsf;
sfo{qmddf ;3fof] .
æo;} cjlwdf b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g, @)@*
cg';f/ ;g\ !(&% df g]kfn b"/ ;~rf/
;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf eof] . krxQ/} lhNnfdf
6]lnkmf]g nfOg k'Uof] . s]xL g]kfnLx¿n]
ljz]if1tf klg xfl;n u/] . b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)!(
n] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ b"/;~rf/
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u/]sf] lyof] . t/ ;g\ !((& df 3f]if0ff ePsf]
b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# n]
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] Psflwsf/sf] l:ylt
tf]8]sf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ If]qnfO{ lgoldt ug{
tyf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfnsx¿nfO{ Ohfht k|
bfg ug]{nufotsf sfddf ;dGjo ug{
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46
ul/Psf] 5 . lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqLsf]
cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] ;f] ;ldltdf /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]usf ;"rgf k|ljlw ljifo x]g]{ ;b:o
pkfWoIf tyf /fli6«o ;"rgf lj1fg s]Gb (NITC)
sf sffo{sf/L lgb]{zs, ;b:o–;lrj 5g\ .
;b:ox¿df ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt @ hgf, cy{
dGqfno, pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfno, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, lzIff tyf
v]ns"b dGqfno, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf
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P;f]l;P;g ckm g]kfn / pBf]u jfl0fHo
dxf;+3sf k|ltlglwx¿ 5g\ .
/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb|
/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb| (National
Information Technology Center) lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
dGqfnocGtu{t 5 . cfjZostfg';f/ o;sf If]qLo
/ lhNnf:t/sf sfof{nox¿sf] :yfkgf ug{;lsg]
Joj:yf 5 . o;n] ug]{ sfdx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
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sfo{ ug'{sf ;fy}
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lj:tf/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{, /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw
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lj1fg / ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL gLlt Pj+ of]hgf
sfof{Gjog ug]{÷u/fpg], cg'udg Pj+
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(Operation)
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lsl;dsf tYofª\sx¿ ;ª\sng u/L 8f6f l8kf]lh6/L
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(Regulator) sf ¿kdf sfd ug]{, tyf
g]6js{ l8lh6nnfOh]zg !((&
jL/u+h–/S;f}n lj l8lh6n clK6sn
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k]–kmf]g ;]jfsf] ;'? @))! ljz]if u|fdL0f
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;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfddf lghL If]qsf]
ev{/ev{/ k|j]z x'g yfn]sf] 5 . clxn];Dd of]
;]jf g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgs} Psflwsf/ /
lhDdfdf 5 . g]kfndf ;+rfng eO/x]sf]
b"/;+rf/ ;]jf k|0ffnLsf d'Vo rf/ c+u 5g\ M
PS;r]+h, 6«fG;ld;g, PS;]; g]6js{ /
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@)%* ;fnsf] g[z+; b/af/
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o'j/fh lbk]Gb|n] df]afOn kmf]gdf sf];Fu /
slt a]/ s'/fsfgL u/]sf lyP eGg] ;"rgf
6]lnkmf]g PS;]+haf6 yfxf ePsf] lyof] .
PS:r]+hn] 6]lnkmf]g snx¿ lglb{i6 7fpFdf
k'¥ofpgsf nflu ;Dks{ ln+s jf g]6js{x¿sf]
aLraLrdf l:jlrª ug]{, u|fxsn] slta]/ kmf]g
u¥of] eGg] l/s8{ /fVg] / lan agfpg] tyf
b"/;+rf/ cfjfudgsf] lgoGq0f ug]{ sfd u5{
. g]kfndf xfn !^& PS;r]+h 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf]
s'n Ifdtf em08} ;f9] rf/ nfv 6]lnkmf]g
nfOgsf] 5 eg] ;f9] tLg nfveGbf w]/}
nfOg afFl8Psf]
5 . p2]Zo;lxt ;f]xL P]g cGtu{t g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f u7g ul/Psf] 5 .
clxn];Dd cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgs} Psflwsf/ sfod 5 . ;g\
@))$ ;Dddf eg] ;Dk"0f{ cfwf/e"t ;]jfdf k|
lt:kwf{ x'g]5 .
æ;g\ !((% df g]kfndf lghL
If]qsf] ;lqmotfdf OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;'¿ eof] .
;g\ @))) sf] cGTolt/ cfOk'Ubf OG6/g]6 ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof Ps bh{g
k'u]sf] 5 . k]lhª ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
;+:Yffx¿sf] ;Vof a9]sf] 5 eg] ;]n'n/
47
df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf klg g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] Psflwsf/ sf] l:yltsf]
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g]kfndf b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;sf] emns
-O:aL ;Djtdf_
sf7df8f}Fdf klxnf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg !(!#
:jrflnt PS;r]~h !(#^
6]lnu|fd ;]jfsf] :yfkgf !(%)
PrPk\m l;Dkn]S; jfo/n]; !(%!
klxnf] klAns PS;r]~h !(%!
sf7df8f}+df klxnf] :jrflnt klAns
PS;r]~h !(^#
klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o /]l8of] ln+s -ef/t /
kls:tfg_ !(^%
k|yd !))) nfOg Ifdtfsf] :jrflnt PS;r]~h !
(^%
6]n]S; ;'?cft !(&@
/fli6«o dfOqmf]j]e ln+s Aofsaf]g !(&%
;u/dfyf e'–pku|x s]Gb| :of6]nfO6 cy{
:6]zg !(*#
l8lh6n PS;r]~h !(*$
cGt/b]lzo 6+«s ;]jfsf] ;'?cft !(*$
cGt/f{li6«o 6+«s ;]jfsf] ;'?cft !(*&
cGt/f{li6«o u]6j] PS;r]~h !(**
clK6sn kmfOj/ g]6js{ :yfkgf !((%
OG6/g]6 ;]jf !((%
;Dk"0f{ 6«fG;ld;g g]6js{ l8lh6n g]6js{df
kl/0ft !((^
cGt//fli6«o u]6 j] PS;r]~h :yfkgf !((^
le–:of6 ;]jfsf] ;'?cft !((^
ef/t / cGt/f{li6«o hut;Fu Wjlg tyf
;a} k|sf/sf 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ug{sf nflu ;+rf/
e"pku|x, Tof];Fu ;Dks{ u/fpg] e"pku|x
s]Gb| cy{:6];g, 6«fG;ld;g ln+s, b]zJofkL
dfOqmf]j]e d]g 6«fG;ld;g ln+s jf Josaf]g,
:k/ ln+s, kmfOa/ clK6s tf/ cflb ljleGg
ln+sx¿sf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 .
;+rf/ e"pku|x
;+;f/df klxnf] 6]lnkmf]g jftf{ ;g\ !
*&^ df 6]lnkmf]gsf cfljisf/s u|fxd a]nsf]
3/sf] Pp6f sf]7faf6 csf]{ sf]7faLr ePsf]
lyof] . klxnf] ;+rf/ e"pku|x cnL{a8{
cGtl/Ifdf k7fPkl5 6]lnkmf]g jftf{ cGtl/Ifdf
3'ld/x]sf dfgj lgld{t e"pku|xsf] dfWodaf6
x'gyfNof] . kmn:j¿k clxn] uf]hLdf c6fpg]
:of6nfO6 kmf]g / e"pku|xaLr l;w} ;Dks{
u/L ljZjsf] s'g} klg s'gfaf6 csf]{ s'gf;Dd
lxF8bflxF8b}, uf8Ldf u'8b} jf xjfOhxfhdf
p8b} 6]lnkmf]gdf s'/f ug{ ;+ej ePsf] 5 .
OG6n:of6, sf]D:of6 cflb ljleGg gfdsf
Jofkfl/s :of6nfO6x¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . Pp6}
:of6nfO6n] xhf/f}F 6]lnkmf]g nfOg
;+rfng ug{;Sg] ePsf] 5 . Jofkfl/s
:of6nfO6x¿n] ljljw k|sf/sf ;]jf lbO/x]sf 5g\
. Pp6f zx/af6 k|;fl/t 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd
b]zJofkL / cGt/f{li6«o hutdf k|;f/ ug{,
s]a'n 6]lnlehgsf] Joa;fo km}nfpg ;+ej
ePsf] 5 . ;f/df ljZj g} Pp6f ufpFdf kl/0ft
ug]{ -Unf]an len]h_ kl/sNkgf :of6nfO6s}
b]g xf] . ;+rf/ e"pku|xsf] ljsf;sf] qmddf
clxn] l8lh6n 8]6f k|]if0f ug]{ eL:of6
-e]/L :dn Pkr{/ 6ld{gn_ n]
Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq cflb ljleGg ¿ksf 8]6f k|;f/
ug]{ sfddf qmflGt NofPsf] 5 . cfw'lgs
OG6n:of6 e"pku|xn] Ps} ;dodf Ps
nfveGbf w]/} 6]lnkmf]g ;ls{6 ;+rfng
ug{;S5 . e"pku|xsf] Ifdtf a9g'sf ;fy}
k[YjLdf /x]/ Tof];Fu ;Dks{ ug]{ / :ynLo
g]6js{df 8]6f k|]if0f ug]{ cy{:6];gsf]
Ifdtf klg lgSs} a9]sf] 5 . ;+rf/ e"pku|x;Fu
g]kfnaf6 ;f]em} ;Dks{ ug]{ klxnf]
cy{:6];g sf7df8f}F anDa'l:ylt ;u/dfyf
e"pku|x cy{:6];g xf] . o;nfO{ g]kfn
b"/;+rf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o u]6 j] jf d"n 9f]sf
klg elgG5 . :of6]nfO6af6 c? b"/;+rf/ ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox¿n] Wjlg k|;f/ jf
OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fpg] cj;/ gkfP;Dd ;+:yfgsf] nflu of]
;'gsf] km'n kfg]{ s'v'/f ag]sf] 5 lsgls
;+:yfgsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} cfDbfgL x'g]
cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g sn o;}dfkm{t
;+rfng x'G5 .
6]lnkmf]gsf] l:jlrª pks/0fn] s'g
gDa/df kmf]g 8fon ul/of] eg] a'‰5 /
Tof] gDa/sf] kmf]g jf u|fxs;Dd k'Ug]
g]6js{x¿sf] af6f] vf]lnlbG5 . Pp6f
zx/leqsf 6]lnkmfgx¿aLr ;Dks{ ug{
;a}eGbf yf]/} g]6js{sf] pkof]u x'G5
eg] cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g snsf] nflu
ljleGg tx / k|ljlwsf g]6js{x¿sf] cfjZostf
x'G5 . s]xL jif{cl3 ;Dd g]kfndf klg l:jlrª
48
ug]{ sfd dflg;n] xftn] uYof]{ eg] ca ;a}
l:jlrª :jrflnt ePsf] 5 h;nfO{ c6f]d]l6s
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ug]{ Ifdtf csNkgLo ¿kdf a9]sf] x'gfn] ca
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hl8Psf] sDKo'6/n] sd Jo:t nfOg vf]h]/
l56f] ;Dks{ u/fpg ;xof]u klg u5{ .
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gDa/af6 s'g kmf]g gDa/df slt a]nf slt a]/
;Dks{ u¥of] eGg] clen]v /fV5 . To;sf]
lx;fa u/]/ lan tof/ kf5{ / cfjZos k/]sf]
a]nfdf b'3{6gf, ck/fw / ck/fwL kQf
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sfjf{xL ug]{ Ifdtf xfl;n u/]sf] 5 / o;/L
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Tofqmd0f klg u/]sf] 5 .
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b]zleq / aflx/ b"/;+rf/sf] ;Dks{
dxfdfu{ M 6«fG;ld;g ln+s
Pp6f sf]7faf6 csf]{ sf]7faLr
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f/0f k|0ffnL km/s x'G5 . Pp6f sf]7faf6
csf]{ sf]7fdf kmf]g ubf{ jf 8]6f cfbfg k|
bfg ubf{ Pp6f s]a'n tf/n] sfd ug{;S5 eg]
cd]l/sfb]lv g]kfn;Dd Tof] sfd ubf{
sf]clS;on s]a'n, kmfOa/ clK6s s]a'n ,
dfOqmf]j]e / n+uj]e /]l8of] t/+u, ljleGg
k|sf/sf /]l8of] ;+s]t k[YjLsf] Ps 7fpFaf6
csf]{ 7fpFdf k'¥ofpg k[YjLjl/kl/ 3'ld/x]sf
;+rf/ e"pku|xx¿, 6«fG;ld;g 6fj/, l/lk6/
6fj/h:tf :ynLo -6]/]l:6«on_ ;+/rgfx¿
;+nUg x'G5g\ . clxn] ljZjsf k|d'v
zx/x¿nfO{ ;+rf/n] hf]8gsf nflu
dfOqmf]j]e,
sf]clS;on s]a'n, clK6sn kmfOa/ / ;+rf/
e"pku|xnfO{ ldnfP/ pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfndf ljleGg lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx¿, c+rn /
If]qx¿aLr tyf pknAw u/fpg;SYof] . nfdf]
b"/Lsf] nflu hldg / ;d'b|leq cf]5ØfOg]
kmfOa/ clK6s s]a'n jf clK6sn kmfOa/ tf/
lgSs} pkof]uL dflgG5 . dfOqmf]j]e
/]l8of] t/+u cUnf] 6]lnkmf]g
6fj/x¿dfkm{t dfq} xf]Og eL:of6h:tf ;+rf/
e"pku|x¿dfkm{t klg k|]if0f u/]/ b'u{d
:yndf ;+rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg yflnPsf] 5 .
b'u{d :yfgdf / nfdf] b"/Ldf sf]clS;on
s]a'n tfGbf nfUg] vr{ / c? hf]lvdx¿sf]
bfFhf]df :of6]nfO6 kmf]gsf] vr{ lgs} sd
x'G5 . o;sf] Pp6f sdhf]/L s] 5 eg]
:of6]nfO6x¿ xhf/f}F lsnf]ld6/ dfly
cGtl/Ifdf x'g] / /]l8of] t/+u ToxfF k'u]/
kms{g s]xL ;do nfUg] x'gfn] :of6]nfO6
k|0ffnLdfkm{t 6]lnkmf]g ubf{ s]xL a]/
/f]lsO{/f]lsO{ s'/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ctM
o;nfO{ PstkmL{ k|;f/0fsf] nflu pko'Qm
dflgG5 .
k"j{—klZrd clK6sn kmfOa/ ln+s
b"/;+rf/ ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf{] tyf gjLgtd ;"rgf
k|ljlw ;+rfng ug{;Sg] u/L :t/Lo agfpg
k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{sf] ;Fu;Fu} clK6sn
kmfOa/ tf/ lj5Øfpg] sfd wdfwd eO/x]sf]
5 . of] kl/of]hgf k"/f ePkl5 o;n] g]kfnsf]
b"/;+rf/ If]qdf b|'t ultdf Ps} ;dodf
xhf/f}F u|fxsx¿n] :j/ / 8]6f, lrq, rnlrq
;+k|]if0f ug]{ ljZj;gLo 6«fG;ld;g ln+s
cyf{t km/flsnf] ;Dks{ dxfdfu{ pknAw
u/fpg] 5 . clK6sn kmfOa/ tfdf]sf] tf/
xf]Og . jf:tjdf of] l;;fsf] 9'+u|f] xf] . o;sf
leQfdf ;+s]tx¿ k|sfzsf] ultdf k|;f/ x'G5 .
Pp6f dl;gf] tf/af6 Ps} ;dodf xhf/f}F ;+s]t
k|;f/ x'g;S5 . cyf{t Pp6f tf/af6 xhf/f}F
6]lnkmf]g nfOg ;+rfng x'g;S5 . of] tf/
wfuf]eGbf dl;gf] x'G5 . n'uf l;pg] ;fwf/0f
l;of]sf] Kjfndf o:tf w]/} tf/x¿ l5/fpg;lsG5 .
7"nf] dfqfdf Ps} ;dodf c;+Vo ;+s]tx¿ k|
sfzsf] ultdf lagf afwf Jojwfg cfjfudg
ug{;Sg] x'gfn] cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] nflu
Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq / ljleGg
k|sf/sf 8]6f cf];f/k;f/ ug{ clK6sn kmfOa/
clt pko'Qm x'G5 . o;n] b"/;+rf/ pBf]udf
;fx|} vlr{nf] / k'/fgf] vfnsf tfdf]sf] tf/sf]
clt pko'Qm ljsNk k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
clxn] klg sf7df8f}Fsf]
l/ª/f]8;Fu;Fu} tyf zx/leqsf sltko
49
PS;r]+hx¿ clK6sn kmfOa/af6 hf]l8Psf
5g\ . ;fy} g]kfn / ef/tsf ;LdfjtL{ gu/x¿ —
jL/u+h / /S;f}n, lj/f6gu/ / kmf/la;u+h,
sfs8leQf / cQf/L, e}/xjf / ;'gf}nL — aLr
kmfOa/ clK6s dfkm{t b"/;+rf/ ;]jf pknAw
eO/x]sf] 5 .
dfOqmf]j]e ln+s
w]/} 6f9f;Dd ;+s]t k|;f/ ug]{ csf]{
;fwg /]l8of] t/+u xf] . sf]clS;on s]a'nsf]
cfljisf/ x'gcl3 b'O{ dxfb]zx¿aLr ;+rf/ ug{
sd lk|mSj]G;Lsf w]/} zlQmzfnL n+u j]e
/]l8of] t/+usf] pkof]u ul/GYof] . Ps k6sdf
Pp6feGbf w]/} ;Dks{ ug{ ufx|f] x'GYof] .
of] w]/} dxFuf] klg x'GYof] . o;sf] t'ngfdf
pRr lk|mSj]G;Lsf] dfOqmf]j]e /]l8of]
t/+uaf6 Ps} ;dodf w]/} hgfn] s'/f
ug{;S5g\ . of] k|0ffnLdf tf/ grflxg] x'gfn]
sf]clS;on s]a'neGbf of] ;:tf] x'G5 . :ynLo
6«fG;ld;g ln+sdf dfOqmf]j]e / sf]clS;on
s]a'n ldnfP/ pkof]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf]
ef}uf]lns l:yltnfO{ clxn];Dd oxL
pkfonfO{ pko'Qm dfg]/ b]zJofkL
6«fG;ld;g ln+s sfod ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
l5d]sL b]zsf sltko zx/x¿;Fu dfOqmf]j]e
ln+sdfkm{t hf]l8Psf 5g\ .
b]zleq b"/;+rf/ ;Dds{ sfod ug]{ sfd b]zsf
d'Vo zx/x¿ — sf7df8f}F, lj/f6gu/, eb|k'/,
jL/u+h, hgsk'/, /fhla/fh, e}/xjf,
g]kfnu+h, kf]v/f, wgu9L dx]Gbgu/ cflb
— nfO{ hf]8g] sfd dfOqmf]j]e d]g
6«fG;ld;g ln+sn] ul//x]sf] 5 . tL d]g
6«fG;ld;g ln+saf6 lhNnf, b'u{d If]q /
ufpFsf PS;r]+hx¿;Fu ;Dks{ u/fpg] sfd :k/
ln+sn] u5{ . sltko cj:yfdf :k/ ln+s /
PS;r]+h aLr ;Dks{ hf]8gsf nflu l/lk6/
:6];g jf 6fj/ agfOPsf x'G5g\ . 6«fG;ld;g
ln+s tyf :k/ ln+s PS;r]+h;Fu hf]l8Psf]
x'G5 / PS;r]+haf6 sf]clS;on s]a'n jf tf/sf]
dfWodaf6 3/3/df 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljt/0f
ul/Psf] x'G5 . Pp6f zx/leq b"/;+rf/sf nflu
;Lldt 6«fG;ld;g ln+ssf] cfjZostf k5{ eg]
ljZjsf ljleGg s'gfaLr ;+rf/ ug{ ljleGg
vfnsf 6«fG;ld;g ln+sx¿ rflxG5 .
6]lnkmf]gsf] b'O{5]pm aLr hlt w]/} b"/L
eof] jf hlt w]/} r/0f / k|sf/sf 6«fG;ld;g k|
ljlw / pks/0fsf] ;+nUgtf eof] l;Ugn -Wjlg /
8]6f_ sf] u'0f:t/ Tolt w]/} v:sg] x'gfn] lhNnfdf ;f]em} :of6]nfO6af6 l;Ugn u|x0f
l;Ugnsf] :t/ sfod /fVg To;sf] zlQm / k|;f/ ug{;Sg] :of6]nfO6 kmf]gsf] pkof]u
a9fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . 6«fG;ld;g ln+ssf x'g yfn]sf] 5 . oGqpks/0fx¿ tyf ltgnfO{
pks/0f / k|ljlwx¿ s'g} 3/leqsf] nflu ;Ifd / ;+rfng / Jojl:yt ug]{ k|0ffnL, lah'nL,
pko'Qm x'G5 eg] s'g} cGtl/Ifdf pko'Qm jftfg's"ng cflb b"/;+rf/ ;]jf k|0ffnLsf]
x'G5g\ . sf]clS;on s]a'nnfO{ w]/} 6f9f u'0f:t/ sfod ug]{ k|d'v c+u x'g\ .
k'¥ofpg vlr{nf] x'G5 / o;n] ;Lldt ;+Vofdf b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] jt{dfg cj:yf
dfq ;+s]t k|;f/ ug{;S5 . h:t} klxnf] k6s g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] k|bfg
cd]l/sf / o'/f]kaLr ;+rf/ ug{ ;g\ !(%^ df
ul//x]sf ;]jfx¿ M
P6nfl06s dxf;fu/d'lg lj5ØfOPsf] sf]clS;on
!= cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
s]a'nn] #) Rofgndfq} 5 . e"pku|Lo ;+rf/
h8fg ePsf] PS;r]~h Ifdtf $,#$,)$#
k|0ffnL lbglbg} ;:tf] x'Fb}5 . sd prfOdf
latl/t 6]lnkmf]g nfO{g ;+Vof
cjl:yt nf]
#,^@,#%#
cla{6 :of6]nfO6n] ubf{ ca k"/} ljZj
;+rflnt PS;r]~h ;+Vof !^&
:yfgLo kmf]gsnsf] k|0ffnLdf hfg] t/v/df 5
t/ b]zleqsf k|d'v gu/x¿aLrsf
. tf//lxt 6]lnkmf]gsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ :ynLo
PS;r]+hx¿ dfOqmf]j]e ln+s sf]
;+/rgfdf nfUg] vr{ hf]lug] / of] k|0ffnL
dfWodaf6 b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng eO/x]sf] 5 .
jf:tjdf ul/a b]zx¿sf] nflu pko'Qm x'g]
of] k|0ffnL ljzfn dfqfdf :j/, lrq, rnlrq k|]
s'/fsf] w]/}n] c8sn ul/;s]sf 5g\ . o:tf]df
if0f ug{sf nflu rflxg] u'0f:t/sf] 5}g .
k'/fgf] tf/o'Qm k|0ffnLsf] nflu nufgL ug'{
kmfOa/ clK6s tf/ lj5Øfpg] sfd k"/f ePkl5
jf To;dfly a9L e/ kg'{ pko'Qm b]lvFb}g .
b]zsf] ;+rf/ d]?b08 dfOqmf]j]e ln+ssf]
;fy} xfn ef/sf] ;xof]udf alg/x]sf] of]
t'ngfdf lgSs} ;Ifd, ljZj;gLo / u'0f:t/Lo
kmfOa/ clK6s nfOgn] g]kfnsf] eGbf
x'g]5 . of] kl/of]hgf cGtu{t k"j{df eb|
ef/tsf] a9L ;]jf ug]{ 5 eGg] sltkon]
k'/b]lv klZrddf ndxL;Dd / sf]xnk'/b]lv
cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ . lsgls lbNnLnfO{ k"jL{
g]kfnu+h;Dd kmfOa/ clK6s tf/ la5ØfOg]
ef/t;Fu hf]8g pQ/ k|b]z / ljxf/nfO{ 5n]/
5 . o;sf] s'n nDafO *(! lsnf]ld6/ x'g]5 .
;f]em} g]kfn eP/ pQ/L efudf tf/
;fdfGotof of] tf/ k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{sf]
k'¥ofpFbf e/tsf] xhf/f}F lsnf] ld6/sf]
5]j}5]pm hldgeGbf 8]9 ld6/d'lg lj5ØfOg]
kmfOa/ clK6s lj5Øfpg] vr{ hf]luG5 . olb
5, t/ s8f 9'+Uofg hldgdf Ps ld6/ tndfq}
o:tf] xf] eg] ;"rgfsf] uf]kgLotf / ;'/Iffsf]
ufl8g] 5 . k'n / sNe{6 ePsf 7fpFdf alnof]
b[li6n] klg of] kl/of]hgf g]kfnsf] lxtdf
hLcfO{ kfOkaf6 tf/
gx'g;S5 . PS;]; g]6js{n] PS;r]+h / u|
nlug] 5 . of]hgf k"/f ePkl5 eb|k'/b]lv
fxssf] kmf]gaLr ;Dks{ u/fpF5 . ;fdfGotof
emfkfsf] uf]bf/;Dd la5ØfOg] (% lsnf]ld6/
:yfgLo PSr]+hb]lv u|fxssf] kmf]g;Fu
clK6sn tf/af6 @( j6f PS;r]+h hf]l8g] 5 .
;Dks{ ug]{ sfd tfdf]sf] tf/n] u5{ . t/ ca
uf]bf/b]lv gjnk/f;Lsf] sfjf;f]tL;Ddsf] #@#
/]l8of] l;Ugndf cfwfl/t df]afOn kmf]g,
lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf @* j6f PS;r]+h hf]l8g]
jfo/n]; nf]sn n"k, dfOqmf]j]e ln+s,
5g\ . clg sfjf;f]tLb]lv g]kfnu+haLr @&$
/]l8of] k]lhªh:tf k|ljlwx¿ a9L ;:tf], ;lhnf] /
lsnf]ld6/ nfOgdf @@ j6f PS;r]+h x'g]5g\
e/kbf]{ x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . ufpFufpFdf
. o;/L !* lhNnfsf &( j6f PS;r]+hx¿ / kf6g
6]lnkmf]g PS;]; g]6js{sf] ¿kdf eLPrPkm,
u]6 j]sf] Pp6f PS;r]+h / u/L *) j6f
o'PrPkm, df6{;\ k|0ffnLx¿sf] pkof]u
PS;r]+hx¿ / afsL PS;r]+hx¿
eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf b"/;+rf/ ;j{;'ne
dfOqmf]j]eaf6 hf]l8P/ Pp6f alnof] /fli6«o
u/fpgsf nflu ;a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}lt g}
;Dks{ d]?b08 cyf{t\ Jofsaf]g 6«fG;ld;g
PS;]; g]6js{sf] lj:tf/ xf] . o;df
ln+s tof/ x'g]5 . o;sf] ;b'kof]u ePdf b]zsf
s'n nufgLsf] $) k|ltzt;Dd vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5
clwsf+z zx/x¿n] sf7df8f}Fs}
. ;'/Iff / b'u{d:ynsf] sf/0fn] xfn s]xL
50
h:tf] :t/Lo, e/kbf]{ / b|'t OG6/g]6 ;]jf
kfpg]5g\ . kmn:j¿k b]zsf] ljsf;df o;n]
alnof] 6]jf lbg]5 . ef/t ;/sf/sf] Ps ca{ #%
s/f]8 cg'bfg ;xof]udf ef/tsf] ;L6LcfO{Pn
sDkgLn] of] kl/of]hgf @))$ cu:6;Dd k"/f
ug]{ nIf 5 .
g]kfnsf] b"/;+rf/nfO{ e/kbf]{,
:t/Lo / ;Ifd agfpg] of] of]hgf dxTjk"0f{
x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o;sf af/]df ljleGg z+sf /
cfnf]rgf klg ePsf] 5 . b]zdf JofKt lx+;fTds
cfGbf]ngsf] rk]6fdf k/]/ clxn] Ps ;oeGbf
w]/} b"/;+rf/sf 6fj/x¿ lau|]sf 5g\ / !
( lhNnf k/Dk/fut 6«fG;ld;g ln+saf6 a+lrt
eP/ tf//lxt eL:of6 / :of6]nfO6 kmf]g k|
0ffnLsf] pkof]u ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . of]
cj:yfdf hldgd'lg af6 nlug] olt dxTjk"0f{
nfOg s;/L ;'/lIft x'g;S5 eGg] k|Zgsf]
;lhnf] hjfkm 5}g . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf
lg/Gt/ / lgs} l56f]l56f] ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 .
ca s]xL jif{ tf//lxt b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLn] k|
e'Tj hdfpg]5 eGg] s'/f lglj{jfb 6]lnkmf]g
;]jf la:tf/ M gjf}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf]
cGTo ;Dddf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf gk'u]sf
dWodf~rn, klZrdf~rn, dWoklZrdf~rn tyf
;'b'/klZrdf~Rfn ljsf; If]qsf uflj;x¿df
g]b";+n] cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/
ug]{ of]hgf 5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qdf lghL
If]qjf6 b"/;+~rf/ ;]jf pknJw u/fpg]af/]
g]kfn b"/;+~rf/ k|flws/0fjf6 sf/jfxL
eO/x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] s'g}klg efudf /x]sf
JolQm tyf ;+:yfaf6 cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g
;]jfsf] dfu ePsf] ^ dlxgfleq ;]jf lbg;lsg]
Joj:yf ug]{ tyf d'Vo zx/x¿df 6]lnkmf]g
dfu ePsf] ;ft lbgleq 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknJw
u/fpg;Sg] kl/l:yltsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ nIf
/flvPsf] 5 . ;+:yfgn] OG6/g]6 ;]jfnfO{
clw/fHoJofkL agfpg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df
al9 k|f]T;fxg ug]{Ù d'Vo d'Vo zx/x¿df a|
f]8Jof08 Aofsaf]g ln+s :yfkgf ug]{ tyf
pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf]
cfjZostfnfO{ k"lt{ ug]{ ;]jf / cfw'lgs k|
ljlw leq\ofpFb} hfg] nIf /fv]sf] 5 .
;|f]t M g]=k"=;+ sf] k|sfzg -@)^)
c;f/;Dd_
lghL If]qsf b"/;+rf/ tyf cfO6L
;]jf k|bfosx¿
51
b"/;+rf/ ;]jfnfO{ g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|
flws/0fsf] Psflwsf/af6 d'Qm u/]/ lghL
If]qnfO{ klg ;xefuL agfpg cGt/f{li6«o
bafjsf] kmn:j¿k g]kfn b"/;+rf/ P]g @)%#
aGof] . ;f] P]gsf] cfwf/df s]xL lghL If]qsf
sDkgLx¿nfO{ b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{
lg0f{o ePtf klg clxn];Dd sfof{Gjog ePsf]
5}g . b"/;+rf/ ;]jfn] k|bfg ug]{ EjfO; jf
Wjlg k|]if0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;g\ @))$ ;Dd
;+:yfnfO{ dfq} 5 eg]/ ts{ cufl8 ;fl/P klg
lghL If]qsf] k|j]zdf w]/} afwfx¿ 5g\ h;af/]
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;d:of /
xfFsx¿ zLif{s cWofodf 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .
tyflk oxfF Ohfht kfP/ b"/ ;+rf/ ;]jf k|bfg
ug]{ t/v/ ul//x]sf s]xL sDkgLx¿ /
OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf sDkgLx¿sf]
af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
8An'PnPn
g]kfnL / ef/tLo sDkgLx¿sf]
nufgLdf v'n]sf] o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8
-o'l6Pn_ n] jfo/n]; nf]sn n"k -8An'PnPn_
k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{
Ohfht kfPsf] 5 . kf]xf]/ g} Ohfht kfPsf]
of] sDkgLn] Ps jif{leq} sf7df8f}F
pkTosfsf tLg lhNnfdf %&,!)) 6]lnkmf]g
nfOg ljt/0f ug]{ / c? b'O{ jif{leq
pkTosfaflx/sf !@ j6f k|d'v zx/x¿
/fli6«o 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj !=%$
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k'u]sf uf=lj=;=;+Vof !,&^!
@= df]jfOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
h8fg l:jr Ifdtf -kf]i6–k]8_ &),)))
h8fg l:jr Ifdtf -lk|–k]8_ $),)))
latl/t df]jfO{n 6]lnkmf]g ;+Vof $),^!$
df]jfO{n ;]jf k'u]sf lhNnf @!
-lk|–k]8 ;]jf lgs6 eljiodf g} ;+rfng x'g] ._
#= OG6/g]6 tyf O–d]n ;]jf M
OG6/g]6 u|fxs ;+Vof @,#*&
O–d]n u|fxs ;+Vof !,!%#
$= ljz]if u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ cfof]hgf
le–:of6 cfof]hgf
le–:of6 6ld{gn h8fg ;+Vof %*
;+rflnt le–:of6 6ld{gn ;+Vof %$
ljtl/t 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ;+Vof &
le–:of6af6 ;+rflnt PS;r]~h ;+Vof -hf]
d;f]d_ !
8An'= Pn= Pn= cfof]hgf
8An'=Pn=Pn= ;+rflnt lhNnf+ ;+Vof #
-gjnk/f;L , ¿kGb]xL tyf slknj:t'_
8An'=Pn=Pn= ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/Psf ufflj; ;+Vof
%#
8An'=Pn=Pn= ;]jfjf6 ljtl/t nfO{g ;+Vof !
@!
6]ln3gTj M gjf}F k~raifL{o of]hgfsf]
cGtdf /fli6«o 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj k|lt
!)) JolQm !=#% /x]sf]df bzf}F of]hgfsf]
cGTo;Dddf /fli6«o 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj k|lt !))
JolQm @=& k'¥ofpg] nIf /flvPsf] 5 . o;df
lghL ;]jf k|bfosaf6 pknAw x'g]
6]lnkmf]gsf] ;+Vof ;dfj]z ePsf] 5}g .
df]jfOn 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj gjf}+ k~rjifL{o
of]hgfsf] cGt;Dddf cg'dflgt )=! /x]sf]df
bzfF} of]hgfsf] cGt;Dddf )=^ k'¥ofpg]
nIf 5 . o;df ;Defljt lghL df]jfOn ;]jf k|
bfosaf6 pknAw x'g] ;]jf ;dfj]z ePsf] 5}g .
;+rfng ul//x]sf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿n] of] ;]jf pkof]u ug{yfn]sf 5g\ .
of] kmf]gaf6 OG6/g]6 / ˆofS; klg
rnfpg;lsG5 . sG:6n];gsf] ;]jfdfkm{t
(( b]zdf s'/fsfgL ug{;lsG5 .
:of6nfO6 kmf]g ;+rfng ug]{ Ifdtf
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg;Fu klg 5 . To;n] clt
cfjZos jf ;+s6 k/]sf] a]nfsf] nflu eg]/ &%
yfg :of6]nfO6 kmf]g NofPsf] 5 . @)%(
sf] :ylut ;+;bLo lgjf{rgsf] cj;/df k|of]u
ug{ egL tL ;]6 NofOPsf lyP .
/]l8of] k]lhª ;]jf M
/]l8of] k]h/ uf]hLdf c6fpg] ;fgf]
pks/0f xf] . k]h/ lng] JolQmnfO{ s;}n]
s'g} 5f]6f] ;Gb]z, jf 6]lnkmf]g ug{ cfu|x
u/]sf] ;Gb]z lbof] eg] k]h/df cfjfh cfpF5 jf
sDkg cg'ej ug{;lsG5 . To;sf] ;fgf] kbf{df
x]/]/ cfjZos lgb]{zg jf cg'/f]w yfxf kfOG5
. o;af6 PstkmL{ ;Gb]z k|fKtx'G5 .
k]h/jfnfn] k]h/ sDkgLdf kmf]g u/]/ lj:t[t
;Gb]z kfpg;S5
jf ;fdfGo 6]lnkmf]gdfkm{t ;Gb]zbftf;Fu
s'/fsfgL ug{;S5 .
g]kfn /]l8of] k]lhª k|fln, ef6e6]gL
-sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf nflu_Ù l;6L k]lhª
;le{;, sflnsf:yfg -sf7df8f}F pkTosf,
k"jf{Frn, dWodf+rn / klZrdf+rn ljsf;
If]q_, s]P6L OhL k]h k|fln, Go'/f]8
52
-sf7df8f}F / klZrdf+rn ljsf; If]q_, clUg
k]lhª ;le{;, l8NnLahf/ -sf7df8f}F_, l8lh6n
6]Nsd OG6/g];gn k|fln -sf7df8f}F_ n]
pkTosf / aflx/sf nflu a]Unfa]Un} /]l8of]
k]lhª ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ Ohfht lnPsf 5g\ .
OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿ -cfOP;kL_
g]kfndf OG6/g]6 / Od]n ;]jf ;+rng
ug]{ sfddf lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿sf] lgSs}
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 . l5d]sL d'n'sx¿df
;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] lgsfon] dfq} of]
;]jf yfn]sf lyP eg] g]kfndf of] ;]jf lghL
If]qsf] cu'jf ;+:yf ds{G6onn] ;'? u/]sf]
lyof] . ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] b"/;+rf/
;+:yfgn] @)%* b]lv of] ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug{
Ohfht lnPsf lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof !
* k'lu;s]sf] 5 . tLdWo] !% hltn] ;]jf k|bfg
ul//x]sf 5g\ . s]xLn] sf7df8f}F
pkTosfaflx/sf s]xL zx/L If]qdf klg ;]jf k|
bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug{
Ohfht kfPsf !* j6f ;+:yfx/dWo] !^ j6f
;+:yfx¿ sf7df8f}Fdf 5g\ . Pp6f kf]v/f /
csf]{ w/fgdf 5 . cfwf bh{geGbf -kf]v/f,
aL/u+h, e/tk'/, a'6jn, ag]kf, e}/xjf,
lj/f6gu/, w/fg, O6x/L, latf{df]8, x]6f}F8f,
g]kfnu+h_df 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg]
nIf lnPsf] 5 . o;n] ljt/0f ug]{ s'n
6]lnkmf]gsf] ;}s8f !% u|fdL0f If]qdf x'g]
k|ltj4tf JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|
flws/0fn] :jLs[t u/]sf] dx;'n b/ cg';f/ o;n]
lng] w/f}6L / ;]jf z'Ns ;+:yfgn] xfn lng]
eGbf s]xL sd x'g]5 .
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] tf/
k'¥ofpg ufx|f] u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d Onfsfdf
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'¥ofpgsf nflu k/LIf0fsf]
¿kdf n'lDagL c+rnsf s]xL lhNnfdf tf//lxt
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ef/tsf]
lxdf+rn ˆo'rl/l:6s sDo'lgs];g lnld6]8
-PrPkm;LPn_ ;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L ;]jf ;'?
u/]sf] 5 . clxn] of] gd'gf kl/of]hgfsf] ¿kdf
gjnk/f;L, ¿kGb]xL / slknj:t'df ;+rfng
eO/x]sf] 5 . ;'?df of] k|0ffnL u'NdL,
c3f{vfFrL / kfNkfsf ufpFx¿df klg nfu"
ug]{ of]hgf lyof] t/ ;'/Iffsf sf/0fn] kxf8L
lhNnfx¿df of] of]hgf nfu" ul/Pg . xfn of]
k|0ffnLdf w]/} sdL b]lvPsf] 5 / u|fxsx¿
c;Gt'i6 5g\ . olb of] ;kmn ePdf
klZrdf+rnsf !^ j6} lhNnfdf of] k|0ffnL
nfu" ug]{ of]hgf lyof] t/ o;af/] k'glj{rf/
ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 .
:of6nfO6 kmf]g
:of6nfO6 cyf{t\ ;+rf/ e"pku|x;Fu
;f]em} ;Dks{ ug]{ :of6nfO6 kmf]g
;]jfsf] nflu g]kfndf b'O{ j6f ljb]zL sDkgL
— sG:6n];g k|fln / PEsf] P;LOP;
OG6/g];gn — n] Ohfht kfPsf 5g\ .
sG:6n];gn] ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6;\sf] y'/fof
:of6nfO6 6]lnsDo'lgs];g k|flnsf]
:of6nfO6 ck/]6/af6 g]kfndf ;]jf ;+rfng
u5{ eg] PEsf]n] P;LOP; OG6/g];gn
lnld6]8, ad{'8f :of6nfO6 l;:6daf6
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng u5{ . sG:6n];gn]
@)^) a}zfv !^ ut]b]lv ;]jf ;+rfng u/]sf] 5
. :of6nfO6 6]lnkmf]g ;]6sf] df]n clxn]
em08} *% xhf/ k5{ / ;]jf z'Ns klg lgSs}
rsf]{ 5 . k|ltsn z'Ns klg ;fdfGo 6]lnkmf]g
snsf] bfFhf]df w]/} dxFuf] 5 . t/ k|fKt
snsf] z'Ns nfUb}g . g]kfnleq s'/f ubf{
xfn s/;lxt ;fdfGotof k|ltldg]6 () ¿k}ofF
z'Ns ltg'{ k5{ . a]Unfa]Un} d'n'ssf nflu
km/skm/s kfFr j6f Jof08 k|of]u ug]{ /
To;cg';f/ z'Ns klg km/s 5 . o;df lk|k]8
cyf{t\ lglZrt ;dosf nflu klxn] g} z'Ns
ltg]{ Joj:yf klg
5 . clxn];Dd sG:6n];gaf6 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf
/ b'u{d lhNnfdf sfo{qmd
efof g]6 k|fln, sf7df8f}F
ah| g]6 k|fln, sf7df8f}F
;}n'ª 86sd k|fln, w/fg
km]jf g]6 k|fln, sf:sL
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eL:of6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿ tyf u|
fxsx¿
g]kfnleq eL:of6 k|of]u u/]/ 6]8f
6«fGkm/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] sfd ljleGg
;+rf/ ;+:yfx¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;afx]s sltko
ljQLo sDkgLx¿ tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿n]
eL:of6 ;]jf lnP/ b]zel/sf cfˆgf
sfof{nox¿aLr g]6js{ sfod u/]sf 5g\ .
ds{G6fOn clkm; l;:6d k|fln, sDo'lgs];g
P08 sDo'lgs]6 -g]kfn_ k|fln, jN8{ln+s
sDo'lgs];G; k|fln, Unf]an OG6/g]6
53
;le{;]h k|fln, g]kfn u]6j] sDo'lgs];g k|fln,
OGkmf]sd k|fln, gfDr] g]6js{ k|fln, j]a
;km{ g]kfn sDo'lgs];g k|fln, :Sjfo/ g]6js{
k|fln / cglnld6]8 g'ldl8of k|flnn] u|
fxx¿nfO{ eL:of6dfkm{t 8]6f ;+k|]if0f
ug]{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ nfO;]G; lnPsf 5g\ .
eL:of6 k|of]u ug{sf] nflu hg'h'g
7fpF jf zx/df ln+s hf]8g] xf] tLtL
7fpFx¿sf] nflu a]Unfa]Un} Ohfht
lng'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . kmn:j¿k s'g} a}+s jf
cfOP;kLsf] g]kfnsf bz j6f zx/df zfvf 5g\ /
tL 7fpFx¿df eL:of6dfkm{t ;]jf ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg'k¥of] eg] ;f] ;+:yfn] bz j6f nfO;]G;
lng'k5{ . g]kfndf pkTosf aflx/ OG6/g]6
;]jf k|bfg ug]{ cfOP;kLx¿, a}Fsx¿, s]xL
7"nf pBf]u / 7]s]bf/ sDkgLx¿n] w]/}n] u|
fxsx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ / s]xLn] cfGtl/s
k|of]usf] nflu eL:of6 ;+rfng ug]{ nfO;]G;
lnPsf 5g\ .
j]a xf]l:6ª / l8hfOlgª sDkgLx¿
OG6/g]6 ;]jf hgtf;Dd k'¥ofpg]
sfddf b"/;+rf/ k"jf{wf/ / cfOP;kLsf]
e"ldsfkl5 j]a xf]l:6ª, j]a l8hfOlgª
sDkgLx¿ ;fy} ;fOa/ Sofkm] /
6]ln;]G6/x¿sf] e"ldsf x'G5 . s;}n] j]a;fO6
agfpg rfXof] eg] xf]l:6ª sDkgLn] Tof]
j]a;fO6nfO{ rflxg] :k]; jf 7fpF pknAw
u/fpF5 . w]/} ;fdu|L
ePsf] jf lrq, lel8of] jf Wjlg;lxtsf] j]ak]h 5
eg] w]/} 7fpF -d]ufafO6_ rflxG5 . cfjZos
d]ufafO6sf] cfwf/df jflif{s xf]l:6ª z'Ns
ltg'{k5{ . yf]/}n] b]zsf s]xL 7"nf, vf; u/L
t/fO{ If]qsf zx/x¿df OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbO/x]sf
5g\ . pkTosf aflx/sf] Od]n / OG6/g]6 ;]jf
pkTosfdfeGbf w]/} dxFuf] 5 . OG6/g]6 /
Od]n ;]jf ;+rfngdf lghL If]qsf sDkgLx¿
cufl8 /x] klg tL sDkgLx¿ g]kfn b"/;+rf/
;+:yfgsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ;xof]u lng afWo
5g\ . lghL If]qsf cfOP;kLx¿n] cGt/fli6«{o
sDkgLx¿nfO{ k};f lt/]/ cGt/f{li6«o ;]jf
g]kfndf pknAw u/fPtf klg ;f] ;]jf ;f]em}
:of6]nfO6af6 cfOP;kLsf] cfˆgf] g]6js{df
hf]8g k|fljlws ¿kn] ;lhnf] ePklg sltko
sfg'gL
afwfx¿ 5g\ . EjfO; cyf{t\ Wjlg k|]if0f
ug]{ Psflwsf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ dfq 5 .
cfOP;dLx¿n] s]jn 8]6f ;+k|]if0f
ug{kfpF5g\ . csf]{ k|d'v afwf ef}lts
k"jf{wf/sf] xf] . cfOP;kLx¿sf] ;e{/b]lv u|
fxsf] sDKo'6/;Dd ;fdfGo tfdf]sf]
tf/, /]l8of] l;Ugn jf lnhnfOgdfkm{t ;Dks{
ug{ pgLx¿n] ;+:yfgsf] klAns l:jlrª
6]lnkmf]g g]6js{ -kLP;6LPg_ dfly e/ gk/L
x'Fb}g . sf7df8f}F aflx/ OG6/g]6 Od]n
;]jf k'¥ofpg klg OP;kLx¿n] eL:of6 ls/fof
lt/]/ lhNnfdf l:yt PS;r]+hx¿dfkm{t dfq u|
fxs;Dd k'Ug;S5g\ . o;sf]nflu ;+:yfgn]
tf]s]sf] z'Ns / lgodx¿ dfGg'kg]{] jfWotf 5
. f]tx¿sf] :yfkgf / Joj:yfkg ug'{Ù
OG6/g]6 / Od]n ;]jf k|bfg ug{
Ohfht lnPsf cfOP;kLx¿
Soflk6n cgnfOg k|fln, sf7df8f}F
ds{06fOn sDo'lgs];G; k|fln, sf7df8f}F
jN8{ln+s sDo'lgs];G; k|fln, sf7df8f}F
sDKo'6/Nof08 sDo'lgs];G; l;:6d ln,
sf7df8f}F
Pr6LkL sDo'lgs];g k|fln, sf7df8f}F
lxdfnog cgnfOg k|fln, sf7df8f}F
Unf]an OG6/g]6 ;le{;]h k|fln, sf7df8f}F
Pe/]:6 g]6 k|fln, sf7df8f}F
OGkmf]sd k|fln, sf7df8f}F
cglnld6]8 g'ldl8of k|fln, sf7df8f}F
g]6js{ 6]Sgf]nf]lhh k|fln, sf7df8f}F
g]kfn u]6j] sDo'lgs];g k|fln, sf7df8f}F
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg, sf7df8f}F
:Sjfo/ g]6js{ k|fln, sf7df8f}F
;ˆ6j]o/ lgof{tstf{x¿ tyf ;/sf/aLr
;dGjo ug]{5 . lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
dGqfnocGtu{tsf] of] kl/of]hgfsf]
kl/sNkgf em08} b; jif{cl3 ul/Psf] lyof] .
sfe|] lhNnfsf] ag]kfdf em08} @@&
/f]kgL hUufdf dGqfnon] pRr ultsf] 8]6f
sDo'lgs];g ;'ljwf tyf u'0f:t/Lo OG6/g]6
;]jf;lxtsf] k|:tfljt kfs{sf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f
ug]{ sfd yfln;s]sf] 5 . kfs{ tof/ ePkl5
o;n] ;"rgf k|ljw pBf]u tyf Joj;foLx¿nfO{
rflxg] u'0f:t/Lo k"jfwf{/, ejgsf] nflu hUuf,
e/kbf]{ ljh'nL, kfgL / b|'t ultsf]
6]lnkmf]g / 8]6f sDo'lgs];g ;]jf, ;ef–;
Dd]ng cfof]hgf ug]{ xn / ;'ljwfx¿,
ef]hgfno, kfx'gf3/, a}+s, k':tsfno,
cWoogsIf, Sna, dgf]/+hgsf] Joj:yf, k;n
54
OToflb Ps} 7fpFdf pknAw x'g] 5 . cg'dlt
k|fKt ug]{, eG;f/;DaGwL tyf ;/sf/L txdf
ug'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfd oxLFaf6 x'g]5 .
;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL pBf]usf] ljsf; b|'t ultn]
u/fpg], pRr Ifdtfsf] ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf cfO6L
kfs{sf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] xf] . o;df ljb]zL
nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ klg nufgL ug{ k|
f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 .
cfO6L kfs{sf k|d'v p2]Zox¿ M
• 8]6f sDo'lgs];g, cltcfjZos sDKo'6/ ;'ljwf,
;'ljwfo'Qm 38]/L, cGo cfjZos ;'ljwf /
dgf]/+hgsf ;fwgh:tf k"jf{wf/x¿ tyf ;|
• ;ˆ6j]o/sf] ljsf;df nfUg], lgsf;L ug]{ / ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ Joj;foLx¿nfO{ k}7f/L k|
df0fLs/0f, ;ˆ6j]o/sf] d"Nof+sg, kl/of]hgf
:jLs[lth:tf ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug]{ ;fy} tL
Joj;foLx¿nfO{ k|ljlwsf] d"Nof+sg, ahf/
ljZn]if0f, ahf/ juL{s/0f, ahf/ ;xof]u cflb
;]jfåf/f ;3fpg] . Joj;foLx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg]
tyf ;ˆ6j]o/ k|ljlw / ;ˆ6j]o/ OlGhlgol/ªsf]
If]qdf l8hfOg / ljsf; ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{
tyf
• ;ˆ6j]o/ pBf]u–Joj;fosf] nflu ;/sf/sf]
tkm{af6 ul/g] :jLs[lt / gLlt
sfof{Gjog;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf ;fy}
k}7f/L k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{, ;ˆ6j]o/
d"Nof+sg, k|df0fLs/0f cflb ljljw sfdx¿
Ps} 7fpFaf6 ug]{ .
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j]a;fO6sf] xf]l:6ª w]/}h;f]
cd]l/sfl:ylt ljzfn sDKo'6/x¿df ul/G5 .
g]kfndf b'O{ bh{g hlt xf]l:6ª sDkgLx¿n]
xfn of] ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . tL
sDkgLx¿dWo] sltkon] 8f]d]g g]d cyf{t\
j]a;fOnfO{ lrgfpg] / kQfnufpg]
7]ufgf klg lbG5g\ . j]a l8hfOg/x¿n]
j]ak]h agfpg] sfd u5{g\ . s'g} lrq gePsf]
s]jn s]xL kf7Ø ;fdu|L dfq} ePsf] ;fdfGo
j]ak]h klg x'g;S5 . lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg, uLt,
;+uLt ePsf] klg x'g;S5 . cfsif{s / k|efjsf/L
j]ak]h agfpg bIf
j]a l8hfOg/sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . j]a;fO6
agfpg] sfd ;fdfGo tflnd lnP/ hf];'s}n] klg
ug{;S5 t/ cfsif{s, :t/Lo, pkof]uL j]a;fO6
agfpgsf] nflu l8hfOlgªsf] cjwf/0f
a'em]sf] / ;f] j]a;fO6sf] ljifoj:t' / p2]Zo
/fd|/L cWoog cg';Gwfg u/]sf] l8hfOg/n]
dfq ug{;S5 . g]kfndf em08} b'O{ bh{g
j]a l8hfOg ug]{ sDkgLx¿ 5g\ h;n]
cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] j]ak]h
agfO/x]sf 5g\ .
;fOa/ Sofkm], 6]ln;]G6/ / j]a;fO6x¿ g]kfns} u|fxsn] x]g{ l56f] /
;"rgf s]Gb|x¿
;fOa/ Sofkm]sf] d"n cy{ o:tf]
skmL xfp; jf rd]gf u[x xf] hxfF k};f lt/]/
OG6/g]6 x]g]{ Joj:yf x'G5 . OG6/g]6df
dflg;x¿n] Rof6 k|f]u|fdaf6 jf Od]n k7fP/
5nkmn, s'/fsfgL ug]{ cef}lts -er'{cn_
rf}tf/LnfO{ klg ;fOa/ Sofkm] elgG5 .
clxn] g]kfndf ;a}h;f] zx/L If]qdf / s]xL u|
fdL0f If]qdf klg cfdhgtfnfO{ OG6/g]6 ;]jf
k'¥ofpg] sfd rd]gf/lxt ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿ /
stfst} 6]ln;]G6/x¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ . cfk;L
k|lt:kwf{n] ubf{ ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿sf] z'Ns
pNn]vgLo ¿kn] 36]sf] 5 . pkTosf aflx/sf
sltko zx/x¿df ;d]t k|lt306 @) ¿k}ofF lt/]/
OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug{;lsg] ePsf] 5 . s]xL
ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿n] hgtfdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr
;'ne u/fP/ ;"rgf / 1fgdf kx'Fr a9fpg]
p2]Zon] ufpFdf 6]ln;]G6/x¿ :yfkgf
ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo
lgsfox¿n] :yfgLo lgsfox¿ uflj;, gu/kflnsf
tyf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u
a9fpg] kl/of]hgf yfn]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/n]
ufpFufpFdf !%)) ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{
of]hgf agfPsf] 5 .
cfO6L kfs{
;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ cyf{t\ cfO6L kfs{
g]kfnaf6 ;ˆ6j]o/ lgsf;L ug]{ k|d'v
p2]Zon] :yfkgf ug{ nfluPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu
kfs{n] e/kbf]{ pRr ultsf] 8]6f sDo'lgs];g
;]jf pknAw u/fpg] tyf cfO6L;DaGwL
;fdfg, ;]jf / xfn g]kfnsf cfOP;kLx¿n]
cfcfˆg} u'0f:t/ agfpg nflu/x]sf 5g\ .
cfO:kfgn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfddf
/fli6«o u'0f:t/ -g]kfn :6f088{_ sfod ug]{
;f]r agfPsf] 5 . cfO:kfgsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{
of]hgf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] Pp6f
OG6/g]6 PS;r]+h :yfkgf ug'{ xf] . of]
PS;r]+h :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfnleq
55
Od]n k7fpg cGt/fli6«o af6f], OG6/g];gn
Jof08ljy, sf] pkof]u ug'{ kg]{5}g .
g]kfnleqsf cfOP;kLx¿sf Od]n u|fxsx¿n]
g]kfns} cfOP;kLsf] csf]{ u|fxsnfO{
k7fpg] Od]n ;f] PS;r]+hdfkm{t cfk;df
cfbfgk|bfg x'g]5 . o:t} g]kfnleqsf
;lhnf] x'g]5 .
g]kfn OG6/g]6 o'h;{ u|'k (NIUG)
g]kfndf OG6/g]6 / Od]n pkof]u
ug{ OR5's dflg;x¿n] ;'?df ljrf/ ljdz{ ug]{
cgf}krfl/s ;d"xsf] ¿kdf ;g\ !((& df g]kfn
OG6/g]6 o'h;{ u|'ksf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ .
o;n] gjfuGt'sx¿nfO{ gofF ;"rgf k|
ljlwnfO{ nf]slk|o agfpg / o;sf] pkof]u
ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ p2]Zon] tflnd klg ;+rfng
ug]{ u/]sf] lyof] . !((* df of] u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfsf] ¿kdf btf{ eP/ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlwdfkm{t ;dflhs ;]jf / ljsf; ug]{ klxnf]
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw d"ns u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf
aGof] .
g]kfndf cgnfOg ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] sfddf
of]ubfg lbg] jf To;df kx'Fr ePsfx¿nfO{ ;]jf
k'¥ofpg] sfddf pTs[i6tf xfl;n ug]{Ù
;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ OG6/g]6 / o;;Fu
;+a+lwt k|ljlws]f pkof]uaf/] 1fg a9fpg]Ù
:yfgLo ljifoj:t'df :yfgLo efiffdf ;fdu|L tof/
kfg{ k|]l/t ug]{Ù g]kfndf On]S6«f]lgs k|
sfzg ug]{ d+r pknAw u/fpg] tyf ;fwf/0f
g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t
;dfwfgx¿df kx'Fr k'¥ofpg ;3fpg] of]
;+:yfsf k|d'v p2]Zo x'g\ .
g]kfn OG6/g]6 o'h;{ u|'kn]
cfˆgf] p2]Zo k"lt{ x'g] u/L !((* df OGb|]
0fL "INDRENI" gfds lgMz'Ns OG6/g]6 ;]jf
:yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] ;:tf] b/df
OG6/g]6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] sfo{qmd
/fv]sf] lyof] . OGb|]0fLsf] p2]Zo :yfgLo
kmf]g]sn u/]/ cGt/f{li6«o sfd ug'{ lyof] .
o;n] g]kfng]6 NepalNet gfds ljsf;d"ns
g]6js{ ;+rfng ug{ klg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]
5 . ;|f]t M www.nepaliug.org.np
;+a+lwt ;+3;+:yf sDKo'6/
P;f]l;P;g g]kfn (CAN)
 sDKo'6/ P;f]l;P;g ckm g]kfn,
;+If]kdf Sofg, sf] :yfkgf !((@ l8;]Da/df
ePsf] xf] . of] gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zo gePsf]
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . o;df sDKo'6/ / ;"rgf k|
ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt Joj;foLx¿, ljz]if1x¿,
lgdf{tfx¿ tyf ;+3;+:yfx¿ 5g\ . Sofgsf]
p2]Zo sDKo'6/ / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u / k|
j4{g ug{ tyf sDKo'6/ lj1fg;DaGwL ;fIf/tf /
;Lk ljsf; ug{ cfjZos sfo{gLlt agfpg ;xof]u
ug'{ xf] . o;n] cfˆgf sfo{qmdx¿;Fu
;DalGwt JolQm, ;+3;+:yf tyf
sDkgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;'ljwfx¿ lbnfpg] /
pgLx¿sf] xs /Iff ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 .
;fy} cfˆgf ;a} ;fwf/0f, ;+:yfut tyf dfgfy{
;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xof]u / ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg'
klg o;sf] p2]Zo xf] . sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf]
;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{, sDKo'6/ lzIff / tflndsf]
;dGjo
a9fpg] / :t/Ls/0f ug{], sDKo'6/ Joj;fodf
nfu]sfx¿aLr ;dGjo a9fpg,] uf]i7L,
sfo{zfnf, 5nkmn tyf tflnd sfo{qmdx¿
cfof]hgf tyf ;+rfng ug{] tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf
pknAw u/fpg], sDKo'6/ / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
If]qdf b]zleq / aflx/sf sfd ug]{
;+3;+:yfx¿;Fu 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlw cfbfgk|bfg
ug]{ tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, lgsf;L, k}7f/L /
/fli6«o gLlt agfpg] sfddf ;3fpg] cflb
ultljlw o;n] ul//x]sf] 5 .
Sofgn] x/]s jif{ ;"rgf k|ljlw k|bz{gL u/]/
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] r]tgf km}nfpg / of]
k|ljlwnfO{ nf]slk|o agfpg dxTjk"0f{
of]ubfg lbO/x]sf] 5 .
;|f]tM www.can.org.np
OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx¿
(ISPAN)
g]kfndf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+:yf …OG6/g]6
;le{; k|f]efO8;{ P;f]l;P;g ckm g]kfnÚ,
;+If]kdf cfO:kfg g]kfndf OG6/g]6sf] ljsf;
tyf lj:tf/df k|efj kfg{;Sg] ljifox¿df 5nkmn
ug]{ d+rsf] ¿kdf ;g\ @))! df u7g ePsf]
xf] . o;sf] d"n p2]Zo ;j{;fwf/ 0fsf] lxtdf
OG6/g]6sf] k|j4{g ug'{, ljZjdf
OG6/g]6sf] tLj| ultdf eO/x]sf] ljsf;sf]
cg'¿k g]kfndf klg To;sf] kmfObf k'¥ofpg]
ultljlwx¿ ug'{, OG6/g]6 Joj;fodf Jofkfl/s
56
p2]Zodfq geP/ ;]jfsf] efjgf klg xf];\ eGg]
xf] .
;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ ufpFufpFdf
klg e]l6G5g\ . o:tf clwsf+z k|lzIf0f
;+:yfx¿n] lbg] tflndn] hgtfdf sDKo'6/k|
lt ?lr / ;"rgf k|ljlwaf/] r]tgf hufP tfklg
ltgn] k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] w]/}h;f] tflnd
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/x¿sf] cfjZostf
k"/f ug]{ vfnsf eg] 5}gg\ . l5d]sL
b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf g]kfndf lzIffdf nufgL ;du|
¿kdf yf]/} 5 .cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;df nfu]sf
j}1flgs tyf Ol~hlgo/x¿sf] ;+Vof g]kfndf
;aeGbf yf]/} 5 . cGo d'n'sx¿n] ;"rgf k|
ljlw If]q / vf;u/L ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]unfO{
h'g pRr k|fyldstf lbPsf 5g\ g]kfnn] lbg
;s]sf] 5}g . ;"rgf k|ljlwaf6 nfe lngsf nflu
of] If]qsf] lzIffdf nufgL ga9fOx'Fb}g .
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lzIffdf :ki6 ¿kdf
b]lvg] sdhf]/L s] xf] eg]
o;sf] ljsf; of]hgf lagf eO/x]sf] 5 / lzIffdf
u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f / lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfosf]
cefj 5 . kmn:j¿k ljleGg ;+:yfx¿n] cfcfˆg}
Ifdtfcg';f/ tflnd lbO/x]sf 5g\ . ;du|df
g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwl;t ;DalGwt
hgzlQmsf] l:ylt ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . o'jf
k':tfnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qdf cfslif{t ug{ /
o;df l6sfO/xg w]/} sfd ug{ afsL 5 . ;"rgf
k|ljlw gLlt;DaGwL sfo{kqdf æ;a}sf nflu
sDKo'6/Æ sfo{qmd cGtu{t
;g\ @)!) ;Dddf ;a} ljBfyL{, lzIfs, k|zf;s
tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ sDKo'6/ lzIff k|bfg
ug]{, 5flgPsf ljBfno tyf SofDk;x¿nfO{
æ;]G6/ km/ PlS;n]G;Æ sf ¿kdf ljsf; u/L
gd"gf ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb|sf] e"ldsf v]Ng
lbg] / ;g\ @))% ;Dddf OG6«fg]6 tyf
OG6/g]6dfkm{t ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf b"/
lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{, ;g\ @)!)
;Dddf ljBfnox¿ tyf !) hf]8 b'O{
sfo{qmdx¿df sDKo'6/ lzIff clgjfo{ ug]{,
/fli6«o z}lIfs ;~hfnsf] :yfkgf ug]{, ;"rgf
k|ljlw lzIff;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{
;~hfnsf] s]Gb|Lo gf]8nfO{ z}lIfs ;"rgf
k'nsf] ¿k lbg], / ¿lr /fVg] If]qnfO{ lhNnf
tyf If]qLo :t/df o; ;~hfndf nufgL ug{
cg'dlt lbg] s'/fx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ , h'g lgSs}
dxTjfsf+IfL b]lvG5 .
 sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnosf] :s'n ckm
Dofg]hd]06sf] OPdaLP klxnf] ;]d]:6/sf
ljBfyL{x¿sf] Pp6f ;d"xn] u/]sf] cWoogsf]
glthfcg';f/ /fli6«o / ljZjJofkL cy{tGqsf]
;Gbe{df Jofj;flos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ /fd|f] bIftf
xfl;n u/]sf cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] Jofj;flos
hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
u'0f:t/Lo tflnd / :t/Ls/0fsf] vfFrf] 5 . o;sf]
nflu
hgzlQmM lzIff / ;Lk
;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)%& n] cfufdL
kfFr jif{sf nflu g]kfnsf nflu jflif{s
lgDg:t/Lo tLg xhf/, dWod:t/Lo Ps xhf/ /
pRr:t/Lo tLg ;o hgzlQmsf] vfFrf] kg]{
cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))) b]lv @)!@
;Ddsf nflu s/La %) xhf/ pRr bIftf;lxt s'n
Ps nfv #@ xhf/ hgzlQm cfjZos kg]{
csf]{ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . oL s'/fx¿nfO{
Wofgdf /fv]/ k|:6
p2]Zo / sfo{qmd;lxt hgzlQm ljsf;
sfo{qmd th'{df / sfof{Gjog u/L /fli6«o
kl/sNkgf ;fsf/ kfg'{kg]{ s'/f ;f] gLltn]
cf}FnofPsf] 5 . sDKo'6/ P;f]l;P;g g]kfnsf
cg';f/ clxn] xf8{j]o/, ;ˆ6j]o/, g]6jls{ª,
OG6/g]6, 8]6f k|f];]l;ª, lzIff tyf tflnd,
8]:s6k klAnl;ª cflb ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ljljw
If]qdf bz xhf/eGbf w]/} dflg;x¿ nfu]sf
5g\ . sDKo'6/ tflnd lbg] ;+:yfx¿ Ps
xhf/hlt 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} cgnfOg k/LIf0f
;'ljwf / b"/lzIff sfo{qmd klg ;'? ePsf] 5 .
;g\ !(&! df hgu0fgfsf nflu bf];|f]
k':tfsf] æd]g k|]mdÆ sDKo'6/ - eO/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwn] /f]huf/sf] cj;/,
cfOaLPd !$)!_ leqØfPkl5 g]kfndf ;"rgf k|
ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt hgzlQm ljsf;sf] sfd klg
yflnPsf] xf] . lghL If]qn] ;g\ !(*@ df
sDKo'6/ k|of]u tyf tflnd pknAw u/fpg
yfn]sf xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt;+a+wL
sfo{kqcg';f/ g]kfndf k|fljlws lzIffsf]
yfngL ;g\ !($) sf] bzssf] ;'¿df g} ePsf] eP
klg On]lS6«sn Ol~hlgol/ªsf] k7gkf7g
eg] ;g\ !(^) sf] bzssf] dWolt/ ;'¿ eof] .
To;sf] em08} @% jif{kl5 OlGi6Ro"6
ckm Ol~hlgol/ª\n] On]S6«f]lgS; tyf
On]lS6«sn Ol~hlgol/ª ljifodf :gfts :t/sf]
k9fO yfNof] . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf Psflt/ lghL
If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4 eof] eg] csf]{lt/
57
sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnonufotsf z}lIfs
;+:yfx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL k7gkf7g ;'?
u/] .
pRr:t/sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw lzIffsf nflu
o'jfx? ljb]zdf hfg] rng 5Fb}5 . clxn]
b]zleqsf rf/j6f ljZjljBfnox¿df a;]{gL
em08} kGw| ;o ljBfyL{x¿n] ;"rgf k|
ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt cf}krfl/s lzIff xfl;n
ul//x]sf 5g\ . s]xL
cGt/f{li6«o Voflt kfPsf k|lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿n]
klg g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] tflnd lbP/
pRr:t/Lo hgzlQmsf] vfFrf] k"/f ub}{5g\ .
ljb]zL ljZjljBfnox¿;Fu ;DaGwg k|fKt u/]/
;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL lzIff lbg] sn]hx¿ klg
v'ln/x]sf 5g\ . cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s
tflnd sfo{qmd
cWofo *
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] pkof]u
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u sxfF s;/L / s'g
¿kdf eO/x]5 egL ug]/ ;fWo 5}g .
ufla;b]lv dGqfno;Dd, k|fylds ljBfnob]lv
ljZjljBfno;Dd, ;fgf k;nb]lv l8kf6{d]G6n
:6f]/;Dd, a; oftfoftb]lv xjfO oftfoft;Dd,
gl;{ª xf]db]lv lzIf0f c:ktfn;Dd,
leQ]klqsfb]lv 6]lnlehg;Dd, cfo{3f6b]lv
kz'kltsf] k"hf;Dd, 3/sf] efG;fb]lv tf/]
xf]6n;Dd, /fhgLlt, cy{tGq, ;dfh;]jf,
wd{sd{, s[lif, Jofkf/, b}lgs Jojxf/ ;j{q
ljb]z Jofkf/, ljsf;sf] ult, /fHo zf;gsf] bIftf,
kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj, ahf/, gful/s ;]jf,
;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf] If]q / u'0f:t/ a9fO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf
vf; u/L lgof{t Jofkf/df o;sf] ;a}eGbf a9L
pkof]u eO/x]sf]5 . To:t} cGt/f{li6«o,
/fli6«o / :yfgLo ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿n] o;sf]
clwstd kmfObf p7fO/x]sf 5g\ . lzIff,
ko{6g, pBf]u, Jofkf/, ;'zf;g, k|hftGq,
dfgjclwsf/, :jf:Yo, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, ;dfh ;]jfsf]
If]qdf o;sf] pkof]u eO/xsf] 5 . 5f]6s/Ldf,
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u g]kfndf ;"rgf / 1fg
k|;f/ ug]{ ;+rf/
k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf, :jb]z / ljb]zdf pknAw
u/fpg] ;"rgf k|zf]wg k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf, ;ˆ6j]o/
pTkfbg u/]/ ljb]zL d'b|f leq\ofpg] sfddf /
s]xL dfqfdf xf8{j]o/sf] lgdf{0f, P;]lDalnª
/ Jofkf/df — rf/ k|sf/n] — eO/xsf] 5 .
g]kfndf Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u s'gs'g If]qdf s;/L eO/x]5 / o;sf
;+efjgfx¿ s;/L al9/x]5g\ eGg] emns tnsf
s]xL pbfx/0fx¿n] lbg;S5g\ M
;+rf/sf] ;+;f/df
s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn a9\b}5
plxn] x'nfsLx¿ ufpFdf lr7L afF8g
hfFbf emf]nfel/ lr7L / sfut d;L snd af]s]/
hfGy] . lr7L afF8]kl5 s;}n] hjfkm k7fpg
vf]Hof] eg] x'nfsLn] ufpFn]n] eg]cg';f/
p;}sf] efsfdf lr7L n]lvlbGYof] . o:tf] ug]{
x'nfsLn] ufpFdf /fd|} :jfut ;Tsf/ kfpFYof] .
clxn] ef/tsf ufpFx¿df x'nfsLx¿
Jofj;flos tflnd tyf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ga9fO
x'Fb}g ;fy} tflndk|fKt hgzlQmnfO{
b]zleq} /f]s]/ /fVg pko'Qm /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/
cfjZos 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf sfo{/t
hgzlQmsf] bIftf a9fpg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlw lzIffdf k|j]z ug{ / j[lQ ljsf; ug{
cfwf/e"t k|df0fLs/0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] ;f]
cWoogn] ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . tflnd lbg]
;+:yfx¿sf] nflu
;'emfOPsf dfkb08x¿dWo] u'0f:t/ k|
0ffnLsf] Joj:yfkg, ;]jf of]hgfsf] k|lqmof,
;]jfsf zt{x¿df ;xdlt, ;|f]t / ;]jfx¿sf]
Joj:yfkg, ;]jf pknAw uf/fpg] sfd, u'0f:t/
Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] cg'udg,
;xL sfd / sd{rf/L tflnd k5{g\ . cWoogn]
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw tflnd;Fu ;+a+lwt ;a}
lqmofsnfkx¿– af/] k"jf{wf/ tof/ kfg{,
lgoGq0f, lgodg / cg'udg ug{ Pp6f alnof]
lgofds lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj
lbPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L / lghL If]q ldn]/ To:tf]
lgsfo u7g x'g'kg]{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 .
;/sf/n] P]glgod nfu" u/fpg] lgoGq0fsf/L
e"ldsf v]Ng' / lghL If]qn] k/LIf0f tyf :t/Ls/
0fsf] ljlw lgwf{/0f ug{ ;3fpg' pko'Qm
x'G5 . ;fy} g]kfndf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf
nflu hgzlQm pTkfbg ug'{ g]kfnsf] nflu
dfq xf]Ogljb]zsf] nflu klg xf] eGg] s'/f
la;{g' x'Fb}g .
58
eLcf]cfOkL -EjfO; cf]e/ OG6/g]6
k|f]6f]sn_ k|ljlw w]/} k|rlnt 5 . OG6/g]6
;]jf k|bfosx¿n] eLcf]cfOkL k|of]u u/]/
sDKo'6/af6 ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]gdf :j/ ;fg]{
Joj:yf u/]kl5 6]lnkmf]gaf6 sDKo'6/df,
sDKo'6/af6 6]lnkmf]gdf / kmf]gaf6
kmf]gdf s'/f ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . kmn:j¿k
OG6/g]6 ;]jf lnPsf
s'g} klg sDKo'6/af6 ljb]zdf kmf]g
ug{;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu
www.dialpad.com / www.mediaring.com h:tf
j]a;fO6x¿sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . dflg;x¿
OG6/g]6, Od]n / kmf]gdf dfq xf]Og
/]l8of]df klg s'/f ul//x]sf 5g\ . PkmPd
/]l8of]sf] ;+Vof /fhwfgLdf b; / aflx/ kGw|
u/L klRr; k'lu;s]sf] 5 . of] cem} ylkFb} 5
. To:t} 6]lnlehg :6];gsf] ;+Vof klg a9b}5
. ufpFufpFdf 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd x]g{;lsg]
ePsf] 5 . oL ;a}n] dflg;x¿nfO{ ;';"lrt x'g,
af]Ng, ljrf/ kf]Vg / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf efu
lng pS;fpFb}5 .
v'nf, kf/bzL{ / cgj/t 5nkmn g} k|
hftGqsf] cfTdf xf] . ;+rf/ljxLgtfn] cljZjf;,
e|d l;h{gf u5{ / k|hftGq cf]OnfpF5 .
leGg leGg ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf dflg;x¿aLr hlt
w]/} ;+rf/ eof] plt w]/} k|hftGq
df}nfpF5 .
;fy} b'O{ ;+:s[ltsf] e]6n] ljsf;sf] ult tLa|
x'G5 .
cfd;+rf/df nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw
OG6/g]6sf] ;'ljwfn] ubf{ ;+;f/el/
g} kqsf/x¿n] clwstd kmfObf lnPsf 5g\ .
pgLx¿nfO{ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t;Dd k'Ug, ;"rgf
;+sng, n]vg / k|]if0f ug{ lgSs} ;lhnf]
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dflyNnf] ;txdf ePsf k|fs[lts tyf dfgj lgld{t
a:t' jf ;+/rgfx¿sf] clen]vg, ;+sng /
ljZn]if0f u/L kxf8, vf]nfgfnf, af6f],
3/uf]7, ljh'nL, 6]lnkmf]g nfOg, kfgLsf
kfOk cflb :ki6 b]vfpg] b'O{–cfoflds jf
tLg–cfoflds lrq tof/ kfg{;S5 . o;af6 s'g}
j:t'x¿sf] b"/L ;xL ¿kdf yfxf nfUg;S5 .
ufpFdf vfg]kfgL of]hgf agfpg' k¥of] eg]
kfgLsf] d'xfg sxfF 5 a:tL sxfF
jf s;/L 5l/P/ a;]sf] 5 . sxfF kfgLsf] wf/f
/fv] w]/} 3/nfO{ ;'ljwf x'G5 < kfgLsf]
d"n 6Øf+s sxfF agfpg' k5{, sxfF cUnf]
sxfF le/fnf] 5 cflb s'/f yfxf ePkl5
vfg]kfgLsf] of]hgf agfof] eg] w/}nfO{
pkof]uL, lskmfotL / ;+rng tyf ;+ef/ ug{
klg ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;sf] nflu lhcfOP;sf]
;xof]u lng' a]; x'G5 .
lhcfOP;sf] nflu rflxg] tYof+sx¿
gS;f, e"pku|xaf6 lvlrPsf kmf]6f]x¿ tyf
cGo lnlvt jf d'lb|t ;fdu|L cflb ljleGg ;|
f]taf6 lnOG5 . sDKo'6/n] tL 8]6fnfO{
ljleGg ju{df afF85 / ljifo cg';f/ l8lh6n
¿kdf a]Unfa]Un} lrq jf gS;f tof/ kf5{ .
o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf lrq jf gS;fx¿ kqkq jf tx
txdf x'G5g\ . h:t} ufpFsf] vf]nfgfnfsf]
Pp6f gS;f 5 . csf]{ gS;fdf af6fx¿
b]vfOPsf 5g\ / csf]{ gS;fdf ufpFsf] a:tL
b]vfOPsf] 5 . vf]nfgfnfsf] gS;fdfly
af6f]sf] gS;f vK6ØfP/ /flvof] eg] s'gs'g
7fpFdf vf]nf tg'{k5{ jf k'n k'n];f agfpg'
k5{ eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . To;dfly a:tLsf] gS;f
vK6Øfof] eg] a:tLb]lv k'n k'n];f stL 6f9f
x'G5 eGg]
b]lvG5 . To:t} ljleGg gS;f vK6ØfpFb}
hfFbf k'n agfpg' kg]{ 7fpFsf] hldg
pko'Qm 5 ls 5}g, af6f] g} km]g'{k5{ ls
< vf]nfn] k'n / a:tLnfO} gf]S;fg kfg]{
;+efjgf s]s:tf] 5 cflb ljleGg hfgsf/L k|fKt
x'G5 / s'g} klg of]hgf agfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
o;sf] cfwf/df ag]sf] of]hgf ;xL / ;kmn x'g]
;+efjgf w]/} x'G5 . sDKo'6/df of] k|
0ffnLn] ;o kq;Ddsf gS;fx¿ ldnfP/
b]vfpg ;S5 .j8fsf] ;fgf] a:tLb]lv ;du|
d'n'ssf] ;"rgf PsLs[t u/L ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|
0ffnLdf Jojl:yt ug]{ sfo{ clxn] clw/fHosf
^^ lhNnfdf ;'? ePsf]5 .
e"pku|xsf] ;xof]u / hLkLP;
clxn] k[YjLeGbf dfly cGtl/Ifsf]
ljleGg prfOdf dfgj lgld{t xhf/f}F e"pku|
xx¿ -:of6]nfO6_ 3'ld/x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo]
sltko ;+;f/e/ ;+rf/sf] ;+hfn agfpg] sfddf
pkof]u eO/x]sf 5g\ eg] sltkon] dflyaf6
hf;';L SofDk; tyf ljZjljBfnox¿ / ljb]zL lzIff
tyf k|lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿;Fu
;+a+wg u/L ;"rgf k|ljlw lzIff lbg] ;+:yfx¿
v'n]sf 5g\ . l;Sg] l;sfpg] sfddf ;"rgf k|ljlw
M ;"rgf k|ljlwn] l;Sg] l;sfpg] sfdnfO{
/dfOnf], k|efjsf/L, ;/n / l56f] klg
agfOlbPsf] 5 . s]6fs]6Lx¿n] ca s dfg]
sdn jf P km/ PKkn eg]/ 3fF6L ;'sfP/
3f]Sg' kb}{g . dfp; rnfP/ s cIf/df lyRbf jf
lSns ubf{ sdnsf] km"n km'n]sf] b]lvG5
eg] P cIf/df lyRbf 7"nf] :ofpm kmn]sf]
b]lvG5 . clg sDKo'6/af6} s / …sdnÚ
cfjfh ;'lgG5 . k':ts jf kf6Lsf] ;§f sDKo'6/ /
;L8L/f]daf6 pgLx¿n] /dfOnf];Fu svu jf
PaL;L8L l;Sg;S5g\ . kf7Ø ;fdu|L M
sDKo'6/df ePsf x/]s 8]6f ;lhn};Fu ;L8Ldf
/fVg ;lsg] / h'g;'s} kf7Ø, b[Zo, Wjlg /
69
rnlrq t'?Gt} csf]{ ;L8Ldf gSsn ptfg{
;lsg] ePkl5 ca xhf/f}F ¿k}ofF kg]{ k':ts
;o b'O{ ;o kg]{ ;L8Ldf kfOg yfn]sf] 5 .
x/]s sIffsf kf7Øk':ts, ufO8 a's, sIff
sf]7fsf] n]Sr/ ;:j/ ;L8Ldf k9\g, xg{ / ;'Gg
kfOG5 . OG6/g]6sf] ;+;f/df k;]kl5 h'g;'s}
ljifodf klg xhf/f}F ;fdu|Lx¿ e]6fpg;lsG5 .
o;n] ubf{ ljBfyL{, cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf
lzIfsx¿nfO{ k':ts af]Sg', k':tsfnodf hfg' jf
ahf/df uP/ bfdL k':tsx¿ lsGg' kb}{g . pRr
dfWolds lzIff ljefun] k|fylds txb]lv
dfWolds tx;Ddsf kf7Øqmd, kf7Øk':ts,
z}lIfs tYof+s / lzIff;DaGwL hfgsf/Lx¿
www.doe.gov.np j]a;fO6df /fv]sf] 5 .
pkTosfleqsf ;/sf/L ljBfnox¿df lgMz'Ns
OG6/g]6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf eO;s]sf]
x'gfn] j]a;fO6df /flvPsf kf7Ø ;fdu|Lx¿
lgMz'Ns 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]5 . Oa's
M s'g} klg kf7Ø ;fdu|L tyf lrqx¿ l8lh6n
:j¿kdf kl/0ft u/]/ sDKo'6/ jf cGo b[Zo
pks/0f -l8:Kn] l8efO;_ sf] dfWodaf6 ljt/0f
ug]{ / k9g], x]g]{ k|ljlw jf ;fwgnfO{
Oa's elgG5 . o;sf] ljt/0f OG6/g]6dfkm{t
;lhn} / ;:tf];Fu ug{;lsG5 . o;nfO{ ;+sng
u/]/ /fVg b/fh rflxFb}g .
slxn] sflxF On]S6«f]lgs kf7Ø ;fdu|LnfO{
;+sng / k|bz{g ug]{ pks/0fnfO{ klg
Oa's eGg] ul/G5 .
clxn] g]kfnL efiffdf klg ;}s8f}F
k':ts Oa'ssf] ¿kdf OG6/g]6df pknAw 5g\
. of] k':ts n]vssf b'O{ j6f k':tsx¿ —
æyf]kfyf]kfÆ n3'syf ;+u|x / æ;fd'bflos
/]l8of]Æ — OG6/g]6df x]g{;lsG5 .
www.thopathopa.com / www.kasajoo.com j]a;fO6af6
tL k':tsx¿ 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;lsG5 . /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u, dGqfno / ljefux¿ tyf sltko
;+3;+:yfx¿n] g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwaf/] r]tgf
hufpg o;nfO{ nf]slk|o agfpg tyfcfkm}n]
o;sf] pkof]u u/]/ pbfx/0f b]vfpg] / cu'jfO
ug]{ sfddf ljsf;] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf]
dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg 5 . ;'?df Ol;df]8n] c?
cGt/f{li6«o, /fli6«o / :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿nfO{ OG6/g]6;+a+wL kl/ro
sfo{qmd, tflnd, OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug]{
;'ljwf tyf sltko ;+:yfnfO{ OG6/g]6sf]
z'Ns;d]t ltl/lbP/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]lutf;Fu
;'kl/lrt u/fPsf] lyof] .
clxn] g]kfndf sfo{/t ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3Lo lgsfox¿, cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo,
/fli6«o / :yfgLo u};;x¿sf] cgluGtL
j]a;fO6x¿ ;+rflnt 5g\ . o'Pgl8kLsf] ljleGg
kfl/of]hgf dfkm{t dGqfno, ljefu, lzIf0f
;+:yfx¿, lhlj;, gu/ kflnsf, uflj;, ;fdflhs
kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf nflu sfo{/t u};;x¿ tyf s[lif
tyf Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx¿nfO{ j]a;fO6 agfpg /
OG6/g]6df hf]8g tflnd, hgzlQm tyf
ljleGg vfnsf] ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . To:t}
cGo bft[ ;+:yf tyf ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿n] klg
g]kfnsf u}/;/sf/L, Jofj;flos, s[lif,
Jofkfl/s ;+:yf tyf ;+u7gx¿nfO{ klg
j]a;fO6 ;+rfng ug{ ;3fO/x]sf 5g\ .
lzIffsf] If]qdf
lzIffsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw M 1fg u|
x0f, ;+sng / k|;f/ ug'{ g} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
k|d'v ljz]iftf ePsf] x'gfn] o;sf] ;a}eGbf
a9L pkof]u lzIff If]qdf x'g' :jefljs /
ckl/xfo{;d]t 5 . lzIff / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] s'/f
ubf{ b'O6f s'/f Wofgdf /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 M
lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
/ ;"rgf k|ljlw l;sfpg lzIff . ca v]tLkftL, n'uf
l;pg], skfn sf6g]h:tf ;fdfGo ljifob]lv lnP/
hl6ntd ljifosf] k9fOdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] x'gfn] k|fylds
ljBfnob]lv ljZjljBfno;Dd, sv/f l;Sg]b]lv
uxg cg';Gwfg
ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlw, vf; u/L sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tf
clgjfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf zx/L If]qsf,
vf; u/L lghL ljBfnox¿df sDKo'6/ lzIff
clgjfo{h:t} alg;s]sf] 5 . csf]{lt/ ;"rgf k|
ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]u Joj;fo, pTkfbg, ;]jf
;+rfng cflb sfdsf nflu ;"rgf k|
ljlw;+a+wL, dWod tyf pRr k|fljlws
lzIffsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o;sf] nflu klg
g]kfnsf sn]
xf] . o;sf] df]n ;f9] b'O{ 8n/ lyof] . rf/
nfveGbf w]/} dflg;x¿n] of] k':ts df]n lt/]/
8fpgnf]8 u/]sf lyP . t/ pgsf] bf];|f] pkGof;
b Knfg]6 Oa'ssf] ¿kdf Tolt ;kmn ePg .
Oa's ;kmn eof] eg] n]vsx¿ / kf7sx¿sf]
;f]em} ;Dks{ / n]gb]g x'g] x'gfn] gfd
rn]sf n]vsx¿sf] nflu k|sfzssf] cfjZostf
70
gx'g;S5 . Oa'ssf] klxnf] cjwf/0fut 9fFrf !
($% df tof/ kl/Psf] lyof] . Tolt a]nf
sDKo'6/sf] ljsf; ev{/ ;'? ePsf] lyof] . !(&)
sf] bzsdf cd]l/sfsf] :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0fkq,
ljlnod ;]S;lko/sf gf6sx¿ cflb dxTjk"0f{
kf7Ø
;fdu|Lsf] sDKo'6/Ls[6 ¿k tof/ kfg{ k|
f]h]S6 u'6]gau{ yflnPsf] lyof] . !(() df
;f]gL skf]{/];gn] ;L8L /f]daf6 k':ts k9\g]
pks/0f agfPsf] lyof], t/ Tof] ahf/df rn]g .
jN8{jfO8j]a ;'? ePkl5 On]S6«f]lgs kf7Ø
;fdu|Lx¿ w]/} ;+Vofdf pknAw x'gyfNof] .
!((* df xftdf lnP/ k9\gldNg] klxnf] Oa's
pks/0f aGof] . o;df !),))) k[i7 kf7Ø ;fdu|L
c6fpFYof] .
-;|f]t M dfOqmf];ˆ6 OGsf6f{
OG;fSnf]lkl8of, @))@_
;a}eGbf 7"nf] Ok':tsfno M
cd]l/sf / a]nfotsf ljZjljBfnox¿ /
k':tsfnox¿n] cgnfOg k':tsfno cyf{t\
OnfOa|]/L ;'? u/]sf 5g\ . www.fathom.com
j]a;fO6df /flvPsf] of] Ok':tsfnodf cgnfOg
;Dks{ u/]kl5 k':tsx¿ x]g{, k9\g, /
;fg{;lsG5 . of] cgnfOg lzIff ;|f]tdf n]Sr/
;'Gg, n]v, cGtjf{tf{x¿ / k|bz{gx¿ x]g{
tyf lgMz'Ns ;]ldgf/df efu lng ;lsG5 .
;+;f/sf sltko k':tsfnox¿n] sfut/lxt
k':tsfnosf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] k':tsfno la|l6; sfplG;nsf]
k':tsfnodf klg k]k/n]; nfOa|]/L ;'? ePsf] 5
. lel8of] sGk|m]lG;ª / cgnfOg Snf; M
g]kfnsf] s'g} sIff sf]7f jf ;ef sIfdf a;]sf
ljBfyL{ / lzIfsx¿ jf jQmf / >f]tfx¿ tyf
cd]l/sf jf s'g} b]zsf] sIff sf]7f jf ;ef sIfdf
a;]sf ljBfyL{ / lzIfsx¿ jf jQmf / >f]tfx¿n]
Ps csf]{nfO{ x]g{ / k|Zgf]Q/ ug{;Sg] k|
0ffnLnfO{ lel8of] sGk|m]lG;ª elgG5 .
b"/lzIffsf] nflu of] clt pkof]uL k|ljlw xf]
lsgls o;dfkm{t Ps hgf lzIfsn] ;+;f/el/
km}lnPsf sltko sIffx¿df Ps} ;dodf n]Sr/
ug{ / ljBfyL{x¿;Fu ;jfn hjfkm ug{;S5 .
ljleGg :yfgdf a;]sf a'l4hLjLx¿ tyf kqsf/x¿
/ g]tfx¿aLr k|ToIf s'/fsfgL u/fpg] of] lgSs}
pkof]uL ;fwg xf] . o;af6 oftfoft /
xf]6nx¿df x'g] vr{ hf]luG5 / ;dosf] art
x'g] s'/f t 5Fb}5 .
 g]kfnL efiffdf of]hgf, gLlt, P]g,
sfg'g, lgodfjnL, sfo{kqx¿ tyf ljleGg
pkof]uL ;fdu|Lx¿ j]a;fO6df /fv]sf 5g\ .
j]a;fO6df zAbsf]z / Jofs/0f klg kfOG5 . t/
g]kfnLdf clxn];Dd ;f] k|of; ePsf] 5}g .
s'g}
klg k':ts cfˆgf] sDKo'6/df 8fpgnf]8 u/]kl5
To;nfO{ rfx]sf] a]nfdf x]g{
g]6js{dfkm{t c?nfO{ k7fpg;lsG5 .
sfutdf 5flkPsf k':tssf] t'ngfdf Oa'ssf w]/}
kmfObf 5g\ . sDKo'6/sf]
kbf{df Ps} k6sdf w]/} Oa's vf]n]/ pkof]u
ug{;lsG5 . n]vs, kqsf/ tyf
cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] Ps} rf]6L ljZjsf]if,
l/kf]6{x¿, sfo{kqx¿, gLlt / P]gsfg'gsf
k':tsx¿ sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df vf]n]/ x]g{ /
cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] ;"rgf pkof]u ug{ tyf
;Fu;Fu} sDKo'6/df n]Vg Pj+ ;Dkfbg
ug{;S5g\ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ emf]nfel/
ux|'Fuf] u/L k':ts af]Sg'kb}{g . ljBfnodf
ePsf] sDKo'6/ / g]6js{ pkof]u u/]/
kf7Øk':ts tyf cgluGtL ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
/f]hL/f]hL pkof]u ug{;S5g\ .
OG6/g]6df pknAw Oa'sx¿ s'g}
lgMz'Ns 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;lsG5 eg] s'g}
k};f lt/]/ dfq pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . k':ts
5fKg gkg]{ x'gfn] k|sfzssf] vr{ klg
hf]luG5 . n]vsx¿n] ;lhn};Fu cfˆgf] s[lt
OG6/g]6df /fVg;S5g\ . gjf]lbt n]vsx¿sf
nflu of] yk ;'ljwf xf] . Oa'ss} nflu ljz]if
vfnsf] sDKo'6/ klg ag]sf] 5 . of] sDKo'6/
lstfah:t}
cfsf/sf] xNsf x'G5 . of] pks/0f af]s] kl5
emf]nfel/ lstfa af]Sg'kb}{g . o;nfO{
OG6/g]6df hf]8]/ rfx]sf] j]a;fO6 x]/]/
k':ts jf cg';Gwfg ;fdu|L vf]Hg ;lsG5 .
cgnfOg k':ts k9\g klg ;lsG5
OG6/g]6af6 k':ts 8fpgnf]8 u/]/ ;'/lIft u/L
rfx]sf] a]nfdf k9\g klg ;lsG5 . o;df
;}s8f}F k':ts c6fpF5 ;fy} o;df Pp6f
zAbsf]z klg x'G5 . o;sf] kfgf kN6fpg'
kb}{g . lSns ug]{ lalQs} s'g} klg k]h jf
ljifodf t'?Gt} k'luG5 . Oa'ssf sdhf]/ kIfx¿
klg 5g\ . w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ sDKo'6/sf]
kbf{df k9g ufx|f] nfUg;S5 . kf7Ø ;fdu|
LnfO{ l8lh6n ¿kdf 9fn]/ k|bz{g ug]{ /
8fpgnf]8 ug]{ k|ljlw, ;ˆ6j]o/ rfF8}rfF8}
km]l/g;S5 . gofFgofF sDKo'6/df k'/fgf]
;ˆ6j]o/ gx'g;S5 . Oa'ssf] df]n, n]vs:j,
kf7Ø;fdu|L rf]l/g] tyf ;ˆ6j]o/sf] :t/Lo
dfgssf] cefj cflb sf/0fn] 7"nf k|sfzsx¿n]
Oa's k|sfzg ug{ Tolt w]/} rf;f] b]vfPsf
5}gg\ .
/ pkGof;sf/ :6]kmg ls+u cfkm}n]
dfr{ @)))df Oa'ssf] ¿kdf k|sfzg u/]sf]
pkGof; /fOl8ª b a'n]6 Ps} k6s w]/}
las]sf] pNn]vgLo k':ts 5f8g g;Sg]x¿sf
nflu a/bfg ;flat x'Fb}5 . o;af6 dfGotfk|
fKt l8u|L jf k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]/ /f]huf/L /
Joj;fo a9fpg;lsG5 .
kqfrf/ / OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6
pRr lzIff cWoog ug{;lsg]
sf7df8f}F, ;fpg !@ ut] . tkfO{Fn]
pRr lzIff u|x0f ug]{ ;kgf b]Vg'ePsf] 5 t/
;Fw} SofDk; wfpg ;Sg'x'Gg jf pd]/sf sf/0f
SofDk; hfg nfh dfGg'x'G5 eg] of] lrGtf
lnO/xg' kb}{g lsgls lxdfnog v'nf lzIff -xf]
k_ n] tkfOFsf] OR5f k"/f ul/lbg]5 . xf]ksf
;Nnfxsf/ gL/ zfxsf cg';f/ kqfrf/, 6]lnlehg jf
ODKo'6/ OG6/g]6sf dfWodaf6 pRr lzIffsf]
cWoog ug{;lsg] 5 . xf]kn] cfh cfof]hgf
u/]sf] sfo{qmddf v'nf tyf b"/lzIff k|0ffnL
cg';f/sf] ;f] dfWodaf6 lnOg] lzIff cf}krfl/s
;/x dfGotf g} dfGotf /xg] pxfFn] atfpg'
eof] . pxfFsf cg';f/ lqe'jg, k"jf{+rn,
kf]v/f, db|f; / elh{lgof ljZjljBfnodf k9fOg]
ljleGg ljifox¿ o;/L cWoog ug{;lsG5 . zx/L
If]qdf a:g g;Sg] ljBfyL{sf nflu /fd|f] cj;/
x'g]5 . :gfts tyf :gtsf]Q/ txsf ljleGg @^
ljifodf cWoog ug{;lsG5 . ;fef/ M uf]/vfkq
b}lgs, @)^) ;fpg !#
Onlg{ª M OG6/g]6af6 h'g;'s} ljifosf] 1fg
/ / ;Lk l;Sg] l;sfpg] sfd Onlg{ª xf] .
OG6/g]6af6 vfgf ksfpg], skfn sf6\g], n'uf
l;pg], 3/]n' ;fdfg d/dt ug]{, 3/, sfof{no /
Joj;fo Joj:yfkg ug]{, ahf/ vf]Hg] clb
cgluGtL sfd s'/f l;sfOG5 . s'g ljifosf] 1fg
s'g j]a;fO6df kfOG5 egL hfGg' cfjZos 5
gq j]a;fO6sf] eL8df x/fOg] 8/ x'G5 . ;"rgf
;fIf/tf n] OG6/g]6df cfkm"nfO{ rflxg]
;"rgf / 1fg vf]Hg] Ifdtf a9fpF5 .
71
dlN6ldl8of / OG6/PlS6e k|ljlwn] ubf{
Onflg{ªnfO{ cToGt} /f]rs /
k|efjsf/L agfPsf] 5 . ljZjljBfnox¿ sIffsf]7f,
tflnd xn, k':tsfnodf nufgL sd u/]/ cef}lts
ljZjljBfnodf nufgL ub}{5g\ . ef}lts
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glthf x]g{ cvaf/ s'g'{kYof]{ . a]nfdf
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h;n] klh hxfFaf6 klg t'?Gt} glthf x]g{;S5
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sn]h, ljZjljBfno / 5fqj[lQsf] vf]hL tyf tof/L
M P;Pn;L kf; ePkl5 s] k9\g] sxfF k9\g],
s'g sn]h, SofDk; jf ljZjljBfnodf s] k9fO
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lbG5 cflb k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm kfpg ca zx/ jf
ljb]z wfpg kb}{g . g]kfnsf sltko
sn]hx¿n] clxn] cfcfˆgf] j]a;fO6df o;af/]df
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j]a ;fO6df klg eljiosf] k9fO /
sn]hx¿af/] hfgsf/L kfpg;lsG5 . ljb]zL
ljZjljBfnox¿sf] sf];{ x]/]/ cfkm"nfO{ dg
k/]sf] ljifodf k9\g g]kfnaf6} egf{ kmf/d
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5fqj[lQaf/] oxLFaf6} ;'lglZrt u/]/ ljb]zdf
9'Ss eP/ k9g hfg ;lsG5 . ljb]zdf k9g hfgsf
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cfwf/e"t 1fg / Jojxf/sf] k/LIff lbg'k5{ .
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ubf{ b"/lzIff lgs} ;lhnf] / k|efjsf/L ePsf] 5
. lel8of] sGk|m]lG;ª ;'ljwfn] ubf{ ca Ps
hgf n]Sr//n] ;}s8f}F sIffdf Ps} ;dodf sIff
lng / xhf/f}F ljBfyL{x¿;Fu 5nkmn
ug{;S5g\ . b"/lzIff jf:tjdf ul/ab]zsf ljBfyL{
tyf ef}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf zf/Ll/s cflb
ljleGg sf/0fn] 3/ jf sfo{:yn hfgsf/L
lbg;lsG5 . b'u{d jf b"/:y :jf:Yo rf}sLdf
lel8of] jf l:6n
l8lh6n Sofd]/f /fv]/ ;'ud :yfgdf a:g]
8fS6/n] la/fdLsf] l:ylt x]g{ ;S5 . o;af6
la/fdLnfO{ vt/f sd x'G5 / ;do hf]luP/
la/fdLn] ;dod} pkrf/ kfpg;S5 . h'Dnf
x'Dnfsf la/fdLn] klg sf7df8f}Fsf
;'ljwfo'Qm c:ktfnsf 8fS6/x¿sf] ;]jf
kfpg;S5g\ . of] k':tssf n]vssf] b'O{ k6s
d'6'sf] afOkf; zNolqmof eO;s]sf] 5 .
kxnf] k6s ef/tdf ;g\ !((@ df ;h{/L ePkl5
;+rf/sf] cefjn] 8fS6/;Fu ck/];gkl5sf]
ug{ ;lsPg . kmn:j¿k bf];|f] k6s @))! df
a}Fssdf zNolqmof ug'{k¥of] . clxn]
g]kfndf lgoldt k/LIf0f u/fP/ To;sf] l/kf]6{
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Od]naf6 hjfkm, ;'emfj k7fpg] u/]sf 5g\ .
km]l/ km]l/ hFrfpgsf] nflu ef/t jf
yfONof08 hfg'kg]{ b'n{e ;fwg / ;do
hf]luPsf] 5 .
hxfF a;]sf] la/fdLn] klg 8fS6/;Fu
t'?Gt ;Dks{ ug{;Sg], hlt;'s} 6f9f a;]sf]
8fS6/n] klg la/fdL hfFr]/ k/fdz{ lbg;Sg],
la/fdLsf] lgbfg / pkrf/;+a+wL ;a} ;"rgfx¿
l8lh6n ¿kdf ;+sng ug{ / tTsfn pknAw
ug{;lsg], vr{ / ;do hf]lug] cflb Od]l8l;gsf
kmfObf x'g\ . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltdf
Ox]Ny cyf{t\ b"/:jf:Yo / 6]lnd]l8l;g cyf{t\
b"/pkrf/ ;]jf a9fpg cfjZos k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f
ug]{ s'/f pNn]v 5 . 6]lnd]l8l;gåf/f ;du|
:jf:Yo ;]jf k|0ffnLsf] cg'udg tyf Joj:yfkg
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k|]if0f ug{;lsG5 . dxfdf/L km}lnPsf]
a]nfdf o;sf] cg'udg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
:jf:Yo sfo{stf{ tyf ljBfyL{x¿n] :jf:Yof]krf/ /
lrlsT;f;+a+wL 1fg, ;"rgf / k|sfzgx¿ tTsfn,
;/n / ;:tf]df kfpg;S5g\ . :jf:Yo ;]jf / /f]usf]
af/]df hgr]tfgf
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pkof]u ug{;lsG5 .
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlwdfkm{t ;/n
¿kdf ;]jf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] cd]l/sf /
o'/f]ksf sltko u}/;/sf/L cGt/fli6«o ;+:yfx¿
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lzIff;+a+wL c;+Vo 1fgsf] e08f/ kfpg
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;]6nfOkmn] k[YjLdfly tNnf]
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k|]if0f / e08f/0f ug]{ ;]jf pknAw u/fPsf] 5
. www.healthnet.org n] :jf:Yo lzIff;+a+wL ;fdu|
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:jf:Yosf] If]qdf
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ljdz{, 5nkmn ug]{ ;'ljwfsf] pkof]u ub}{
cfPsf lyP . clxn] cfP/ :jf:Yo If]qdf la/fdL
hfFRg], /f]u v'6Øfpg], cf}ifwf]krf/sf]
k/fdz{ lbg], /ut bfg lbg], /ut, lb;flk;fa
hfFRg] cflb sfddf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ;'?
x'g nfu]sf]5 . sltko ;]jfx¿ ;'? eO;s]sf 5g\ .
g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6Lsf] An8 a}Fsn]
;+rfng u/]sf] j]a;fO6 www.bloodmembers.com
n] /ut bfg ug{ rfxg] jf /utsf] vfFrf] k/]sf
JolQmaLr ;Dks{ ul/lbg] / o;af/] ljljw
hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpF5 . /ut rflxof],
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j]a;fO6dfkm{t /ut bfg u/L :jo+;]jf ug{
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ug{;S5g\ . OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf ePsf] g]kfnsf]
s'g} klg zx/ / ufpFb]lv lnP/ ljZjsf s'g} klg
b]zdf /x]sf c:ktfn jf gl;{ªxf]ddf /x]sf]
tkfO{Fsf lj/fdLsf nflu cfjZos k/]sf] u|'ksf]
/ut sxfF a:g] s'g :jo+;]js;Fu 5 eg]/
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eg] a]nfotdf xf];\ jf cd]l/sfdf hxfF klg /ut
bfg ug]{ :jo+;]js / /ut rflxg] la/fdLaLr
k'nsf] sfd ug{ of] j]a;fO6 agfOPsf] xf] .
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ljleGg vfnsf ;]jfx¿ Od]l8l;g, 6]lnd]l8l;g,
g]6 8S6/ cflb gfdn] lrlgg yfn]sf] 5 .
g]kfnh:tf] b'u{d / :jf:Yo ;]jf / lrlsT;s;dIf clt
sd kx'Fr ePsf] b]zdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
u/]/ cfjZos ;]jf k'¥ofpg;lsg] kof{Kt
;+efjgfx¿ 5g\ . b'u{d If]qdf a:g] la/fdLx¿
/ cGosf/0fn] rnlkm/ ug{ g;Sg]
la/fdLx¿nfO{ ljz]if1 8fS6/sxfF hFrfpg
n}hfg g;lsg] / 8fS6/nfO{ klg la/fdLsxfF
k'¥ofpg g;lsg] cj:yfdf la/fdLnfO{ :yfgLo
:jf:YosdL{n] cgnfOg ;Dks{ ub}{ 8S6/sf]
lgb{]zg cg';f/ la/fdLnfO{ hfFRb}
8fS6/nfO{ rflxPsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . t/
b]zleq plrt gLlt, k"jf{wf/ / P]g sfg'gsf
cfefjn] ubf{ of] If]qdf g]kfn c?sf]
bfFhf]df lgs} k5fl8 k/]sf] 5 . ;ˆ6j]o/
pBf]uaf6 g]kfnn] ;fFRr} g} nfe lng] xf]
eg] o;sf] nflu gLlt,
P]g sfg'g k"jf{wf/ ljb]zL tyf cfGtl/s
nufgL, pko'Qm hgzlQm pTkfbg, u'0f:t/df
lgoGq0f, ljb]zL ljlgdodf ;x'lnot nufotsf
ljleGg ljifodf cg's"n jftfj/0f agfpg' cfjZos
5.
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sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/ lgdf{tf sDkgLx¿n]
;/sf/af6 lgof{tssf] dfGotf gkfPsfn] Psflt/
cj}w ¿kn] ;ˆ6j]o/ k7fpg] k|rng a9]/ /fh:j
u'd]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ s/ ltg]{ sDkglx¿n]
a9L s/ ltg'{k/]sf] 5 . lgof{ltt a:t'df s/
5'6sf nflu sDkgLn] ;Demf}tfkq, OEEjfO;
skL, Koflsª ln:6, sfuf]{ lan, a}+s
e'QmfgL / aLdf ;+a+wL sfuhft k]z
ug'{k5{ . t/, ;ˆ6j]o/ OG6/g]6sf]
dfWodaf6 k7fOg] x'Fbf ;Demf}tfkq,
OGEjfO; skL / a}+s e'QmfgL dfq}
sDkgLn] b]vfpg;S5 . sf7df8f}Fsf em08}
bz j6f sDkgLx¿n] hd{gL, g]b/Nof08, k|
mfG;, hfkfg, cd]l/sf, a]nfot nufotsf
b]zx¿df ;ˆ6j]o/ / d]l8sn 6«fG;lqmK;g tof/
ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf lgdf{0f ul/Psf
;ˆ6j]o/ c?lt/sf] t'ngfdf () k|ltzt;Dd ;:tf / …
OSj]NnL u'8Ú ePsf sf/0f o:tf] pBddf
nufgL ug{ ljb]zLx¿ pT;'s x'Fbfx'Fb} klg
s/ 5'6 gePsf sf/0f To:tf] sfg'g kv]{/ a;]sf
5g\ . sf]7fdf sDKo'6/ /fv]/ l;w} ;ˆ6j]o/
lgof{t ug]{ JolQmx¿n] ljlwjt btf{ ePsf
sDkgL a/fa/s} sf/f]af/ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
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gx'g] x'Fbf s;n] slt …pTkfbgÚ k7fof] /
To;afkt slt /sd k|fKt x'G5 eg]/ df]6fdf]6L
cg'dfg dfq} ug{;lsG5 . ljb]zLn] lt/]sf]
k};f g]kfnL sDkgLx¿n] ljb]zL a}+sdf
/ fVg] jf To;sf] ;§fdf dfn;fdfg lemsfpg]
;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .
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. o;n] sDkgLnfO{ s/ 5Ngaf6 /f]Sg;S5 t/
JolQmnfO{ eg] c;/ kfg{;Sb}g . —uf}/j/fh
pkfWofo, lxdfn va/ klqsf, ! – !% df3,
@)%& 5nkmn ug]{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpF5 .
of] j]a;fO6 :jf:Yo;+a+wL ljljw ;"rgf
/ 1fgsf] e08f/ g} xf] . o:tf
6]lnd]l8l;g;+a+wL cg]sf}F j]a;fO6 /
kf]6{nx¿ OG6/g]6df e]§fpg;lsG5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fodf
;km\6j]o/ pTkfbg / lgof{t
æd]l;gn] k9\g, ;Rofpg tyf ;Dkfbg ug{]
u/L d]l;gleq /flvPsf] jf l/s8{ ul/Psf]
lgb]{zg, tYof+s, Wjlg jf lrq g} ;ˆ6j]o/ xf]
. o;cGtu{t s'g} a:t' jf ;]jfsf] cfjZostf–
ljZn]if0f, ;+:yf jf pBf]u Joj;fosf] Joj:yfkg
jf k|0ffnLsf] uxg ljZn]if0f, k|0ffnL
l8hfOlgª, ;f+s]lts juL{s/0f -sf]l8ª_,
k/LIf0f, clen]vg, Kofs]lhª, u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f
tyf sfof{Gjog h:tf pk– k|lqmofx¿ k5{g\ .
;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbgsf ljljw sfd cGtu{t Kofs]h
ul/Psf ;ˆ6j]o/x¿, s;}sf] cfjZostfcg';f/
ag]sf -6]n/d]8_ ;ˆ6j]o/ tyf sDKo'6/;Fu}
cfPsf -ODa]8]8_ ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ 3/]n' tyf
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df a]Rgsf] nflu ;'wf/ jf
ljsf; ug]{ sfd klg k5{ . ;ˆ6j]o/sf] pkof]u
u/L ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d"Nodf clej[l4 ug'{ g}
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l8hfOg nufotsf s'/f ;"rgf k|ljlw ;]jf;Fu
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/0fgLlt;+a+wL sfo{kqx¿, /f=of]=cfof]u,
af6 . ;ˆ6j]o/ pBf]un] ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbg tyf k|
of]u b'a}nfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . of]
pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt a:t' lgof{t ug{ ef}lts
oftfoft rflxFb}g . ljb]zL d'b|f sdfpg /
/f]huf/L lbnfpg clxn] of] pBf]un]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb}5 . of] pBf]un]
jftfj/0f ljgfz ub}{g . ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbg
pBf]usf nflu cToGt bIf hgzlQm rflxG5 .
g]kfndf lghL If]qn] ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf
;ˆ6j]o/ ljsf; tyf k|of]usf] If]qdf k|j]z u¥of]
/ ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf ;"rgf k|ljlwhGo j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] Jofkf/, tflnd, 8]:s6k k|sfzg, j]a k|
sfzg, ;ˆ6j]o/ ljsf;,
;Nnfxsf/ ;]jf h:tf Joj;fox¿ lgs} km:6fP .
l5d]sL b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf g]kfnn] ;ˆ6j]o/sf]
lgsf;L lgSs} klxn] yfn]sf] lyof] ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ dGqfno / g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|
flws/0fnfO{ ;3fpg ljZj a}ª\sn] ;g\ !((* df
;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL cWoog u/]sf] lyof]
h;df ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]unfO{ !% b]lv @)
jif{sf] cjlwdf jflif{s Ps ca{ cd]l/sL 8n/
a/fa/ lgsf;L ug{;Sg], d'n'ss} ;a}eGbf
7"nf] lgsf;L pBf]usf ¿kdf :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg]
ef}uf]lns lx;fan] g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f kmfObf
s] 5 eg] of] cd]l/sfsf] l7s ljk/Lt efudf k5{
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cd]l/sfdf /ftL lbg'kg]{ ;]jf g]kfnaf6
lbpF;} lbg;lsG5 . sltko ;]jf /ftL dxFuf]
x'G5 . ;fy} cd]l/sfdf lbpF;f]sf] t'ngfdf /ftL
kmf]gnfOg sd Jo:t x'G5 . o; sf/0f klg
g]kfnnufotsf of] If]qsf b]zx¿df /x]sf sn
;]G6/n] lbg] ;]jf cd]l/sfsf] nflu a9L
pko'Qm x'G5 .
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5g\ . tL dWo] w]/} k|rlnt ;]jf d]l8sn
6«fG;lqmK;g xf] . lrlsT;s jf lrlsT;f If]q;Fu
;+a+lwt JolQmx¿n] la/fdL hfFRbf l6kfPsf
s'/fx¿ jf d]l8sn l/s8{x¿ ;xL / b|'t 9+un]
tof/ kfg]{ sfdnfO{ d]l8sn 6«flG;lqmK;g
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hfgsf/L, c:ktfn jf lSnlgsnfO{ rflxg]
hfgsf/L, cf}ifwLsf] gfd, lrlsT;f;+a+wL
lgb]{zg, Nofa l/kf]6{, PS;/] l/kf]6{,
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cd]l/sfaf6, EjfO; kmfOndf jf
:j/sf] ¿kdf ;fy} l8lh6n / 6]kdf klg k|fKt
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ug]{nfO{ d]l8sn 6«fG;lqmK;lg:6 jf Pd6L
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eg]{ cflb ljleGg dWod bhf{sf sfdx¿ sn
;]G6/x¿dfkm{t eO/x]sf 5g\ .
hf]lvd M sn ;]G6/ P;f]l;P;gsf]
:6Øf088{ af]8{sf ;b:o l;df]g /f]Gsf]/fgLsf
cg';f/ a]nfotdf sf]Onf vfgL, l:6n sf/vfgf /
uf8L pTkfbs ;+:yfx¿df sfd ug]{ ;a}
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] s'n ;+VofeGbf sn;]G6/df sfd
ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vof w]/} 5 . ljsl;t
b]zaf6 ljsf;zLn b]zdf
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;Defjgf 5 . olb o;f] eof] eg] g]kfnsf] sn
;]G6/ Joj;fodf klg o;n] wSsf k'¥ofpg]
lglZrt 5 .
OG6/g]6 ;]jf / ;fOa/ Sofkm]
g]kfndf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u
ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof Psb]lv 8]9 nfv k'u]sf]
cg'dfg 5 . OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ Ohfht
kfPsf !* j6f cfOP;kLx¿dWo] !% j6fn] of]
;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . s]xLn] /fhwfgLaflx/
klg eL:of6sf] dbtn] of] ;]jf pknAw
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xf]N8/_ ;+Vof @% xhf/ gfl3;s]sf] 5 . Ps
hgf u|fxssf] kf;j8{af6 w]/}n] OG6/g]6 k|
of]u ug]{ / ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿n] klg u|
fxsx¿nfO{ OG6/g]6 pkof]u u/]sf] ;dosf]
lx;fan] z'Ns lnP/ ;]jf lbg] x'gfn] OG6/g]6
pkof]u stf{sf] ;+Vof 8]9 nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf
ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] xf] . clxn]
OG6/g]6sf] u|fxs z'Ns c;Lldt -cglnld6]8_
pkof]usf] nflu jif{sf] bzxhf/ ¿k}ofFsf]
xf/fxf/Ldf 5 .
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t/fO e]ssf, zx/x¿df u|fxsx¿nfO{ sDKo'6/,
Od]n, OG6/g]6sf] ;'ljwf lbg] s]Gb|, ;"rgf
s]Gb| jf ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿ w]/} ;+Vofdf
v'n]sf 5g\ . k|lt:kwf{n] ubf{ z'Ns klg
36]/ em08} @) ¿k}ofF k|lt306f ePsf] 5 .
sltko ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿ / 7"nf sfof{nox¿n]
cfOP;kLx¿af6 lnh nfOg lnP/ OG6/g]6
rnfO/x]sf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf]
sfof{nodf cljlR5Gg OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf
pknAw 5 .
sn ;]G6/
sn ;]G6/ g]kfndf km:6fO/x]sf]
;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fo xf] . sn ;]G6/df
ljb]z, vf; u/L cd]l/sf / o'/f]kaf6 s'g} sfd
ug]{, ;"rgf jf ;]jf lbg] cg'/f]w jf cfb]z k|Kt
x'G5 / oxfFsf] sDkgLn] cfb]zcg';f/sf] sfd
ul/lbP afkt k};f kfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu,
cd]l/sfdf s;}nfO{ xjfOhxfhsf] ofqfsf] ;do
tflnsf rflxof] eg] p;n] ;+a+lwt xjfOhxfg
sDkgLdf kmf]g u5{ jf Od]n k7fpF5 .
cd]l/sfdf To:tf] ;f]wk'5sf] hjfkm lbgsf]
nflu ToxLFsf] dflg;nfO{ hflu/ lbP/ /fVg'
eGbf g]kfnh:tf] ;:tf] hgzlQm kfOg] b]zsf]
s'g} sDkgLnfO{ To:tf ;f]wk'5sf] hjfkm
lbg] lhDdf lbg' w]/} ;:tf] k5{ . To;}n]
To:tf hfgsf/L vf]Hg] ;f]wk'5–kmf]gsn jf
Od]nsf] hjfkm g]kfns} sDkgLn] lbG5 .
o;afkt g]kfnsf] sn ;]G6/n] xjfOhxfh
sDkgLaf6 k};f kfpF5 . yf]/} zAbdf
eGg'kbf{ sn ;]G6/sf] sfd ;d'b|kf/Lsf
sDkgLx¿sf] nflu g]kfnaf6 ul/g] ;]jf xf] .
o;sf] nflu dWod bhf{sf] hgzlQm eP k'U5
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hLkLP; ;]jfdf k[YjLeGbf !! xhf/
dfOndfly l:yt e"pku|xn] zx/ tyf a:tLdf
/x]sf l/l;e/x¿nfO{ ;+s]t k7fpF5 . kfNt'
ufO{a:t', s's'/ la/fnf jf uf8L cflb bfdL
;fdfgdf em08} %) u|fd tf}nsf] ;]G;/
pks/0f h8fg ul/G5 . ;]G;/ pks/0fnfO{
z/L/leq h8fg ug'{ kb}g 3fF6Ldf
em'08ØfO lbP k'U5 . df]afOn kmf]g;Fu
kmf]gsf] 6fj/n] 6]lnkmf]g l;Ugn k|;f/
u/]em}F ;]G;/n] k|;f/ u/]sf] l;Ugn l/l;e/
6fj/n] u|x0f u/]/ :of6]nfO6df k7fO/xG5 .
;]G;/n] k7fPsf] ;+s]tsf] ;do / lbzfsf]
cfwf/df :of6]nfO6n]
u|xssnfO{ kfNt' hLjhGt' / uf8L sxfF 5
eGg] ;xL hfgsf/L lbG5 . clxn] o;sf] k|of]u
s]6fs]6Lx¿, j[4j[4f tyf dfgl;s cj:yf l7s
gePsf dflg;x¿sf] nflu klg ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .
of] ;]jf k|bfg u/]afkt ;]sdn] s's'/ kfns u|
fxsx¿af6 btf{z'Ns $# 8n/ / dfl;s z'Ns &
8n/ lnG5 . s's'/ x/fP/ ;f]wk'5 ubf{ k|lt
;f]wk'5sf] @ 8n/ lnG5 .
pBf]u Jofkf/sf] If]qdf
Osd;{÷ljB'tLo Jofkf/
Osd;{ cyf{t\ On]S6«f]lgs Jofkf/
OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 ul/g] cfly{s
sf/f]af/ xf] . o;af6 ljleGg dfn ;fdfg /
cef}lts ;]jfsf] vl/blaqmL ug{;lsG5 .
Osd;{df j]a;fO6df dfn ;fdfg, tyf ;]jfx¿sf]
u'0f:t/, df]n / cGo ljj/0f cIf/, lrq jf rnlrqsf]
¿kdf lbOG5 / To;nfO{ x]/]/ OR5's u|fxsn]
OG6/g]6af6} ;f] ;fdfg jf ;]jf vl/b ug{
c8{/ lbg;S5 . u|fxsn] a}+ssf] sf8{ k|of]u
u/]/ e'QmfgL u5{ / ljqm]tfn] pko'Qm
dfWod jf ;fwgaf6 dfn;fdfg u|fxssxfF
k'¥ofpF5 . rnlrq, uLt, ;+uLt, l6s6 a'lsª
ug]{, jf cGo dgf]/+hsf ;]jf, Oa's, ;"rgf
;]jf, sn;]G6/, ladf, sfg'gL ;]jf, 3/hUuf
lsga]rsf] bnfnL cflb cef}lts a:t' jf ;]jf
k'¥ofpg] / e'QmfgL ug]{ sfd
OG6/g]6af6} ;DkGg x'G5 . s'g} klg
JolQm Pp6f sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwfsf]
cfwf/df cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/L aGg;S5 . p;n]
cfkm";Fu ePsf] t/ cfkm"nfO{ sfd gnfUg]
lstfa, sDKo'6/, Sofd/fb]lv lnP/ cfˆgf]
3/v]t;d]t OG6/g]6dfkm{t laqmL ug{
j]a;fO6df /fVg;S5 . Osd;{df ;fdfg / ;]jf
pTkfbs tyf pkef]QmfaLr ;f]em} ;Dks{ /
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gfkmf jf sld;g Vjfpg' kb{}g . lj1fkg vr{
sd x'G5 . 3/ axfn / oftfoftsf] vr{ x'Fb}g .
kmn:j¿k
;fdfg / ;]jfsf] df]n sd x'G5 . uLt, rnlrq, tyf
cGo ;]jf cflb cef}lts a:t'x¿ t'?Gt} u|
fxs;dIf k'¥ofpg;lsG5 . s[ifs tyf ;fgf sn
;]G6/ Joj;fodf csf]{ 7"nf] vt/f k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; xf] . ef]ln af]n]sf] s'/f n]Vg] k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; ePkl5 tyf oftfoft, a}Fs lx;fa, ahf/
efpm cflbaf/] hfgsf/L lbg] sfd ldl;gn] g}
:jrflnt ¿kdf ug{ yfn]kl5
ljsl;t b]zx¿n] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf sn
;]g6/x¿sf] pkof]u ug'{gkg]{ cj:yf
cfpg;S5 .
6]lnjs{ M 3/af6 clkm;sf] sfd
sfof{nodf sfd ug]{
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 3/d} jf sDKo'6/ ePsf]
7fpFdf -js{:6];g_ a;]/ sfd u/fpg] k|
0ffnLnfO{ cgnfOg js{, OsDo'6,
6]lnsDo'6, 6]lnjs{ cflb ljleGg gfd lbOsf]
5 . o;sf] d'Vo kmfObf uf8L r9]/ clkm;df
hfFbf cfpFbf nfUg] vr{ / ;do, jftfj/0fdf t]n
/ w'jfFn] x'g] k|b"if0f 36fpF5 . ;fy}
clkm;sf] axfn / ;+rfng vr{ sd x'G5 .
cgsn ;kf]6{ vf]Hg]x¿n] l56f] ;]jf kfpF5g\
. k'm;{tsf] ;do a9\5 . cf/fd;fy
sfd ug{;lsG5 . lrGtf / wk]8L sd x'G5 .
ljsl;t b]zx¿df 6]lnjs{sf]
k|rng lgs} al9/x]sf] 5 . lgoldt hflu/]x¿
klg 3/df a;La;L clkm;sf] sfd ug{yfn]sf
5g\ . g]kfnh:tf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf sf/0fn]
w]/} x8tfn / aGb eO/xg] 7fpFdf 6]lnjls{ª
lgs} pkof]uL b]lvG5 . 6]lnsDo'6sf nflu
;fdfGotof sDKo'6/ / cfjZos ;ˆ6j]o/, df]8]d
/ 6]lnkmf]g nfOg, / ;+rf/ ;'ljwf rflxG5 .
6]lnsDo'6 cN5L nfu]/ ckgfOg] k|0ffnL
xf]Og . o;df lgDg s'/f x'g'k5{ M lbOPsf]
sfd ;dodf k"/f x'g'k5{ / k|efjsf/L 9+un]
x'g'k5{ . 3/df a;]sf] sd{rf/L sfdsf] a]nfdf
pknAw x'g'k5{ jf cgsn ;]jf vf]Hg]n] tTsfn
;]jf kfpg'k5{ . 3/df klg clkm;df
h:t} k"/f ;do lbg'k5{ . ;fdfGotof clkm; /
3/aLr lgSs} b"/L x'g'k5{ .
hLkLP; M x/fPsf] s's'/b]lv
ufl8;Dd vf]Hg ;xfos
 agdf rg{ uPsf] ufO{ x/fof] ls <
3/df kfn]sf] s's'/ la/fnf] sxfF uof] < kfs{
ul//fv]sf] sf/ s;n] nUof] < oL s'/fsf] hjfkm
vf]Hg hf]vgf x]/fpg hf]ltif jf wfdL
emfFqmLsxfF hfg' kb}{g ca . hLkLP;
cyf{t\ Unf]an kf]lh;lgª l;:6daf6 ca x/fPsf]
s'g} klg a:t' t'?Gt} kQf nufpg ;lsg]
ePsf]5 . hfkfgsf] clkm; tyf 3/df ;'/Iff ;]jf
lbg] sDkgL ;]sdn] :of6]nfO6sf
;xfotfn] rNg] hLkLP; k|0ffnL nfu" u/]/
cfˆgf u|fxsx¿sf] x/Psf] kfNt' hfgj/ b]lv
bfdL dfn;fdfg kQf nufP/ pgLx¿sf] lrGtf
x6fOlbg] ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] 5 . /sd :yfgfGt/0f
ug{', 8«fˆ6 agfpg', 6«fen;{ r]s vl/b
laqmL ug'{ tyf cGo k|sf/sf a}+lsª
sf/f]af/ ug'{ xf] . g]kfnsf sltko a}+sx¿n]
u|fxsx¿nfO{
a}+sdf wfpg' gkg]{ u/L Oa}+lsª jf
OG6/g]6af6 a}+lsª sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;'ljwf
lbg yfn]sf 5g\ . t/ pko'Qm sfg'g /
k"jf{wf/sf] ckof{Kttfn] ubf{ Oa}+lsª
clxn] k|f/lDes cj:yfd} 5 .
O;lkª÷;fOa/ k;n
g]kfndf klg k;ndf guOsg k;ndf ePsf
;fdfg /f]hL/f]hL lsGg] Osf8{ jf a}+ssf]
qm]l86 sf8{af6 k};f ltg]{ / ;fdfg 3/ jf
sfof{nod} a'lemlng] O;lkª ;'? ePsf] s]xL
jif{ eO;s]sf] 5 . d'+rfxfp; 86 sd, 7d]n 86
sd, g]kfn;k 86 sd cflb bh{gf}F g]kfnL
j]a;fO6x¿ OG6/g]6df 5g\ . 7d]n 86 sd
j]a;fO6af6 g]kfn aflx/sf g]kfnL jf s;}n]
klg g]kfndf
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gofF jif{, lqm;d;, hGdlbg, cfdf, af sf] d'v
x]g]{ lbg tyf ljleGg rf8kj{sf cj;/df pkxf/
k7fpg ;S5 . bxL, km'n, ld7fO{, s]s,
kmnkm"n, km"nsf] dfnf jf u'R5f,
bf}/f;'?jfn, ;f8Lrf]nf], ;'s'Gbf, sn; cflb
;u'gsf ;fdfg nufot em08} Psxhf/ lsl;dsf
;fdfgx¿df /f]h]/ cfkmGtnfO{ k7fpg ;lsG5
. pkxf/ lbFbfsf]
kmf]6f] lvr]/ k7fOlbg] Joj:yf klg 5 . k|
To]s ;fdfg / ;]jfsf] df]n %) cd]l/sL 8n/
nfU5 . qm]l86sf8{af6 pQm /sd g]kfnsf]
a}Fsdf hDdf ug{;lsG5 . o:tf] ;'ljwf lbg]
c? klg j]a;fO6 g]kfndf v'n]sf 5g\ .
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h;df ljleGg pBf]u, Jofkf/, x:tsnf, xf]6n,
ko{6gnufotsf g]kfn;+a+wL hfgsf/Lsf]
e08f/ g} kfpg;lsG5 . d'+rfxfp;n]
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pkef]usf / 3/fo;L cfjZostfsf cg]s ;fdfg
/fVg'sf ;fy} vfgfsf] kl/sf/ klg ;hfPsf] 5 . u|
fxsn] ljleGg tf/] xf]6ndf tof/ kf/]sf kl/sf/
kmf]6f] x]/]/ /f]h]/ 3/d} lemsfpg;S5 .
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kl/sf/x¿ x]g{ ;lsG5 . o;df s;}n] klg
cfkm"n] hfg]sf] g]kfnL kl/sf/ agfpg] tl/sf
k7fpg / To;df ePsf kl/sf/ ksfP/ vfg;S5 .
ljz]if u/L ljb]zdf a:g] g]kfnLx¿ / g]kfnsf]
kl/sf/ ld7f] dfGg]x¿sf nflu ljb]zdf g]kfnL
vfgf ksfpg of] j]a;fO6 pkof]uL b]lvG5 .
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hxfF g]kfnL x:tsnfsf ;fdu|L nufot cfw'lgs
;fdfg / k':tsx¿ klg /flvPsf 5g\ .
pBf]ux¿n] ljleGg /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf] df]n
yfxf kfpg / rfx]sf] ahf/df a]Rg;S5g\ .
Osd;{ Jofkf/L / pkef]QmfaLr, Jofkf/L
Jofkf/LaLr -aL 6' aL_ , Jofkf/L / ;/sf/aLr,
;/sf/ / pkef]QmfaLr tyf pkef]Qmf
pkef]QmfaLr klg x'g;S5 . o;sf] nflu
6]lnkmf]g, OG6/g]6 sg]S;g, j]a;fO6,
pko'Qm ;ˆ6j]o/
/ xf8{j]o/, kof{Kt Jof08ljy, sf8{af6
e'QmfgL x'g] a}+lsª k|0ffnL, P]g lgod,
;'/Iff, 9'jfgL;]jf cflb k"jf{wf/x¿sf] cfjZostf
x'G5 . g]kfnh:tf] e"kl/j]li7t d'n'sdf Osd;{
ljb]z Jofkf/sf] cToGt} pko'Qm dfWod
x'g;S5 . sd vr{df g]kfnL ;fdfg
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k'¥ofpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
g]kfnL Joj;foLx¿sf] k|lt:kwf{ Ifdtf a9\5 .
g]kfnsf] nflu Osd;{ cToGt pkof]uL
x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o;sf] ljsf; gx'g'df
On]S6«f]lgs
sf/f]af/nfO{ dfGotf lbg] / lgodg ug]{ P]g
lgodsf] cefj g} d"n ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . P]g
lgodsf] cefjdf On]S6«f]lgs l;Ug]r/ /
On]S6«f]lgs ;Demf}tfn] dfGotf kfPsf]
5}g . af}l4s ;DklQdfly clwsf/ /
pkef]Qmfsf] clwsf/sf] /Iff, ;'/Iff, uf]Kotf /
ljZj;gLotf cflb ;d:ofx¿sf] lg/fs/0f ug'{ klg
afsL g} 5 .
Osd;{n] Jofkf/af/] dflg;sf] ;f]rfOdf
dfq xf]Og Jojxf/df klg kl/jt{g NofpFb}5
. cfly{s ljZjLs/0fsf] gofF, k|efjsf/L /
b"/ufdL kl/0ffd Nofpg] k4ltsf] ¿kdf
o;nfO{ lnOFb}5 . o;n] /fi6«sf] ;LdfnfO{
klg k|efj kfg]{ x'gfn] o;sf] k|efj /fli6«o /
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df dfq} xf]Og /fhgLltdf
;d]t kg]{ b]lvG5 . clxn] o;af6 ul/a b]zsf
;fgf pTkfbsx¿n] klg kmfObf lng] ;+efjgf
b]lvP klg ef]ln ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdfly bafa
k/]/ wgL /fi6«x¿n] o;df c+s"z gnufpnfg\
eGg ;lsFb}g . ctM o;n] ljZjdf JofKt wgL /
ul/a b]zx¿aLrsf] vf8n 36fpF5 ls a9fpF5
eGg] s'/f clxn] g} lglZrt ¿kdf eGg;lsGg .
t} klg clxn] o;n] g]kfnh:tf ljkGg b]zx¿sf
nflu ljZjahf/df Jofkf/ ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf]
5.
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egL x]g'{, Pp6f vftfaf6 csf]{ vftfdf, Pp6f
a}+saf6 csf]{ a}+sdf ;u/dfyf r9\g]
qmddf s'g} klg a]nf, s'g} klg prfOdf a;]/
Nofk6k / df]afOn kmf]g hf]8]/ OG6/g]6
rnfpg' ca gf}nf] s'/f ePg . ;fy} o;af6
5f]6f] lel8of] sfo{qmd klg k7fpg ;lsg]
x'gfn] s;}n] klg lel8of] hf]l8Psf] l8lh6n
Sofd]/faf6 5f]6f]5f]6f] k|ToIf k|;f/0f ug{
;Dej ePsf] 5 .
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s[lifsf] If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u clxn]
d'Vo ¿kdf s[lif pTkfbgsf]
ahf/ efp / /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf
dfuaf/] a'‰g, df};dsf] eljioaf0fL ug{,
/f]uJofwLsf] k"j{hfgsf/L / lgoGq0f ug{
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ls;fg tyf b"w, df;', km'n tyf df5f
Joj;foLx¿n] k|r"/ dfqfdf ul//x]sf 5g\ .
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k':ts n]vsn] ufO{ uf]7df o;sf] pkof]u
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ufO{sf] bfgf vfg vf]Hof] eg] bfgf vfg]
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ug{;s]df ;"rgf k|ljlwdf g]kfnL afª\dosf] k|
of]u w]/} ;lhnf] x'g;S5 . o;af/] yk hfgsf/L
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cfof]hgfsf k|f]h]S6 8fO/]S6/ cd/ u'?ª;Fu
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of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . w]/} s[lt k|sflzt eO;s]sf
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clxn] klg g]kfnLdf 5flkg] k':tsx¿
Ps ;+:s/0fdf ;fdfGotof Ps xhf/ k|lt
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Ps xhf/ yfg lstfa g]kfnel/ k'¥ofpg / lasfpg
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u/L ;d'b|kfl/ a:g] g]kfnLx¿sxfF lstfa
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slt kf7sn] lstfa x]/] egL yfxf kfpg klg
;lhnf] 5 . b sfp06/ 86 sdsf] ut jif{sf]
l/kf]6{ cg';f/ æyf]kf yf]kfÆ n3'syf ;+u|x
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eg] xfn o;sf] b}lgs Go'gtd bz{s !^ hgf
5g\ . cfO6Ln] lstfa 5fKbf nfUg] sfut d;L,
5fkfvfgf rnfpFbf / lstfa 9'jfgL ubf{ nfUg]
OGwg hf]ufP/ aftfj/0fnfO{ ;sf/fTds k|efj
kf5{ . OG6/g]6df /+lug lrq 5fKbf d;L /
sfut klg nfUb}g . lstfa /fVg b/fh klg
rflxFb}g . sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]g ePsf] s'g}
klg 7fpFaf6 k9\g / 5fKg ;lsG5 . o;/L ag /
jftfj/0f hf]ufpg klg ;xof]u k'U5 . gofF
;"rgf k|ljlwdf g]kfnL efiff / lnlksf] k|of]u
a9]kl5 To;df Ps¿ktf Nofpgsf] nflu lnlksf]
:t/Ls/0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 / zAbsf]z klg tof/
kfg'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ g]kfnL efiff /
lnlksf] k|of]udf xfn b]lvPsf efiffut
/ Jofs/0fut q'6L / c/fhstf ;dfKt eO{ Ps
¿ktf cfpg;S5 . cGo k':tsem}F g]kfnL
k':tsnfO{ klg j8{ kmfOndf h:t}
kL8LPkm kmfOndf lstfas} cfsf/df / lstfa
kN6fPh:t} PsPs kfgf kN6fP/ x]g{ /
;f]em} cfkm"n] rfx]sf] kfgf kN6fpg l;sG5
. l;+u} lstfa Od]ndf P6]r u/]/ k7fpg klg
;lsG5 .
ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] sdL M gofF ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] nflu sDKo'6/ xf8{j]o/ To;nfO{
rnfpg] l;:6d jf ;ˆ6j]o/, 6]lnkmf]g nfOg /
ljh'nL geO x'Fb}g . g]kfndf /fhwfgL /
df]km;naLr ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] b[li6n]
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Od]n rnfpg' /fhwfgLsf] bfFhf]df dxFuf] 5
. pknAw 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] Jof08ljy sd
x'gfn] OG6/g]6 /fd|/L rnfpg ;lsFb}g .
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;flxlTos s[ltx¿nfO{ OG6/g]6df /fVgsf]
nflu pko'Qm k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g lgodx¿sf]
cefj 5, h;n] ubf{ g]kfnL ;|i6fx¿sf] lxt
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hl6n tyf cw'lgs x'G5g\ pltplt dflg;sf]
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jf s[lt tyf ljwf / z}nLdf k5{ . ;|i6fx¿
dfWodsf] cg's"n rNg afWo x'G5g\ . o;n]
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k|d'v ljz]iftf s] xf] eg] of] lbgx'F ;:tf] ;/n
/ zL3| x'Fb}5 . kmn:j¿k g]kfnL
jfª\donfO{ yf]/} ;dodf ;s];Dd w]/} / ljljw
If]q / ju{sf >f]tf jf bz{s;dIf k'¥ofpg ;lsg]
ePsf] 5 . gofFgofF dfWod kfP/ k'/fgf n]Vo
jf d'lb|t /rgfx¿n] rdTsfl/t ¿kn] bz{s;fd' k|:
t't x'g] cj;/ kfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . ;fy} nf]k x'g
nfu]sf s[ltx¿sf] ;"rgf k|ljlwdfkm{t ;+/If0f
ug'{ / k'gM pTkfbg ug'{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .
u'0f:t/Lo ;+uLt l;h{gf / k|;f/0fdf cfO6Ln]
qmflGtsf/L k/jt{g NofP em}F ;flxTo
l;h{gf ug]{ / cfd g]kfnL kf7s;dIf k|efjsf/L
9+un] k'¥ofpg] sfddf klg cfO6Ln]
dxTjk"0f{ / b"/ufdL e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg]
s'/fdf z+sf 5}g . vfFrf] 5 g]kfnL
;h{sx¿sf] hfFu/, d]xgt / b"/ b[li6sf] .
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;+:yfn] @)%& ;fpgb]lv snfs[ltx¿
j]a;fO6df /fVg yfn]sf] xf] .
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g]kfndf ljut !) jif{b]lv gf6s, vf;
u/L ;8s gf6s ljwfdf ljz]if of]ubfg lbg'sf
;fy} of] ljwfdf gofFgofF k|of]u ul//x]sf] /
hgtfsf] nflu hg gf6Ø, ;fd'bflos gf6s cflb
gofFgoFf cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ul//x]sf]
cf/f]x0fn] cfˆgf] ultljlwaf/] hfgsf/L lbgsf]
nflu j]a;fO6sf] k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 . x]g'{;\
M www.aarohantheatre.org . o;n] u'?s'n gfd /fv]/
g]kfndf klxnf] gf6s l;sfpg] ljBfno ;+rfng
ul//x]sf] 5 . ;fy} o;sf afns[i0f ;d
gf6Øzfnfdf a]nfa]nfdf Vofltk|fKt
gf6sx¿sf] d+rg eO/xG5, h;sf] hfgsf/L ;f]
j]a;fO6af6 kfpg / l6s6 a's ug{ klg ;lsG5 .
ljkGg tyf zf]liftkLl8t hgtfsf] hLjg:t/
psf:gsf nflu gf6s ljwfnfO{ cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf
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pkof]u ug{' o;sf] Pp6f ljz]if cjwf/0ff xf] .
o;sf] af/]df cg';Gwfg / k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 /
l5d]sL d'n'sx¿af6 klg o; ljifodf cg';Gwfg,
cEof; tflnd lng / lbg oxfF cfO/xG5g\ .
z'esfdgf Osf8{
OG6/g]6df cfsif{s z'esfdgf / awfO
sf8{x¿ /fVg yfn]sf] w]/} jif{ eO;Sof] .
g]kfndf klg o'jfju{df o;sf] k|rng al9/x]sf]
5 . t/ /fli6«o lbj; tyf g]kfnL ;+:s[lt /
g]kfnsf] ;f}Gbo{ emNsfpg] Osf8{x¿
ePsf] j]a;fO6sf] cefj xfn} l8«D; P08
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df s]jn g]kfnL b[ZofjnL, dlGb/, hghflt,
e]ife"iff, uxgf, gfr, d"lt{, ;f+:s[lts rfnrng
emNsfpg] () k|ltzt hlt cfkm}n]
lvr]sf df}lns kmf]6f]sf sf8{x¿ /flvPsf 5g\
. o;af6 s'g} klg dflg;n] s'g} klg cj;/sf]
nflu ;'xfpg] Osf8{df ;Gb]z n]v]/ k7fpg
;S5 . xfn of] ;a}eGbf w]/} k|of]u x'g]
g]kfnL Osf8{ j]a;fO6 xf] .
c+u|]hL efiff a'‰g;Sg] / :yfgLo
efiffdf pNyf u/]/ a'emfpg;Sg] x'g'k5{ .
dWo:yx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlw, o;sf] pkof]lutf,
cfdhgtfsf] ;"rgf cfjZostf cflb a'em]sf]
x'g'k5{ . ;fy} pgLx¿ ljZj;gLo x'g'k5{ .
o:tf dWo:yx¿ ljBfno, Sna, u};;h:tf :yflkt
;+:yfx¿sf] cu'jfOdf :yfkgf ug{ klg ;lsG5 .
uflj;h:tf hglgjf{lrt :yfgLo ;/sf/n] klg
;+rfng ug{;S5g\ . x'nfs, 6]lnkmf]g
sfof{no, kL;Lcf]x¿n] klg dWo:ysf] e"ldsf
v]Ng;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu 6]lnkmf]g
;'ljwf k'u]sf] x'nfsdf Ps b'O{ j6f sDKo'6/
/fv]/ dfl;s jf k6s] z'Ns lnP/ ;}of}F
JolQmnfO{ Od]n Psfp06 ;+rfng ug]{
;'ljwf lbg;lsG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw eg]s}
sNkgfzLn dl:tissf] pkh ePsf] x'Fbf ;lqmo,
l;h{gzLn lbdfun] :yfgLo cfjZostf / ;|f]t
;fwgsf] pknAwtfsf] cfwf/df gofFgofF ;]jf
;+rfng ug{;S5 .
6]ln;]G6/ M uf“pn]nfO{ ;"rgf
k|ljlw
ljsf;zLn b]zsf clwsf+z hgtf cfkm}n]
sDKo'6/ /fv]/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{
;Qm}gg\ . vf; u/L ufpFdf a:g], ul/a /
c+u|]hL k9g n]Vg g;Sg] dflg;x¿n] clxn]
OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug]{ ;Defjgf b]lvFb}g .
t/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] nfeaf6 6f9f
/fVg' jf j+lrt ug'{ cGofo xf] . clxn] ;"rgf
k|ljlw, vf; u/L OG6/g]6nfO{, ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿df cfdhgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg] k|efjsf/L
dfWodsf] ¿kdf 6]ln;]G6/ pkof]uL dfGg
yflnPsf] 5 . o;af6 ;fd"lxs ¿kdf sDKo'6/ /
6]lnkmf]g ;+rfng ub}{ yf]/} ;dod}
w]/}nfO{ ;+rf/ ;'ljwf lbg;lsG5 . o;/L s'g}
;d'bfo jf ufpFnfO{ cfw'lgs ;+rf/ ;'ljwf
lbg] pkfonfO{ ;fd'bflos ;+rf/ s]Gb| jf
6]ln;]G6/ klg eGg] ul/G5 .
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ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf kx'Fr
k'¥ofpg] / o;af6 nfe lbnfpg] pkfo xf] .
6]ln;]G6/ o:tf] s]Gb| xf] hxfF sDKo'6/,
6]lnkmf]g, ˆofS;, /]l8of] cflb ;+rf/sf]
ljleGg ;'ljwf pknAw x'G5 . ToxfF
ufpFn]x¿n]
6]lnkmf]gsf ;fy} ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw, vf;
u/L OG6/g]6sf] ;/n tyf ;'ljwfhgs 9+un]
pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . o;df b"/lzIff klg ;dfj]z
x'g;S5 . clzlIft tyf sDKo'6/ rnfpg ghfGg]
dflg;n] klg sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df b]lvg]
lrqsf] cfwf/df cfkm}n] sDKo'6/ rnfP/ jf
s;}sf] dbtn] cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] hfgsf/L
lng, ljb]zdf a;]sf cfkmGtx¿;Fu kqfrf/
s'/fsfgL ug{;S5 . o;sf] nflu p;n] clnslt
z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . ufpFn]x¿nfO{ of] k|ljlw
pkof]u ug{ cEo:t agfpgsf nflu st} st} of]
;]jf l;Q}df klg pknAw u/fOPsf] x'G5 .
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cfdhgtfsf] nflu
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g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltn] ;g\
@)!) ;Dd ;a}sf] nflu sDKo'6/ lzIff eGg]
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df clt dxTjfsf+IfL /0fgLlt
th'{df u/]tf klg o;leq lglxt p2]Zo
cfdhgtfnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] nfe lng;Sg]
t'Nofpg' xf] eGg] s'/f emlNsG5 . ;/sf/n]
bzf}F k+rjifL{o of]hgfdf !%))) dflg;nfO{
sDKo'6/ lzIff lbg] nIf /fvL sfd ;'? ul/;s]sf]
5 g]kfndf cfdhgtf ;dIf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kxF'r
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l:yltdf ;a} g]kfnLnfO{ sDKo'6/ rnfpg
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OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . t/ cfd
hgtfnfO{ of] k|ljlwaf6 nfeflGjt u/fpg cGo
pkfox¿ 5g\, h;sf] k|of]u g]kfnh:tf ljkGg /
sd lzlIft hgtf a:g] b]zx¿df eOx/sf] 5 .
o;af/] ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
dxTj zLif{sdf kfFrf}F cWofodf 5nkmn
eO;s]sf] 5 .
dWo:yx¿sf] e"ldsf
g]kfndf ufpFufpFdf 6]lnkmf]g
;'ljwf k'¥ofpg kL;Lcf] k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf]
5 h;cg';f/ ufpFdf s;}sf] kmf]g cfof] eg]
p;nfO{ af]nfOlbg] / s;}n] kmf]g
ug'{k¥of] eg] kL;Lcf]df cfP/ kmf]g ug]{
ul/G5 . of] k|0ffnL g]kfndf ;kmn b]lvPsf]
5 . o:t} Joj:yf ;"rgf k|ljlw cfdhgtf;Dd
k'¥ofpgsf nflu klg ug{ ;lsG5 . clxn] zx/L
If]qdf ;fOa/Sofkm]dfkm{t
cfdpkef]Qmfx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] k|0ffnLnfO{ dWo:ytf k|
0ffnL eGg;lsG5 . cfdhgtf;Dd ;"rgf k|ljlw,
vf; u/L sDKo'6/ / Od]n ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg s:tf]
vfnsf] dWo:y k|0ffnL pko'Qm x'G5 eGg]
s'/f cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo
x'g;S5 . t}klg c? b]zsf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df
dWo:yx¿sf] ljz]iftf / s]xL ;+efljt
9fFrfx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn ug'{ a]; xf]nf .
o:tf dWo:yx¿ ;s];Dd :yfgLo x'g'k5{ .
:yfgLo hgtfsf] cfly{s cj:yfn] wfGg;Sg]
vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . hgtfsf] cfjZostf k"/fug]{
/ cfjZostf a'‰g;Sg] x'g'k5{ .
cfd hgtfsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw
>Ln+sfsf] sf]6dn] ;fd'bflos
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ld;fOPsf] 5 . >f]tfx¿n] kmf]g u/]/ jf lr7L
k7fP/ u/]sf] k|Zg jf cg'/f]wcg';f/sf] hgsf/L
/]l8of] sfo{qmd k|:t'tstf{n] j]a;fO6df
x]/]/ >f]tfx¿nfO{ rflxg] ;"rgf
/]l8of]dfkm{t k|;f/0f u5{g\ . j]a;fO6df
ePsf ;"rgfx¿nfO{ ufpFn]n] a'‰g] u/L
JofVof ug]{ sfddf jlsn, 8fS6/ cflb
ljz]if1x¿sf] dbt lnOG5 . ;fGble{s :yfgLo
ljifoj:t' s;/L pknAw u/fpg] eGg] s'/fsf]
Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0f kf]08]r]/Ldf rnfOPsf]
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:yfgLo hgtfnfO{ s]s:tf hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf
cfjZos x'G5g\ egL klxrfg ul/;s]kl5 ufpFsf
:jo+;]jsx¿n] :yfgLo 8]6fa]; jf ;"rgf e08f/
tof/ kf/] . To;df sd cfDbfgL x'g] ufpFn]
u[x:ysf nflu ;/sf/n] ;+rfng u/]sf]
sfo{qmdaf/] hfgsf/L, s[lifsf nflu rflxg] dn
tyf lapsf] efpm, ljleGg ahf/df cgfhsf]
efpm, afnLsf] ladf / kl/jf/ ljdf of]hgfx¿af/]
hfgsf/L, wfg / pv' afnLnfO{ ls/faf6
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kz'lrlsT;sx¿ / ljz]if1x¿sf] kmf]g
8fO/]S6/L, /]n / a;sf] ;do tflnsf, kz':jf:Yo,
tyf kz'kfngaf/] hfgsf/L /flvPsf lyP .
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s]xL ljifoj:t' M
• ;/sf/L ;]jf, ;'ljwf, of]hgf cflbaf/] hfgsf/L .
• hGd, d[To' btf{ ug]{ ;'ljwf .
• hg;+Vof, s[lif pTkfbg, l;+rfO, lzIff,
of]hgf OToflb ;a} k|sf/sf tYof+s / lg/Gt/
gjLs/0f .
• ljb]zdf /f]huf/L, ;]gfdf etL{, ;/sf/L
hflu/af/] hfgsf/L .
• ljb]zaf6 jf zx/af6 ufpFdf k};f k7fpg]
Joj:yf .
• s[lif ahf/, pTkfbg a]rlavg, k/Dk/fut tyf
gofF k|ljlw, lap, dn, ahf/ efpm, df};d,
s[ifssf cGo cfjZostfx¿af/] hfgsf/L .
• zx/ ahf/, ljb]zdf lzIffsf] cj;/af/] hfgsf/L .
• ufpFsf] jflif{s tyf k+rjifL{o ;/sf/L,
:yfgLo of]hgf / ah]6sf] hfgsf/L .
• kf7Ø, >Jo tyf rnlrqdf lg/If/n] klg a'‰g
;Sg] u/L 8]6fa]; :yfkgf / ;+rfng .
• oftfoft, a;sf] ;do tflnsf .
• dxTjk"0f{ 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ .
ljleGg ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ljleGg df]8]nsf
6]ln;]G6/x¿sf] k/LIf0f tyf pkof]u eO/x]sf]
5 . st} o;nfO{ 6]ln;]G6/, st} ;fOa/
Sofkm] t st} ;fOa/ lsof]:s gfd lbOPsf] 5 .
sltko ;kmn ePsf 5g\, sltko Jofkfl/s lx;fan]
3f6fdf rn]sf 5g\ . s]xL t ko{6sx¿sf] nflu
dfq} pkof]u eO/x]sf 5g\ . 6]ln;]G6/x¿
s'g} ;fgf / lghL Joj;foLn] rnfPsf 5g\ eg]
s'g} kl/of]hgf cGtu{t ;xfotfaf6 rn]sf 5g\
. lghL Joj;foLn] rnfPsf 6]ln;]G6/x¿ gfkmf
85
x'g] jf vr{ wfGg ;lsg] 7fpFdf Jofkfl/s
lx;fan] rnfOPsf x'gfn] ltgLx¿ ;DkGg o'jf
u|xsx¿sf] kx'Frdf eP klg vf; ufpFn]
hgtfsf] cfly{s tyf ef}lts kx'Fraflx/ 5g\ .
ltgn] pknAw u/fpg] ljifj:t' klg :yfgLo
cfjZostfcg';f/sf x'Fb}gg\ . o;sf] ljk/Lt,
aflx/L ;xfotfaf6 rnfOPsf 6]ln;]G6/x¿
cfly{s ¿kn] k|foM lbuf] geP klg ufpFsf
ul/a ;d'bfosf nflu pkof]uL b]lvPsf 5g\ .
ljsf;] ;+:yfåf/f jf ltgsf] dbtn] rnfOPsf
6]ln;]G6/x¿ a9L ul/a / kfvfk/]sf
;d'bfox¿nfO{ nlIft ul/Psf x'G5g\ . ;fy}
ltgn] ufpFn]x¿nfO{ rflxg] ljifoj:t', tflnd,
;Lk, ;fdflhs tyf :jf:Yo / lzIff ;]jf cflbdf hf]8
lbG5g\ . o;sf] ljk/Lt gfkmf sdfpg]
p2]Zon] rnfOPsf Jofj;flos 6]ln;]G6/ tyf
;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿sf] k|efj u|fdL0f If]qdf
gx'g' :jfefljs xf] lsgls ufpFdf gfkmf
x'Fb}g .
ljBfno tyf SofDk;x¿n] klg
6]ln;]G6/ rnfPsf b]lvG5g\ . ljBfno ejgdf /
ToxLFsf lzIfs, ljBfyL{ jf sd{rf/Lx¿af6
rnfOg] x'gfn] o;sf] ;+rfngdf sd vr{ nfU5
. ;fy} ljBfnon] kf7Øqmddf ;"rgf k|ljlw
ljifo ;dfj]z u/]/ yk ;]jf k|bfg ug{;S5 . sd
vr{df tflnd rnfpg;lsG5 . t/ o:tf
6]ln;]G6/x¿n] ufpFn]x¿sf nflu cfˆgf]
9f]sf vf]Ng] pbf/tf b]vfpg' k5{ .
;d'bfo;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug'{k5{ tyf :yfgLo
hgtfsf nflu pkof]uL tyf ;fGble{s ljifoj:t'
pknAw u/fpgdf Wofg lbg' k5{ . lbuf]kg,
;:tf] / k|efjsfl/tfsf] lx;fan] ;d'bfo /
ljBfnosf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df ;+rflnt
6]ln;]G6/x¿ a9L k|efjsf/L x'g;S5g\ . ;"rgf
tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ cfdhgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg] /
pgLx¿sf] lxtdf pkof]u ug]{ w]/} pkfox¿
5g\ . sfd / p2]Zo x]/]/ ljleGg tl/sf ljleGg
sfddf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ ToxL tl/sf a9L
;kmn x'G5 h;df :yfgLo ljifoj:t' w]/} x'G5 ,
ax';+Vos lg/If/ / ul/a hgtfsf nflu klg
rflxg], pgLx¿sf] ?lr / cfjZostf ;+u d]n
vfg] / pgLx¿s} efiffdf ljifo j:t' x'G5 .
eg]/ 8/fpg' kb}{g . rfx]sf] ;dodf
OG6/g]6af6 ;dfrf/ ;'Gg;S5g\ . To:t}
g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt x'g] sltko g]kfnL /
c+u|]hL efiffsf b}lgs / ;fKtflxs cvaf/x¿
OG6/g]6 dfkm{t ljZjel/ k9g ;lsG5 . oxL · vfg]kfgL lah'nL cflbsf] dx;'n ltg]{ Joj:yf
k|ljlwnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ b'u{d ufpFx¿df .
;+rfng ul/g] 6]ln;]G6/, cl8of] 6fj/, ;"rgf u|fdL0f ;"rgf s]Gb|;+a+wL
s]Gb| cflbdfkm{t ufpFn]x¿n] klg ;/sf/L of]hgf
cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;"rgf / 1fg vf]Hg, kfpg, /
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon] bzf}F
pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf]
of]hgf cjlwel/df b]zsf ljleGg ufpFdf
kfn'ªdf ;+rflnt ;"rgf k|ljlw kl/of]hgfn]
kGw|;o u|fdL0f ;"rgf s]Gb| vf]Ng] nIf
o'jfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] / ufpFsf] eljiosf]
/fv]sf] 5 . ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr ;j{;fwf/0f;Dd
af/]df 5nkmn ug{ / of]hgf agfpg nufpg]
k'¥ofO{ o;sf] dfWodaf6 /f]huf/L a9fpg],
;Defjgf b]vfPsf] 5 . ljZjel/sf o'jfx¿nfO{
1fgdf cfwfl/t Joj;fo a9fpg], s[lif ahf/ la:tf/
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ul7t
ug]{ cflb p2]Zon] oL s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ug{
ljZjJofkL OG6/g]6 o'jf d~r Dof08]6 km/
nfluPsf x'g\ . k|To]s s]Gb|df b'O6f
b km\o'r/ / jN8{Eo' OG6/ g];gn ldn]/
sDKo'6/, b'O6f l8lh6n Sofd/f, Pp6f
gjnk/f;Ldf b'O6f, bf8=, w'lnv]n / kfn'ªdf
:Sofg/, Pp6f lk|G6/, Pp6f kmf]6f]skL
PsPs 7fpFdf OG6/g]6o'Qm ;+rf/ s]Gb|
d]l;g, Pp6f ˆofS; d]l;g / Ps nfOg
:yfkgf ug]{ lgwf] u/] . kfn'ªdf klxn]b]lv
6]lnkmf]g x'g]5 . oxfF /flvg] sDKo'6/df
;fd'bflos ;+rf/ sfo{qmdn] ;fd'bflos >j0f
g]kfnL lnlk / g]kfnL efiffsf] k|of]u ul/g]5
s]Gb| -cl8of] 6fj/_ ;+rfng ul//x]sf] x'gfn]
. o;n] ufpFn]x¿nfO{ Od]n, OG6/g]6,
kfn'ª o;sf nflu lgSs} pko'Qm lyof] . of]
6]lnkmf]g, ˆofS;sf] ;'ljwf lbg]5 . ;'?df
sfo{qmdsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf s] 5 eg]
afSnf] a:tL ePsf] / 6]lnkmf]g / lah'nLsf]
o;df k|ljlwnfO{ ;fwgsf] ¿kdf dfq pkof]u
;'ljwf k'u]sf ufpFdf o:tf s]Gb|x¿
ul/G5 . k|ljlwnfO{ s] sfddf nufpg] eGg]
vf]lng]5g\ .
lg0f{o ;d'bfon] g} u5{ .
;f] kl/of]hgfsf] k/LIf0f
;j{k|yd ljleGg 7fpFsf o'jfx¿nfO{ e]nf
sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
u/fP/ 5nkmn rnfOof] . sDKo'6/ /
dGqfnon] o'Pgl8kLsf] ;xof]udf …ljsf;sf
OG6/g]6df kx'Fr ePkl5 s]s] sfd ug{;lsG5
nflu ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwÚ cu'jf kl/of]hgf
eGg] 5nkmn eof] . ;d'bfosf] lxtdf
;+rfng ub}{5 . of] kl/of]hgf cf]vn9'+uf,
sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6sf] s;/L pkof]u ug{
;'g;/L, kj{t, 8f]6L, bfª, 88]Nw'/f, g'jfsf]6,
;lsG5 egL hfg]kl5 ca cfcfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf]
c5fd / a}t8L u/L gf} lhNnfsf !% uflj;df
nflu s'gs'g sfd ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ /
nfu"
sfo{qmd agfpg] lhDdf klg o'jfx¿s} lyof]
ul/g] 5 . s]Gb|sf] ;+rfng tLg ;b:oLo ;"rgf
. pgLx¿nfO{ s;}n] klg ;d'bfosf] enfOsf]
kl/rfng ;dGjo ;ldltn] ug]{5 . ;ldltdf
nflu of] sfd ug'{k5{ eg]/ nfb]gg\ .
6]ln;]G6/ Dofg]h/, k|fljlws / ;d'bfosf ;b:o
;d'bfosf] eljio / b}lgs hLjgnfO{
x'g]5g\ . :yfgLo zf;g P]gcg';f/ ;ldltsf]
k|efj kfg]{ s'/fx¿ s]s] x'g\ . ;+rf/n] o;df
lgo'lQm lhlj;n] ug]{5 . o;afx]s ufpFdf
s] k|efj kf5{ eGg] s'/fx¿ ;d'bfosf o'jfx¿n]
Pp6f 6]ln;]G6/ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt x'g]5 h;df
cl8of] 6fj/ rnfpFbfb]lv g} cg'ej ug{
;"rgf k|ljlwdf ?lr /fVg] :yfgLo
yln;s]sf lyP . ;dfhsf cu'jf tyf k|f}9x¿;Fu
dflg;x¿ x'g]5g\ . -;|f]t M uf]/vfkq b}lgs,
;d'bfosf nflu dxTjk"0f{ / lg0ff{os s'/fx¿df
@)^) c;f/ ^_
o'jfx¿n] ;+jfb rnfpg] of] dxTjk"0f{ cj;/
lyof] . ;/;kmfOb]lv s[lif, lzIff, ;"rgf k|ljlw / ;fd'bflos ;+rf/sf]
· ehg, uLt, gf6s, rnlrq cflb ;f+:s[lts, d]n
wfld{s / dgf]/+hgfTd ;fdu|L . cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlw / k/Dk/fut ;"rgf
· dtbftf gfdfjnL . k|ljlwsf] d]nn] rdTsf/L k|efj pTkGg
· hUuf hldg / dfnkf]tsf] nut tyf lt/f] ltg]{ ug{;S5 . ufpFsf cl8of] 6fj/, ;fd'bflos
Joj:yf . /]l8of]x¿n] OG6/g]6dfkm{t tfhf va/ lnP/
86
ufpFdf ;'gfpg;S5g\ . sltko PkmPd sDKo'6/nfO{ cfb]z lbg;lsG5 . :6'l8of]df
:6];gx¿n] g]kfndf of] sfd ul/x]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/L ga;] klg sfo{qmdx¿sf] >[+vnf
clxn] /]l8of] g]kfn / sflGtk'/ PkmPdn] k|; qmlds ¿kdf k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L
fl/t oGqpks/0fsf] vr{ / dflg;sf] d]xgt 36]sf] 5
u/]sf ;dfrf/x¿ j]q;fO6df /fVg] ul/Psf] x'Fbf .
>f]tfx¿n] ;dfrf/ 5'6\nf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] / OG6/g]6sf]
;fd'bflos /]l8of]df ;"rgf k| d]n M :jf:Yo, s[lif, jf jftfj/0f– ;DaGwL ;"rgf
ljlwsf] pkof]u OG6/g]6af6 k|fKt u/]/ tyf :jf:Yo
sfo{stf{x¿, s[lif sfo{qmdsf cu'jfx¿ jf
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n]
;fdfGo ufpFn]x¿nfO{ OG6/g]6dfkm{t k|
:yfgLo hgtfsf nflu 6]ln;]G6/sf] ;'ljwf
ljlws ljz]if1x¿;Fu ;Dks{ u/fP/ s'g} ljifo jf
pknAw u/fPsf pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . ufpFn]nfO{
;d:ofaf/] /]l8of]dfkm{t 5nkmn u/fpg
cfjZos ;"rgf 1fg / dgf]/+h lbg] dfq}
;lsG5 . ljleGg ;d'bfox¿nfO{ Pscsf{;Fu
xf]Og ufpFn]n] vf]h]sf] ;"rgf pknAw
;Dkls{t u/fP/ pgLx¿nfO{ sfd nfUg]
u/fpg] dfWod jf bf]xf]/f] ;+rf/ dfWodsf]
ljifox¿df jf ;d:of / ;dfwfgx¿sf af/]df
¿kdf xfn ljZjsf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;fd'bflos
cgnfOg 5nkmn rnfpg ;lsG5 . :jf:Yo tyf
/]l8of] lgSs} k|efjsf/L / nf]slk|o aGb}5g\
cfDbfgL a9fpg] ljljw ljifodf pgLx¿n]
. ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]un] ubf{ ;fd'bflos
sfo{qmd agfO;s]sf lyP .
/]l8of] ;/n, ;:tf] / k|efjsf/L klg ag]sf] 5 .
sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6df kx'Fr ePkl5 :yfgLo
sDKo'6/df :6'l8of] M lr7Lkq jf kf08'lnlk,
o'jfx¿sf] hfFu/ emg a9Øf] . cleefjsx¿n]
n]v cflb n]Vg] / sfo{qmd tyf l/s8{x¿
klg cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ of] sfddf
;"rLj4 tyf juL{s/0f ug]{h:tf ;fdfGo sfddf
xf}:ofP . kRrL; hgfsf] ;d"xdf clxn] !%
sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u w]/} klxn]b]lv x'g
b]lv @% jif{;Ddsf o'jfx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] !!
yfn]sf] xf] . /]l8of] :6'l8of]sf] e08f/ jf
hgf k'?if 5g\ eg] ax';+Vos dlxnf 5g\ . of]
cfsf{Oadf ;+slnt uLt, ;+uLt, cGtjf{tf{
kl/of]hgfdf dlxgfsf] b'O{ kN6 ;d"xsf
cflb l/s8{ ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] y'k|f]af6
;b:ox¿ e]nf eP/ cl8of] 6fj/df k|;f/0f ug]{
rflxg] s'g} ljifo jf ;du|L km]nf kfg{
sfo{qmdsf] pTkfbg tyf OG6/g]6af6
sDKo'6/n] ;lhnf] kf/]sf] 5 . ;a}
g]6jls{8+ ug]{af/] 5nkmn u5{g\ .
;fdu|Lsf] OG8]S; -;"rL_ / Sof6nu
:yfgLo hgtfsf] lxtsf nflu s:tf] sfo{qmd
sDKo'6/df /fv]sf] v08df ;DalGwt ljifosf]
cfjZos 5 tyf s'gs'g j]j;fO6df :yfgLo
af/]df ;+lIfKt ;"rL / ljj/0f ;fy} ;f] ;fdu|L
hgtfnfO{ kmfObf x'g] s'/f 5g\ eg]/
sxfF slt gDa/sf] 6]kdf 5 eGg] hfgsf/L;d]t
5nkmn rnfpF5g\ . pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] ljsf;
t'?Gt} yfxf kfpg;lsG5 . sDKo'6/af6
s;/L
sfo{qmd pTkfbg M l8lh6n /]lsl8{ªn]
x'G5 / cfDbfgL s;/L a9fpg ;lsG5 eGg]
ubf{ Sof;]6 6]kdf x'g] vr{ 36]sf] 5 /
af/]df gofFgofF ljrf/x¿ Nofpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
:j/sf] u'0f:t/ a9]sf] 5 . s'/fsfgL, ;+uLt,
t/ of] kl/of]hgf ;d:of/lxt eg] 5}g .
;fp08 Okm]S6, lh+un cflb /]l8of]
af/+af/ ljh'nLsf] nfOg sfl6G5 sDKo'6/
sfo{qmdsf nflu rflxg] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|L
lalu|/xG5 . d/dt ug{sf nflu a]nfa]nfdf
sDKo'6/sf] Pp6f xf8{l8:sdf /fVg;lsG5 .
sDKo'6/ af]s]/ sf7df8f}F k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
Ps} kN6 !% hgf;Dd sfo{qmd pTkfbsx¿n]
sDKo'6/ s;/L rnfpg] eGg] pko'Qm tflndsf]
a]Unfa]Un} sDKo'6/ 6ld{gn rnfP/ Pp6f
cefj ;a}sf] ;d:of xf] . pgLx¿nfO{
xf8{l8:sdf ePsf ;fdu|L /f]Hb} sfo{qmddf
OG6/g]6 rnfpg] tflnd lbOPsf] eP tfklg
ld;fpg, sfo{qmd agfpg / ;Dkfbg
cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] ljifo s;/L vf]Hg] jf ;r{
ug{;S5g\ . tof/ ePsf] sfo{qmd xf8{l8:sdf
OlGhgsf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] pkof]u s;/L
/fv]kl5 olt ah] of] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug'{
ug]{ eGg] tflnd lbOPsf]
eg]/

87
5}g . o;n] ubf{ Pp6f ljifo vf]Hg w]/} ;do
nfU5 . vr{ w]/} x'G5 . Pp6f dfq}
6]lnkmf]g nfOg / Ps ;]6 dfq} sDKo'6/
ePsf] 7fpFdf w]/} hgfn] 6]lnkmf]gsf]
nflu s'g'{kg]{ x'g;S5 jf aflx/af6 cfpg]
6]lnkmf]g /f]lsg;S5 . ;d:of cfPkl5 ;dfwfg
klg x'Fb}u5{ . kfn'ªsf o'jfx¿n] ef]u]sf]
;d:of / pgLx¿n] u/]sf] gofF sfdaf6 c?
ufpF7fpFsf c;+Vo o'jfx¿n] kmfObf
p7fpg;S5g\ . tf; / Sof/daf]8{ v]n]/ laTg]
;do 6f9f6f9fsf
ckl/lrt dflg;x¿;Fu kl/ro a9fP/ tyf cfˆgf] /
ufpFn]sf nflu pkof]uL hfgsf/L h'6fP/
;b'kof]u ug{;lsG5 . cfˆgf ljrf/, cfjfh /
klxrfg ca ufpFdf dfq ;Lldt g/xL ljZjel/
km}lnPsf] yfxf kfPkl5 kfn'ªsf o'jfx¿sf]
lxDdt lgSs} a9]sf] 5 . ;|f]tM kfn'ª :6f]/L,
uf}/j/fh pkfWofo, g]kfnL 6fOD;, @$–#)
cu:t, @))@
>Ln+sfdf /]l8of]dfkm{t
uf“pn]x¿sf] OG6/g]6df kx'“r
sf]6dn] ufpF g} ufpFsf] a:tL ePsf]
em08} !%))) hg;+Vof ePsf] lgjf{rg If]q
xf] . oxfFsf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfgLo
dflg;x¿ / OG6/g]6sf] d]n u/fOlbg] k|
efjsf/L ;fwgsf] ¿kdf /]l8of]nfO{ pkof]u
ug]{ gf}nf] / df}lns k/LIf0f ynf] ag]sf] 5
. of] /]l8of] :6];gn] x/]s lbg æ/]l8of]af6
OG6/g]6 ljr/0fÆ -/]l8of] a|fplhª b
OG6/g]6_ sfo{qmd k|;f/ u5{ . sfo{qmd
k|;f/ eO/x]sf] a]nfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]
sfo{qmd k|;f/sx¿n] /f]lhPsf] j]a;fO6df
pknAw ;"rgfaf/] 5nkmn ug]{ / To;sf] cy{
nfpg] / JofVof ug{] sfd u5{g\ . o;df
c+u|]hL efiff a'‰gg;Sg] / cfkm}n] ;Lw}
OG6/g]6 rnfpgg;Sg] dflg;x¿sf nflu
OG6/g]6df pknAw ;"rgfnfO{ ;lhnf];Fu
:yfgLo efiffdf a'emfpg] / OG6/g]6sf]
;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] ul/G5 .
>f]tfx¿n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] s'g} ljifosf]
;"rgf lbg cg'/f]w ug{;S5g\ . ahf/ efpmsf]
36a9, s[lif, ul/aL 36fpgsf nflu cfjZos ;Lk
/ pkfo, cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s z}lIfs ;fdu|
L, :jf:Yo pkrf/, cf}ifwL cflbaf/] hfgsf/L
ljz]if pkof]uL ;"rgf x'g\ . o'g]:sf] /
>Ln+sf ;/sf/sf] of] cu'jf kl/of]hgfn]
88
JolQmut ¿kdf ;Lw} jf cfkm}n] OG6/g]6
ljr/0f ug{ rfxg] dflg;x¿sf] nflu klg
OG6/g]6 Sofkm]df lgz'Ns OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf]
kxF'r tyf b'O{ j6f sDKo'6/ 6ld{gn pknAw
u/fPsf] 5 .
o;sf ;fy} /]l8of]n] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿n]
k|foM cg'/f]w u/]sf ;"rgfx¿sf] hfgsf/Lsf]
e08f/ -8]6fa];_ klg tof/ kfb}{5 . o;df
;+slnt hfgsf/L w]/}h;f] :yfgLo efiffdf,
:yfgLo ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos / :yfgLo ?
lrcg';f/sf x'G5g\ . OG6/g]6df kfOg] tof/L
;"rgfx¿ :yfgLo dflg;x¿sf nflu Tolt pko'Qm
gx'g] x'gfn] :yfgLo cfjZostf cg';f/ 8]6fa];
tof/ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . ;fef/ M sDo'lg6L
/]l8of] Xof08a's, o'g]:sf], @))! zx/sf
cvaf/ ufpFdf M sf7df8f}Faf6 k|sflzt x'g]
cvaf/x¿sf k|d'v ;dfrf/ oxfFsf PkmPd
:6];gx¿n] Psflaxfg} 3/3/df k'¥ofP/ b]zsf]
/fhgLlts tyf cGo ultljlwaf/] cfdhgtfnfO{
;"lrt ug{ dxTjk"0f{ sfd ;fd'bflos /]l8of]
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ OG6/g]6;Fu ld;fpg'
ufpFn]x¿;dIf k'Ug]
/fd|f] pkfo xf] . /]l8of] :6];gdf OG6/g]6
;'ljwf 5 eg] sfo{qmd pTkfbsx¿n] cfˆgf
>f]tfx¿sf] rf;f]sf ljifox¿sf] hfgsf/L
OG6/g]6sf] ljzfn e08f/df vf]Hg;S5g\ .
;fy} OG6/g]6df pknAw ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df
pgLx¿n] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿n] p7fPsf ljz]if k|
Zg jf lh1f;fx¿sf] pQ/ lbg klg
;S5g\ . o;/L 6]lnkmf]g hf]8g] sNkgf
gu/]sf 3/x¿df ;d]t OG6/g]6sf] nfe
k'¥ofpg;lsG5 . sfo{qmd pTkfbgdf
OG6/g]6sf] ;xof]u M sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf
nflu /]l8of] :6];gn] OG6/g]6af6 ljleGg k|
sf/sf ;"rgfsf] ljzfn e08f/ kfpg;S5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, w/}h;f] ;dfrf/bftf ;+:yfx¿ /
cgnfOg
cvaf/x¿ OG6/g]6df kfOG5g\ . To:t} ljsf;]
;+:yfx¿, u}/;/sf/L tyf ;/ sf/L lgsfox¿,
ljZjljBfnox¿ cflbsf ;"rgf kfpg;lsG5 . o;sf
;fy}, OG6/g]6af6 :jf:Yo, lzIff, dlxnf
clwsf/h:tf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf nflu
dxTjk"0f{ ljifox¿ / >Jo sfo{qmdx¿ klg
;fg{ -8fpgnf]8_ / /]l8of]af6
k'gM k|;f/0f ug{;lsG5 .
 OG6/g]6dfkm{t ;fd'bflos
/]l8of]x¿n] cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf /]l8of]
sfo{qmd ;f6f;f6 ug{;S5g\ . jg jN8{,
Unf]an /]l8of] ;le{; tyf P–OGkmf]hh:tf
;]jfx¿n] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6df cGo pTkfbsx¿sf]
/]l8of] sfo{qmd /fVg lbG5g\
h'g sfo{qmd c? pTkfbsx¿n] klg pkof]u
ug{;S5g\ . To:t} c? pTkfbsx¿n] /fv]sf
sfo{qmdx¿ klg cGo pTkfbsx¿n] pkof]u
ug{ / k|;f/ ug{;S5g\ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n]
cfˆg} j]a;fO6 /fv]/ cfˆgf]af/] hfgsf/L
lbg;S5g\ .
;fd'bflos /]l8of]dfkm{t 6]ln;]G6/ M
ufpFn] 6]ln;]G6/ cyf{t\ ;"rgf s]Gb|sf]
p2]Zo ufpFn]x¿sf] nflu ;"rgf kfpg;Sg]
ynf] agfpg' xf] . oxfF l;Q}df jf s]xL z'Ns
lt/]/ ufpFn]x¿n] cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] ;"rgf
kfpg;S5g\ . o;nfO{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]
:6];g;Fu hf]l8of] eg] o;sf] k|efj a9\5 .
ufpFn]x¿n] /]l8of]af6} cfkm"n] vf]h]sf]
jf dfu]sf] ;"rgf kfpg;S5g\ . o:tf]
6]ln;]G6/n] OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs
6]lnkmf]g / ˆofS; ;]jf, lel8of], cl8of]–
leh'cn ;fdu|L / k':tsfno ;'ljwf klg lbg;S5 .
s'g} 6]ln;]G6/n] Sof;]6 / l/s8{x¿ a]Rg],
lel8of] / cl8of]–leh'cn pks/0fx¿ ef8fdf
nufpg] 8]:s6k klAnl;ª / kmf]6f]skL ;]jf
lbg]h:tf sfdx¿ ug{;S5g\ . o;/L
6]ln;]G6/nfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg;lsG5 .
6]k jf cl8of] Sof;]6df e/]/
ufpFufpFdf k7fpg] uy]{ . k/b]zdf a;]sf
cfkmGt;Fu 6]kdf af]n]/ lr7L ;Gb]z
cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ pkfo lg/If/x?sf nflu
pkof]uL dfWod ag]sf] 5 . clxn] klg ^) k|
ltzt ufpFdf 6]lnkmf]g k'u]sf] 5}g .
6]lnkmf]g k'u] klg OG6/g]6 rnfpg sl7gfO
k/]sf 7fpFx¿df
cgnfOg ;+rf/sf] ljsNkdf ;L8L /f]d k7fpg /
ljqmL ljt/0f
ug{;lsG5 . cgk9x¿nfO{ ;'gfpg / cdhgtfsf
nflu ;fGble{s / pkof]uL ;"rgf / 1fg
pgLx¿n] a'‰g] efiff / z}nLdf ufpFdf
k'¥ofpg æ;'Gg] klqsfÆ -cl8of] Sof;]6_ /
lel8of] Sof;]6 k|of]u u/]h:t} OG6/g]6df
/flvg] ;fdu|L / To;n] lbg] ;]jf cflb ;L8Ldf
/fv]/ sDKo'6/ ePsf hf];'s}n] kflg pkof]u
89
ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;L8L /f]ddf
xhf/f}F kfgf / kf7Ø ;fdu|L, lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg
cflb /]s8{ ug{ ;lsG5 . cl8of] Sof;]6 /
lel8of] Sof;]6sf] bfFhf]df of] w]/} ;:tf] /
pTkfbg ug{ ;lhnf] klg 5 . uLt ;'Gg]
Sof;]6nfO{ ;"rgf / 1fg lbg] ;'Gg] klqsfdf
kl/0ft u/]/ cfdhgtfnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofP
em}F lkmNd x]g]{ / uLt ;'Gg] ;L8LnfO{
klg 6]lnkmf]g nfOg gk'u]sf t/ ljh'nL
k'u]sf 7fpFdf ;"rgf / 1fg km}nfpg] sfddf
k|efjsf/L 9+un] pkof]u ug{;lsG5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfon] gu/af;L jf
ufpFn]x¿nfO{ lbg] ;]jfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L
tyf hGd, d[To', a;fO;/fO btf{, gful/stf jf
/fxbfgLsf]
l;kmfl/; cflb uflj;n] lbg] ;]jfsf] nflu rflxg]
kmf/fdx¿ ;L8Ldf /fv]/ afFl8of] eg] ;L8L
8«fOe ePsf sDKo'6/x¿dfkm{t hgtfn]
hfgsf/L kfpg / kmfd{ e/]/ lk|G6/af6 5fk]/
yf]/} ;dod} ;DalGwt lgsfodf k'¥ofpg
;lsG5 . ;f] lgsfon] klg sDKo'6/df /flvPsf]
clen]vsf] cfwf/df cfjZos ;]jf tTsfn e/]/ jf
;L8Laf6} ;f/]/ gful/sx¿nfO{ ;]jf lbg;S5 .
OG6/g]6
rnfpg c+u|]hL a'‰g}kg]{ jfWotf ePsf]
cj:yfdf ;L8Ldf g]kfnL efiffdf sfd ug{;lsg]
x'gfn] klg c+u|]hL ga'lemg] ufpF7fpFsf
nflu of] Joj:yf a9L k|efjsf/L x'g;S5 .
ufpF / lhNnfsf] ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|
0ffnLaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf ;"rgf / 1fgsf e08f/x¿
-8]6f a];_ tyf dGqfno;Ddsf] cfjZos
hfgsf/L ufpFufpFdf k'¥ofpg ;L8Lsf] k|
of]u ug{' pko'Qm pkfo x'g;S5 . o;/L
dGqfno, ljefu / ;+a+lwt nfOg Ph]G;Lsf
;"rgf / tYof+sx¿ ;L8Laf6 ufpFufpFdf
k'¥ofpg' w]/} ;/n, ;:tf] / l56f] klg x'G5 .
6]lnkmf]g jf OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf gePsf 7fpFdf
of] tl/sf pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L x'g;S5 .
ul//x]sf 5g\ . To:t} sDo'lgs];g sg{/n]
sf7df8f}Fsf cvaf/x¿sf k|d'v ;dfrf/
6]lnkmf]gaf6 k9]/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] / cGo
PkmPd :6];gx¿dfkm{t ufpFufpFdf
k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . of] sfd OG6/g]6af6
cem} Jofks ¿kdf / k|efjsf/L 9+un]
ug{;lsG5 . ufpF3/df sf7df8f}Faf6 k|sflzt
x'g] cvaf/sf ;dfrf/x¿, vf;u/L /fhglts 36gf /
ljZn]if0f yfxf kfpg] lgSs} pT;'stf x'G5 . k|
hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgfkl5 of] ?lr :ki6 ¿kdf
a9]sf] xf] . @)%( ;fn c;f]hkl5 /fhgLlts
ultljlwdf cfdhgtfsf] ?lr cem} a9]sf] 5 .
OG6/g]6sf] dfWodn] sf7df8f}Faf6 dfq
xf]Og lhNnfsf ;b/ d'sfdx¿af6 k|sflzt x'g]
;dfrf/kq k"/} cvaf/ jf dxTjk"0f{ k[i7 jf
v08nfO{ :Sofg u/]/ jf l8lh6n Sofd/faf6
j]ak]hdf /fv]/ tTsfn} ;j{JofkL agfpg;lsG5 .
PkmPd /]l8of], cl8of] 6fj/ jf h'g;'s}
ldl8ofn] klg To;nfO{ k'gM k|rf/ k|;f/ u/]/
cfdhgtf;Dd tTsfn tL ;fdu|L k'¥ofpg;S5g\ .
6LeL s]a'n, OG6/g]6 / k|ljlw cyjf OG6/g]6sf] d'Vo cfwf/ g}
/]l8of]sf] d]n
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf /]l8of]dfq
o:tf] ;fwg xf] h;sf] ;a}eGbf w]/} pkof]u
ul/a hgtfn] ug{;S5g\ . /]l8of]sf] k/Dk/fut
Ifdtf / e"ldsf a9fpg] sfddf OG6/g]6n]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb}5 . :yfgLo
cfjfhnfO{ ljZjJofkL agfpg] sfd l8lh6n
/]l8of] k|;f/0f, sDKo'6/ k|;f/0f tyf s]a'n
6LeLsf] tf/dfkm{t /]l8of] k|;f/0f cflb k|
ljlwn] ul//x]sf] 5 . Psflt/ OG6/g]6dfkm{t
:j/ k|;f/0f ug]{ ;'ljwfn] ubf{ OG6/g]6 hl8t
x/]s sDKo'6/ /]l8of] ;]6 aGg;S5 eg]
csf]{lt/ j]a;fO6 ;+rfng ug]{ x/]s JolQm jf
;+rfnsn] cfˆgf] :j/ sfo{qmd
OG6/g]6dfkm{t k|;f/0f ug{;Sg] ePsf 5g\
. ;fy} clxn] cfP/ g]kfndf klg s]a'n 6LeL
;]jf k|bfosx¿n] s]a'ndfkm{t OG6/g]6
;'ljwf lbg;Sg] Joj:yf x'Fb}5 . tL
s]a'ndfkm{t /]l8of] k|;f/ ubf{
slQ klg yk vr{ pks/0f jf nfO;]G; rflx+b}g
/ s]a'neGbf em08} @%–#) ld6/k/ ;Dd
/]l8of] ;'Gg;lsG5 . oL k|ljlwx¿n]
cfdhgtf;dIf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr ;/n, ;:tf] /
u'0f:t/Lo x'g] s'/fdf z+sf 5}g .
cgnfOgsf] ljsNk ;L8L /f]d
lghL If]qdf PkmPd /]l8of] k|;f/0f
ug]{ k|fjwfg gx'Fbf;Dd sltko ;+:yfx¿n]
hgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;"rgf, ;dfrf/ / ljljw
ljifosf 1fgsf/Lx¿ ;'Gg]
cWofo !)
;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg
;d:of / xf“sx¿
90
kx'“r / pkof]u
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] d'Vo
p2]Zo b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u a9fP/ b]zdf ul/aL 36fpg ;3fpg'
dflgPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu cfdhgtf;dIf ;"rgf k|
ljlw k'¥ofP/ dfq} x'Fb}g hgtfnfO{ ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] dxTjk|lt ;r]t u/fP/ hgtfnfO{ o;sf]
pkof]u ug{;Sg] agfpg'k5{ . csf]{ zAbdf,
Psflt/ ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ cfdhgtfsf] kx'Frdf
k'¥ofpg] xfFs 5 eg] csf]{lt/ hgtfnfO{
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{;Sg]
Ifdtf lbnfpg' k/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, cfw'lgs ;"rgf
b"/;+rf/ ePsf] x'gfn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf]
d"n xfFs g} b"/;+rf/ / ljh'nLsf] pknAwtf
xf] .
l8lh6n l8efO8 cyf{t\ ;"rgfsf]
vf8n
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u k|efjsf/L
9+un] ug{;Sg] / g;Sg] dflg;x¿, ;d'bfox¿,
b]zx¿ / Pp6} b]zleqsf ljleGg efux¿sf]
aLrdf cGt/fn jf vf8n dfgj Oltxf;df gofF
s'/f xf]Og . t/ of] vf8n clxn] cfP/ ce"tk"j{
¿kdf al9/x]sf] 5 . k|ljlwsf] c;dfg kx'Fr /
pkof]un] ljZjsf clwsf+z dflg;x¿nfO{
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nfex¿af6 a+lrt
u/fpFb}5 . OG6/g]6 / Od]nh:tf gofF ;"rgf
tyf ;+rf/sf k|ljlw / ;fwgx¿ k|efjsf/L 9+un]
pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] / g;Sg]x¿aLrsf]
vf8nnfO{ hgfpgsf] nflu clxn] æl8lh6n
l8efO6Æ zAbfjnL sf] k|rng al9/x]sf] 5 .
sDKo'6/, b"/;+rf/, On]S6«f]lgs pks/0f,
lah'nLh:tf ;"rgf k|ljlw ;+rfngsf k|d'v
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] pknAwtf, ltgdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr
/ pkof]u ug]{ Ifdtf s'g} ;dfhdf l8lh6n
l8efO8 slt km/flsnf] 5 egL gfKg] s]xL
cfwf/ x'g\ .
;f}o{ phf{af6 rNg] k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u
;"rgf k|ljlw rnfpg] phf{ lah'nL xf]
. lah'nLlagf sDKo'6/, Od]n, OG6/g]6 tyf
b"/;+rf/sf pks/0fx¿ rNb}gg\ . t/ g]kfndf
nueu ;os8f aL; kl/jf/n] dfq} lah'nL
pkef]u ug{ kfPsf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u s;/L x'g;S5 < cGtl/Ifdf
klg lah'nL k7fpg ldNb}g, t}klg ToxfF
:yflkt xhf/f}F e"pku|xx¿n] sfd ul//x]sf
5g\ . e"pku|xnfO{ lah'nLsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{
sfd To;df hl8Psf ;f}o{ Kofgnn] u5{ .
g]kfndf 3fdaf6 lah'nL lgsfn] / ladfg:ynsf
;+rf/ pks/0f ;+rfng ug]{ sfd klxnf] k6s
;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf eb|k'/
ljdfg:yndf ul/Psf] pNn]v kfOG5 . g]kfn
b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] klxnf] kN6 !(&$ df
bdf}nLdf 3fd lah'nLsf] k|of]u u/]sf] xf] .
;/sf/n] 5}6f}F k+rjifL{o of]hgfb]lv ;f}o{
phf{df hf]8 lbPsf] xf] . xfn ;/sf/ n] aL;
jif]{ gjLs/0fLo phf{ gLltcg';f/ ;f}o{ phf{
k|j4{gsf nflu C0f, cg'bfg / k|ljlws ;xof]u
lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . of] sfddf ljb]zL ;+:yfx¿n]
klg ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . @)^) ;fnsf]
c;f/;Dddf g]kfnsf ^^ lhNnfsf !!)@ uflj;df
em08} @% xhf/ kl/jf/ jf sfof{non] ;f}o{
phf{sf] pkof]u
ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;f}o{ phf{sf] dfu lbglbg}
al9/xs]f 5 . g]kfndf clxn] lah'nL gk'u]sf
ufpFx¿df klg ;f}o{ zlQm pkof]u u/]/
pHofnf] kfg]{, 6]lnlehg, /]l8of], sDKo'6/
/ 6]lnkmf]g ;+rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfndf xfn k|rlnt ;f}o{ zlQm pTkfbg k|
ljlwdf lbgel/ hDdf ePsf]
lah'nL a]6«Ldf ;+sng u/]/ ;fFem pkof]u
ul/G5 . xfn lah'nL gk'u]sf sltko b'u{d
lhNnfdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ;f}o{
lah'nLaf6 sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6 / cGo ;+rf/
;]jf pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|
ljlwnfO{ ufpFufpFdf k'¥ofpg / o;af6
hgtfnfO{ kmfObf lbnfpgsf nflu ;f}o{
phf{sf] ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
dfnlbE;sf] !)=@& / a+unfb]zsf]
6]ln8]lG;6L )=%% -ljZjs} ;a}eGbf sd_ 5
eg] pQ/L l5d]sL b]z lrgsf] 6]ln8]lG;6L
@$=(* 5 . g]kfnleq klg sf7df8f}F pkTosf
/ aflx/sf] b"/;+rf/sf] l:yltdf sxfnLnfUbf]
leGgtf 5 . g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vof @#))))))
dWo] ;}s8f !% eGbf sd hg;+Vof
zx/L If]qdf a:5g\ . sf7df8f}F pkTosfleq
em08} @) nfv df cyf{t\ s'n hg;+Vofsf] (
k|ltzt a:5g\ / b'O{ s/f]8 b; nfv dflg;
pkTosf aflx/ a:5g\ . t/ sf7df8f}Fdf a:g]
( k|ltzt hg;+Vosf] lx:;fdf s'n 6]lnkmf]g
91
nfOgsf] ^* k|ltzt k5{ eg] (! k|ltzt
hg;+Vofsf] nflu s]jn #@ k|ltzt 6]lnkmf]g
nfOg pknAw 5 . o; lx;fan] sf7df8f}F
pkTosfleqsf] 6]ln8]lG;6L @# k|ltzt 5 eg]
pkTosf aflx/sf] 6]ln8]lG;6L )=!$ k|
ltztdfq} 5 . ^) k|ltzt ufpFdf 6]lnkmf]g
k'u]sf] 5}g . g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf]
df]afOn kmf]g Ifdtf &) xhf/ nfOg 5 .
o;dWo] ;fpg d;fGt;Dd $) xhf/ nfOg
afFl8;lsPsf] 5 . $) xhf/dWo] sf7df8f}Fdf
#% xhf/ / aflx/ % xhf/hlt df]afOn kmf]g
afFl8Psf] 5 . sf7df8f}F pkTofleq OG6/g]6
/ Od]n pkof]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof 8]9 nfv
gfl3;s]sf] 5 eg] pkTosf aflx/ OG6/g]6
;]jfsf] cj:yf l67nfUbf] 5 .
OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug{ Ohfht
kfPsf !* j6f ;+:yfx¿dWo] !^ j6f ;+:yfx¿
sf7df8f}Fd} cjl:yt 5g\ . afsL b'O{dWo]
Pp6f kf]v/f / csf]{ w/fgdf 5 . tLdWo] !%
hltn] ;]jf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . cfwf bh{geGbf
yf]/}n] b]zsf s]xL 7"nf, vf; u/L t/fO{
If]qsf zx/x¿df OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbO/x]sf 5g\ .
pkTosf aflx/sf] Od]n / OG6/g]6 ;]jf
pkTosfdfeGbf w]/} dxFuf] 5 / u'0f:t/ w]/}
tNnf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 ;+rflnt s'n
j]a;fO6x¿dWo] ;}s8f (% eGbf w]/}
j]a;fO6 sf7df8f}F pkTosfleqsf JolQm,
;+:yf, sDkgL tyf cGo lgsfox¿sf] 5 .
sf7df8f}F pkTosf / aflx/sf] aLr b"/;+rf/
;'ljwfdf ePsf] of] e]befjsf] vf8n / ;du|df
/fli6«o ¿kd} b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] bogLo l:yltsf]
nflu b]zsf] ljifd ef}uf]lns l:ylt, ul/aL,
rsf]{ z'Ns cflb ljleGg sf/0fx¿ atfOPtf klg
o;sf] nflu b"/;+rf/;+a+wL lgoGq0fsf/L
gLlt g} k|d'v ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5 .
g]kfnsf] b"/;+rf/sf] lat]sf] bz jif{sf]
Oltxf; s]nfpg] xf] eg] of] s'/f 5n{Fu x'G5
. ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] d]?b08 g} b"/;+rf/
ePsf]n] b"/;+rf/sf] lgoGq0fsf/L gLltsf] k|
ToIf k|efj g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df
k/]sf] :ki6 5 . ;"rgfsf] vf8n ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿aLr dfq xf]Og Pp6} b]z / ;d'bfoleq
klg ljleGg ju{x¿sf] aLrdf klg of] vf8n
a9\bf] 5 . b]zsf] ;du| / Gofok"0f{ ljsf;sf]
nflu of] vf8n 36fpg' clt cfjZos 5 .
k|ljlw / pks/0fdf kx'“rdf c;dfgtf
 kmf]g ug{ b'O{ lbg lxF8]/
vf]6fªaf6 ef]hk'/ cfpg'kg]{ jfWotf
-sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)^) ;fpg @^_, aofln;
xhf/ x'DnLnfO{ Pp6f 6]lnkmf]g -:k];6fOd
b}lgs @)^) h]7 &_, gAa] xhf/ ef]hk'/af;L
;+rf/ ;]jfaf6 a+lrt -sflGtk'/ b}lgs @)%(
ebf} @&_, Ps sn kmf]g ug{ tLg lbgsf]
ofqf Û -sflGtk'/ b}lgs,
@)%( ebf} @*_, 6]lnkmf]g ug{ 306f}F
nfOg a:5g\ d':tfª\uLx¿ -sflGtk'/ b}lgs,
@)%( c;f]h %_, ls;fgn] klg OG6/g]6 rnfP/
Jofkf/ ug'{kg]{ -uf]/ vfkq b}lgs @)%&
d+l;/ @(_, ;f9] tLg jif{leq k|To]s uflj;df
b'O{ nfOg 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'Ug] -g]kfn
;dfrf/kq b}lgs, @)%^ d+l;/ !^_, ;+rf/
;Dks{ ljR5]b ePsf !( lhNnfdf 6]lnkmf]g
;]jf ;+rfng ul/g] -uf]/vfkq
b}lgs, @)%( c;f]h @(_, ljB't\ ;'ljwf
kfO/x]sf afx| xhf/ u|fxs cft+ssf sf/0f xfn
ljB't\ ;]jfaf6 a+lrt -uf]/vfkq b}lgs, @)%(
c;f]h !*_, Aof6«L gkfpFbf /]l8of] ;'Ggaf6
/f]NkfnL a+lrt -sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)%(
c;f]h !_, b'O{ ca{ kGw| s/f]8 ljB't\ dx;'n
afsL -:k];6fOd b}lgs_ . o:tf ;dfrf/
zLif{sx¿ g]kfnsf cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿df
b}lgsh;f] b]Vg kfOG5 . l;+ufk'/df
df]afOn kmf]g pkof]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof
@))# h'gdf *) k|ltzt gfWof] . tf/jfnf
kmf]g pkof]u ug{]x¿sf] ;+Vof $%=( k|
ltztdf em/]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] s'n hg;+VofdWo]
cfwfeGbf w]/} dflg; a:g] Plzof dxfb]z
clxn] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ;a}eGbf
km:6fpFbf] ahf/ ag]sf] 5 . ;jf c/j hg;+Vof
gfw]sf], pQ/sf] l5d]sL lrgdf df]afOn
kmf]g pkof]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof !% k|
ltzteGbf w]/} k'lu;s]sf] 5 eg] Ps c/aeGbf
w]/} hg;+Vof ePsf] blIf0fsf] l5d]sL ef/tdf
klg df]afOn kmf]g / ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlwdf ce"tk"j{ ljsf; eO/xsf] 5 . lrgsf]
xf8{j]o/ pBf]u / ef/tsf] ;ˆ6j]o/ pBf]usf]
ljsf;n] ;"rgf ;dfhsf] l;h{gfdf w]/} cl3
a9]sf
hfkfg / cd]l/sfnfO{ ;d]t lrlGtt agfpg
yfn]sf] 5 .
ljsl;t d'nsx¿sf] s'/} 5f8f}F ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] If]qdf s]xL jif{cl3 ;Dd g]kfneGbf
92
kl5 k/]sf] ef/t klg clxn] b"/;+rf/sf] If]qdf
g]kfneGbf lgSs} cufl8 al9;s]sf] 5 . @)^)
c;f/;Ddsf] tYof+scg';f/ g]kfnsf]
6]ln8]lG;6L cyf{t\ !)) hgf dflg;sf] nflu !
=%^ 6]lnkmf]g nfOg pknAw 5 ;fs{
;+u7gsf c? b]z, e'6fgsf] @=*$, ef/tsf]
#=(*, kfls:tfgsf] @=$*,
;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg
;d:of / xf“sx?
nflu g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fsf] u7g
ePsf] s'/f b"/;+rf/gLlt df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)%^ sf] p2]Zo M /fi6«n]
cËLsf/ u/]sf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f Pj+
v'nfkgsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k b"/;+rf/ If]qdf
klg pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt nfu" u/L lghL If]qsf]
;d]t ;xeflutfdf :jR5 k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf
pRr:t/Lo, e/kbf]{ Pj+ plrt ;]jf z'Nsdf
ljleGg lsl;dsf b"/;+rf/ ;]jfx¿ ;j{;'ne jgfpg'
b"/;+rf/ gLltsf] d'Vo p2]Zo
/x]sf] hgfOPsf] 5 . jt{dfg / eljiosf] dfusf]
k"lt{, Jofks tyf ;j{;'ne kx'Fr -o'lge;{n
PS;];_, u|fdL0f tyf b'u{e If]qdf b"/;~rf/
;]jf, cfly{s bIftf, k"+hL nufgLdf
;'b[9Ls/0f, g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf]
;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g, k|lt:kwf{af6 u|fxsnfO{
;]jf k|bfos /f]Hg cj;/ lbg], :jR5 cGt/cfj4tf
cyf{t\ ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] Ps csf{sf pks/0f
aLr pko'Qm :yfgx¿df :jR5 cGt/cfj4tf
-OG6/ sg]S;g_ cflb p2]Zo ;f] gLltsf]
/x]sf] 5 .
P]g / gLlt hlt ;'Gb/ b]lvP klg
To;sf] Jofjxfl/s kIf eg] lgSs} s'¿k b]lvG5 .
lsgls gLltn] lnPsf p2]Zox¿, vf; u/L :j/
;+rf/ -EjfO; sDo'lgs];g_ / lghL If]qsf]
;+nUgtf / ;]jfsf] pbf/Ls/0f / ljljlws/0f
cem} klg ;+:yfgs} Psflwsf/leq lg;fl:;Psf]
5.
b"/;+rf/ lghL If]qdf, Jojxf/df
xf]Og sfutdf
b"/;+rf/ ;]jfnfO{ g]kfn b"/;+rf/
;+:yfgsf] Psflwsf/af6 d'Qm u/]/ lghL
If]qnfO{ klg ;xefuL agfpg] k|of; / cg'ej
lgs} lttf] 5 . lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf lagf ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / cfdhgtf;Dd kx'Fr x'gg;Sg]
s'/f lglZrt eO;s]kl5 ;fy} ljZjLs/0fsf] nfe
cfdhgtfdf k'¥ofpg b"/;+rf/nfO{ pbf/Ls/0f
/ lghLs/0f ug'{kg]{ ljZjJofkL bafa cfPkl5
g]kfnn] klg cGt/f{li6«o d+rx¿df em08}
bz jif{cl3b]lv b"/;+rf/sf] lghLs/0f,
pbf/Ls/0f / ;s];Dd sd lgoGq0f ug]{ k|
ltj4tf hgfpFb} cfPsf] xf] . t/ ;/sf/L k|ltj4tf
sfutd} ;Lldt 5 jf b]vfj6L ¿kddf dfq 5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu @)%& ;fnsf] ;'?lt/}
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|lws/0fn] v]tfg ;d"xn]
ef/tLo sDkgL;Fu ldn]/ u7g u/]sf] :kfO; ;]n
g]knfnfO{ df]afOn kmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng
ug]{ cg'dlt lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . t/
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gx'Fb} g]kfn b"/;+rf/
;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;+3n] ;f] lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog gu/fpg e]befjsf] dfgl;s vf8n
b"/;+rf/ ;'ljwfsf] afwfnfO{ gLlt, P]g /
lgod agfP/, gofF k|ljlw / nufgL leq\ofP/
;dfwfg ug{ ;lsPnf t/ g]kfndf b"/;+rf/dfq
xf]Og ;du|df ;"rgf k|ljlws} ljsf;df afwf
k'¥ofpg] k|d'v sf/s tTj ef}lts eGbf klg
dfgl;s xf] h'g xfd|f] ;fdGtL ;+:sf/ /
lkt[;QfTds lrGtgdf u8]/ a;]sf]
5 . g]kfndf kl/jf/leq, ;dfhdf / ;/sf/L tyf
u}/;/sf/L ;a} sfof{nox¿df jl/i7tfqmdsf]
Pp6f l;F9L -xfO/fsL{_ 5 h'g l;F9L ;"rgf /
;+rf/sf] If]qdf klg nfu" x'G5 . of] l;F9Ldf
;a}eGbf al/i7;Fu ;a}eGbf w]/} s'/f, ;"rgf
jf 1fg ePsf] jf x'g'k5{ / p;}sf] lgoGq0fdf
;a} ;"rgf / 1fg x'g'k5{ . ;/sf/L sfof{nodf
PdP k9]sf] d'lvof / aLP k9]sf] xflsd
x'g'x'Fb}g . s'g} ljifo klg xflsdn] eGbf
dftxtsf sd{rf/Ln] w]/} hfGg' jf hfg]sf]
x'g' x'Fb}g . o;}n] g]kfnsf sfo{nox¿df
sDKo'6/x¿sf] g]6jls{ª u/]/ ;"rgf / 1fgsf]
kmfOn jf e08f/ ;a}n] b]Vg;Sg] u/L jf
pkof]u ug{;Sg] u/L /fVg' xflsdx¿sf] nflu
;xh eO;s]sf] 5}g . dGqfnoleq,
dGqnox¿aLr / dftxtsf ljefu / sfof{nox¿sf
aLr g]6jls{ª c;kmn x'g' jf sfd gug'{sf]
k5fl8 Pp6f d"n sf/0f oxL xf] .
g]kfnsf sfof{nox¿df sDKo'6/ cfPsf]
w]/} jif{;Dd klg Tof] rnfpg] lhDdf
6fOlk:6s} 7flgof] . xflsd, ;'Aaf jf v/bf/n]
sDKo'6/ rnfpg' ckdfg 7fGg]x¿ g]kfndf
cem} klg 5g\ . clxn] klg sltko xflsdx¿
cfˆgf] Od]n clkm;sf] sDKo'6/df grnfP/
3/sf] sDKo'6/df rnfpF5g\ . of] xflsdL /
93
;fdGtL ;f]r gTofu];Dd ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] oy]i7
nfe kfpg]
;+efjgf 5}g .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;d:ofx¿
gLlt, P]g lgod / Jojxf/ aLrsf]
vf8n
b"/;+rf/ P]g, @)%# M b"/;+rf/sf]
If]qdf pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt ckgfpg, o; If]qsf]
ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/sf] sfo{df lghL If]qsf] ;d]t
;xeflutf u/fpg tyf b"/;+rf/ ;]jfx¿ ;lhn} /
plrt d"Nodf pknJw u/fpg] p2]Zon]
b"/;+rf/ P]g, @)%# NofOPsf]Ù ;f] P]gn]
b"/;+rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ cfw'lgstftkm{
pGd'v u/fPsf] tyf P]gsf] p2]Zocg'¿k
g]kfndf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ljsf;sf] ultdf tLj|tf
Nofpg b"/;+rf/ g]6js{ ;+rfns / ;]jf
k|bfosx¿af6 :jR5 k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf
;]jf ;+rfng u/fpg] sfdsf]
;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg
;d:of / xf“sx?
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]n]sf cfOP;kLx¿ ;fy}
b"/;+rf/nufot ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;fgfltgf
;]jf lbg] JolQm tyf ;fgf Joj;foLx¿dfly ;/sf/ /
;+:yfgsf] Jojxf/n] b"/;+rf/ eg]sf]
;+:yfgsf] Psnf}6L ;DklQ xf] / o;df s;}sf]
klg e"ldsf ;+:yfgnfO{ ;Xo 5}g eGg] :ki6
b]vfpF5 . ;/sf/ / ;+:yfgn] cg]s k|sf/sf]
cfly{s tyf sfg'gL af]em nfb]/ OG6/g]6
;]jf cfdhgtfsf] nflu b'n{e t'NofPsf] 5 .
;+:yfg cfkm}n] klg OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;+rfng
u/]/ k|lt:kwf{df pq]sf] 5 . ;+:yfg / lghL
If]qsf cfOP;kLx¿aLr k|lt:kwf{ kxndfg /
l;s'6]aLr s':tLsf] v]nh:t} xf] . 6]lnkmf]g
nfOg lbg] Ifdtf eP/ klg ;+:yfgn]
cfOP;kLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] dfu]hlt
6]lnkmf]g nfOg lbO/x]sf] 5}g . clxn] !*
j6f cfOP;kLx¿n] ;+rfng u/]sf] OG6/g]6
;]jf k|of]u ubf{ 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] pkof]u
u/]afkt ;+:yfgnfO{ em08} #% s/f]8
cfDbfgL x'G5 . of] cfDbfgLdf
cfOP;kLx¿sf] b]gnfO{ ;/sf/ / ;+:yfg
b'a}n] laNs'n} a]jf:tf u/]sf 5g\ . o;df
cfOP;kLx¿sf] lx:;fsf] t sNkgf klg ul/Psf]
5}g .
 6]lnkmf]g dx;"n ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf
;:tf] eGg] ;+:yfgsf] unt bfaL 5 . l5d]sL
b]z ef/td} df]afOn kmf]gsf] dx;"n
g]kfnsf] eGbf w]/} ;:tf] eO;s]sf] 5 .
To;dfly g]kfndf b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{
ltg'{kg]{ z'Nsdf ;/sf/n] @^=% k|ltzt s/
lnG5 . of] s/ ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf dxFuf] xf] .
cfOP;kLx¿n] Jof08ljysf] nflu a]Un} /
:yfgLo PS;]; g]6js{sf] nflu a]Un} z'Ns
;+:yfgnfO{ ltg'{k5{ . ef]ln ;+:yfgnfO{
sDkgLdf kl/0ft u/] klg p;s} k"jf{wf/x¿
pkof]u ug'{kg]{ jfWotf /x];Dd s'g} klg
cfOP;kLn] To;sf] k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg] l:ylt
b]lvFb}g . o;sf] nflu t p;sf
k"jf{wf/x¿nfO{ afOkf; u/]/ ;f]em} ljb]z /
u|fxs;Fu ;Dks{ ug{;Sg] k|ljlw
gckgfO{ ;'v} 5}g . b]zdf b"/;+rf/nfO{
lgodg ug]{ :jtGq lgsfo g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|
flws/0fnfO{ ljleGg ;]jf k|bfosx¿nfO{
Ohfht lbg] clwsf/ / k|bfosx¿aLr ljjfb
p7]df lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 . t/ k|
flws/0fsf] u7g ;/sf/n] ug]{, d'Vo ;]jf k|
bfos b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg ;/sf/ sf] ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/ dGqfnosf] cwLgdf x'g] clg
dGqfnosf] ;lrj g} ;+:yfgsf] cWoIf x'g]
Joj:yfn] ubf{ aflx/ hlt pbf/ b]vfpg vf]h]
klg
jf:tjdf k|flws/0f ;/sf/ / ;+:yfgsf] lxtljk/Lt
hfg g;Sg] :ki6} 5 .
k|flws/0fsf] lj?4 cbftndf ph'/L
gnfUg] / s'g} klg ph'/L ;/sf/;dIf dfq} ug{
kfOg] k|fjwfg ePsf] x'gfn] To:tf] ph'/Lsf]
s'g} cy{ b]lvFb}g . ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6
lgj]bg lbof] . @)%* cyf{t\ Ps jif{kl5
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;f] l/6 vf/]h ul/lbof] . olb
lg0f{o ug]{lalQs} cg'dlt kfPsf] eP ;ft
dlxgf leq :kfO; ;]nn] cflxn] g]kfn b"/;+rf/
;+:yfgn] lbPsf] ;'ljwfeGbf w]/} ;'ljwfx¿
ePsf] df]afOn kmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{
3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] .
v]tfg ;d"xsf] egfOcg';f/ bz nfv
u|fxsnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'¥ofpg]
p2]Zon] pgLx¿n] ;f] of]hgfdf bz s/f]8
¿k}ofF vr{ ul/;s]sf lyP . cbfntdf d'2f
k/]sf] / km};nfkl5 ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
dGqfnosf] lk|mSj]G;L ljt/0f dxfzfvfn] lk|
94
mSj]G;L lgwf{/0f ug{ cf7 dlxgf;Dd
em'nfPsf] x'Fbf
sDkgL 3f6fdf uof] . cGTodf ;a} s'/f
ldn]kl5 ;/sf/n] yk 8]9 s/f]8
¿k}ofFsf] a}+s Uof/]06L dfUof], h'g s'/f
klxn] pNn]v g} lyPg . kmn:j¿k v]tfg
;d"xn] Tof] kl/of]hgfnfO{ :ylut u¥of] .
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fsf] egfOcg';f/ ;f]
;d"xn] bz jif{kl5 b'O{ v/a ¿k}ofF gjLs/0f
b:t'/ a'emfpg] egL lgSs} a9L /sd sa'n
u/]sf] x'Fbf ;/sf/n] ;'?df ;f] sDkgLaf6 s]xL
k|ltj4tf rfx]sf] xf] . :kfO;n] ;'?df of] s'/f
d+h'/ u/] klg kl5 of] ;t{ k"/f ug{;s]g .
kmn:j¿k sDkgLsf] cfly{s l:ylt ga'‰bf;Dd
nfO;]G; /f]lsPsf] 5 . t/ of] s'/f lglZrt 5 ls
:kfO; ;]n g]kfnn] a]nfd} sfd ug{ kfPsf]
eP clxn] g]kfnsf] 6]ln8]lG;6L / ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] pkof]usf] :t/ a]Un} eO;Sg] lyof] .
o;}aLr g]kfn / ef/tsf sDkgLx¿sf] ;fem]bf/
;+:yf o'gfO6]8 6]Nsd
lnld6]8n] 8An'PnPn k4ltdf cfwfl/t tf//lxt
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ cg'dlt kfPsf]
klg jif{ lbg lalt;s]sf] 5 .
sDkgLn] nfO;]G; / lk|mSj]G;L afkt
z'Ns clg u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/ ljsf; sf]ifsf]
nflu;d]t u/L em08} bz s/f]8 ¿k}ofF
a'emfO;s]sf] atfPsf] 5 . To;n] u/]sf]
cfDbfgLdf $ k|ltzt s/ / @ k|ltzt u|fdL0f
b"/;+rf/ ljsf; s/ nfUg]5 . sDkgLn] g]kfn
b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] xfnsf] b/eGbf ;:tf]df
cGt{/fli6«o, cGtb]{zLo 6«+ssn / :yfgLo
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] 3f]if0f
ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;}aLr of] sDkgLn] lnld6]8
df]laln6Lsf] Ohfht lnP/ cglnld6]8
df]laln6L k|0ffnLsf] pks/0f h8fg u/L
clgoldttf u/]sf] cf/f]kdf sDkgL dfly
sfjf{xL x'g] ;dfrf/ k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 . -g]kfn
;dfrf/kq, @)^), ;fpg & ut]_ . o;n] ubf{
of] sDkgLn] klg lgwf{l/t ;dodf ;]jf ;+rfng
ug]{ s'/fdf z+sf p7]sf] 5 .
lng'k5{ . o;/L nfOg lnFbf
cfOP;kLx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf, g]b";+ /
;/sf/nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf z'Nsx¿ ltg'{k5{ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, @)%* h]7df ;/sf/n]
cfOP;kLx¿dfly ljleGg s/ a9fPkl5 cfOP;kL
jN8{ln+sn] ;f9] rf/ d]ufafO6 8]6f j;f/k;f/
ug{;Sg] Jof08ljysf] pkof]u u/]afkt ?=
b'O{ s/f]8eGbf w]/}sf] ljb]zL d'b|f
e'QmfgL
ug'{kg]{ eof] . klxn] ljb]zL d'b|f e'Qmfg
;'ljwf lbPafkt tLg k|ltzt z'Ns ltg'{ kYof]{
eg] Tof] z'Ns a9fP/ !% k|ltzt ul/of] .
o;/L ?= ^ nfvhlt lt/]sfn] ?= !% nfv
ltg'{kg]{ eof] . o;/L cfOP;kLx¿n] ljb]zL
sDkgLnfO{ ;]jf lnPafkt z'Ns, ;f] z'Ns
ljb]zL d'b|fdf ltl/lbPafkt # k|ltzt -a9fP/ !
% k|ltzt ul/Psf]_ 6L8LP; z'Ns, s'n
cfDbfgLsf] $ k|ltzt /f]oN6L, !) k|ltzt d"No
clej[l4s/ -Eof6_, @ k|ltzt u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/
ljsf; z'Ns, clg d'gfkmfdf @% k|ltzt cfos/
a'emfpg'k5{ .
@)%& ;fnsf] sflt{sdf ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/ dGqfno / cfOP;kLx¿aLr lk|
mSj]G;Lsf] pkof]usf] cfwf/df Ohfht
gjLs/0f b:t'/ lng]af/]df ljjfb p7]sf] lyof] .
s]xL jif{cl3 dGqfno / cfOP;kLx¿aLr ^$
lsnf] afO6 k|lt;]s]08nfO{ Ps EjfO; Rofgn
dfg]/ k|ltjif{ lk|mSj]G;L nfO;]G; z'Nsafkt
#) xhf/ ¿k}ofF / To;sf] %) k|ltztsf b/n]
gjLs/0f z'Ns lng] ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . o;aLr
cfOP;kLx¿sf] ;]jf Joj;fo a9]sf]n] ltgLx¿n]
lk|mSj]G;L Ifdtf a9fP/ b'O{ d]uf afO6 k|
lt;]s]08;Dd k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . dGqfnon]
cfOP;kLx¿n] a9L lk|mSj]G;L k|of]u
u/]sf]n] a9L /sd ltg'{k5{ eGg] c8fg
lnPsf] lyof] . dGqfnon] eg]cg';f/ lk|
mSj]G;Lsf] z'Ns ltg]{ xf] eg] Ps d]uf
afO6 lk|mSj]G;L k|of]u ug'{ kg]{
cfOP;kLn] em08} ;f9] rf/ nfv ¿k}ofF
Ohfht gjLs/0f z'Ns ltg'{kg]{ x'G5 egL
cfOP;kLx¿ eG5g\ . 5fn ug]/ k};f sdfpg] /
OG6/g]6nfO{ hgtfsf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg
afwf kfg]{ of] klg Pp6f tl/sf b]lvG5 .
6]lnkmf]g, Od]n tyf OG6/g]6sf]
pkof]u ul/a hgtfsf] nflu xf]Og . of] dWod
/ pRr ju{sf] nflu xf] . pgLx¿n] ;'ljwf
kfPeg] hlQ klg s/ ltg{;S5g\ eGg] ;f]r ;/sf/
/ ;+:yfgsf] b]lvG5 . hgtfn] ;'ljwf kfpg\,
b]zdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; eof] eg] cfly{s
sf/f]jf/ / cj;/ a9]/
b]znfO{ g} kmfObf x'G5 eGg]
b"/b[li6sf] cefj 5 . ;+:yfgsf] ultljlw
95
b"/;+rf/ ;]jf lghL If]qnfO{ lbg] elgP klg
s]jn jfo/n]; nf]sn n"k -8An'PnPn_ h:tf]
;Lldt df]laln6L k|0ffnLdfq lbOg] x'gfn]
b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] df]afOn kmf]gsf]
t'ngfdf To;sf] cfsif{0f gx'g] s'/f :ki6 5 .
o;af6 klg ;/sf/ / k|flws/0fsf] nflu ;+:yfgsf]
lxt g} ;jf]{kl/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . clxn]sf] k|
ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ s;}n] OG6/g]6 k|of]u
u5{ eg] p;n] :jtM ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿ pkof]u
ul//x]sf] x'G5 h'g s'/f cfOP;kLx¿nfO{ klg
yfxf gx'g;S5 . t/ P]gdf b"/;+rf/sf
Od]n÷OG6/g]6, lel8of] 6]S:6, ˆofS; d]n,
cl8of] sGk|m]lG;ª, nf]sn 8]6f
sDo'lgs];gh:tf ljljw ;]jfx¿ Pp6} k|ljlwaf6
lbg;lsg] x'gfn] tL ;]jf ;+rfng ug{
a]Unfa]Un} Ohfht lng'kg]{ Joj:yf
laNs'n} cJofjxfl/s b]lvG5 .
gofF k|ljlwcg';f/ ca cfOP;kLx¿n]
;+:yfgsf] s'g} k"jf{wf/ / ;]jf pkof]u gu/L
sg cfˆg} tf//lxt g]6js{ jf s]a'n
6]lnlehgh:tf] tf/af6 OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg
ug{;Sg] k|ljlw cfO;s]sf] 5 t/ o;af/]df
sfg"g / gLlt df}g 5 . of] k|ljlwsf nflu ;]jf
k|bfosx¿n] yk nufgL ug{'k5{ t/ u|
fxsx¿n] ;:tf]df l56f] 5l/tf] ;]jf kfpg;S5g\ .
eL:of6sf] pkof]u g]kfnh:tf] ef}uf]lns
ljifdtfePsf] b]zsf] nflu a/bfg
g} xf] t/ o;sf] Ohfht b:t'/ / 7fpFklR5]
a]Unfa]Un} Ohfht lng'kg]{ k|fjwfg sDd/
efFRg] vfnsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb s'g}
cfOP;kLn] g]kfnsf %) j6f gu/kflnsfdf
OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ rfx]df To;n] %)
j6f nfO;]G; lng'k5{ / k|To]s nfO;]G;afkt
To;n] tL;tL; nfvsf] b/n] !% s/f]8 ¿k}ofF
b:t'/ a'emfpg'k5{ . clg oGq pks/0fsf]
nflu nufgL sxfFaf6 h'6fpg] < t/ ;/sf/n]
eL:of6sf] nflu Ohfht lbP afkt s]xL
kfgf sfutafx]s s]xL vr{ ug'{ kb}{g . s]
of] 5fn ug]/ k};f sdfpg] sfdh:t} ePg / <
k+rfotL Joj:yfnfO{ ljsNk/lxt dflgPem}F
b"/;+rf/sf] nflu g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{
lglj{sNk ;]jfk|bfos jf k|0ffnLsf] ¿kdf h;/L
ljsf; ul/of] Tof] 9fFrf / dfgl;stf cem} klg
km]l/Psf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . b]zdf ;"rgf k|
ljlwnfO{ ;fFRr} g} ul/aL 36fpg] sfddf
pkof]u ug]{ xf] eg] of] 9fFrf / dfgl;stf
TofUg' klxnf] cfjZostf xf] .
;"rgf k|ljlw Joj;fodfly 9f8 ef“Rg]
s/
cfOP;kLx¿n] u|fxsx¿nfO{ ;]jf
lbgsfnflu tyf cGt/f{li6«o g]6js{;Fu ;Dks{
u/L 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf nflu ljb]zL
sDkgLx¿;Fu :of6]nfO6 ;]jf lnPsf x'G5g\ .
g]b";+af6 6]lnkmf]g nfOgnufot w]/} k|
sf/sf ;]jfx¿ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon] tLg
jif{leq ljleGg txsf %) xhf/ dflg;nfO{
/f]huf/Ld"ns sDKo'6/ k|lzIf0f lbg] nIf
ah]6sf] cefjdf gf} xhf/ dflg;df ;Lldt ePsf]
5 . !%)) ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos
;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ kfFr jif]{
sfo{qmd b'O{ jif{ laTbf !& ufla;df gd'gf
sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf ;Lldt 5 .
afO; s/f]8sf] ;Qnkf6L <
ag]kfdf @@ s/f]8 ¿k}ofFdf ;"rgf
k|ljlw kfs{ aGg nfu]sf] w]/} jif{ eO;Sof]
. o;sf] nflu clxn];Dd ;ft s/f]8 ¿k}ofF vr{
eO;s]sf] 5 / of] jif{ 5 s/f]8 ¿k}ofF
5'6ØfOPsf] 5 . cfO{6L kfs{ eg]sf] jf:tjdf
o:tf] cef}lts ;+/rgf xf] h;leq /x]/ sfd ug]{
ljleGg lgsfox¿n] Pp6f ljz]if Joj:yf, g]6js{,
tyf lgod sfg'gcGtu{t /x]/ sfd u5{g\ /
/fHon] lbg] ;'ljwf tyf cGo ;|f]tx¿af6 k|fKt
x'g] nfesf] xsbf/ x'G5g\ . o;sf] nflu
kvf{nn] 3]l/Psf] ef}lts ;+/rgfleq a:g'
cfjZos 5}g . of] t ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d"n
cjwf/0ffs} lvnfkm xf] . 6]lnjs{sf] o'udf
ef]ln of] ef}lts kfs{ afO; s/f]8sf]
;Qnkf6Ldf kl/0ft gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg . a?
of] ah]6 b"/;+rf/sf] lj:tf/ / ljsf;df jf
OG6/g]6 pkof]ustf{x¿nfO{ ;'ljwf lbg]
sfddf vr{ u/]sf] eP pNn]vgLo pknlAw
x'g;SYof] . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] :t/Lo
lzIff lbg] p2]Zo lnP/ ljb]zdf a:g]
g]kfnLx¿n] w]/} k6s k|of; ul/;s]sf 5g\, t/
:ki6 gLlt / b[li6sf]0fsf] cefj /
dGqfnox¿aLr ;dGjon] ubf{ k|foM ;a}
lg/fz eO kms]{sf 5g\ .
;'b"/ klZrddf ef/tn] agfO lbg] elgPsf]
;"rgf k|ljlw cWoog ;+:yfg klg clglZrt
cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ ljw]ossf] ljrNnL Û
96
;/sf/n] @)%& ;fnd} æljB'tLo
sf/f]jf/ / l8hL6n x:tfIf/ P]g, @)%&Æ sf]
th'{df u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:tfljt ;f] ljw]osdf
æljB'tLo :j¿kdf ul/Psf] x:tfIf/ -l8lh6n
l;Ug]r/_ nfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ub}{
ljB'tLo clen]vx¿nfO{ sfg'gL dfGotfÆ k|
bfg ug]{Ù ljlgdo clwsf/ kqx¿, crn
;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0f ug]{ lnvtx¿, o:tf]
;DklQdfly xs jf :jfldTj hgfpg] lnvtx¿,
jf/];gfdf, lkm/fbkq, k|ltpQ/kq, jf o:t} cGo
k|sf/sf cbfntL sf/afxLdf k|of]u x'g] lnvtx¿
tyf k|rlnt sfg'gn] ljB'tLo
:j¿kdf /fVg gx'g] egL :ki6 tf]s]sf
lnvtx¿afx]ssf cGo ;fdu|Lx¿df ljB'tLo
clen]v sfg'gL ¿kdf dfGo x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
lyof] . sd{rf/Lsf] lxt;Fu a9L hf]l8Psf]
b]lvG5 . ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o PS;r]+hdf s]xL
cGt/f{li6«o txsf Jofkf/L / sd{rf/Lsf]
dflkmof xfjL eO/x]sf] cg'dfg klg
a]nfa]nfdf ul/G5 .
k|flws/0fn] u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/ ljsf;
sf]ifsf] nflu s]xL k|ltzt s/ ;]jf k|bfosx¿af6
p7fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 t/ Tof] sf]ifsf]
;+rfng s;n] ug]{ eGg] :ki6 5}g . s'g}
If]q ljz]if jf s'g} u|fdL0f If]qdf b"/;+rf/sf]
ljsf;sf] gfddf s'g} sDkgL ljz]ifnfO{ cg'lrt
nfe k'¥ofpg sf]ifsf] b'¿kof]u x'g] ;+efjgf
5 . xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/df ! k|ltzt eG;f/ dx;'n
b/ s]jn lzIff If]qsf] nflu / cfO6L kfs{df
cjl:yt pBf]ux¿sf] nflu ;Lldt ul/Psf] 5 .
cfO6L kfs{sf] cl:tTj g} gePsf] cj:yfdf of]
slyt eG;f/ ;'ljwf klg b]vfj6L g} 5 . ;a}
36gfjnLnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfndf b"/;+rf/nfO{
lghLs/0f / pbf/Ls/0f ug]{ k|of;x¿
cGt/f{li6«o hutnfO{ b]vfpg] d's'08f] dfq
xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6
x'G5 .
dxTjfsf+IfL ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt Û
æd'n'sdf JofKt xTof, lx+;f, cft+s /
ef}lts ;+/rgf Wj+;sf sf/0f l;lh{t cGof}n,
clglZrttf, cefjdo jftfj/0f, ah]6 / ef}lts
k"jf{wf/sf] cefj Pj+ dxTjfsf+IfL sfo{qmd
/ kl/jlt{t ;/sf/L /0fgLltn] ubf{ ;"rgf k|ljlw
gLltn] cfzfltt ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf]
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon] hgfPsf] 5 .Æ —
/f;;, @)^) ;fpg !&, uf]/vfkq b}lgs, ;fpg !*
. æcfpFbf] kfFr jif{leq g]kfnnfO{ ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] ljZj dfglrqdf :yflkt ug]{Æ kl/sNkgf
u/]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)%& c;kmn ePsf]
;DalGwt dGqfnon] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . gLlt
ag]sf] tLg jif{ eO;Sbf klg gLltnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{ P]g sfg'g, lgodfjnL /
cfjZos k"jf{wf/ v8f x'g g;Sg'Ù ;g\ @)@)
;Dd k"0f{ ;fIf/tfsf] nIf /fv]sf] b]zdf ;g\
@)!) ;Dd k|To]s
g]kfnLnfO{ sDKo'6/ lzIff lbg] p2]Zo
lng'Ù kfFr jif{leq cfO6L ;ˆ6j]o/ /
xf8{j]o/sf] lgsf;L !) lalnog ¿k}ofF
k'¥ofpg] nIf lng' cflb s'/fx¿ g} g]kfnsf]
;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt slt dxTjfsf+IfL / cJofjxfl/s
5 eGg] k|dfl0ft ug{ kof{Kt 5 .
s'/f lyof] eg] ;'ljwf;DkGg ;+:yfg /
x/]s k"jf{wf/sf] nflu ;+:yfgs} d'v tfSg'
kg]{ jf ljleGg k|sf/sf s/ / b:t'/ ltg'{kg]{
lghL If]qsf cfOP;kLx¿sf] nflu of] 3fts sbd
klg x'g;SYof] . ;/sf/n] lghL If]qnfO{ k|
f]T;fxg lbg] gLltsf] ljk/Lt ;+:yfgn]
OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg yfn]sf] eGg] cf/f]k klg
cGo cfOP;kLx¿n] nufP . ;d:of d"No
36fPsf] eGbf klg cGo cfOP;kLx¿n] ;]jf
;+rfng ug{ ;+:yfgs} 6]lnkmf]g nfOg /
cGo ef}lts k"jf{wf/ pkof]u ug'{ kg]{
x'gfn] ;+:yfg :jo+ k|lt:kwL{ ag]kl5
;+:Yffgn] c? cfOP;kLx¿nfO{ ;'ljwf lbG5 ls
lbFb}g eGg] d"n s'/f xf] eGg] pgLx¿sf]
egfO lyof] ;+:yfgn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg
yfn]sf] s]xL lbg leq} OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] z'Ns
36]/ dfl;s ? &%) ;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] . To;kl5
lghL If]qsf cfOP;kLx¿ ;+ul7t eP/ cfOP;kL
g]kfn u7g u/] . pgLx¿n] OG6/g]6sf]
c;Lldt pkof]usf] z'Ns k|ltdlxgf ?= !^))
eGbf g36fpg] / olb s;}n] 36fPdf ?= krf;
xhf/ hl/jfgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/] . cfk;df d"No
36f36sf] c:j:y k|lt:kwf{nfO{ /f]Sg / ;]jfsf]
u'0f:t/ 36\g glbg of] sbd p7fOPsf] eGg]
cfOP;kLx¿sf] egfO lyof] . t/
pkef]Qmfx¿sf] nflu of] k|lt:kwL{ df]ndf
u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf kfpg] cfˆgf] xs vf]l;Psf] 36gf
lyof] . o;n] pkef]Qmx¿sf] clwsf/ vf]l;of] .
cfOP;kLx¿n] u'6aGbL u/L d"No
lgwf{/0f u/]sf], sf6]{lnªsf] ;DaGwdf
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fn] 5fglag u¥of] .
97
rf/ dlxgfkl5 @)%& sf] bz}F / ltxf/sf]
pknIfdf cfOP;kLx¿ cfkm}n] $) k|ltzt;Dd
OG6/g]6 z'Ns 36fP/ sf6]{lnª cGTo u/] .
clxn] pkTosfaflx/ klg s]xL zx/L Onfsfdf k|
ltdlxgf ;f9] ;ft ;o ¿k}ofFdf c;Lldt
OG6/g]6 pkof]u ;'ljwf kfOg] u/]sf] 5 .
clxn] klg ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLsf] jflif{s cfosf]
t'ngfdf OG6/g]6 z'Ns w]/} dxFuf] 5 .
To;dfly OG6/g]6 k|of]u ubf{ nfUg]
6]lnkmf]g dx;'n t 5Fb}5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df b"/;+rf/
;+:yfgsf] e"ldsf / k|j[lQ
xfjf / kfgLh:t} k|sfz, Wjlg / /]l8of]
t/+u k|s[ltsf lx:;f x'g\ . o;sf] nflu s'g} klg
hLjn] z'Ns ltg'{ kb}{g . kof{Kt dfqfdf
pknAw x'g] a:t' jf ;]jfx¿nfO{ klg cefj
u/fpg]Ù tL j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf pkef]u ug]{
u/fpg]af/]df cg]s k|sf/sf lgodx¿ agfP/
lgoGq0f ug]{Ù tL j:t' pTkfbs
tyf ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfosx¿af6 Ohfht b:t'/ tyf
ljleGg k|sf/sf s/x¿ p7fpg], ;fy} pkef]Qmf
/ pkof]ustf{x¿nfO{ ;d]t pkef]u u/]afkt
ljleGg k|sf/sf s/ lt/fpg] k|j[lQ sltko /fHo
tyf ;/sf/x¿df b]lvG5 . t/ ;f] ljw]osn]
sDKo'6/ ;fdu|Ldf cglws[t kx'Fr, sDKo'6/ /
;"rgf k|0ffnLdf
Iflt k'¥ofpg] sfo{ -Xoflsª_, ljB'tLo :j¿kdf
u}/sfg'gL s'/f k|sfzg ug]{,
uf]kgLotf e+u ug]{ sfo{nfO{ sDKo'6/
ck/fw dflgPsf] 5 . o:tf
ck/fwx¿df s;'/sf] uDeL/tf x]/L bz xhf/b]lv
kGw| xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf tyf Ps
dlxgfb]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'a} ;hfo
x'g;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
To:t}, ljB'tLo clen]v / l8lh6n
x:tfIf/x¿ sfg'gL ¿kdf dfGo x'gsf nflu
clwsf/k|fKt lgsfoaf6 k|df0fLs/0f
u/fpg'kg]{ / o:tf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{
lgsfon] Ohfhtkq lng'kg]{ Joj:yf;d]t
ul/Psf] lyof] . ;a} k|sf/sf Goflos
cbfntx¿df sDKo'6/;DaGwL ck/fwx¿sf]
ljifodf
ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf GofofwLzx¿sf]
sdLnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ 5'§} ljB'tLo sf/f]af/
GofofwLs/0f :yfkgf ul/g] Joj:yf;d]t ;f]
ljw]osdf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy} g]kfnaflx/ a;]/
sDKo'6/, sDKo'6/ k|0ffnL jf sDKo'6/
g]6js{ k|0ffnLdf Iflt k'¥ofpg] g]kfnL jf
u}/g]kfnLnfO{ o:tf s;'/df d'2f rnfO{ ;hfo
ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf klg ;f] ljw]osdf ul/Psf]
lyof] . Tof] ljw]os P]g gagLsg ljw]ossf]
¿kd} lanfof] . kmn:j¿k g]kfnsf]
Osd;{ dfq} xf]Og g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; g} w]/} k5fl8
ws]lnof] . P]gsf] cefjdf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df
cfwfl/t Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] nfeaf6 ;/sf/ /
Joj;foLx¿ b'a} kIf a+lrt x'g' k/]sf] 5 eg]
csf]{lt/ ;"rgf k|ljwsf] If]qdf ck/fw a9]sf] 5
.
clxn] cfP/ ;/sf/n] kl/dfh{g;lxt gofF ljB'tLo
Jofkf/ P]g NofpFb}5 . t/ of] gofF P]g klg
klxn]sf] h:t} hl6n efiffdf ePsf] / ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] kl/jt{gzLn rl/qnfO{ ;d]6\g g;s]sf]
cfnf]rgf x'g yfn]sf] 5 . klxn]sf] ljw]osn]
ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ tyf ;fOa/ ck/fwnfO{ ;d]t
;d]6]sf] lyof] eg] gofF cfpg] ljw]os
ljB'tLo sf/f]af/df a9L s]lGb|t ePsf]
l6Kk0fL ul/Psf]
5.
cfOP;kLx¿sf] c3]{nf] <
@)%& a}zfvdf g]kfn b"/;+rf/
;+:yfgn] klg OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg yfn]kl5
lghL If]qaf6 ;]jf lbO/x]sf cfOP;kLx¿
eml:sP . ;+:yfgn] h'g b/df OG6/g]6 ;]jf
lbg yfNof] Tof] b/ lghL If]qsf
cfOP;kLx¿sf] b/eGbf lgSs} ;:tf] lyof] .
;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] ;+:yfgn] cfˆgf k|z:t
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] pkof]u u/L sd d"Nodf ;]jf
lbg] /0fgLlt pkef]Qmfsf] nflu :jfut of]Uo
;+:yfgk|lt pQ/bfloTj eg] k6Ss} gb]lvPsf]
/ u|fxsx¿n] sd{rf/Lx¿af6 Go"gtd
;'ljwf;d]t kfpg g;s]sf] u'gf;f] a9\b} uPsf]
5 . — g]kfn ;dfrf/kq b}lgs, @)^) h]7 @#
ut] .
;+3n] 6fj/ d/dt ug{ bz nfv
;xof]u ug]{
nDh'ª, @# h]7 – dfcf]jfbLsf]
cfqmd0faf6 Ifltu|:t b"/;+rf/sf] l/lk6/ 6fj/
tTsfn dd{t ;'? eP pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3
nDh'ªn] !) nfv ¿k}ofF ;xof]u ug]{ ePsf]
5 . of] lhNnf 8]9 jif{b]lv ;Dks{ljxLg 5 .
;+:yfgn] clxn];Dd 6fj/ agfpg ;'? gu/]kl5
98
;+3n] d/dtsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ ePsf] xf] .
====== — sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)^) h]7
@$ ut] .
df]afOn kmf]g ;+rfng cg'dltlj?4
l/6 vf/]h
:kfO; ;]nn] tLg dlxgfleq ;]jf ;'?
ug]{
sf7df8f}F, @# ;fpg – lghL
If]qnfO{ df]afOn kmf]g ;]jf ;+rfngsf nflu
b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fn] lbPsf] c'gdlt /2 ug{
k/]sf] ph'/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] vf/]h u/]sf] 5 .
===== GofofwLz åo s]bf/gfy pkfWofo /
/fh]Gb|/fh gfVjfsf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 l/6 vf/]h ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]
lyof] . ===== ;+3n] lgj]bgdf of] ljifo
sd{rf/L / ;+:yfgsf] lxt;Fu ufFl;Psf] pNn]v
u/]sf] lyof] . of] kIfdfly l6Kk0fL ub}{
pkfWofon] eGg'eof], æ;+:yfgsf] lxt
;fj{hlgs lxt gx'g klg ;S5, To;}n] ;fj{hlgs
lxtsf] bfjL :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsPg .Æ
of] k|flnsf] g]kfnL ;fem]bf/ v]tfg
;d"xsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /fh]Gb|s'df/
v]tfgn] ca !) — !% lbgdf cg'dltkq lng] /
To;sf] sl/a tLg dlxgfdf ;]jf ;'? ug]{ hfgsf/L
lbg'eof] . t/ g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf k|
jQmf lx/0os'df/ e§/fO{n] To; k|flnn] ltg]{
eg]sf] @) ca{ ¿k}ofFsf] 6'Fuf] gePsf] / !)
jif{leq ;]jf ;+rfng x'g] ljZjf;;Dd
gnfu]sf]n] cg'dltkq lbg gx'g] wf/0ff
JoQm ug'{eof] . — sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)%*,
;fpg @$ ut] . dfgj ;dfhsf] ljsf;;Fu}
lgoGq0fsf/L k|j[lQ 36b} uP/ sNof0fsf/L /
;fj{hlgs lxt, pbf/Ls/0f tyf pkef]udf ;dfg
clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffn] dfGotf kfpg yfn]sf] 5
. kmn:j¿k clxn] lzIff kfpgsf nflu pRr
hftsf] x'g' clgjfo{ 5}g, j]b jf zf:q k9]df
z"b| jf gf/Lsf] sfgdf kUn]sf]
l;;f vGofpg] lgod 5}g, /]l8of] ;]6 /fVg
Ohfht kq lng' kb}{g . x'nfs ljefun] lghL
If]qn] s'l/o/ ;le{; rnfpg kfpGg eGb}g . g
t Od]ndf /f]s nufP/ vfdd} l6s6 6fF;]/ lr7L
k7fpg'k5{ eG5 . ul/aL 36fpg, pBf]uwGbf
/ Jofkf/, ;'zf;g / ljsf;sf] ult a9fpgÙ zflGt
;'Joj:yf sfod ug{ / k|hftGq alnof] kfg{ tyf
;dfh, /fHo / hLjgsf cgluGtL sfddf ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] pkof]u clxn] ckl/xfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 .
o;}n] g]tf, gLlt lgdf{tfb]lv lnP/ ufpF:t/sf
;r]t tyf lhDd]jf/
JolQmx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] u'0f ufpg / o;sf]
ljsf; ug'{k5{ eGg yfn]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] kIfdf olt Jofks hgdt
ag]/ ax';+Vos ;r]t hgtfaf6 z'esfdgf JoQm
eP klg o;sf] ljsf; rfx]h:tf] x'g;s]sf] 5}g .
o;sf] sf/0f gLlt, P]g, lgodb]lv lnP/ b]zsf]
/fhgLlts tyf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt tyf cfly{s
cj:yf, s/, b:t'/, ah]6, hgtfsf]
Ifdtf / r]tgfsf] sdLh:tf ;}of}F sf/0fx¿sf]
;"rL tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . t/ hlt nfdf] ;"rL tof/
kf/] klg ;"rLsf k|To]s zAbn] Pp6}
zAbnfO{ cf}FNofO/x]sf] x'G5 — lgot .
P3f/ dlxgfsf] af]g;kl5 8]9
s/f]8sf] eQf dfu
dfcf]jfbL ultljlwsf sf/0f u|fdL0f
If]qdf /x]sf b"/;+rf/ ;+/rgfx¿ tf]8kmf]8
eP/ nfvf}F hgtf 6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{af6 j+lrt
eO/xsf] ;dodf af]g; / k|f]T;fxgsf] gfddf !!
dlxgfsf] tna a/fa/sf] /sd lng ;kmn g]kfn
b";;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] n'ufeQf
Pjd\ jflif{s pT;jsf] gfddf yk Ps s/f]8
¿k}ofFsf] dfu /fVb} ;+:yfgsf dxfk|
jGwsnfO{ bafa lbPsf 5g\ . =======
;+:yfgsf] $& s/f]8 ^$ nfv %) xhf/ ?lkofF
a/fa/sf] ef}lts ;+/rgf tf]8kmf]8 eP/
xfn;Dd klg & xhf/ & ;o @) nfOg
6]lnkmf]g k|efljt ePsf] cj:yfdf
tnaeQfafx]s @# s/f]8 #* nfv @% xhf/ #
;o !( ¿k}ofF ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] cltl/Qm
;'ljwf of] cfjdf kfpg] ePsf 5g\ .
bz}F vr{;d]t u/]/ Ps jif{eGbf klg a9Lsf]
/sd lng] sd{rf/Lx¿df gLltn] b"/;+rf/sf]
If]qdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{;s]df g]kfndf ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df pNn]vgLo pknlAw x'g]
cfzf ug{;lsG5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne
agfpg] pkfox?
g]kfnL efiff a'‰g] sDKo'6/ /
OG6/g]6df g]kfnL efiff
clxn] k9]n]v]sf dflg;x¿ klg
sDKo'6/sf] cufl8 a:g jf OG6/g]6 rnfpg
xRsg'sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f efiff xf] .
OG6/g]6df pknAw x'g] (% k|ltzt eGbf
99
w]/} hfgsf/L c+u|]hLdf x'G5 . g]kfnL
efiffdf Ps k|ltzt ;"rgf klg OG6/g]6df
kfOGg . sDKo'6/ ;+rfng ug]{ ;a} ;ˆ6j]o/
/ sdf08x¿ c+u|]hLdf
rN5g\ . c+u|]hLdf ;+rf/ ug{;Sg]
g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+Vof !) k|ltzt hltdfq} 5 .
Tof] klg zx/L If]qdf s]lGb|t 5 . ef/tLo
pkdxfåLkdf g]kfnnfO{ 5f8]/ c? b]zdf
c+u|]hx¿n] rf/ ;o
jif{;Dd zf;g ubf{ c+u|]hL efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L
tyf /fHox¿aLr cGt;{DjGwsf] efiff agfPsf]
x'gfn] ef/t, kfls:tfg, a+unfb]z / >Ln+sfdf
c+u|]hL efiff a'‰g] / af]Ng]x¿sf] ;+Vof
w]/} 5 . x'g t c+u|]hL efiff cf}klgj]lzs
bf;Tjsf] k|tLs / cjz]if xf] eg]/ k|foM
w]/}n] luNnf u5{g\ t/ clxn] oxL s'/f tL
b]zdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] ;xfos ag]sf] 5
.
cGt/f{li6«o ;+rf/lagf /fi6«sf] ljsf;
xF'b}g / cGt/f{li6«o ;Dk{ssf] d"n efiff
c+u|]hL xf] eGg] s'/f tLtf] ;To xf] . @)@*
;fndf nfu" ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lzIff
gLltn] c+u|]hL efiffnfO{ ;s];Dd b'?T;fxg
u/]sfn] klg clxn] b]zdf c+u|]hL efiffdf
;+rf/ ug{;Sg] hgzlQmsf] sdL ePsf] xf] .
clxn] k5'tfP/ s]xL x'g] t xf]Og t/ efiffsf]
of] ;d:ofaf6 kf/ kfpg b]zn] 7"n} df]n
r'sfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . csf]{lt/ g]kfnL efiff
a'‰g] ;ˆ6j]o/ ljsf; ug{] k|of; klg ;kmn
x'g;s]sf]
5}g . o;sf] Pp6f d'Vosf/0f t ahf/sf] sdL
g} xf] . g]kfnleq ;ˆ6j]o/ a]Rg] ahf/ ;fx|}
;Lldt 5 . g]kfnL efiffdf pTkflbt ;ˆ6j]o/sf]
pTkfbgsf] vr{ klg p7g;St}g . g]kfnL efiff
a'‰g] / g]kfnL efiffdf lbPsf] cfb]z cg';f/
sfd ug]{ PlKn]s];g ;ˆ6j]o/ agfpg ljz]if
of]hgf / cg'bfg ;xof]usf] vfFrf] 5 . dbg
k'/:sf/ k':tsfnon] g]kfnL efiffdf rNg]
;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbgdf cu'jfO u/]tf klg of] rng
rNtLdf cfpg ;s]sf]
5}g . ;a} ;fIf/ g]kfnLn] sDKo'6/ rnfpg jf
OG6/g]6df g]kfnL efiffdf /flvg] kf7Ø
;fdu|Ldf ljs[lt x6fP/ Ps¿ktf Nofpg hlt;s]sf]
rfF8f] Pp6f Jofks k|of; yfNg'kg]{ :ki6 5 .
jf:tjdf l5d]sL b'O{ b]zx¿df eGbf
w]/} klxn] g]kfndf sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u /
o;;DaGwL sf/f]af/ ;'? ePsf] xf] . t/ clxn] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpgÙ lghL If]qsf]
;ˆ6j]o/ pBf]udf ef/t / xf8{j]o/ pBf]udf lrg ;xeflutfdf k"jf{+rnsf %#$ uflj;df sDtLdf
ljZjd} cu|0fL :yfgdf k'lu;s]sf 5g\ eg] b'O{ nfv 6]lnkmf]g nfOg pknAw u/fpgÙ
g]kfn kl5 kb}{ uPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;"rgf k| dGqfno cGtu{tsf ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf
ljlwsf] ljsf; gx'g'df ;d:ofsf] d"n r'/f] a9fpg tyf b"/;+rf/ ;]jfdf lghL If]qnfO{
lgoGq0fsf/L k|j[lQ g} xf] . o;n] ubf{ oxfF cfslif{t ug{ /0fgLlt tof/ ul/g] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]u Joj;fo, Jofkf/ dGqfnon] b"/;+rf/ gLlt @)^! th'{df
cflbsf] ck]lIft ljsf; x'g;s]g, ljb]zL ub}{5 . ;f] kl/of]hgf / k|:tfljt OsGk|m]G;
nufgLstf{x¿ klg efUg] l:ylt cfof] . jf:tjdf tyf dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h -kf7Ø, Wjlg /
clxn] g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; lghL rnlrqsf] ¿kdf_ k|sfzg cflb sfdaf6
If]qsf s]xL pT;fxL JolQmx¿sf] nugzLntfsf] Okqsfl/tfnfO{ cfsif{s / pkof]uL
e/df s5'jfsf] ultdf agfpg;lsG5 . g]kfnsf cgnfO{g klqsfx¿n]
eO/x]sf] 5 . ;j{;'ne, ;/n / ;:tf] k|ljlwnfO{ ug{;Sg] / ug'{kg]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sfd
klg cg]s lgod sfg'gsf] hfnf]df afFw]/ xf]
To;sf] pkof]u cfdhgtfsf] kxF'reGbf w]/} sf7df8f}Faf6 lg:sg] kqklqsfx¿ Psflaxfg}
6f9f, ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu b'n{e agfP/ b:t'/ / j]a;fO6df /fv]/ pkTosf aflx/ sf kf7sx¿;dIf
s/sf] ef/Ln] cg'knEo agfP/ cfDbfgLsf] k'¥ofpg' . pkTofsfaflx/sf kf7sx¿
;lhnf] ;|f]t agfpg] k'/fgf] dfgl;stf jf k|j[lQ sf7df8f}Fsf] ;dfrf/ yfxf kfpg x'?Ss}
sltko ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df cem} klg sfod 5 . u5{g\ . sf7df8f}Faf6 laxfg} lg:sg]
b]zn] ;"rgf k|ljlwaf6 nfe kfpgg;Sg'df of] cvaf/x¿sf dxTjk"0f{ c+z jf l;+u} cvaf/
k|j[lQ d'Vo afws b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] HjnGt klg OG6/g]6df /fVg;lsG5 . j]a;fO6df
pbfx/0f g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg xf] h;n] /flvPsf tL cvaf/sf ;fdu|Lx¿ :yfgLo PkmPd
OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]gdfly /f]s nufpgfsf ;fy} /]l8of], s]a'n 6LeL ;]jf k|bfosx¿, cl8of]
lghL If]qnfO{ b"/;+rf/ ;+rfng ug{ lbFg' 6fj/ tyf kqklqsfx¿n] klg cfd >f]tf jf
x'Fb}g eg]/ sd{rf/L ;+u7gn] ;jf]{Rr kf7s;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfd u5{g\ . :yfgLo ;+rf/
cbfntdf ph'/L u5{ . æ;+:yfgsf] lxt dfWodx¿;Fu / lj1fkg Ph]G;Lx¿;Fu ;dGjo
;fj{hlgs lxt gx'g klg ;S5Æ eg]/ cbfntn] u/]/ of] sfdnfO{ lbuf] / gfkmfd"ns klg
:ki6 km};nf u/]kl5 klg ;+:yfgsf] lxtnfO{ agfpg;lsG5 .
g} clxn] klg ;jf]{kl/ g} dfg]/ sfd eO/xs]f OG6/g]6 gk'u]sf] 7fp“df ;L8L
5 h;n] ubf{ k"/} d'n's ljsf;sf] 7"nf] /f]d
cj;/af6 j+lrt x'g' kl//x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf clwsf+z ufpFx¿
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] 6]lnkmf]glaxLg ePsf x'gfn] of]hgf
af6f]df ;a}eGbf ufx|f] / d"n uf}F8f] / cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u
uN5]F8f] oxL g} xf] . /fhgLlts ;+sNk / cg';Gwfg cfof]u h:tf hg;/f]sf/sf ljleGg
cfFl6nf] g]t[Tjlagf of] uN5]F8f] kf/ ug{ cfof]u dGqfno, ljefu, lhNnf:t/Lo
c;+ej 5 . t/ of] uN5]F8f] kf/ gu/L g]kfndf sfof{nox¿, ljsf;] sfof{nox¿, nfOg
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; Ph]G;Lx¿, :yfgLo lgsfo tyf ;fd'bflos
x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f ca n's]sf] 5}g . ;+:yfx¿sf] j]a;fO6df /flvg] ;fdu|Lx¿ ;L8L
b"/;+rf/ If]q ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf M /f]ddf /fv]/ ufpFufpFdf k'¥ofP/
Pp6f lemgf] cfzf Û ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdfkm{t lbOg]
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf ePsf] k|hftGq, ;'zf;g, ljsf;, :jf:Yo cflb ljljw
kl/jt{gn] ubf{ ljBdfg b"/;+rf/ gLlt hfgsf/L, r]tgf / ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . c+u|]
ckof{Kt ePsf] x'Fbf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ hL efiff j'‰g g;Sg] clwsfz+ g]kfnLsf
dGqfnon] ljZj a}+ssf] ;xof]udf kfFr jif]{ nflu g]kfnL efiffdf lgld{t ;L8L a9L
b"/;+rf/ ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 pkof]uL klg x'G5 .
. kl/of]hgfn] b]ze/df l56f] / tTsfn b"/;+rf/ OG6/g]6 ;xof]uL -:qmfOa_
100
 g]kfndf (( k|ltzteGbf w]/} dflg;x¿
sDKo'6/–lg/If/ 5g\ . () k|ltzt hgtfn] c+u|]
hL efiff a'‰g;Qm}gg\ . cgk9x¿sfnflu
k9\g n]Vg ;3fpg cbfntdf n]vgbf;÷/fO6/ /
;dfhdf n]vg– ;xof]uL -:qmfOa_ sf] k|rng
ePem}F sDKo'6/–lg/If/sf nflu OG6/g]6
;xof]uL JolQm / ;+:yfx¿sf] hdft tof/
ug'{k5{ .
3fd, kfgL, xfjf / dnaf6 lah'nL
xfn g]kfndf em08} @) k|ltzt
3/kl/jf/df dfq} lah'nL k'u]sf] 5 . Tof] klg
w]/}h;f] zx/LIf]qdf ;Lldt 5 hxfF s'n
hg;+Vofsf] !% k|ltzteGbf yf]/} dflg;
a:5g\ . ct ufFpdf 3fd, xfjf kfgL / uf]j/Uof;
af6 ljh'nL lgsfNg] j}slNks pkfosf nflu
;s];Dd w]/} cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
g]kfnL j]a;fO6 nf]slk|o agfpg]
g]kfndf j]a;fO6 agfpg] nx/ rn]sf] 5
/ of] k|lti7fsf] ljifo klg ag]sf] 5 . t/ j]a;fO6
lsg < o;sf] nlIft bz{s sf] xf] < o;sf]
p2]Zo s] xf] < egL /fd|/L ga'emL sltkon]
/x/s} e/df / s;}n] bftf ;+:yfn] lbPsf] e/df
j]a;fO6 /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . cvaf/, /]l8of] /
6]lnlehgsf] lglZrt
kf7s, >f]tf tyf bz{s ju{ / ef}uf]lns If]q
x'G5, t/ j]a;fO6 ljZjJofkL x'G5 . j]a;fO6
h'g efiffdf agfOPsf] 5 Tof] efiff hfGg]
ljZjsf] s'g} klg efudf a:g], s'g} klg
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, wfld{s ;d'bfosf dflg;n]
Tof] j]a;fO6 x]g{;S5 . To;}n] ljZjJofkL
bz{snfO{ a'emfpg s:tf] efiff, s:tf] z}nL /
s:tf] l8hfOg k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f lgSs}
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ljZjdf em08} 5 s/f]8
dflg;x¿n] OG6/g]6 k|of]u u5{g\ .
j]a;fO6sf]
;+Vof klg s/f]8 gfl3;s]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
bz{snfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ s'/f j]a;fO6df ePg
eg] ju/sf] afn'jfsf] s0fem}F j]a;fO6
eL8df x/fpg;S5 . To;}n] j]a;fO6 6SnSs
b]lvg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . ;fy} j]a;fO6 x]g{
yfn]kl5 bz{s csf]{ j]a;fO6df ghfcf];\
eGgsf nflu j]a;fO6sf] ljifoj:t', l;+uf/k6f/
tyf k|:t'lt plQs} nf]Eofpg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{
. g]kfnL j]a;fO6x¿sf] a]Un} klxrfg u/L
rfx]sf] j]a;fO6 x]g{;Sg] agfpg g]kfn
;+a+wL l;+uf] kf]6{n jf ljifo / If]qcg';f/
101
kfFr ;ft j6f kf]6{n -PsLs[t j]a;fO6_
agfpg' cfjZos 5 .
j]a;fO6 lg/Gt/ gjLs/0f jf ck8]6
ul//fVg' k5{ . hlt k6s x]/] klg pxL cg'xf/ /
ljifoj:t' b]lvg] j]a;fO6af6 bz{sx¿ lbSs
x'G5g\ . j]a;fO6df k9g}kg]{ ljz]if ;fdu|L
ge} af;L j]a;fO6df sf]xL klg kms{g
rfxGgg\ . clxn] j]a l8hfOlgªsf ;fy} j]a
/fOl6ª k|ljlw klg cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . klxn]
/fd|f] n]vgsf] nflu ;+lIfKt / ;/n -;6{ P08
l;Dkn_ n]Vg] lgod lyof] eg] ca csf]{ Pp6f
P;, :jL6 ylkPsf] 5 . cyf{t\ j]a n]vg ;+lIfKt
-a'Fbfa'Fbfdf_, ;/n -;a}n] a'‰g;Sg] efiff
/ z}nLdf_, clg k9'Fk9'F nfUg] ld7f]
x'g'k5{ .
cgnfOg kqsfl/tfnfO{ cem
pkof]uL agfpg]
OG6/g]6df klqsf /fVb}df bz{sn]
x]5{ eGg] 7fGg' x'Fb}g . cgnfOg
klqsfx¿n] bz{ssf] ;+Vof a9fpg lgoldt k|
rf/ k|;f/ / ljleGg sfo{qmd ug'{k5{ .
bz{ssf] k|Zgf]Q/, lh1f;f :tDe, ljb]zdf a:g]
g]kfnLx¿nfO{ sfdnfUg] s'/f, pgLx¿sf]
;Gb]z, hgdt ;+sng, Kofgn jf u|'k l8:s;g,
a]nfa]nfdf ;+rfng / lbuf]kgsf] nflu :yfgLo
;+:yf jf lghL If]qnfO{ lbg' Jofjxfl/s x'G5 .
6]ln;]G6/x¿n] 3/axfn hf]ufpg jf ufFpsf
cu'jfx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf /fVg] lgotn] klg uflj;
ejg, :s'n jf s'g} ;fj{hlgs ejgdf /fVg ;S5g\
. t/ pkof]lutf, lbuf]kg, cfDbfgL / ;'/Iffsf]
b[li6n] ahf/ If]q jf dflg;x¿ w]/} cfpg],
cfjthfjt a9L x'g] 7fpFdf 6]ln;]G6/
/fVg'k5{ .
oGqpks/0f / ;'ljwfsf] lg0f{o
6]ln;]G6/df /flvg] oGqpks/0f / ;'ljwfx¿
;a} 7fpFdf Ps} k|sf/sf] jf a/fa/ /fVg'
cfjZos / Aofjxfl/s b]lvFb}g . st}
6]lnkmf]gsf] a9L pkof]u x'g;S5 . st}
ˆofS; rflxFb} grflxg;S5 . st} lk|G6/ /
kmf]6f]skLsf] b'¿kof]u x'g;S5 . glhssf]
ahf/df sltko ;]jf ;:tf]df kfOg;S5g\ . ctM
:yfgLo cfjZostf, pkof]u / IfdtfnfO{ a'em]/
:yfgLo hgtfs}
;xdltcg';f/ s] slt ;'ljwf /fVg] eGg] lg0f{o
ul/g'k5{ .
ljz]if1sf] ;Nnfx tyf :yfgLo ;xof]u
/ ;+sNk
a]nfa]nfdf aGb eO/fVg] ce/kbf]{
lah'nL, cg'ko'Qm 6]lnkmf]g k|0ffnL,
xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/ km]g]{ jf d/dt ug]{
;'ljwfsf] cefj, ;"rgf k|ljlwn] lbg] ;]jfaf/]
ufpFn]x¿sf] cgle1tf jf cljZjf;, :yfgLo
hgzlQm / ;+rfngsf] nflu ;|f]t ;fwg /
Joj:yfkgsf] sdL cflb afwf Jojwfgx¿ kf/
ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt ljz]if1 / :yfgLo
hgtfsf] ;xdlt ;fy} :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ;+sNk
lnP/ 6]ln;]G6/ ;'? u/] dfq ;kmn x'g;S5 .
nufgL
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf / g]t[Tj txdf k|
ljj4tfsf] sdLn] ubf{ ljb]zL 7"nf tyf
:jledfgL Jofkfl/s lgsfox¿ g]kfndf nufgL
ug{ cfP/ klg kms{g' k/]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] pRr lzIff lbg] ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{
cfPsfx¿ kms]{/ uPsf 5g\ . clxn] g]kfnsf
ljleGg sn]h / ljZjljBfnodf kl9x]sf %))) hlt
;"rgf k|ljlwsf :gftsx¿n] b]zleq sfd gkfpg]
cj:yf cfpg] ;+efjgf 5 . o'jfx¿nfO{ :j/f]huf/
agfpg ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fodf nufpg'
cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu g]kfnsf a}Fsx¿n]
;"rgf k|ljlw k|j4{g ug]{ vfnsf] C0f lbg]
of]hgf ;+rfng ug'{k5{ . ;s];Dd cfO6L
ljsf; a}Fs :yfkgf ug'{k5{ .
gof“gof“ pkof]ustf{x¿
klxn] cg'dfg} gul/Psf JolQm tyf
;+:yfx¿ 6]ln;]G6/sf pkof]ustf{ aGg
ufp“sf] nflu zx/sf ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿sf]
pkof]u t/fO{sf clwsf+z ufFpx¿
zx/LIf]qsf] glhs ePsf] / kxf8L Onfsfdf klg
zx/ / ufpFjLr glhssf] ;DjGw ePsf] x'gfn]
zx/L If]qdf ePsf ;'ljwfx¿af6 ufFpn]x¿n]
nfe lnO/x]sf 5g\ . xfn sltko zx/x¿df
;+rflnt ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿df u|fdL0f o'jfx¿
em'lDfPsf b]lvG5g\ . of] k|j[lQnfO{ a9fP/
zx/LIf]qdf ;+rflnt ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿nfO{
ufFp ljsf; ;ldlt, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿,
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dlGjt
u/L sfd ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ . x'nfsn]
ufFpdf lr7L afF8]em}+ lab]zdf a:g]
g]kfnLx¿sf] Od]n zx/sf ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿,
102
x'nfsx¿, ufFpdf rn]sf 6]ln;]G6/x¿ dfkm{t
ufFpdf jf sDKo'6/ gePsfx¿sxfF
k'/\ofpg] / k7fpg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . zx/df
l:yt ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿nfO{ of] sfdsf] lhDdf
lbg;lsG5 . 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf gePsf ufpFdf
sfd ug]{ kl/of]hgf jf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿n]
klg zx/sf ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿;Fu ldn]/ Od]n /
OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{;S5g\ .
x'nfsdf Od]n / OG6/g]6 ;]jf
ljh'nL / 6]lnkmf]g k'u]sf x'nfs
sfof{nox¿df OG6/g]6 hl8t sDKo'6/ /fv]/
u|fxsx¿nfO{ Go'gtd z'Ns lnP/ Od]n
Psfp06 vf]Ng] ;'ljwf lbOg'k5{ .
:yfgLo g]t[Tj / Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
u|fdL0f Onfsfdf ;"rgf k|ljlw
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf]
ljsf; ug'{k5{ . s'g} klg ;d'bfosf] ;"rgf
cfjZostf / pko'Qm ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] af/]df
;a}eGbf a9L ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ yfxf
x'G5 ctM lbuf]kgsf] nflu klg o;sf] dxTj 5
. dflg;x¿nfO{ ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ;Lk l;sfP/ tyf
;/n / ;'ne k"jf{wf/ tof/ kf/]/ dfq} ljkGg
;dfhx¿n] cfˆg} ;+rf/ dfWodx¿dfly a9L
lgoGq0f ug{;S5g\ . o;/L pgLx¿ cfˆgf]
eljiodfly a9L lgoGq0f ug{;Sg] x'G5g\ .
of] l:yltsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;/sf/L, lghL, :yfgLo,
If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o, ljleGg kIf jf sf/s jf
kfqx¿aLrsf] ;femf k|of; cfjZos x'G5 .
;s];Dd w]/}sf] kx“'rdf
;/sf/n] !% ;o ufFpdf 6]ln;]G6/
:yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] 5 . o;sf]
;+:yfx¿n] clxn] g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{
;j{;'ne agfP/ ljsf;, k|hftGq / ;'zf;gsf]
ultljlwnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ljleGg sfo{qmd
;+rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . dGqfnob]lv uflj;;Dd
ltgLx¿n] ;3fO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ ljleGg
;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjo gx'gfn] e|d, bf]xf]/f]
sfd / ljs[lt klg pTkGg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
ltgLx¿n] dGqfnob]lv lnP/ :yfgLo lgsfo /
;fd'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿;Fu klg ldn]/ ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ug'{k5{ /
s]Gb|Lo eGbf :yfgLo Ifdtf / ;Lk a9fpg
a9L hf]8 lbg'k5{ .
Osd;{sf] ljsf;sf] nflu
klxnf] sfd t On]S6«f]lgs
sf/f]af/nfO{ dfGotf lbg] / o;;+a+wL
ck/fw /f]Sg] sfg'g aGg' cfjZos 5 . To;f]
ePkl5 cgnfOg ljqmL ljt/0f / e'QmfgL ;Dej
x'G5 . Osd;{ dfkm{t cfh{g u/]sf] ljb]zL
d'b|f b]zdf leq\ofpg] / a}Fsdf /fVg]af/]df
pbf/ gLlt Nofpg'k5{ . Jofkfl/s j]a;fO6sf]
lgoldt ck8]6 x'g'sf ;fy} To;dfkm{t a]lrg]
;fdfgsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt x'g'k5{ . Pp6f
sDkgLn] 7Uof] eg] ;a} j]a;fO6k|lt ljZjf;
u'D5 .
b"/;+rf/ dx;'ndf lx:;]bf/L / ljifo / If]q;Fu ;+a+lwt ;"rgf / 1fgsf] e08f/
lgMz'Ns OG6/g]6
OG6/g]6 / b"/;+rf/ Pscsf{sf]
kof{ojfrL zAbh:t} eO;s]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6
k|of]u a9g' eg]sf] b"/;+rf/sf] k|of]u /
cfDbfgL a9g' xf] . ctM ljleGg b]zdf
OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg] sDkgLx¿n] b"/;+rf/
dx;'nsf] lx:;f kfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . o;/L
b"/;+rf/sf] cfDbfgLn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf wflgg]
dfq} xf]Og gfkmfd} rNg yfn]kl5
OG6/g]6 lgMz'Ns x'g' :jfefljs xf] .
Ps sfd b'O{ dGqfno
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon] ;"rgf k|
ljlw gLlt, ;fOa/ sfg'g agfpF5 ./fli6«o ;"rgf
k|ljlw s]Gb| oxL dGqfnosf] cGtu{t 5 .
csf]{lt/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d]?b08 b"/;+rf/sf]
gLlt, P]g, lgod agfpg] b]lvlnP/ lk|
mSj]G;L, eL:of6 cflbsf] Ohfht lbg] /
sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] lhDdf ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/ dGqfno cGtu{t k5{ . b"/ ;+rf/ k|
flws/0f / ;+:yfg oxL dGqfnosf] dftxtdf 5 .
Pp6} If]q b'O{ dGqfnon] x]g]{ k|jwfg
ePsf] x'Fbf sltko ljifodf lj;+ult / cK7Øf/f]
klg k/]sf] 5 . ctM ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL ;a}
sfd Pp6} dGqfnocGtu{t /fVg' Jofjxfl/s tyf
k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
cGt/f{li6«o b"/;+rf/ ;+3 -cfO
{6Lo"_ sf] ;'emfj
OG6/g]6 k|j4{gsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o
b"/;+rf/ ;+3 -cfO{6Lo"_ n] u/]sf b'O{
;S5g\ . h:t}, zx/af6 dfn;fdfg lemsfpg]
:yfgLo Jofkf/L tyf ufpFsf] pTkfbg zx/df
a]Rg n}hfg] Jofkf/Lx¿, ufpFaf6 zx/df sfd
ug{ dhb'/ hDdf ug]{ 7]s]bf/,
7]s]bf/nfO{ kv]{/ a:g] dhb'/x¿, lg/Gt/
cfO6L k|of]u
103
ug]{ cfuGt'sx¿, gofF of]hgf, kl/of]hgf jf
;+:yfsf] sfof{no cflb . s]jn ;+rf] la;+rf]
hfGgsf] nflu dfq} 6]ln;]G6/ :yfkgf ug'{
lemFuf dfg{ aGb'ssf] Joj:yf ug'{h:t} xf] .
;"rgf / 1fgsf] ljs]lGb|t / ;'ne
e08f/sf] lgdf{0f
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljz]iftf g} 1fg /
;"rgfsf] ;j{;'netf xf] . o;}n] ;/sf/L, z}lIfs,
Jofj;flos, :jf:Yo;+a+wL tyf c? s'g} klg
-8]6f a];_ s]Gb|Ls[t jf Ps}7fpFdf jf ;Lldt
JolQmsf] lgoGq0fdf x'g'x'Fb}g . ;s];Dd
w]/} j]a;fO6df /fVg'k5{ . o;/L ;a} tx /
Ifdtfsf pkof]ustf{ – JolQm / ;+:yfx¿ – n]
1fg / ;"rgf kfpg / pkof]u ug{;S5g\ .
k/Dk/fut k|ljlwx¿sf] pkof]u
;"rgf / 1fgnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg
sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6df dfq e/ gk/]/ /]l8of],
6]lnlehg, lel8of], s]a'n 6LeL, cvaf/h:tf
k/Dk/fut ;+rf/ dfWodx¿sf] klg pkof]u
ug'{k5{ . leGg k|ljlwx¿sf] d]naf6 ag]sf]
;+s/ k|ljlw -xfOla|8_ sf] pkof]u tyf gofF /
k'/fgf k|ljlwx¿sf] d]naf6 l;h{gf ePsf gofF
k|0ffnLx¿n] k|efjsf/L, :yfgLo vr{n]
wfGg;Sg] / ;an agfpg] vfnsf ;+rf/sf
;fwgx¿ pknJw x'g;S5g\ . ;fgf] kl/df0f, sd
vr{, ;d'bfod'vL tyf ;]G;/l;keGbf aflx/ x'g'
cflb u'0fx¿ gofF dfWodsf kmfObfx¿ x'g\ .
tf//xLt b"/;+rf/ k|ljlwdf hf]8
ca df]afOn kmf]gaf6 Od]n /
OG6/g]6 rNg yfn]sf] 5 . ef]lnsf] ul/asf]
6]lnkmf]g df]afOn kmf]g g} xf] . lgs6
eljiodf u|fdL0f g]kfnsf] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
0ffnL tf//xLt b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
x'g] s'/fdf z+sf 5}g . df]afOn / :of6]nfO6
kmf]gn] sDKo'6/sf] klg sfd ug{ yfNg]5 .
ctM b"/
;+rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL of]hgf
agfpFbf of] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /flvPg eg] ;|
f]t / ;fwg dfq} v]/ hfg] 5}g b]z g} ljsf;sf]
ultdf kl5 kg]{5 .
aflx/L ;xof]u :yfgLo ;d'bfo;“u
g]kfndf sfo{/t /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfox¿,
bft[;+:yfx¿ tyf cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;] vf]Ng
;3fpg'k5{ . hgtfnfO{ lgMz'Ns jf ;x'lnot
b/df 6]lnkmf]g / OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg]
;dfh;]jL ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;/sf/ tyf
bft[;+:yfx¿n] cg'bfg / cGo ;xof]u lbg'k5{
. hf]8\g'k5{ . cWoogx¿n] g]kfnh:tf] b]zdf
• OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg]x¿aLr :j:y k|lt:kwf{
u/fP/ o;sf] b/
36fpg'k5{ .
• cfOP;kL / b"/;+rf/ ;]jf lbg] ljleGg
;+:yfx¿aLr tyf ;+:yfg;Fu klg cfk;df
b"/;+rf/ / OG6/g]6 cfbfgk|bfg, PSr]Fh
ug]{, s]lGb|o Joj:yf x'g' clt cfjZos 5 .
• lnh nfOgsf] dx;'n nfut d"Nocg';f/
x'g'k5{ .
• xfn eL:of6 ;+rfngsf] nflu Ohfht b:t'/
lgSs} dxFuf] 5 / ljleGg :yfgsf] nflu
a]Unfa]Un} Ohfht lng'k5{ . kmn:j¿k
eL:of6dfkm{t b"/;+rf/ ;+a+wL ljljw ;]jf
;+rfng ug]{ ;Defjgf sd 5 . eL:of6sf] nflu
w]/} 7fpFsf] nflu Pp6} Ohfht lnP k'Ug]
x'g'k5{ . nfO;]G; k|lqmofdf ePsf afwf
c8rg x6fP/ l56f]5l/tf] agfpg'k5{ .
• Pp6f zx/df w]/} cfOP;kLx¿n] ;]jf lbFbf
Pp6f OG6/g]6 PSr]Fh KjfOG6 :yfkgf u/]/
Pp6f eL:of6 k|of]u u/]/ w]/}n] ;]jf ;+rfng
ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
• k|efjsf/L tyf :yfgLo ¿kn]
;fGble{s÷pkof]uL ljifoj:t' tof/ kfg'{ k5{ .
ljifoj:t' :yfgLo efiffdf g} ljsl;t / k|j4{g
ug'{k5{ . ;fy} ;d'bfo :jo+n] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] / ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbg]
vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . ;d'bfox¿sf] Ifdtf a9fP/
pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆg} ljifoj:t' tof/ kfg{;Sg]
agfpg'k5{ . ;'?df :yfgLo ljifoj:t' pTkfbg,
gd'gf k|bz{g ug{ cg'bfg ;xof]u lbg'k5{ .
;fy} af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ / k|ltlnlk
clwsf/;+a+wL sfg'gnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un]
nfu" u/fpg'k5{ .
• lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ tyf ;dfh;]jL ;+:yfx¿nfO{
ljz]if ;x'lnot b/df OG6/g]6 rnfpg] Joj:yf
ug{'k5{ .
• OG6/g]6dfkm{t 6]lnkmf]g ug]{
;'ljwfdfly nufOPsf] /f]s t'?Gt} x6fpg'k5{,
lsgls g]kfnh:tf] b]zsf nflu of] k|ljlw lgSs}
pkof]uL, pko'Qm / ;:tf] k|ljlw xf] .
• OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u a9fpg ;/sf/n] ;fIf/tf
tyf ljh'nLsf] pTkfbg / pkef]u a9fpg] gLlt /
104
sfo{qmd Nofpg'k5{ . OG6/g]6sf]
ljsf;nfO{ b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;;Fu
OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u a9fpgsf nflu s]xL
7f]; ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . !((( sf] cS6f]j/df
ul/Psf] cWoog, æRofn]Gh]h 6' b g]6js{
OG6/g]6 km/ 8]EnKd]06Æ / gj]Da/ @)))
df ul/Psf] cWoog æb OG6/g]6 k|md b 6k
ckm b jN8{ M g]kfn s]; :68LÆ df lbOPsf
;'memfjx¿sf] cf;o / ;f/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
• ;/sf/sf] dflyNnf] txdf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u
a9fpg'k5{ .
• OG6/g]6sf] pkof]lutfaf/] hgr]tgf a9fpg]
sfo{qmd rnfpg'k5{ .
• lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg'k5{ . ;/sf/n]
lghL If]qnfO{ ;xefuL agfpg t vf]h]sf] 5 t/
k"/} lhDdf lbg vf]h]sf] 5}g . lghL
If]qnfO{ k"0f{ Ifdtfsf] /fli6«o b"/;+rf/ ;]jf
;+rfng ug]{ cg'dlt lbg'k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o
sn, EjfO; 6]lnkmf]g, 8An'PnPn, df]afOn
cflb ;a} vfn] ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ cj;/ gkfP;Dd
cGt/f{li6«o nufgLstf{x¿n] nufgL
ub}{gg\ . g]kfndf 6]08/n] g} ;/sf/sf] gLlt
/ lgot emNsfpF5 . ;+:yfgn] ul//fv]sf]
sfddWo] s]xL sfd ug{ lghL If]qnfO{
6]08/ sn gu/L k"0f{ k|lt:kwL{ ;+rfnssf]
nflu 6]08/ sn ug'{k5{ . k|flws/0fnfO{
a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ tyf u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/ ljsf;
sf]ifsf] nflu lbg'kg]{ z'Nsx¿ ;s]
x6fpg'k5{, g;s] 36fpg'k5{ .
• cfwf/e"t b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] ahf/ ;s];Dd w]/}
vfnsf Joj;foLx¿sf nflu vf]Ng'k5{ .
OG6/g]6 Joj;foLx¿, cfOP;kLb]lv ;fOa/
Sofkm];Dd ;fgf7"nf ;a} vfnsf
Joj;foLx¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .
pgLx¿nfO{ b'x'gf ufO{ 7fGg' x'Fb}g .
clxn] nfu" ul/Psf cg]s s/ tyf Ohfht /
gjLs/0fsf em+eml6nf k|lqmofx¿ x6fP/
OG6/g]6 Joj;foLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'k5{
.
• 6]lnkmf]g s'/fsfgLsf] t'ngfdf OG6/g]6df
w]/} a]/;Dd 6]lnkmf]gsf] pkof]u x'G5 .
;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]g nfOg pkof]u u/]/
OG6/g]6 rnfpFbf 6]lnkmf]gsf] k|rlnt
dx;'neGbf sd dx;'n lng] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
• cfOP;kL gePsf lhNnfaf6 cfOP;kL ePsf
zx/x¿sf ;e{/x¿dfkm{t OG6/g]6 rnfpFbf
;fwf/0f jf sd 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n nfUg] Joj:yf
ug'{k5{ .
• OG6/g]6 sg]S;g z'Ns lng'sf] ;§f
cfOP;kLx¿n] :yfgLo kmf]gsnsf] dx;'nsf]
lx:;f kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
• OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf l;w} pkof]u ug{g;Sg]
;d'bfox¿sf nflu 6]ln;]G6/
ljt/0f, 8]6fa];;dIf kx'Fr tyf tflndsf]
nflu ul/G5 . OG6«fg]6 OG6/g]6;Fu cfj4
x'g klg ;S5 gx'g klg ;S5 . o;nfO{
OG6«fg]6 elgPsf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] o;df
OG6/g]6df h:t} j]a k]hx¿ x]g{ ;lsG5 .
;fy} o;df OG6/g]6df pkof]u ul/g] j]a a|
fph/h:tf sltko ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ pkof]u x'G5 .
Od]n sDKo'6/ lj1fgdf Od]n On]S6«f]lgs
d]n jf On]S6«f]lgs ;fwgaf6
k7fOg] x'nfssf] 5f]6s/L ¿k xf] . o;df
OG6«fg]6 jf OG6/g]6dfkm{t 8]6f jf kf7Ø
;fdu|L Pp6f sDKo'6/af6 csf]{ sDKo'6/df
k7fOG5 . Od]n k|of]ustf{x¿n] :yfgLo
g]6js{, /fli6«o g]6js{ jf ljZjJofkL
g]6js{dfkm{t ;Gb]z / 8]6f b'|t ultdf
k7fpg;S5g\ . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf Od]nsf]
Jofks k|rng ;'? ePsf] xf] . On]S6«f]lgS;
ljB'tLo s0f cyf{t\ On]S6«f]gsf] k|jfxsf]
cfwf/df x'g] ;"rgf jf 8]6f pTkfbg, k|;
f/0f÷ljt/0f, k|fKt tyf e08/0f÷;+sng ug{
pkof]u ul/g] On]S6«f]lgs pks/0fx¿, k|foM
On]S6«f]lgs ;ls{6;Fu ;DalGwt
pks/0fx¿sf] lgdf{0f, l8hfOlgª tyf k|of]u
ug]{ ljBf . o:tf ;"rgf jf 8]6fleq >JooGqdf
;'lgg] :j/ / ;+uLt tyf lel8of] jf 6]lnlehgdf
b]lvg] b[Zonufot sDKo'6/df x'g] cg]s k|
sf/sf 8]6f klg kg{;S5g\ . Prl6PdPn
Prl6PdPn cyf{t\ xfOk/6]S:6 dfs{ck
Nof+Uj]h xf] . j]ak]h agfpg o;sf] cfjZostf
x'G5 . o;n] kf7Ø ;fdu|L, lrq, Wjlg / rnlrq
cflbnfO{ hf]8\5 . ljZjel/sf j]a;fO6x¿,
Pp6} j]a;fO6sf klg ljleGg k]hx¿, Ps}
k]hsf klg ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿aLr ;Dks{ -ln
+s_ ufF:g] sfd o;}n] u5{ . o;}af6
jN8{jfO8j]adf pkof]u x'g] xfOk/6]S:6
8s'd]06 agfOG5 .
105
Pgfnu Pgfnu oGq pks/0f jf ;+s]t
h;sf] ef]N6]h, WjgL cflb u'0f lg/Gt/
kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . ef]N6]h jf WjgLh:tf
u'0fx¿ lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xg] :jefj ePsf
oGq pks/0f jf ;+s]t;Fu ;DalGwt ;+rf/ k|
0ffnL . sDKo'6/ sDKo'6/ o:tf] oGq xf]
h;n] tLg j6f sfd u5{ M o;n] ;'lgof]lht,
;'ul7t tyf lgolGqt ;"rgf ;fdu|L lnG5, Tof]
;fdu|LnfO{ To;nfO{ lbOPsf] lgod cg';f/ k|
zf]wg u5{, clg pTkfbgsf] ¿kdf kl/0ffd
lbG5 . s;{/ sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df b]lvg] ljz]if
;+s]t h:t} ‰ofk‰ofk ul//xg] ;f]emf] jf
t];f]{ wsf{, rf}sf]0f, tL/sf] 6'Kkf], cfF}nf
cflb lrgGx . s;{/ lsaf]8{, dfp; jf sndsf]
6'Kkf] cflbsf] O;f/f jf rfndf rN5 .
kl/lzi6 !
;fGble{s Pj+ kfl/eflifs
zAbfjnL
clK6sn kmfOa/ cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|
ljlwdf ;"rgf jf 8]6fnfO{ t/+u jf n]h/
ls/0f÷k|sfzsf] ¿kdf k|]if0f ul/g] z'4 l;;f jf
Knfl:6sn] ag]sf] wfuf]eGbf dl;gf] vf]qmf]
g/d tf/ . x]g'{;\ kmfOa/ clK6S; . cfOP;kL
OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos . u|fxsnfO{ OG6/g]6
;Dks{ / ;+a+lwt cGo ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug]{
Joj;foLnfO{ cfOP;kL jf OG6/g]6 ;le{; k|
f]efO8/
elgG5 . cfOP;kL s'g}, :yfgLo, s'g}
/fli6«o, s'g} cGt/f{li6« x'G5g\ . cfO6L
;"k|, ;"rgf k|ljlw . Og\kmd]{;g
6]Sgf]nf]hL . ;"rgf jf hfgsf/LnfO{ k|fKt
ug]{, e08f/ jf ;+sng ug]{, k|zf]wg ug]{ /
;+rf/ jf k|;f/ ug]{ On]S6«f]lgs tl/sf, pkfo
jf ;fwg . o;df ljleGg k|ljlwx¿sf] Ps} kN6
pkof]u ul/G5 . o;leq sDKo'6/;Fu ;+a+lwt
xf8{j]o/, ;ˆ6j]o/ / cGo pks/0fx¿sf ;fy}
b"/;+rf/ / ;"IdOn]S6«f]lgs k|ljlwx¿ k5{g\
.
OG6/PlS6e dflg;x¿ jf oGqpks/0fx¿aLr
cfk;df ;+rf/ jf
;xsfo{ . dflg; / SDKo'6/aLr ;"rgf jf cfb]z
cfbfgk|bfg . lsaf]8{ jf cGo OGk'6
l8efO;sf] dbtn] sDKo'6/ k|of]ustf{sf]
lgb]{zgcg';f/ sfd u/fpg] k|0ffnL .
 OG6/g]6 OG6/g]6 sDKo'6/x¿sf]
;+hfnx¿sf] klg ;+hfn jf g]6js{x¿sf]
ljZjJofkL g]6js{ xf] . of] ;+hfndf cfj4 ;a}
sDKo'6/x¿n] ;+;f/sf] s'g} s'gfdf eP klg
Pscfk;df ;+rf/ ug{, 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg
ug{;S5g\ . o;dfkm{t
;+;f/e/df ePsf OG6/g]6df hf]l8Psf
sDKo'6/x¿df ePsf c;+Vo 1fg, ;"rgf /
;]jfx¿sf] hfgsf/L kfpg j]a;fO6 / ul/g] tYof+s . 8]6fx¿sf] d]naf6 ;"rgf
Od]ndfkm{t pknAw ug{ / u/fpg ;lsG5 .
clt b|'t ultsf] b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLlagf
OG6/g]6 rNg;Qm}g . ;+;f/el/ km}lnPsf
ljleGg b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLx¿ / tL k|0ffnL;Fu
cfj4 s/f]8f}F Jofkfl/s, ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L,
z}lIfs, dgf]/+hgfTds, cfd;+rf/
sf g]6js{¿ ldn]/ OG6/g]6 rN5 . OG6«fg]6
OG6«fg]6 :yfgLo sDKo'6/x¿sf] ;+hfn xf]
. s'g} vf; ;+:yf jf sfof{noleq ;"rgfsf]
;femf pkof]u jf cfbfg k|bfgsf nflu o;sf]
pkof]u ul/G5 . o;sf] pkof]u kmfOn jf
8s'd]06x¿ / ;ˆ6j]o/x¿
;fGble{s Pj+ kfl/eflifs zAbfjnL
l8lh6 l8lh6 eg]sf] ;fdfGo cy{df c+s
xf] . o;n] ! b]lv ) ;Ddsf bz j6f cfwf/e"t
c+s a'emfpF5 . sDKo'6/ afOg/L l8lh6sf]
cfwf/df rN5 . afOg/L l8lh6 eg]sf] ! / ) xf]
. sDKo'6/df h]hlt 8]6f jf ;"rgf /flvG5 Tof]
log} b'O{ c+sdf x'G5 . cIf/, zAb, Wjlg,
lrq, rnlrq ;a} log} b'O{
c+sdf x'G5g\ . sDKo'6/n] 8]6f, ;+sng, k|
zf]wg, k|]if0f ug]{ sfd ;a} ! / ) d} u5{ .
x]g'{;\ afOg/L l8lh6 . l8lh6n l8efO8 xfn
k|rngdf /x]sf clwsf+z sDKo'6/n] 8]6f jf
;"rgfnfO{ b'O{ c+s ! / ) sf] ¿kdf dfq
a'‰g, ;+u|x ug{ / v]nfpg;S5 . l8lh6df
dfq ;+rfng x'g] x'gfn] of] k|ljlwnfO{
l8lh6n k|ljlw elgPsf] xf] . To;}n] clxn]
;"rgf k|ljlwdf ljZjdf b]lvPsf] c;dfgtf jf
vf8nnfO{ l8lh6n l8efO6 eGg yflnPsf] 5 .
l8lh6n l8efO8 zAbfjnLn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf
;fwg, pks/0f / pkof]udf s'g} b]z jf ;dfhsf]
kx'Frdf c;dfgtfnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;leq
sDKo'6/ ;+rfng ug]{ pks/0f / k|ljlwx¿,
b"/;+rf/ ;'ljwf, On]S6«f]lgs pks/0fx¿,
;"rgf k|ljlw ;+rfng ug{;Sg]
106
hgzlQm, lzIff, tflnd, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
Ifdtf / jftfj/0fnufot ljleGg s'/f k5{g\ .
8]6f tYof+sfTds hfgsf/L, s'g} k|of]u
jf k/LIf0faf6 jf ;j]{If0faf6 lx;fa u/]/ jf
lgisif{sf] ¿kdf k|fKt ul/Psf] tYo / c+s, k|
f/+les hfgsf/L . c+s, kf7Ø, lrq, Wjlgh:tf
sDKo'6/n] ;+sng / k|zf]wg ug{ ldNg] u/L
k|fKt sDKo'6/df k|zf]wgsf] nflu pkof]u
aGg;S5 . Go'hu|'k OG6/g]6df s'g} vf;
ljifodf 5nkmn rnfpgsf] nflu ;+rflnt d+r .
o;df ;+a+lwt ljifodf n]v /rgf / ;f] n]vdfly
l6Kk0fL tyf yk hfgsf/L x'G5 . Go'hu|'ksf
;b:ox¿n] cfcfˆgf] ljrf/ jf k|ltlqmof yKb}
hfG5g\ . s'g} Go'hu|'k ;Lldt ;b:ox¿sf]
nflu x'G5 eg] s'g} OG6/g]6sf pkef]Qmf
hf];'s}n] efu lng ldNg] vfnsf x'G5g\ .
kf;j8{ sDKo'6/ k|0ffnL, vf; u/L g]6js{ /
dxTjk"0f{ kmfOn, sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu uf]Ko
;+s]t jf kf;j8{sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . u|
fxs jf pkof]ustf{n] p;nfO{ lbOPsf] cIf/ jf
;+s]tx¿ 6fOk u/]kl5 dfq} sDKo'6/ jf
g]6js{df k|j]z kfOG5 .
kf]6{n OG6/g]6df, c? j]a;fO6sf] ln+s /
ljleGg k|sf/sf] hfgsf/L pknJw u/fpg]
j]a;fO6 .
sf]clS;on s]a'n s]a'n 6]lnlehg /
sDKo'6/ g]6js{df k|of]u x'g] Ps lsl;dsf]
tf/ . sf]cflS;on tf/sf] kmfObf s] 5 eg] o;n]
;fdfGo tf/n] eGbf /fd|f];Fu clt pRr lk|
mSj]G;Lsf] t/+u k|]if0f ug{;S5 . lrk
lrknfO{ dfOqmf]lrk klg elgG5 . of] c4{
;'rfns kbfy{af6 ag]sf] pks/0f xf], h;df
Pp6f On]S6«f]lgs ;ls{6 x'G5 . Pp6f
On]S6«f]lgs ;ls{6df cfk;df h]lnPsf
;}of}F, xhf/f}F jf s/f8f}F 6«flGh:6/x¿ /
cGo clt;"Id On]S6«f]lgs lx:;fx¿ x'g;S5g\ .
o;nfO{ cfO{;L cyjf OlG6u|]6]8 ;ls{6 klg
elgG5 . cfw'lgs sDKo'6/sf] cfwf/ oxL lrk
xf] . o;sf] n3' cfsf/n] ubf{ sDKo'6/ l56f],
;fgf] / ;:tf] x'G5 . lrksf] ljsf; lg/Gt/ x'Fb}5
. x/]s 8]9 jif{df lrksf] Ifdtf b'O{ u'gf
x'Fb}5 . kmn:j¿k sDKo'6/sf] Ifdtfsf] klg
lg/Gt/ ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 .
Rof6 6]lnkmf]gdf pxL ;dodf af]n]/
s'/f u/]h:t} sDKo'6/sf] dfWodaf6 pxL
;dodf (real time) n]v]/ s'/fsfgL ug'{ . o;df
;xefuLx'g]x¿ dWo] k|To]sn] s]xL zAb jf
jfSo sDKo'6/df 6fOk u/]/ OG6/ sL lyRbf
tL zAb jf jfSo c? ;xefuLx¿sf] sDKo'6/sf]
kbf{df b]lvG5 . clg c? ;xefuLx¿n] cfcfˆgf
k|ltlqmof o;} u/L 6fOk u/]/ cGo
;xefuLx¿nfO{ k7fpF5g\ . o;/L b'O{ jf
w]/} hgfaLr Ps} ;dodf 5nkmn, ljrf/ cfbfg
k|bfg x'G5 . Rof6?d Rof6 ubf{ ljifosf]
cfwf/df 5'6\ofOg] ;d"x . x]g'{;M Rof6 .
6]lnkmf]g PS;r]+h ;a} 6]lnkmgx¿ hl6n
l:jlrª k|0ffnLdf hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ h;nfO{
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no jf PS;r]+h elgG5 . o;n]
6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{ ug'{kg]{ gDa/sf]
6]lnkmf]g;Fu ;Dks{ ul/lbG5 .
6]ln;]G6/ 6]ln;]G6/ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlw;dIf cfdhgtfsf] kxF'r pknAw u/fpg]
;femf :yfg xf] . 6]ln;]G6/sf] d'Vo sfd
hg;fwf/0fnfO{ OG6/
g]6;dIf kx'Fr a9fP/ pgLx¿nfO{
OG6/g]6dfkm{t k|fKt x'g] ;]jf pkof]u
ug{ ;3fpg' xf] . clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlw, vf; u/L
OG6/g]6nfO{, ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df
cfdhgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg] k|efjsf/L dfWodsf]
¿kdf 6]ln;]G6/sf] cjwf/0ff lgSs} pkof]uL
dfGg yflnPsf] 5 . ul/a / clt sd cfo ePsf
b]zx¿sf nflu 3/3/df sDKo'6/ / a]Unfa]Un} k|0ffnLnfO{ cfk;df 8]6f
6]lnkmf]g;Dks{ clt dxTjfsf+IfL s'/f
x'g;S5 . t/ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf sDKo'6/ /
6]lnkmf]g ;+rfng ub}{ yf]/} ;dod}
w]/}nfO{ ;+rf/ ;'ljwf lbg ;lsG5 . o;/L s'g}
;d'bfo jf ufpFnfO{ cfw'lgs ;+rf/ ;'ljwf
lbg] pkfonfO{ ;fd'bflos ;+rf/ s]Gb| (C3) /
6]ln;]G6/ klg eGg] ul/G5 .
eL:of6 eL:of6 e"pku|x k|0ffnL
cGtu{tsf] Jofj;flos ;+rf/ ;]jf ug]{ ;/n
pks/0f xf] . cGtl/Ifdf ljleGg p2]Zon]
ljleGg prfOdf ljleGg Ifdtfsf xhf/f}F
e"pku|xx¿ :yfkgf ul/Psf 5g\ . tLdWo]
Jofkfl/s p2]Zo cyf{t\ b"/;+rf/, 6]lnlehg
k|;f/0f cflb ;]jf lbP/ axfn lng] e"pku|
xx¿n]
s]a'n 6]lnlehg k|0ffnLsf ;fy} 3/sf] 5fgfdf
hl8Psf l8; PG6]gfdfkm{t 3/3/df 6]lnlehg
sfo{qmd k'¥ofpg] sfd u5{g\ . eL:of6
cyf{t\ e]/L :dn Pk/r/ 6ld{gn gfds e"pku|
107
xn] ljleGg k|sf/sf Jofkfl/s sfd, h:t}
a}+sx¿aLr, ;+:yfx¿aLr tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf
k|bfosx¿sf k|0ffnLx¿aLr l8lh6n 8]6f l/n]
ug]{ sfd u5{ . o;af6 k|;fl/t x'g] ;+s]t u|
x0f ug{ hl6n
vfnsf] k"jf{wf/ rflxFb}g, ;fgf] / ;/n pks/0f
ePk'U5 .
dlN6ldl8of kf7\o, Wjlg, lrq,
Plgd];g, rnlrqsf] d]n . x]g'{';\ xfOk/
ldl8of d]lnª ln:6;\ s'g} Pp6f gfd jf zLif{s
cGtu{t ;"lrj4 ul/Psf gfd / Od]n
7]ufgfx¿sf] ;"rL . d]lnª ln:6df gfd ePsf]
s'g} u|fxsn] d]lnª ln:6sf] gfddf Od]n
k7fof] eg] ln:6df gfd ePsf ;a}sxfF Tof]
Od]n :jtM
k'U5 . df]8]d sDKo'6/nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g;Fu
s'/fsfgL u/fOlbg] pks/0f df]8]d xf] .
df]8]d zAb df]8'n]6/ / l8df]8'n]6/ b'O{
zAb ldnfP/ 5f]6ØfP/ agfOsf] zAb xf] .
sDKo'6/ l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf sfd u5{ t/
6]lnkmf]g Pgfnu k|0ffnLdf sfd u5{ .
leGgfleGg} k|0ffnLdf sfd ug]{ x'gfn]
sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]gn] l;w} 8]6f cfbfgk|
bfg ug{ ;Qm}g . df]8]dn] l8lh6n
;+s]tnfO{ Pgfnu ;+s]tdf / Pgfnu
;+s]tnfO{ l8lh6n ;+s]tdf kl/0ft u/]/ b'O{
cfbfgk|bfg ug{;Sg] agfpF5 . df]lg6/
sDKo'6/n] u/]sf] sfdsf] kl/0ffd cIf/, lrq jf
rnlrqsf] ¿kdf b]vfpg] pks/0f . o;nfO{
l:qmg klg elgG5 . o'cf/Pn ljZjel/
km}lnPsf cgluGtL j]a;fO6 / ljifox¿dWo]
s'g sxfF 5 egL kQfnufpgsf] nflu o'cf/Pn
-o'lgkmd{ l/;f];{ nf]s]6/_ sf] pkof]u
ul/G5 . o;nfO{ jN8{jfO8j]adf ePsf]
8s'd]06sf] 6'Fuf] jf 7]ufgf eg] x'G5 .
o;nfO{ OG6/g]6 P8«]; klg elgG5 . of]
7]ufgf ePkl5 ;f] j]a;fO6df ePsf] s'g} klg
8s'd]06;dIf tTsfn} k'Ug jf x]g{ / ;'Gg
;lsG5 .
h:t} M http://www.cypernepal.com.np
kmfOa/ clK6s ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|
ljlwdf ;"rgfnfO{ l;;f jf Knfl:6sssf] kl;gf]
vf]qmf] tf/af6 k]|if0f ug]{ k|ljlw x]g';\ M
clK6sn kmfOa/ kmfOa/ clK6s s]a'n ;"rgf
k|ljlwdf ;"rgf jf 8]6fnfO{ t/+u jf n]h/
ls/0f÷k|sfzsf] ¿kdf k|]if0f ul/g] z'4 l;;f jf
Knfl:6sn] ag]sf] wfuf]eGbf dl;gf] vf]qmf]
g/d tf/ . afO6 8]6fsf] Pp6f OsfO . k|foM
cf7 la6sf] Ps afO6 x'G5 . o;n] j0f{dfnfsf]
Pp6f cIf/nfO{ hgfpg ;S5 . !)@$ afO6
a/fa/ Ps lsnf]afO6 / !)@$ lsnf]afO6 a/fa/
Ps d]ufafO6 x'G5 . To:t} !)@$ d]ufafO6
a/fa/ Ps luufafO6 x'G5 . afOg/L l8lh6
sDKo'6/ k|0ffnLn] sfd ug]{ cfwf/e"t ) / !
sf] c+ssf] hf]8f . x]g'{;\ l8lh6, la6 / afO6
. l;:6d ;ˆ6j]o/ cyjf ck/]l6ª l;:6d / PlKns];g
la6 afOg/L l8lh6 jf b'O{ hf]8f c+ssf] nflu
k|of]u ul/g] ;+lIfKt zJb . sDKo'6/n] k|
zf]wg ug{]÷sfd ug]{ jf v]nfpg] ;"rgfsf]
;a}eGbf ;fgf] OsfO . Pp6f la6df olt yf]/}
hfgsf/L x'G5 ls dflg;sf] nflu Tolt ;fy{s
x'Fb}g . cf7 j6f la6 ldn]/ Pp6f afO6 aG5
. Ps afO6n] s]xL ;"rgf lbg;S5 , h:t}
j0f{dfnfsf] s'g} cIf/ .
a"6 sDKo'6/ vf]Ng] k|lqmof . a|
fph/ j]ak]h a|fph ug{sf] nflu agfOPsf]
;ˆ6j]o/ jf k|f]u|fdnfO{ a|fph/ / j]a j|fph/
klg elgG5 . a|fph ug'{ eg]sf] j]ak]h
x]g'{ k9g', ;'Gg'
xf] . a|fph ug'{nfO{ st} ;lkm{ª / st}
PS:Knf]l/ª klg elgG5 .
Aof08ljy sDKo'6/ lj1fgdf Jof08ljy eGgfn]
b'O{ sDKo'6/aLr lgwf{l/t ;dodf k|]if0f
ug{;lsg] 8]6fsf] kl/df0f eGg] a'lemG5 .
Jof08ljynfO{ /]l8of]
t/+usf] ;Gbe{df ;fOsn k|lt;]s]08df
gflkG5 eg] sDKo'6/df afO6 k|lt;]s]08sf]
PsfOdf gflkG5 . h:t} % s]aLkL cyf{t\ k|
lt;]s]08 % lsnf]afO6sf] ultn] 8]6f k|]if0f .
sDKo'6/x¿ 6]lnkmf]gsf] tf/, sf]clS;on
s]a'n jf /]l8of] t/+u, dfOqmf]j]eaf6
cfk;df ;Dkls{t ul/Psf x'g;S5g\ . yf]/}
;dodf w]/} 8]6f k|]if0f ug]{ IfdtfnfO{
w]/} Jof08ljy Ifdtf elgG5 . er'{cn l/ofln6L
sDKo'6/n] agfpg] jf b]vfpg] o:tf] j:t' jf
b[Zo h'g sDKo'6/ k|of]ustf{x¿n] x]g{
cg'e"lt ug{;S5g\ t/ Tof] j:t' jf b[Zosf]
ef}lts cl:tTj x'Fb}g . o;nfO{ cef}lts
jf:tljstf eGg;lsG5 .
j]ak]h jN8{jfO8j]adf /flvPsf
8s'd]G6 . o;df kf7\o, lrq, Plgd]zg / rnlrq
108
x'g ;S5 . j]a;fO6 OG6/g]6df b]lvg] kf7Ø,
lrq, Wjlg / rnlrqsf kmfOnx¿sf] ;+sng .
j]a;fO6 y'k|} j]ak]h cyjf Pr6LPdPn
8s'd]G6x¿ ldn]/ ag]sf]
x'g;S5 . j]a;fO6 Pp6f ;fgf] kbf{df c6fpg]
klg x'G5 / l;+u} k':tsfno hqf] ljzfn klg
x'g;S5 . ;ˆ6j]o/ sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fd tyf
lgb]{zgx¿ h;n] sDKo'6/ xf8{j]o/nfO{ sfd
ug{ nufpF5 . ;ˆ6j]o/ d'Vo b'O{ k|sf/sf
x'G5g\ M sDKo'6/nfO{ sfd u/fpg]
;ˆ6j]o/ h;n] dflg;x¿n] ljleGg p2]Zocg';f/
sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u ug{;Sg] t'NofpF5 .
h:t} lx;fa ug]{ sfdsf nflu :k|]8l;6, lr7Lkq,
n]v /rgf n]Vgsf nflu j8{ k|f];];/ cflb . oL
afx]s klg ljleGg sfd / p2]Zon] agfOPsf
cg]sf}F k|sf/sf ;ˆ6j]o/ x'G5g\ . ;fOa/
On]S6«f]lgs ;+rf/ g]6js{ vf; u/L
OG6/g]6sf] d]naf6 ag]sf] ;"rgf k|0ffnL jf
kl/j]z .
;fOa/ Sofkm] sDKo'6/o'Qm
Sofkm] jf xf]6n hxfFaf6 u|fxsn] OG6/g]6
/ Od]n pkof]u ug{;S5 . ;fOa/g]l6S; hLljt
j:t'sf] :gfo'tGqh:tf lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf]
cWoog u/]/ To;};Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] k|0ffnL
On]S6«f]lgs / oflGqs pks/0fx¿df ljsl;t
ug]{ af/]df cWoog . ;fOa/g]l6S;n] hLljt /
lghL{j j:t'aLr ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿sf] t'ngf
u5{ . -o:tf k|0ffnLx¿ s'g} Pp6f hLjsf],
;d"xsf] jf ;dfhsf] klg x'g ;S5 ._
;fOa/:k]; ljlnod luA;gn] cfˆgf]
pkGof; Neuromancer (1982) df kl/sNkgf u/]sf]
jf:tljsh:t} u/L cg'ej ug{;lsg]
cef}lts÷cjf:tljs ;+;f/ . o:tf] cjf:tljs b'lgofF
hxfF sDKo'6/sf] dfWodaf6 OG6/g]6h:tf
;+hfnx¿dfkm{t k|j]z u/]/ ToxfF ePsf
;"rgf, 1fg, dfgf]/+hg cflb cg'ej ug{, k|fKt
ug{ e08f/0f / k|]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
OG6/g]6h:tf] Pscfk;df ;Dks{df ePsf
sDKo'6/x¿sf] dfWodaf6 dflg;x¿n] cfk;df
cGtlqmof ug]{ jftfj/0fnfO{ ;fOa/ :k];
elgG5 . ;fOa/ :k];sf] Pp6f d'Vo u'0f s] xf]
eg] b'O{ hgfaLr ;+rf/df b"/Lsf] s'g} dtna
x'Fb}g . o'h/ g]d ;+rf/sf] ;+hfndf s'g}
JolQmnfO{ lrGgsf nflu pkof]u ul/g] gfd jf
7]ufgf . Od]n jf OG6/g]6 k|of]ustf{n]
cfˆgf] kl/rosf nflu k|of]u ug]{ gfd jf
7]ufgf . nucg÷nuOg sDKo'6/ k|
of]ustf{n] s'g} sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u ug{,
sDKo'6/ g]6js{df k|j]z kfpg, jf c?
oGqpks/0fsf] pkof]u ug{ cg'dlt kfpgsf]
nflu k|of]u ul/g] cfb]z nucg jf nuOg xf] .
nucgdf k|foM k|of]ustf{sf] cfˆg} df}lns
gfd jf o'h/g]d / kf;j8{ x'G5 . o'h/g]d /
kf;j8{ lrg]kl5 dfq} sDKo'6/ jf g]6js{n] k|
j]z lbG5 . nuckm nuckm sdf08 sDKo'6/
jf g]6js{sf] sfd aGb ug]{ sbd dfq} xf] .
nucg u/]/ vf]n]sf] sDKo'6/ jf g]6js{
nuckm gu/L 5fl8of] eg] csf]{
k|of]ustf{n] nucg gu/L cyf{t\ o'h/g]d /
kf;j8{ k|of]u gu/L sDKo'6/ / g]6js{
rnfpg;S5 . ljleGg pks/0f jf k|f]u|fdcg';f/
nuckm ug]{ tl/sf km/s x'G5 . s'g}df
dfp;n] kbf{df b]lvPsf] s'g} ;+s]t jf
zJbnfO{ lSns ug]{lalQs} nuckm x'G5
eg] s'g}df s]xL lglZrt cIf/ jf zAb n]v]kl5
dfq} nuckm x'G5 .
lngS; of] Ps k|sf/sf] sDKo'6/ ck/]l6ª
l;:6d xf] . o;sf] ljsf; o'lgS; gfds clt
zlQmzfnL ax'pkof]uL tyf w]/} k|sf/sf] sfd
ug]{ ck/]l6ª l;:6daf6 ePsf] xf] . lngS;sf]
pkof]u g]6jls{ª, ;ˆ6j]o/sf] ljsf;nufot ljljw
k|sf/sf sfddf ul/G5 . c? dxFuf ck/]l6ª
l;:6dsf] bfFhf]df o;nfO{ ;:tf] dflgG5 .
o;sf] ljljw pkof]lutf / ;j{;'netfn] ubf{
of] ljZjel/ nf]slk|o aGb}5 . ;ˆ6j]o/
agfpg]x?sf] 7"nf] ;+Vofn] o;nfO{
ckgfpFb}5g\ . lngS;nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf
xf8{j]o/;Fu sfd ug{;Sg] agfpgsf nflu
w]/} sfdx? eO/x]sf 5g\ . lj+8f]h sDKo'6/
lj1fgdf lj+8f]hsf] cy{ ljZjk|l;4 ;ˆ6j]o/
pTkfbs dfOqmf];ˆ6 skf]{/];gn] ahf/df
NofPsf] k;{gn sDKo'6/ ck/]l6ª l;:6d xf] .
o;n] sDKo'6/ k|of]ustf{x?nfO{ lsaf]8{sf]
;§f dfp;h:tf] tfs]/ lSns u/] k'Ug] ;lhnf]
pks/0f pknAw u/fP/ sDKo'6/ rnfpg lgSs}
;lhnf] agfOlbof] . lj+8f]h cfpgeGbf klxn]
sDKo'6/ rnfpg dfOqmf];ˆ6s} l8:s ck/]l6ª
l;:6d MS-DOS hfGg'kYof]{ . lj+8f]h clxn]
;+;f/d} ;a}eGbf k|rlnt sDKo'6/ rnfpg] k|
0ffnL ag]sf] 5 . o;n] sDKo'6/ k|
109
of]ustf{x?nfO{ sDKo'6/df sfd ug]{
/dfOnf] jftfj/0f lbPsf] 5 .
xfOk/ldl8of kf7Ø, lrq, Wjlg /
rnlrqh:tf ljljw dfWodx¿nfO{ Ps} ;+/rgfdf
;+ul7t u/]/ pkof]u ug]{ gofF tl/sfnfO{
xfOk/ldl8of elgG5 . o;df sDKo'6/,
;L8L/f]d / OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u ul/G5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu s'g} ;L8L/f]d jf j]ak]hsf]
ln+s jf xfOk/ln+s pkof]u u/]/ ljleGg
dfWodsf
ljleGg ljifo x]g{, ;'Gg ;lsG5 . of] k|ljlwn]
ubf{ s'g} klg ljifosf] s'g} klg dfWoddf
k'Ugsf] nflu Pskl5 csf]{ u/L qmd};+u
kfgf kN6fpg' kb}{g . lSns ug]{ lalQs}
h'g ljifo jf zAb rflxof] To;df k'Ug ;lsG5 .
xfOk/ln+s s'g} Pp6f xfOk/6]S:6
8s'd]06df ePsf zAb, jfSo, lrGx, ;+s]t ljifo
/ cGo xfOk/6]S:6 8s'd]06df ePsf kmfOn /
c? ;du|Lx¿aLrsf] ;Dks{nfO{ xfOk/ln+s
elgG5 . s'g} 8s'd]06df ePsf]
xfOk/6]S:6sf] ;+s]tnfO{ dfp;n] lSns u/]/
Tof] ;Dks{n] ;+s]t ug]{ 8s'd]06df ;lhn}
k'Ug;lsG5 . xfOk/ln+ssf] zAb jf ;+s]t
c?eGbf a]Un} /+udf / lrGg ;lhnf] u/L
agfOPsf] x'G5 . Tof] zAb jf lrGxdfly s;{/
n}hfFbf To;sf] /+u jf ?k km]l/G5 jf
s;{/sf] ?k km]l/P/ xftsf] cf}+nf h:tf]
b]lvG5 .
xf8{j]o/ sDKo'6/ oGq pks/0f /
Tof];Fu ;+a+lwt kf6{k'hf{, ;fdu|L . xf8{
j]o/ ef}lts a:t' xf] h;nfO{ 5'g rnfpg
prfNg;lsG5 . xf]dk]h s'g} klg j]a;fO6sf]
klxnf] k]hnfO{ xf]dk]h elgG5 . o;n] ;f]
j]a;fO6 / To;df ePsf ;fdu|Lx?sf] af/]df
a'emfpF5 . o;df k|foM ljifo ;"lr /flvG5 /
o;nfO{ j]a;fO6sf] kl/ro jf ;f]s]; dflgG5 .
l:jlrª b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLdf, 6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{
ubf{ h'g gDa/sf] nflu kmf]g ul/Psf] xf]
Tof] gDa/df 6]lnkmf]g sn ;Dks{ ul/lbg]
Joj:yf . ;f] sfd
ug{sf nflu PS;r]+hdf hl8t l:jlrª pks/0f .
;"rgf 8]6f jf hfgsf/L / tYof+sx¿nfO{
;+sng / k|zf]wg u/L ;'ul7t,
;fy{s / pkof]u ug{;lsg] cfsf/df 9flnPkl5
;"rgf aG5 . ;'ul7t / pkof]uL ;"rgf ;xL,
;fGble{s, k"0f{, ;:tf], ;Totfsf] k/LIf0f ug{
;lsg], ljZj;gLo / rflxPsf] a]nfdf kfpg;lsg]
x'G5 . ;"rgfnfO{ cIf/x¿df, c+sx¿df, lrqdf,
rnlrqdf / WjgLdf k|:t't ug{;lsG5 . ;"rgfsf]
dxfdfu{ rNtLsf] efiffdf Og\kmd]{;g
;'k/xfOj] eGgfn] ljBdfg OG6/g]6 / o;nfO{
;+rfng ug{ rflxg] k"jf{wf/x¿nfO{ hgfpF5
. o;leq lghL g]6js{x¿, cgnfOg ;]jfx¿
OToflb klg k5{g\ . Og\kmd]{;g ;'k/xfOj]
cyf{t\ ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ eGg] zAbfjnL
;j{k|yd ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf e"tk"j{
pk/fi6«klt cn uf]/n] k|of]u u/]sf lyP .
pgn] of] zAbfjnL b"/;+rf/ sf] o:tf] pRr
Jo08ljynfO{ hgfpg k|of]u u/]sf lyP h;n]
;+;f/sf ;a} dflg;nfO{ ;a} dflg;;Fu hf]8\5 /
h;n] ;+rf/sf ;a}vfnsf dfWodx¿ — kf7Ø,
lrq, >Jo / rnlrq — cf];f/k;f/ ug{ ;S5 . ;"rgf
o'u sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/]/ Jofks
dfqfdf ;"rgf kfpg / k7fpg ;lsg] ;donfO{
;"rgf o'u eGg] ul/G5 . dfgj Oltxf;sf]
jt{dfg ;do b}lgs hLjgb]lv lnP/ /fi6« /
ljZjs} cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts If]qdf
;"rgfsf] dxTj / pkof]lutf al9/x]sf] ;do xf] .
eljioljbx¿ eG5g\ clxn] t ;"rgf o'usf] k|
f/Dedfq ePsf] 5 . ;+rf/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
b'lgofFdf ;+rf/ eGgfn] Pp6f sDKo'6/af6
csf]{ sDKo'6/;Dd jf sDKo'6/x¿sf] aLrdf
6]lnkmf]g, dfOqmf]j]e l/n], :of6]nfO6
ln+s jf s]a'n tf/h:tf ;+rf/sf] s'g}
dfWodåf/f 8]6f k|]if0f ug]{ eGg]
a'lemG5 . xfOk/6]S:6 kf7Ø, lrq, Wjlg,
rnlrq cflbnfO{ Ps cfk;df hf]8\g] k|0ffnL .
xfOk/6]S:6sf] d2tn] Pp6f ;fdu|Laf6 csf]{
;fdu+|Ldf ;lhn};Fu k'Ug ;lsG5 . 2002, DFID, UK Understanding e-Governance for
jN8{jfO8j]asf] o;} k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 5 .
df]lg6/df b]lvg] s'g} ;fdu|Ldf lSns ug]{
lalQs} To;;Fu ;DalGwt csf]{ ;fdu|Ldf
k'luG5 .o;/L ln+s u/]/ /flvPsf] ;fdu|LnfO{
xfOk/ln+s elgG5 .
kl/lzi6 @
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
bzf}F k+rjifL{o of]hgf, /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u .
b"/;+rf/ gLlt @)%^, >L %sf] ;/sf/ .
g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw ;"rgf
k|ljlw gLlt tyf /0fgLlt;DaGwL sfo{kqx¿,
110
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u . @)%* . g]kfnL
b}lgs, ;fKtflxs tyf kflIfs kqklqsf -@)%#
;fnb]lv @)^) ;fpg;Ddsf_ . ljB'tLo -On]
S6«f]lgs_ sf/f]af/ / l8lh6n x:tfIf/ ;DaGwL
Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os, @)%&, lj1fg tyf
k|ljlw dGqfno . ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, @)%& ,
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u . j]a;fO6x¿ M ;/sf/sf
ljleGg dGqfno, ljefu, cfof]u, ;+:yfg tyf
ljleGg lgsfosf j]a;fO6x/?, cGt/f{li6«o tyf
/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf j]a;fO6x¿,
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Restrepo Estrada, UNESCO 2001. Computer Internet
Multimedia Dictionary, Surendra Verma, University Press,
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and Development, 29-30 November,
2001, Kathmandu, Nepal, Editors Gaurab Raj Upadhaya
and Alfred
Diebold, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Nepal Office.
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Technologies, Poverty and Empowerment, Andrew Skuse,
July 2001, Social DevelopmentDepartment, Department
for International Development, London,
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Websites:
http://www.itu.int/ti/casestudies/nepal/nepal.htm
http://www.techknowlogia.com
http://www.itcd.net
http://www.nepalmedia.org