Wave Load Calculations, Methodology & Results

Navarre Beach Fishing Pier Design

Input Parameters In order to calculate an appropriate bed elevation for the pier, the pier is divided into eight load sections. These sections are spaced approximately 300 feet apart between the end of the pier and the shore. At each load section, a bed elevation was determined from the December 2006 beach profile at monument R-210 surveyed by Morgan & Eklund. Based on the maximum difference between historic beach profiles at the location, a scour value was determined and subtracted to the December 2006 bed elevation value. To be conservative, areas with less than five feet of observed scour were given a scour value of five feet.

Load section (ID) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Location 15+00 12+00 9+00 6+00 4+00 2+50 1+00 -1+00

December 2006 Bed Elevation (ft, NAVD88) -18.4 -14.4 -15.4 -7.4 4.6 9.6 12.6 7.6

Scour (ft, R-210) 6.0 5.0* 5.0 5.0 10.0 13.0 7.0 5.0**

Maximum Bed Elevation (ft, NAVD88) -24.4 -19.4 -20.4 -12.4 -5.4 -3.4 5.6 2.6

Table 1. Load sections, depths and scour for force calculations. *observed scour of 3 feet **observed scour of 0 feet To calculate the water depth, the storm surge elevation of 7.4 feet (NAVD88) associated with the 20 year wave event (BSRC, Okaloosa West profile) is applied, giving a total water depth. This depth is used to calculate the height of the depth-limited breaking wave that will be applied to the pier according to Equation 1, (1)

H b = hb

where Hb is the breaking wave height, hb is the breaking wave depth, and =0.7. Wave period is determined as the largest period that can propagate into the depth at the load section, up to twelve seconds. This is explained in more detail in the wave hydrodynamics section below.

Section ID 1 2 3 4 5

Breaking Wave Height (ft) 22.3 18.8 19.5 13.9 9

Wave Period (s) 11 10, 10, 11 10, 10, 11 8, 8, 9 7, 7, 8

Water Depths (ft) 31.8 26.8 27.8 19.8 12.8

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6 7 8

7.6 1.3 3.4

6, 7, 7 0, 0, 4 4, 5, 5

10.8 1.8 4.8

Table 2. Breaking wave heights and total water depths (bed+scour+surge) for each section during a 20-year storm event.

Wave Hydrodynamics The wave kinematics for each wave height, depth, and period scenario are calculated using stream function wave theory, a fully nonlinear theory that is valid from deep water up to nearbreaking waves. The specific code utilized is translated from a Fortran routine written by Dr. John Chaplin of Southampton University. As seen in Table 2, the wave periods vary with water depth. In all cases, these periods were the maximum that the program could compute in the associated water depth. The output of this program is the wave free-surface height, particle velocities and accelerations, which are used to calculate forces on the pilings. Figure 1 shows an example of the results obtained using this routine.

Figure 1. Example output of stream function wave program.

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Pile Force Calculations With the wave kinematics determined, the forces on the pile induced by the wave can be calculated. The pilings in this case are square and 2 feet in diameter. In all cases, the wave is assumed to be breaking. To find the maximum force, the kinematics at the wave crest will be used in the calculations. Morrisons equation (Equations 2a-2c) is used to calculate the pile forces. It consists of two parts; a drag force FD and an inertia force FI. (2a)

F = FD + FI

(2b)

FD =

1 C D D u u 2
du dt

(2c)

FI = C M D 2

In the above equations, is the density of seawater, CD is the drag coefficient, D is the pile diameter, u is the water particle velocity, CM is the inertia coefficient, and du/dt is the total water particle acceleration. Table 4 summarizes the constants in the above equations. Constant CM CD D Description Density of seawater Inertia coefficient Drag coefficient Pile diameter Value 1026 kg/m3 2.5 2 (5*) 2 ft / 0.61 m

Table 3. Constants in Morrisons equation. *The drag coefficient is multiplied by 2.5 above the still water level, SWL, in the leading side of the wave crest to account for slamming forces from wave breaking. Morrisons equation results in a distribution of wave force per unit vertical length of pile from the sand water interface/mudline to the wave crest. An example of this distribution is shown in Figure 2. The discontinuity at the SWL is the point above which breaking effects are considered and the drag coefficient is increased.

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Figure 2. Force per unit vertical length at location 15+00 for a 20yr storm event and 2ft diameter pile. The total resultant force, moment arm, and moment can be calculated from this force distribution using Equations 3-5.

(3)

Ftotal = Fdz
h

(4)

1 l= Ftotal

zFdz + h

(5)

1 M = Ftotal l

In the above equations, Ftotal is the resultant force, h is the total water depth, is the free surface elevation (in this case, the crest elevation), z is the vertical axis, l is the moment arm, and M is the total moment.

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This force can also be calculated in two dimensions along the pier, so that a framework of pilings can be analyzed. Figure 3 is an example of this presentation at Station 15+00. The diagrams for Stations 12+00, 9+00, 6+00 and 4+00 are attached.

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Figure 3. Force per unit vertical length at location 15+00 for a 20 year storm event and 2ft diameter pile, displayed in 2D along the pier. July 2007 Coastal and Waterways Division Page 6

Hand-check of Pile Force Calculation The results of equations 3-5 are used to hand-check the results of using the stream function method for calculating force against Equation 6.7 on p. 143 found in Basic Coastal Engineering by R.M. Sorensen, presented here as Equation 6.

F=
(6)

2 f D 2 HLC M sinh( k ( + h))

4T 2 16T
2

sinh( kh) (sinh( kh))

2

sin(t ) + (cos(t )) 2

2 f DH 2 LC D 2k ( + h) + sinh( 2k ( + h))

In Equation 6, f is the density of seawater, H is the wave height, L is the wavelength, T is the wave period, k is the wavenumber, and is the wave angular frequency. Other variables are the same as previously described. This equation is based on small-amplitude, linear wave theory and does not include the effects of wave breaking. Table 4 compares results of Equation 6 with the results using stream function theory. Breaking is not accounted for in the stream function model. Stream function (lb) Sorensen (lb) Difference (%) 41000 34400 19

Table 4. Comparison of Stream function method and Sorensen equation at section 1 of pier a 20-year storm. The force calculated by the stream function method is consistently about 20% higher than that of Sorensens method. This can likely be explained by the fact that nonlinear waves (as calculated by stream function theory) have higher velocities above the SWL than linear waves. In addition, Sorensens equation assumes a small-amplitude linear wave, which is not applicable with the large shallow water waves in this case. Hand-checking shows that the stream function calculations are of the right magnitude and are reliable.

Additional Considerations Breaking Wave Bores For the interior piles, it is possible that a bore from a wave that breaks on the outer piles could have a more powerful effect than the breaking wave associated with that pile. Therefore, an broken wave decay analysis was conducted to determine if wave bores are a concern and should be factored into the force calculations. Dally, Dean, and Dalrymple (1985) developed a model of breaking wave dissipation, which for linear, shallow-water theory reduces to Equations 7a-7c.
1 5 d (H d ) 2 2 2 2 = H d d dx d 2 1 2

(7a)

for H > Hstable

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(7b)

d (H d ) =0 dx

1 2

for H < Hstable

(7c)

H stable = d

In the above equations, H is the wave height, d is the water depth, x is the axis of wave propagation, is an empirical decay coefficient with a value of approximately 0.15, and is an empirical coefficient with a value of approximately 0.4. Using this model, it can be determined if a broken wave bore has a greater height than the depth-limited wave at a section, and its forcing needs to be determined. Figure 4 shows the result of this model using the 20 year wave breaking at section 1 and propagating along the pier.

Figure 4. Model result of the 20 year, section 1 wave breaking and propagating along the pier. Figure 4 shows that the breaking wave height (in blue) is smaller than the depth-limited wave height (in red). The results are similar for all scenarios; thus, a broken wave bore has a lesser effect on the pier than the design conditions already investigated, and no further force calculations are necessary.

Uplift forces on horizontal members Uplift forces imposed by waves are of great importance to the horizontal members of the pier, including the pile cap, pier deck, and handrails. Uplift can be described with two components:

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the slowly-varying force and the impact force. Equations 8a and 8b define these two forces in terms of a pressure. (8a) (8b)

p sv = ( hmem )

pim = 4 p sv

In the above equations, psv is the slowly-varying pressure, pim is the impact pressure, is the specific weight of seawater, is the wave crest elevation, and hmem is the height of the member (pile cap, deck, etc). For the cases that the height of the pier member is above the crest height of the wave, uplift is not a concern. During the 20-year storm, the only section of the pier affected by wave uplift forces is at section 15+00 where the bottom of the cap receives minimal uplift forces as shown in Table 5. Uplift forces (lb/ft^2) Slowly-Varying 103

Section 1 (15+00)

Impact 414

Table 5. Calculated uplift forces during a 20-year storm.

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