tHhrcef; tajymaumif;vSonfU vlvnfywfum;

[kad &;½I;d abmhwrG af v; (Horatio Bottomley) rSm yg&rD"mwfcu H ukd

olwpfzufom; usavmufatmif tajymaumif;ol jzpf\/ vlwpf
zufom;tm; olajymjyonfh &ayguf&vrf;tvkyüf aiGxnh0f if vkyf
ukdifcsifvmatmif qGJaqmifEkdifolvnf; jzpfonf/ olajymjyonfh
'kur© a&mufEidk o f nfh enf;vrf;wdrYk mS wpfcgwpf&H rSew f wfonfvnf;
&Sdonf/
abmhwrG af v;tm; (1860)ckEpS t f wGi;f u vef'efNrKd U ta&SUzsm;
t&yfü arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ olvnf; acolr[kw/f t*FvefEidk if H ygvDref
trwfawmif wufjzpfcahJ o;onf/ olwpfyg;xHrS aiG&atmif vSnfh
ywf&rnfqkdvQif ESpfa,mufr&Sd vlawmfwpfa,muf jzpf\/
toufi,f&G,fEkysKdpOfu olodcJhonfrSm avmuwGif oljzpf
csio f nfh aiGcsr;f omzk?Yd *kPo f wif;Bu;D zk?Yd rde;f rayGzEYdk iS fh atmifjrifaom
EkdifiHa&;orm;b0yif jzpfonf/ ol yxrqHk; w&m;½Hk;ü a&SUzwf
pma&; 0ifvyk cf jhJ yefonf/ xkaYd emuf vef'efOya'½H;k awmfü vufa&;
wdpk ma&; vkycf jhJ yefonf/ ,if;odYk or®mZD0vrf;aMumif;jzihf touf
arG;ae&mrS arsmufpw d u f o
hJ Ykd auGUaumufomG ;cJo h nf/ vdrv f nfvn S hf
jzm; rormaomenf;jzihf aiGrsm;rsm; &ayguf&vrf;udk BupH nfpw d uf ;l
cJah vawmhonf/
 96
0if;EkdifOD; (a&eH)
taygif;toif; wpfpEk iS t fh wl pmayxkwaf 0a&;ukrP Ü w D pfck
wnfaxmifcJhonf/ tjcm; oli,fcsif;wpfOD;rSwpfqihf a'AGef½Idif;
,m;c½dkifrS yHkESdyfvkyfief;qkdif&m ypönf;rsm;tygt0if ypönf;tcsKdU
0,f,cl o hJ nf/ umvwefz;dk pwmvifaygif (200ç000)xuf renf;
wefavonf/ xdkYaemuf xdkypönf;rsm;ukd yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;ukrÜPD
wpfco k Ykd aiGpwmvifaygif (325ç000)jzihf vufvjJT yefa&mif;cJjh yefonf/
jyóemrSm abmhwrG af v; a&mif;csvu kd af om ypön;f wdt Yk euf
wefzkd;r&Sdaom ypönf;rsm; (0g) tzkd;rwefaomypönf;rsm; yg0ifae
onf/ od&Yk mwGif pmayyHEk ydS x f w k af 0a&; ukrP Ü 'D g½duk wf mu ola&mif;
vkdufaomypönf;wdkYudk bmrSrajymbJ vufcH,loGm;cJhonf/
xdaYk emufrS abmhwrG af v;tm; vdrv f nfrjI zihf w&m;pGq J cdk ohJ nf/
abmhwrG af v;rSm olu, dk w
f ikd f avQmufvcJ o hJ nf/ w&m;Oya'a&;&m
ESiyfh wfoufí a&SUbufpma&;vkycf zhJ ;l í aemausaecJo h nf/ w&m;
olBuD; txifBuD;oGm;avmufatmifvnf; Oya'tudk;tum;ESihf
xkacsavQmufvJcJh&m tEkdif&&SdcJhonf/
abmhwrG af v;rSm 'kw, d ajcvSr;f taejzihf Mopaw;vsEidk if o H Ykd
pGepYf m;oGm;a&mufNy;D a&TwiG ;f wl;um olaX;jzpfBucH jhJ yefonf/ (1897)
ckEpS wf iG f a&TowåKyikd f Mopaw;vsEidk if t H pk;d &xH arwåmcHí uHprf;cJh
onf/ olYBudK;yrf;rI atmifjrifcJhaomfvnf; olYa&TwGif;vkyfief;rSm
ta&;edrfh t½IH;ay:cJhonf/ a'0gvDcH&zkdYeD;eD; jzpfvmcJhonf/
odaYk omfvnf; jynfow l rYkd mS ol\ pGepYf m;vkyu f idk o
f nfh a&TwiG ;f
vkyfief;ü &S,f,mxnhf0ifrpJ jzpfaeonf/
abmhwrG af v;\ enf;vrf;rSm vG,v f , G u f av; jzpf\/ ukrP Ü D
wpfck pwifwnfaxmifvdkufonfESihf tjrwfa0pk tjrihfqHk;&rnf
jzpfaMumif; aMunmvkdufonf/ olYxufig olYukrÜPD&S,f,mrsm;
0,fMuojzihf &S,f,maps; xdk;wufoGm;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf olESihf
BuHazmfBuHzuf tBuHorm;ÓPform; 0doravmbom;wdkY rwef
wqaps;jzihf ukrÜPDtpkpyf&S,f,mwkdYudk a&mif;csvkdufMuonf/

ynma&Tawmifpmtkyfwdkuf
urÇmausmfrIcif;BuD;rsm; 97

xku
d rk P
Ü pD ;D yGm;ysuo f nfEiS fh wpfNyKd ief uf used ;f aoayguf vkyf
aeustwdkif; xdkukrÜPDudk vufvTJa&mif;csvkdufNyD; aemufxyf
ukrÜPDtopfwpfck wnfaxmifcJhjyefonf/ oluawmh tpkpyf&S,f
,m0ifrsm;xHrS aiGawG tNidrfhom; &vdkufonf/
abmhwrG af v;onf olb Y 0wGif taxmuftul&Ny;D toH;k usvS
onfh pD;yGm;a&;owif;pmBu;D wpfapmifEiS fh [,fceJ [mceJ &iford w hf ek f
r*¾Zif;wpfapmifwu Ydk dk wnfaxmif&mü yg0ifco hJ nf/ abmhwrG af v;
rSm vef'ef rJqE´e,fajrwpfckrS ygvDreftrwftjzpf a&G;cs,fwif
ajr§mufjcif; cHcJh&avonf/
e*du
k rS jrmayGayG trwfjzpfvmawmh jrif;csKw d yfay;ovdk jzpfchJ
onf/ tdraf xmifonf vltjdkzpfaomfvnf; wdik ;f wpf0ef; r,m;i,fawG
rdIvkdayguf xm;cJh ayGcJhonf/
ol\tdrfrSm qrfqufc½dkif? tdpfbkef;NrdKUteD; tquf'pfwdkif;
t&yfü &Sad vonf/ olonf NrKd UrsuEf mS zH;k vlux kH wH pfa,muf tae
jzifh txufwef;usus aexkid cf o hJ nf/ (1912)ckEpS üf uHq;dk rd;k arSmif
usco hJ nf/ pD;yGm;avQmum qif;&JraJG wNy;D a'0gvDccH &hJ aomaMumihf
ygvDreftrwftjzpfrS EkwfxGufay;cJh&onf/
enf;enf;uav;rS pdwf"mwfrus/ abmhwGrfav;onf ol\
a&mif;0,fazmufum; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wdkYukd vkyfNrJqufvkyfaecJh
onf/ yxrurÇmppfrD;BuD; (1914)ckESpfwGif awmufavmifcJh\/
tcGifhta&;orm; abmhwGrfav;rSm ol\ *Refbl;r*¾Zif;xJrSaeí
&JaoG;&Jrmef Zmwdrmefwuf<uapzkYd NAw d o d Qr[mrdww f yfom;wdt Yk m;
vIHYaqmfa&;om; tm;ay;cJhonf/ te,fe,ft&yf&yfodkY vSnhfvnf
w&m;a[mum ppfx0J ifNy;D trdEikd if aH wmftwGuf toufay;MuzdYk
ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;vkyif ef;ukd tm;BuKd ;rmefwuf aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf/
olYvkyf&yfrSm apwemrrSef a&mifawmfysHESihf a&mvTwfjcif;yif jzpf
onf/ ppfxJ0ifzkdY olwdkYxH tcaMu;aiG awmif;cHavonf/
(1988)ckEpS üf yxrurÇmppfBu;D Ny;D qH;k oGm;cJo h nf/ abmhwrG f

ynma&Tawmifpmtkyfwdkuf
 98
0if;EkdifOD; (a&eH)
av;rSm tNrJwap uHaumif;aeqJyif/ olYrJqE´e,fa[mif;
[ufaeawmif rJqE´e,frS olt Y m; t*FvefygvDrefvw T af wmftrwf
tjzpfa&G;cs,w f ifajrm§ ufcMuh J jyefonfjynfov Yl w T af wmftrwfjzpfNy;D wpfEpS t
f Mumü
ol a X;jzpf a cG ; jzpf B uH u m tBuD ; qH k ; aiG v d r f r I B uD ; wpf & yf u d k
usL;vGefvdkufavonf/
NAdwdoQtpkd;&u Apfx&DbGef;ac: tmrcHaiGpkvufrSwfrsm;
rnfolrqkd aiG&if;jr§KyfESHEkdifaMumif; xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/ aiGpk
vufrw S f pkaqmif;vdo k w l t Ykd m; vufrw S w f pfapmifvQif (5)aygifEeI ;f
jzihf 0,f,El idk Nf y;D tpk;d &u 0,fjrK§ yEf o HS w l ikd ;f udk (4aygif 15 oQv D if)
(Discount)jzihf avQmha&mif;rnf jzpfaMumif;vnf; xkwfjyefaMunm
xm;cJah vonf/ tpd;k &\ &S,, f maiGpv k ufrw S rf mS omref vufvyk f
vufpm;? pma&;pmcsD vlwef;pm;wdt Yk zkYd rufavmufp&m aiG&ayguf&
vrf;yif jzpfonf/ abmhwGrfav;rSm tcGifhta&; acsmif;aeolyDyD
tcGihfomckduf tyGBuHawmhonf/ csufcsif; Apfx&Duvyf toif;
wpfcu k kd wnfaxmifco hJ nf/ jynfow l t Ykd aejzihf tpk;d &\ Apfx&DbeG ;f
&S,, f maiGpv k ufrwS f tenf;tusO;f jzpfap? tajrmuftjrm; jzpfap
0,fpkaqmif;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHvkdygu aiGaMu;twGuf bmrS ylp&mrvdk?
0,f,o l w
l t Ydk wGuf abmhwrG af v; Apfx&Duvyfu aiG pdu k 0f ,f,l
ay;aomaMumihf jzpf\/
jynfolwdkYpdwfxJ abmhwGrfav;rSm wu,fh u,fwif&SifBuD;
jzpfoGm;cJhMuonf/ trSefrSm <uufzrf;pm;zkdY aMumifolawmfBuD; ol
awmfaumif;[efaqmifvu dk jf cif;yif jzpfonf/ aiGtpk&, S ,f m&Siw f Ykd
euef;wpfv;kH rQ r&dyrf v d udk Mf ubJ aygif (150ç0000)cefrY eS ;f ajc aygif
oef;0ufcefY ukyfaoG;tpkyfcHvdkuf&jcif;yif jzpfygonf/
abmhwrG af v;\ ae0ifcsed f qnf;qmcsed f a&mufcahJ vNy/D ,cif
olEiS fh pD;yGm;zufjzpfco hJ l ½lqifbpfvefqo dk l vlvrd u f abmhwrG af v;
½IyfcJhorQ rdrdyga&mí odu©mus emrnfysufcJh&ojzihf tifrwef
epfemaomaMumihf toa&ysufaprIyk'frjzihf oufqkdif&m &mbuf

ynma&Tawmifpmtkyfwdkuf
urÇmausmfrIcif;BuD;rsm; 99

w&m;½Hk;awmfodkY OD;wdkufavQmufxm; w&m;pGJqkdcJhavonf/

odjYk zihf NAw
d ed Ef idk if ?H vef'efNrKd U &mZ0wfjypfrq I idk &f m w&m;½H;k csKyrf S
trIudkvufcHNyD; abmhwGrfav;ESihf ywfoufí rD;ckd;<uufavQmuf
vdu k v
f H pHpk rf;ppfaq;cJo h nf/ (1922)ckEpS w f iG f vlvrd af bmhwrG af v;
tm; vef'efNrdKU &mbufw&m;½Hk;csKyf tdk;vfabvDü Apfx&DbGef;
uvyf tpkaiGrsm;vnf; vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm; tvGJoHk;pm;jyKvkyfrI
jypfrIqkdif&mOya'yk'frjzihf w&m;pGJqkd Mum;emppfaq;cJhonf/
w&m;cH abmhwrG af v;rSm qifajcqifvuf tmoGuv f QmoGuf
jzihf b0wpfavQmufv;kH vdrv f nfvn S jhf zm; acgif;wH;k ay:xdyu f u G cf hJ
orQ þtcsdefwGif *sL&DvlBuD;wdkYa&SUarSmufü tmap;xnhfxm;ovdk
wpfv;kH wpfyg'rQ racsyEkid af wmhay/ ,if;&mZ0wfjypfrEI iS fh ywfoufí
vloufaowdt Yk m; Mum;emppfaq;cJo h nf/ uvyfrS ta<u;qyf&ef
xm;&Sdonfh aiGom;aygif (10ç000)ukd xkwf,loHk;pGJcJhonf/ xdkYjyif
toif;ydkifaiGaygif (15ç000)ukdvnf; jrif;yGJavmif;ypfcJhjcif;ESihf
*smrefvkyf a&ikyfoabFmwpfpD; (½Hk;awmfü oufaocHypönf;tjzpf
wifoGif;xm;onf)udkvnf; pwmvifaygif (15ç000)jzihf 0,f,lcJh
aMumif; ppfaq;awGU&SdcJhonf/ rdepf (30)twGif;üyif tcif;jzpf
trIudk Mum;emppfaq;cJNh y;D w&m;cH abmhwrG af v;tay: vdrv f nf
tvGJoHk;pm;jyKvkyfrI jypfrIqkdif&m &mZ0wfOya'yk'frjzihf jypfrI xif
&Sm;pD&ifco hJ nf/ ½H;k awmfrS olt Y m; tvkyMf urf;jzihf axmif'Pf (7)ESpf
uscHap&ef tNyD;owf trdefYcsrSwfcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif (1926)ckESpf
twGif; abmhwGrfav;rSm vGwfrdefYjzihf axmifrS vGwfcJhonf/ ,cif
uvdk xnfxnf0g0gaeEkid zf Ydk BuKd ;pm;cJah omfvnf; tcsn;f ES;D om jzpf
cJhonf/
ode;f <u,foal X;wpfjzpfvJ [dak &;½I;d abmhwrG af v;rSm zGwaf usm
jympk? c½kqHuRwf qif;qif;&J&Jb0jzihf (1933)ckESpfwGif Zmwfodrf;
cJh&&Smavonf/
❁ ❁ ❁

ynma&Tawmifpmtkyfwdkuf
 0if;EkdifOD; (a&eH)

rpm;&0cref; Zmwfvrf;qifum avQmufvdrfcJUonfU

vef'efvluHkxH wpfa,muftaMumif;
vef'efNrKd Uom; *smbufpaf bmvfazmvf (Jabez Balfous) rSm okn
b0jzihfpcJhNyD; oknb0jzihfyif ed*Hk;csKyfcJhavonf/ odkYaomf b0
ed'gef;oknESifh b0ed*;kH okn ESpb f 0wmumvtMum;ü jynfow l t Ykd m;
rpm;&0cref; avxJwu kd tf rd af qmufonf/ ukrP Ü rD sm; wnfaxmif
um &if;ES;D jrK§ yEf MHS u&ef jzm;a,mif;um oef;aygif;rsm;pGm tyGBucH o hJ nf/
abvfazmvfrmS NAw d ed b
f &k ifrBu;D 0dw&kd ,d aESmif;acwfumvwGif
vltMunfnKd tcH&qH;k olwpfa,muf jzpfco hJ nf/ olonf vef'efNrKd U
qifajczHk; u&dGKif'efNrdKUe,f &mZ0wfrI? w&m;rrI tao;tzGJwdkYudk
ppfaq;w&m;pD&if tjypfay;ydik cf iG &fh o dS nfh NrKd Ue,ftyk cf sKyaf &; t&m&Sd
wpfO;D ESifh xkNd rKd Ue,f\ NrKd Uawmf0efvnf; jzpfczhJ ;l onf/ vefwuf½iId ;f
,m;c½kid f brfavNrKd Ue,f rJqE´e,fygvDrefvw TG af wmf trwfvnf;
jzpfcJhzl;avonf/ odkYaomf olYb0wGif jzpfvdk&mawG jzpfaeojzihf
rqifrjcif rif;b@m ukd,fh[mrSwfum tpkd;&xdyfwef; udpötm;
jypfrmS ;rdojzihf b0ysuu f m wdik ;f jynfrS acG;ajy;0ufajy; ajy;cJ&h onf/
abmvfazmvfrSm e*dkADZuwnf;u uvdrfuvnfenf; oHk;
wwfol[k vlajymrsm;cJhol jzpf\/ (1868)ckESpfwGif xGuf&yfvrf;
wnfaqmufa&;toif; wnfaxmifco hJ nf/ ESpt f enf;i,f ukev f eG f

ynma&Tawmifpmtkyfwdkuf
 101
urÇmausmfrIcif;BuD;rsm;

Ny;D aemuf ukrP Ü aD wG wpfcNk y;D wpfck qufwu dk f wnfaxmifcjhJ yef

onf/ ajr,ma0jcrf;a&;ukrP Ü ?D a*smeh ,l;l rif;ukrP Ü ED iS fh onf&;D &,f
tDpwdwpf u f rk P Ü D ponfwu Ydk dk wnfaxmifco hJ nf/ (1882)ckEpS üf
vef'efEiS fh taxGaxGbPfBu;D ukd wnfaxmifcjhJ yefonf/ ol\ t"du
&nf&, G cf surf mS r&Si;f r&Si;f csuv f ufrw S rf sm; tvH;k t&if;ESifh olY
ukrP Ü w D pfcrk S wpfco k Ykd ajymif;vJ pD;qif;oGm;&ef jzpfonf/
abmvfazmvfajrrsm;? wdu k wf mtaqmufttHyk pön;f rsm; 0,f vku d f
jyefvnf a&mif;csvkdufESihf vufajymif;vufvJT aiGupm;aepOf
tawmtwGi;f olt Y aygif;toif;a&mif;&if; vlvrd v f al umufwt Ykd zkYd
tjrwftcGerf sm; awmify&kH myHk &aeMuonf/ ,if;aiGyifaiG&if;wdu Yk dk
&uf&ufa&ma&m ay;vdu k uf rf;vdu k Mf u&onf/ tvSL&Sijf ynfow l rYkd mS
vlvnfywfum;wdYk ESyaf eorQ vH;k 0udk r&dyrf cd MhJ uay/
olu Y rk P
Ü rD sm;ü &if;ES;D jrK§ yEf MHS uol aiGv;kH aiGaMu;ay;olwt Ykd zkYd
abmvfazmvftm; ,HMk unfu;dk pm;cJMh uonf/ wu,fh ½k;d om;wnf
Munfonfh or®mtmZD0ukeo f nfBu;D [k txifBu;D cJMh uonf/ ESppf Of
abmvfazmvfEiS fh olY aMumifoal wmfa&mif;&if;wdYk tdwaf xmifrsm; xJoYkd
yHrk eS tf jrwfaiG (8)&mEIe;f us 0ifaecJo h nf/ þodjYk zihf pD;yGm; vrf;ajzmihf
vufnK§d ;ñTe&f m a&jzpfum ukrP Ü w D pfcNk y;D wpfck xyfum xyfum
wnfaxmifcf o hJ nf/ abmvfazmvf\ ukrP Ü wD rYdk mS &if;ES;D jrK§ yEf rHS nfo
h rl sm;
tvkt,uf wdk;aeMuojzihf aiG&if; xnhf0ifyg0if Muolrsm;
vdo k nfxufyí kd armif;xkw&f rwwf jzpfcahJ wmhonf/
abmvfazmvfqo dk nfh vlvrd v f al umuf\ tusK;d ay;uvnf;
xl;axGonfh th&Hh maomf qko d vdk vkyo f rQ atmifjrifjzpfxeG ;f ae ojzihf
vlwikd ;f eD;yg; olv Y yk if ef;rsm;ü tpkpyf yg0ifvyk u f ikd vf Mkd uonf rSm
rqef;vSyg/ tvdrt f ESycf H jynfow l rYkd cS rsm rdrw d üYkd &Sod nfh tjrwfa0pkrsm;
rnf o nf h u k r Ü P D r S &&S d r S e f ; awmif rod & S d c J h M u/ trS e f pif p pf
,if;tjrwfa0pkwdkYrSm rnfonfhukrÜPD tjrwftpGef;rS r[kwf/
aemufxyf 0ifvmrpJ &if;ES;D jrK§ yEf o HS w l \ Ykd aiGyifaiG&if;wdyYk ifjzpfNy;D

ynma&Tawmifpmtkyfwdkuf
 102
0if;EkdifOD; (a&eH)
olYt½kd;ESihf olYjyefxdk;vdkufjcif;om jzpfavonf/
ESpftwefMumvmonfESihf abmvfazmvf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
rsm;rSm tr,fbw k u f ,focl snif if qkod vdk ½Iyo
f xuf ½Iyv f mcJo h nf/
vnfveG ;f aombD; acs;oihaf wmhrnfukd rod? aiGtacsmif &ayguf&
vrf;udkom a&SU½INyD; Zwf&Jvuf&J rdkufwGif;eufawmhonf/ ol\
twåBu;D rIonf olt Y ay: ,HMk unfu;dk pm;aeMuol &if;ES;D jrK§ yEf o HS w l Ykd
omru olEiS t hf wl wpfavSwnf;pD; wpfc&D;wnf;oGm;Muaom vl
bl;awmif;tcsif;csif;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wkdYrS 0efxrf;wdkYtay:
zsu H svmcJah wmhonf/ ol\ taygif;toif; a&mif;&if;vkyaf zmfuidk f
zufwEYkd iS fh 0efxrf;wdrYk mS tcsKUd tvGef ½d;k om;olrsm;jzpfNy;D useo f w l Ykd
rSm olEiS yfh ed rf om vdrrf om vlb;l awmif;? oyGwt f vl ½l yI v f vl rd af wG
om jzpfMuavonf/
abmvfazmvf\ awazmfawzuf vlayGvlawrsm;rSm trsm;
ESirhf wl olt Y ay: aumif;Muonf/ olt Y aMumif; twif;tzsi;f om;
ykyfavvGihf b,fawmhrS ajymMuolrsm; r[kwfMuacs/ oluvnf;
olEiS fh pdww f u l , dk wf l qk;d wlaumif;zufcsn;f a&G;aygif;oif;vkyu f idk f
cJhNyD; ol\ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESihf EkdifiHa&;vrf;aMumif;ü ,HkMunfrI?
opöm&SdrIudk &,l&ef aumif;wlqkd;zuf? aoazmfaozuf rl0g'udk
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