Bank and Banking

Module I-Financial Services 08MBAFM324 &08MBAFM374

Definition and Scope of Banking

Banking Regulation Act of India, 1949 defines Banking as "accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawable by cheques, draft, order or otherwise."

Role of Central Bank

Banking and Financial Regulator and Supervisor Lender of Last Resort Issuer and Regulator of Currency Monetary and Exchange Control Authority Government Banker

Central Bank-Reserve Bank of India

Established in 1935 and nationalized under the RBI Act Purpose: to regulate issue of Bank notes, to keep the reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage.

Types of Banks and Banking Structure-India

Permissible Banking Activities

Under Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881, banks permitted to undertake following activities: Deposits Loans Remittances-money transfer Trusteeship Financial Intermediation Collection (cheques) and fee business (Bill discounting, factoring, underwriting, currency and foreign exchange ) Government Business-Pensions, PPF, Tax and Govt. Dues collection Safe custody of customers valuables-Lockers

Banker and Customer Relationship

Contractual Agreement Relationship of Creditor and Debtor Involves a mandatory opening of Account by the Customer-Deposit Account or Current Account Paying and Collecting Cheques Electronic Funds Transfer and Payments by Plastic Cards (Credit/Debit) or Internetthrough Third Parties

Bank Obligations to Customers

Usually laid down under Citizens Charter Clear and Transparent working -customer provided detailed information of products, charges levied and interest paid Know Your Customer (KYC) norms laid down by RBI for opening a customer account-Documents to be demanded Confidentiality PIN/Card Theft and other procedures

DEPOSITS
Demand deposits (DD)-withdrawable on demand Savings deposits- restrictions as to the number and amount of withdrawals during any specified period Term deposit (TD)- withdrawable only after the expiry of the fixed period of the Deposit e.g., FD, RD, Qtly & Monthly Income Certificates Notice Deposit- Type of TD but withdrawable on giving at least one complete banking days notice Current Account-a form of DD any number of withdrawals allowed based on a specified limit or the balance in the A/c

LOANS
Working Capital, Term loans and Bridge loans Secured and Unsecured loans-Security or Collateral-Mortgage, Hypothecation, Lien or pledge, guarantee or personal security Unsecured Loans-Bank O/D, Corporate Bonds, Credit Card Debt, Credit Facilities or Lines of Credit and Personal Loans

Types of Loans
Term Loan Lines of Credit, Bill discounting and Factoring Equipment Leasing

Dun and Bradstreet Study on FY08 Banking Developments

During FY08, the total asset base of the 77 scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) was equivalent to 91.8% of Indias GDP at current market prices Close to 80% of the total assets of SCBs was dominated by 22 large sized banks with a balance sheet size of more than Rs 600 bn each. These comprise of 16 Public Sector Banks (PSBs), 3 Private Sector Banks and 3 Foreign Banks.

 In FY08, deposits and advances of Private Sector Banks have outperformed those of PSBs as well as Foreign Banks on the back of some aggressive expansion over the last couple of years. Deposits of Private Sector Banks grew at a CAGR of 26% during FY04 FY08, as against an overall CAGR growth of 20.5% by all SCBs. Advances of Private Sector Banks grew at a CAGR of 32% as compared to a CAGR of 30.1% by all SCBs for the same period.

 Public Sector Banks accounted for more than 66% of the combined total income (comprising of interest income and noninterest income) of all SCBs. Interest income, a major constituent of the total income of banks grew at a CAGR of 21% over the past four years. Fee based income, a constituent of non interest income increased sharply, growing at a CAGR of 27% between FY04 FY08 outperforming other segments of income including interest income.

 Over the last couple of years, fee based services have been an area of focus for private banks, who have looked to increase their presence in areas like investment banking and M&A deals services that were especially lucrative in a high growth economy like India. Fee based income of Private Sector Banks grew at a CAGR of 45% between FY04 FY08, outperforming its foreign and public sector peers whose fee based income grew at a CAGR of 35% and 18% respectively for the same period.

 Off balance sheet exposure of SCBs, increased by a sharp 88.4% in FY08, indicating the sharpest rise in recent years. Within this, the exposure to forward exchange contracts rose by 94.6%, driven by the frequent and sometimes severe fluctuations in the currency market. Retail banking generated high business volumes for both PSBs and private sector banks, constituting the majority of their revenue. Retail banking held a 41% share of the total revenue generated by PSU banks while it was 36% for private sector

Banking and Technology-Purpose

1. Communication and Connectivity- ATMs,
Credit/Debit Cards, Phone and Internet banking, anytime anywhere banking

2. Business Process Reengineering-Electronic

Fund Transfer (EFT), Electronic clearing and settlement of cheques through MICR, Real Time Gross Settlement Systems (RTGS), Centralized Funds Management System (CFMS) by RBI, Certification and Digital Signatures, Reporting of Call/Notice Money Market Transactions on a real time common platform for all banks, Fis and dealers through a Negotiated Dealing System (NDS) and Structured Financial Messaging Solution (SFMS)backbone for all message based communication over the Indian Financial Network (INFINET)

Banking and TechnologyProducts and Services

Mobile Banking-Issues-security, performance and optimal user experience SMS alerts and better and more secure authentication for online payments-

International Banking Services

Services to NRI s Services to Corporates for facilitating business abroad

NRI BANKING AND TYPES OF ACCOUNTS

NRO A/c.: The funds, credited to this account, cannot be repatriated outside India in foreign exchange, without prior permission of the Reserve Bank of India. Interest, earned is eligible for repatriation outside India, net of Indian taxes. The remittance of interest (net of taxes) will be permitted by the authorized dealer who maintains the account, if the account holder makes an application to the authorized dealer, in the prescribed form. No RBI permission is required for remittance of interest.

NRE A/c.: The funds, standing to the credit of this account, as well as interest earned thereon, are remittable outside India in free foreign exchange, without permission of the RBI. The interest income is not subject to Indian Incometax. Credits to the accounts should be in the form of remittance in foreign exchange from outside India, as well as other funds, which are eligible to be remitted outside India, in free foreign exchange. Funds, emanating from local sources, are not eligible to be credited to these accounts, unless these funds are otherwise remittable outside India, in terms of the existing Exchange Control Regulations.

FCNR A/c.: These accounts can be opened in four foreign currencies: Pounds Sterling; US Dollars; Japanese Yen; Euro. For the purpose of opening an account, remittance in foreign exchange, in the same currency, should be received in India. The accounts can be opened only as fixed deposits, with a minimum maturity of one year and, a maximum maturity of three years. The principal, as well as interest, earned on these accounts, is remittable outside India, in the same currency or, in other convertible currency, as desired by the account holder. The interest, earned on these deposits, is exempt from Indian Income-tax.

Banking for Facilitating Corporate Business Abroad

ECBs, Euro Loans or ADR /GDR, FCCB and trade credits and guarantees in foreign currency