X l nc thi l nhu cu bc thit nc ta. Theo mt vi thng k th hin nay trn c nc th hu ht cc doanh nghip, nh my u c h thng x l nc thi(HTXLNT).

. Vn mu cht y l a s cc HTXLNT ca cc nh my u khng x l t. Chng ta nhn nhn vn ny c hai kha cnh. Cht lng nc thi sau x l khng t do ch u t c tnh gy nn: Chi ph x l nc thi 1m3 c gi thnh dao ng t 4.,000 ng-15.000 ng, nu mt nh my ln nh Vedan thi ra mi ngy trn 5000m3 th chi ph vn hnh s trn 50.000.000 ng. S tin b ra hng thng c my t ng. Cc nh my c lu lng nc thi ln nh Vedan l rt nhiu. Nu doanh nghip no lm n c lng tm th khng sao, nu h v li nhun, s tn km do u t HTXLNT, m ln lt x trm th mi trng sng chng ta lnh , hu qu nhim di lu khng th b p ni. Nhng c rt nhiu ch u t lm n ng hong, h khng tic tin u t h thng x l nc thi bi bn, nhng HTXLNT ca h vn khng t. Nguyn nhn n t rt nhiu yu t, nhng c cc yu t quan trng sau: - n t cc cng ty xy dng h thng: h thng x l nc thi c t vn, thit k, lp t khng st thc t, dn n khi vn hnh gp v vn kh khn, o ut sa ti sa lui mi. Chng ti ch n c hai h thng x l nc thi sau: Cng ty dt nhum Phong Ph vi HTXLNT cng sut 4800 m3/ngy, xy dng xong khng nghim thu c do mu khng x l c. Mt 3 nm, ch thn Ph Tng gim c cng ty Trn Ngc Nga ln li ma nng nghin cu mi khc phc c. Hay nh cng ty Rostaing, mt nh u t t Php, l cng ty hng u v thuc da trn th gii, b ra rt nhiu tin cho mt cng ty mi trng ni ting ( y chng ti ch xin n c ch khng h c nh trit h uy tn ca ai, nn xin du tn cc cng ty mi trng ) xy dng h thng x l m khng t, mt tin sa i, sa li mi m nc thi vn khng tiu chun x thi, buc cng ty ca Php phi kin ra ta. ng JACQUES ROSTAING tng gim c cng ty Rostaing chia s: "ti buc phi suy ngh v cch lm n ca ngi Vit Nam! ". - n t ngi vn hnh h thng: Vic xem nh cng tc vn hnh h thng khin ch u t mt nhiu tin bc v thi gian hn c xy mi h thng. Cn o ong m mc lng mt lao ng ph thng vi mt k s khin ch u t thit hi rt nhiu. Cng tc vn hnh h thng x l nc thi rt phc tp, nn cn c k s chuyn ngnh mi trng m trch. Ngi vn hnh h thng x l nc thi l ngi c ting ni quyt nh cht lng nc thi, gi c vn hnh sau cng. Theo di bng bn vi sinh pht trin th no, mu bng bn ni ln vi sinh khe hay yu, ha cht phn st, phn nhm, axit, xt, polime chm d hay thiu, k nng x l s c.quyt nh tui th h thng, quyt nh mc gi thnh vn hnh h thng.

II.S LC CC PHNG PHP X L NC THI Nc thi ni chung c cha nhiu cht nhim khc nhau, i hi phi x l bng nhng phng php thch hp khc nhau. Sau y l tng quan cc phng php x l nc thi. Cc phng php x l nc thi c chia thnh cc loi sau: - Phng php x l l hc; - Phng php x l ha hc v ha l; - Phng php x l sinh hc.

1. Phng php x l l hc Trong nc thi thng cha cc cht khng tan dng l lng. tch cc cht ny ra khi nc thi. Thng s dng cc phng php c hc nh lc qua song chn rc hoc li chn rc, lng di tc dng ca trng lc hoc lc li tm v lc. Ty theo kch thc, tnh cht l ha, nng cht l lng, lu lng nc thi v mc cn lm sch m la chn cng ngh x l thch hp. 1.1. Song chn rc

Nc thi dn vo h thng x l trc ht phi qua song chn rc. Ti y cc thnh phn c kch thc ln (rc) nh gi, rc, v hp, rc cy, bao nilon c gi li. Nh trnh lm tc bm, ng ng hoc knh dn. y l bc quan trng nhm m bo an ton v iu kin lm vic thun li cho c h thng x l nc thi. Ty theo kch thc khe h, song chn rc c phn thnh loi th, trung bnh v mn. Song chn rc th c khong cch gia cc thanh t 60 100 mm v song chn rc mn c khong cch gia cc thanh t 10 25 mm. Theo hnh dng c th phn thnh song chn rc v li chn rc. Song chn rc cng c th t c nh hoc di ng. Song chn rc c lm bng kim loi, t ca vo knh dn, nghing mt gc 45 600 nu lm sch th cng hoc nghing mt gc 75 850 nu lm sch bng my. Tit din ca song chn c th trn, vung hoc hn hp. Song chn tit din trn c tr lc nh nht nhng nhanh b tc bi cc vt gi li. Do , thng dng hn c l thanh c tit din hn hp, cnh vung gc pha sau v cnh trn pha trc hng i din vi dng chy. Vn tc nc chy qua song chn gii hn trong khong t 0,6 -1m/s. Vn tc cc i giao ng trong khong 0,75 -1m/s nhm trnh y rc qua khe ca song. Vn tc cc tiu l 0,4m/s nhm trnh phn hy cc cht thi rn. 1.2. Lng ct B lng ct c thit k tch cc tp cht v c khng tan c kch thc t 0,2mm n 2mm ra khi nc thi nhm m bo an ton cho bm khi b ct, si bo mn, trnh tc ng ng dn v trnh nh hng n cc cng trnh sinh hc pha sau. B lng ct c th phn thnh 2 loi: b lng ngang v b lng ng. Ngoi ra tng hiu qu lng ct, b lng ct thi kh cng c s dng rng ri. Vn tc dng chy trong b lng ngang khng c vt qua 0,3 m/s. Vn tc ny cho php cc ht ct, cc ht s v cc ht v c khc lng xung y, cn hu ht cc ht hu c khc khng lng v c x l cc cng trnh tip theo. 1.3. Lng B lng c nhim v lng cc ht cn l lng c sn trong nc thi (b lng t 1) hoc cn c to ra t qu trnh keo t to bng hay qu trnh x l sinh hc (b lng t 2). Theo dng chy, b lng c phn thnh: b lng ngang v b lng ng. Trong b lng ngang, dng nc chy theo phng ngang qua b vi vn tc khng ln hn 0,01 m/s v thi gian lu nc th 1,5 2,5 h. Cc b lng ngang thng c s dng khi lu lng nc thi ln hn 15000 m3/ngy. i vi b lng ng, nc thi chuyn ng theo phng thng ng t di ln n vch trn vi vn tc t 0,5 0,6 m/s v thi gian lu nc trong b dao ng khong 45 120 pht. Hiu sut lng ca b lng ng thng thp hn b lng ngang t 10 20 %. 1.4. Tuyn ni Phng php tuyn ni thng c s dng tch cc tp cht ( dng rn hoc lng) phn tn khng tan, t lng km khi pha lng. Trong mt s trng hp, qu trnh ny cn c dng tch cc cht ha tan nh cc cht hot ng b mt. Trong x l nc thi, qu trnh tuyn ni thng c s dng kh cc cht l lng, lm c bn sinh hc. u im c bn ca phng php ny l c th kh hon ton cc ht nh, nh, lng chm trong thi gian ngn. Qu trnh tuyn ni c thc hin bng cch sc cc bt kh nh vo pha lng. Cc bt kh ny s kt dnh vi cc

ht cn. Khi khi lng ring ca tp hp bt kh v cn nh hn khi lng ring ca nc, cn s theo bt ni ln b mt. Hiu sut qu trnh tuyn ni ph thuc vo s lng, kch thc bt kh, hm lng cht rn. Kch thc ti u ca bt kh nm trong khong 15 30 micromet (bnh thng t 50 120 micromet). Khi hm lng ht rn cao, xc xut va chm v kt dnh gia cc ht s tng ln, do , lng kh tiu tn s gim. Trong qu trnh tuyn ni, vic n nh kch thc bt kh c ngha quan trng. 2. Phng php x l ha hc v ha l

2.1. Trung ha Nc thi cha acid v c hoc kim cn c trung ha a pH v khong 6,5 8,5 trc khi thi vo ngun nhn hoc s dng cho cng ngh x l tip theo. Trung ha nc thi c th thc hin bng nhiu cch: - Trn ln nc thi acid v nc thi kim; B sung cc tc nhn ha hc; - Lc nc acid qua vt liu c tc dng trung ha; Hp th kh acid bng nc kim hoc hp th ammoniac bng nc acid. 2.2. Keo t to bng Trong ngun nc, mt phn cc ht thng tn ti dng cc ht keo mn phn tn, kch thc cc ht thng dao ng t 0,1 10 micromet. Cc ht ny khng ni cng khng lng, v do tng i kh tch loi. V kch thc ht nh, t s din tch b mt v th tch ca chng rt ln nn hin tng ha hc b mt tr nn rt quan trng. Theo nguyn tc, cc ht nh trong nc c khuynh hng keo t do lc ht Vander Waals gia cc ht. Lc ny c th dn n s kt dnh gia cc ht ngay khi khong cch gia chng nh nh va chm. S va chm xy ra nh chuyn ng Brown v do tc ng ca s xo trn. Tuy nhin trong trng hp phn tn cao, cc ht duy tr trng thi phn tn nh lc y tnh in v b mt cc ht mang tch in, c th l in tch m hoc in tch dng nh s hp th c chn lc cc ion trong dung dch hoc s ion ha cc nhm hot ha. Trng thi l lng ca cc ht keo c bn ha nh lc y tnh in. Do , ph tnh bn ca ht keo cn trung ha in tch b mt ca chng, qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh keo t. Cc ht keo b trung ha in tch c th lin kt vi cc ht keo khc to thnh bng cn c kch thc ln hn, nng hn v lng xung, qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh to bng. 3. Phng php sinh hc Phng php sinh hc c ng dng x l cc cht hu c ha tan c trong nc thi cng nh mt s cht v c nh H2S, Sunfit, ammonia, Nito da trn c s hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht hu c gy nhim. Vi sinh vt s dng cht hu c v mt s khong cht lm thc n. Mt cch tng qut, phng php x l sinh hc c th phn thnh 2 loi: - Phng php k kh s dng nhm vi sinh vt k kh, hot ng trong iu kin khng c oxy. - Phng php hiu kh s dng nhm vi sinh vt hiu kh, hot ng trong iu kin cung cp oxy lin tc. Qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c nh vi sinh vt gi l qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha. thc hin qu trnh ny, cc cht hu c ha tan, c cht keo v cht phn tn nh trong nc thi cn di chuyn vo bn trong t bo vi

sinh vt theo 3 giai on chnh nh sau: Chuyn cc cht nhim t pha lng n b mt t bo vi sinh vt. Khuch tn t b mt t bo qua mng bn thm do s chnh lch nng bn trong v bn ngoi t bo. Chuyn ha cc cht trong t bo vi sinh vt, sn sinh nng lng v tng hp t bo mi. Tc qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha ph thc vo nng cht hu c, hm lng cc tp cht v mc n nh ca lu lng nc thi vo h thng x l. mi iu kin x l nht nh, cc yu t chnh nh hng n tc phn ng sinh ho l ch thy ng, hm lng oxy trong nc thi, nhit , pH, dinh dng v cc yu t vi lng. 3.1. Phng php sinh hc k kh Qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht hu c l qu trnh sinh ha phc tp to ra hng trm sn phm trung gian v phn ng trung gian. Tuy nhin phng trnh phn ng sinh ha trong iu kin k kh c th biu din n gin nh sau: Vi sinh vt Cht hu c > CH4 + CO2 + H2 + NH3 + H2S + T bo mi Mt cch tng qut qu trnh phn hy k kh xy ra theo 4 giai on: - Giai on 1: thy phn, ct mch cc hp cht cao phn t; - Giai on 2: acid ha; - Giai on 3: acetate ha; - Giai don 4: methan ha. Cc cht thi hu c cha nhiu cht hu c cao phn t nh proteins, cht bo, carbohydrates, celluloses, lignin,trong giai on thy phn, s c ct mch to nhng phn t n gin hn, d phn hy hn. Cc phn ng thy phn s chuyn ha protein thnh amino acids, carbohydrate thnh ng n, v cht bo thnh cc acid bo. Trong giai on acid ha, cc cht hu c n gin li c tip tc chuyn ha thnh acetic acid, H2 v CO2. Cc acid bo d bay hi ch yu l acetic acid, propionic acid v lactic acid. Bn cnh , CO2 v H2, methanol, cc ru n gin khc cng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh ct mch carbohydrate. Vi sinh vt chuyn ha methan ch c th phn hy mt s loi c cht nht nh nh CO2 + H2, formate, acetate, methanol, methylamines, v CO. Ty theo trng thi ca bn, c th chia qu trnh x l k kh thnh: - Qu trnh x l k kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng l lng nh qu trnh tip xc k kh (Anaerobic Contact Process), qu trnh x l bng lp bn k kh vi dng nc i t di ln (UASB); - Qa trnh x l k kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng dnh bm nh qu trnh lc k kh (Anaerobic Filter Process). 3.2. Phng php x l sinh hc hiu kh Qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh nc thi gm ba giai on: - Oxy ha cc cht hu c; - Tng hp t bo mi; - Phn hy ni bo. Cc qu trnh x l sinh hc bng phng php hiu kh c th xy ra iu kin t nhin hoc nhn to. Trong cc cng trnh x l nhn to, ngi ta to iu kin ti u cho qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha nn qu trnh x l c tc

v hiu sut cao hn rt nhiu. Ty theo trng thi tn ti ca vi sinh vt, qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh nhn to c th chia thnh: - X l sinh hc hiu kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng l lng ch yu c s dng kh cht hu c cha carbon nh qu trnh bn hot tnh, h lm thong, b phn ng hot ng gin on, qu trnh ln men phn hy hiu kh. Trong s cc qu trnh ny, qu trnh bn hot tnh l qu trnh ph bin nht. X l sinh hc hiu kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng dnh bm nh qu trnh bn hot tnh dnh bm, b lc nh git, b lc cao ti, a sinh hc, b phn ng nitrate vi mng c nh.