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:mechanical sensors
-1

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- ) ( :strain gauge

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gauge factor
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- :capacitive sensor

. :

:
:o K 9.8510-12

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:C

) )4

:A
:d .
K A d

) (4-
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) )5
linear variable differential transformer

) :(LVDT

) (p ) (S1, S2

) (V1 ) (V2

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:piezoelectric sensor

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:
Q = K. F

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:K .
:F .
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) )-6

)- )6

) )-6

:pressure measuring sensors



:diaphragm

) (P

X ) -6(.
:bellows

) -6( 20-5 ) (P

.X

:Bourdon tube ) -6( ) (C


) (P X

:temperature sensors
-2


) :resistance temperature detector (R.T.D

)/( . :
))R = R0 (1 + (t - t0

:
.
:R

:R0 ) (.
: .temperature coefficient
t t0 ) (
.

:thermistor

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:R
R0 )

25(.

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:T .
:T0 ) ( 298.15 K
k

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) :positive temperature coefficient (PTC

) :negative temperature coefficient (NTC

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.

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:thermocouple

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R, T, B, N, E, J, K, S :

RTD
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:P-N junction


. ) .(P-N
) 55- 150(
.

1m A /
:AD 590

K
10m V
:LM 135

/ C

-3
:electrical sensors

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:
-


P-N.

:
-

.
. .
:magnetic sensors
-4

.
:
:magnetoresistor sensor

.
:Hall effect sensor

.
:inductive sensor

.
:radiant sensors
-5


.
.
:
:photoconductive cells
photoresistors
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:photodiodes
.

.
:photovoltaic cells
.solar cell
:pyroelectric


.
:ultrasonic sensors
-6

20 ) (f 20 KHz

:chemical sensors
-7


:
: :
.R.T.D
.

.thermocouple
.
: :
.piezoelectric element
.capacitive element
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.
: :
.
.
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).(LVDT
: :
hot wire

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.ultrasonic
: :
photoresistance.

.photocell
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: :
.

) ( .infrared sensor
: .piezoelectric pickup
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.

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