Tp ch s 09.

2002 >> T nghin cu n trin khai sn xut

GII PHP CNG NGH HN CH TC NG TIU CC CA PHNG TIN C GII NG B

Hin nay, xu hng Diesel ha cc phng tin c gii ng b (PTCGB) ngy cng r rt trn phm vi ton cu. Cng vi nhng li im m xu hng ny mang li n cng lm pht sinh nhiu vn cn phi lu tm nh nhim kh thi, ting n, tng nguy c ung th, tng chi ph y t... gii quyt nhng vn ny, tc gi a ra 5 nhm gii php cng ngh nhm gp phn kim sot, khng ch nhng tc ng tiu cc ca PTCGB lp ng c Diesel. Hin nay, cc PTCGB lp ng c Diesel chim mt t l ln trong tng s cc PTCGB nc ta, c bit l cc phng tin vn ti hnh khch, cc loi xe ti hng trung, hng nng, cc phng tin s dng cho cng nghip m,... Cc nhn hiu xe lp ng c Diesel nh: KAMAZ (Nga), IFA (c), Huyndai, Deawoo (Hn Quc),... tr nn rt quen thuc vi th trng Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y. Theo s liu thng k tnh n nm 1998, s PTCGB lp ng c Diesel chim khong 25% trong tng s 443000 PTCGB (khng tnh cc phng tin thuc B quc phng). T l ny hon ton ph hp vi xu th Diesel ha cc PTCGB ti cc nc ang pht trin. Nhng tc ng c tnh tiu cc n sc khe con ngi v mi trng ca ng c Diesel th hin 4 yu t chnh: xit Nit (Nitrogen Oxides - NOx ); cc cht ht nhim; mi kh chu v khi en; ting n. y chng ti mun cp n nhng cng ngh c th kim sot tc ng ca 4 yu t trn. Ngoi ra, s pht thi xit lu hunh Sulphur oxides) trong qu trnh hot ng ca cc PTCGB lp ng c Diesel cng l iu chng ta cn phi quan tm. 1. Kim sot s pht thi NOx . NOx c to ra trong xi lanh ng c iu kin nhit cao. Do lng thi NOx ln nht xy ra giai on bt u chy. T , ngi ta gim nhit cc i ca qu trnh chy hoc gim nng xy trong kh np nhm gim lng thi NOx . Tuy nhin vic gim nhit cc i ca qu trnh chy s lm gim cng sut cc i ca ng c. Hin nay, cc gii php chnh c th s dng lm gim s hnh thnh NOx trong ng c Diesel l: - Tun hon li mt phn kh x - EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) nhm lm gim tc gii phng nhit ca kh chy trong xi lanh ng c. Cng ngh ny pht trin kh hon thin cho ng c xng v c th s dng cho ng c Diesel lm gim nhit cc i ca qu trnh chy, khng lm tng lng xy trong kh np, do c th gim lng thi NOx . Tuy nhin vic s dng EGR vi ng c Diesel c th dn n lm gim tnh kinh t nhin liu, tng khi v tng lng thi Hydro cacbon (HC) v cc cht ht nhim. Hn na n cng c th lm tng mi mn vi ng c. Mt iu cn ch khi s dng EGR l phi m bo s ha trn tt gia lng kh x tun hon li, np mi v lng kh st cn li trong xi lanh, nu khng u s lm lng thi HC tng ln. - Phun nc vo trong xi lanh nhm gim nhit cc i ca qu trnh chy. Mc d kt qu t c rt kh quan, nhng y l gii php kh phc tp v cng ngh, cha c p dng rng ri. Cc vn t ra l: iu khin s lm vic ng b ca 2 h thng phun (nhin liu, nc), b tr vi phun v v tr phun, thi im phun v lng nc c phun vo xi lanh, ti ca phn nc c phun vo xi lanh,... Cc kt qu thc nghim cho thy: Nhit ca ngn la gim ng k nhng vn duy tr c nhit ch th trung bnh trong xi lanh gn nh khng i. iu ny cho php gim NOx trong khi khng gy tc ng tiu cc hiu sut nhit ca ng c. Vi ng c Diesel phun nhin liu gin tip, vic phun nc vo phn bung chy xoy lc c hiu qu cao hn khi phun nc vo bung chy chnh (c th gim c trn 50% lng thi NOx khi nc c phun trc nhin liu t 6 - 10 gc quay trc khuu). T l ti u gia lng nc v nhin liu c phun vo xi lanh W/F 0,6. Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh Diesel, y c th l gii php kh thi trong tng lai. - Gim gc phun sm nhin liu v gim tc phun nhin liu t c th gim lng pht thi NOx bng vic gim nhit chy vi s chp nhn ca vic tng lng tiu th nhin liu, tng khi thi v chu gim mt cht m men xon ca ng c. - Gim h s d lng khng kh v gim bt mc xoy lc ca dng kh trong bung chy c th lm gim nhit cc i ca qu trnh chy v dn n gim s pht thi NOx. Tuy nhin, vn ng xoy lc ca dng kh np cui qu trnh nn c vai tr c bit quan trng i vi cht lng qu trnh to hn hp v chy ca cc ng c Diesel hin i. Do vy, mt ln na, s gim NOx t c i cng vi s chp nhn gim tnh kinh t nhin liu, tng lng thi HC v qu trnh chy km hon thin, mt khc ng c kh khi ng thi tit lnh.

- Vi cc ng c Diesel c s dng tng p kh np, vic lm mt trung gian c th lm gim nhit kh nn nhng ng thi cng lm gim cht t tnh kinh t nhin liu. - S dng c tnh phun c iu khin: Qu trnh phun nhin liu c chia thnh 2 giai on (hoc nhiu hn). Trong o, lng nhin liu phun vo xi lanh trong giai on 1 chim t l nh trong ton b lng nhin liu cung cp cho 1 chu trnh. Bin php ny cng nhm gim tc gii phng nhit ca kh chy trong xi lanh, t gim nhit cc i ca qu trnh chy. y l gii php c nhiu trin vng v ang c p dng rng ri. Phn ln cc gii php trn u lm gim hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh. iu ny cho thy trng thi i lp tim n pht sinh t vic ng thi c gng gim NOx, gim khi en, v gim cht ht nhim trong khi tng cao tnh kinh t nhin liu. Chng ta khng th ng thi ti u ha c hai mc tiu (gim nhim v tng cao tnh kinh t nhin liu). Trong thc t mi quan h gia NOx vi lng khi thi v lng tiu th nhin liu l mt mi quan h bin ng rt phc tp, trong c tnh cung cp nhin liu ng mt vai tr quan trng. 2. Kim sot cc cht ht nhim. Nhng kt qu nghin cu gn y cho thy c nhng hp cht c kh nng gy ung th v gy bin i gen b hp th trong cc cht nhim dng ht do ng c Diesel thi ra. gim mi nguy thy r ny cn phi gim hoc l loi tr cc hp cht ra khi kh thi ng c Diezen. T ta thy c 2 vn cn c quan tm khi xem xt cc cng ngh kim sot nhim c tnh kh thi, l: Cng ngh c kh nng loi b cc hp cht ni trn hay khng v khi no th chng c th p dng vo thc t. Hin nay, cng ngh kim sot cc cht nhim dng ht dng rng ri trn cc PTCGB lp ng c Diesel l s dng h thng lc cht ht (Particulate Trap System). Cc thit b ny c th loi b phn quan trng cc cht dng ht v cc cht hu c kt hp vi chng. Mt gii php khc ang c nh gi cao l iu khin ti u ho qu trnh chy. y l cng vic phc tp, bao gm ti u ho s ha trn nhin liu v khng kh, duy tr mc xoy lc hp l, to s lan truyn mng la thch hp, ti u ho thnh phn ca nhin liu, v gim lng nhit ca ng c truyn cho cht lng lm mt,... Nhng cch tip cn khc nhau nhm gim cc cht nhim dng ht (ti ngun pht sinh chng) s cho php cc thit b lc thc hin chc nng ca chng c hiu qu hn cng nh tng c bn ca cc thit b ny. 3. Kim sot khi en v mi kh chu ca kh thi. Nguyn nhn gy ra s pht thi khi en l do cc ht cacbon, to thnh do qu trnh chy khng kit. Ngoi ra, khi xc mng du hot ng khng tt, mt lng du nhn xc ln bung chy, lng du ny cng b t chy v gy ra hin tng x khi xanh ng c. nhiu quc gia, tiu chun v khi ca PTCGB lp ng c Diesel c hiu lc t nhng nm 1970. Hin nay, cng ngh thit k ng c c c lng kin thc cn thit kim sot s pht thi khi. C 3 vn ln m li xe cn ch nhm kim sot s pht thi khi ng c Diesel l: - Hiu chnh ng s hot ng ca bm cao p, c bit l thi im phun nhin liu v lng nhin liu ti a cung cp cho mt chu trnh. - S dng ng loi nhin liu. - Chuyn ch ng ti trng thit k . Vi 3 qui nh trn nhn mnh tm quan trng ca vic iu chnh thch hp v iu kin vn hnh i vi cc PTCGB lp ng c Diesel. V phng din ny, khi cc thng s k thut ca nh sn xut c tun th mt cch nghim tc, cc PTCGB lp ng c Diesel s t ra u im hn so vi cc PTCGB lp ng c xng v tin cy, bn, v mc nhim. ng c Diesel, mc du c tnh linh hot cao hn so vi ng c xng trong vic s dng nhin liu, nhng chng cng c thit k s dng vi mt di c tnh nht nh ca nhin liu. iu phi c tn trng mt cch nghim tc.Vic lm bn nhin liu ,s pha trn nhin liu Diesel (v d nh vi du nhin liu nng) s lm tng s chy khng hon thin, tng lng pht thi khi en, tng lng thi HC, ng thi lm cho ng c cn phi bo dng thng xuyn hn. Nhiu quc gia c nhng ch tiu rt kht khe v cht lng ca nhin liu ni chung v du Diesel ni ring. Cc ng c Diesel c thit k vn hnh trong mt di ti trng nht nh v nu vt qu th lng nhin liu khng chy ht s pht thi thnh khi en. Nhiu quc gia c cc iu lut qui nh v ti trng ln nht cho php i vi cc PTCGB, th cc nc ang pht trin gn nh khng c s kim sot (hoc khng c hiu lc) v hin tng ch qu ti, cc ng khi di ng thng xuyn xut hin trn ng ph. Nguyn nhn lm cho khi thi Diesel c mi kh chu l do s chy khng kit ca nhin liu, do s mt nhit ca mt s hp cht nhin liu v s oxy ho mt phn ca cc thnh phn nhin liu cha chy ht dn n vic hnh thnh cc Anhyt, Phenol v cc a xt hu c. Nhng ci tin thit k v bung chy v vi phun nhm t c qu trnh chy hon thin hn chnh l nhng hng tip cn hiu qu

nht nhm gim mi kh chu ca kh thi. Ngoi ra, vic s dng ng khi thng ng c th lm cho mi kh chu c khuych tn ra xa cc i tng tham gia giao thng khc. Mt iu d nhn thy l vic bo dng v thay th li lc (ca bu lc nhin liu) theo ng qui nh c th lm gim mi kh chu ny ca kh thi. S thay i thnh phn ca nhin liu Diesel dng nh c cht t nh hng n mi kh chu ca kh thi. Ngoi ra, cc cht ph gia cng c nhng tc ng nh n mi kh chu ca kh thi. Mt gii php khc l cho thm cht bin i mi (vo nhin liu Diesel) nhm thay i mi c trng ca kh thi ng c Diesel. Mt phng thuc tim nng cho vn ny trong tng lai l s dng cc b chuyn i xc tc bin i cc Anhyt thnh cc hp cht t mi hn. 4. Kim sot s pht thi xt lu hunh- sulphur oxides. S pht thi xt lu hunh lin quan trc tip n lng lu hunh c trong nhin liu, do vy gii php c hiu qu nht l s dng nhin liu Diesel c hm lng lu hunh thp. Tuy nhin, hm lng lu hunh t l nghch vi gi thnh ca nhin liu Diesel. Ti rt nhiu cc nc cng nghip lng lu hunh trong nhin liu c qui nh c th v t khi vt qu 0,3%. C c gii hn trn l do cc hng du m ti cc nc ny thng tip cn c nhng ngun du th c hm lng lu hunh thp hoc d dng kh lu hunh. Mt s nc pht trin cng c qui nh v hm lng lu hunh trong nhin liu Diesel(ti Singapore, lng lu hunh ln nht l 0,5%). Ti Vit Nam, chng ta s dng kh nhiu du Diesel cha 5% lu hunh. Trong bi cnh xung cp v cht lng phng tin, thiu s bo dng sa cha cn thit vi ng c, h thng c s h tng giao thng yu km, tnh trng ch qu ti ,...s lm cho tnh trng nhim xt lu hunh tr nn trm trng hn cc thnh ph ln v cc u mi giao thng. Cng phi ni thm rng, khi s dng cc cht xc tc (trong cc b x l kh thi) gim cc cht nhim khc nh CO, HC, khi ioxyt lu hunh (sulphur dioxide) c xu hng b chuyn thnh axt lu hunh (sulphur acid), v y li l mt cht c hi hn. 5. Kim sot ting n. Mt cch t nhin, cc PTCGB lp ng c Diesel gy n do p sut rt cao sinh trong qu trnh chy ca ng c. p sut ln nht trong qu trnh chy ca ng c Diesel trong khong 5 -10 MN/m2 (vi cc ng c Diesel c nh, c s vng quay cao v tng p c th ln n 12-15 MN/m2 ).Trong khi p sut ln nht trong qu trnh chy ca ng c xng ch vo khong 3-5 MN/m2. y l nguyn nhn lm tng rung v ting n c kh vi tn s trong khong t 500 n 5000Hz ng c Diesel. Cho n nay, cc nh chuyn mn c nhiu c gng nhm gim ting n ca ng c. Ti ngun pht sinh ting n, vic s dng phun nhin liu gin tip (s dng bung chy trc), lm chm thi im phun nhin liu (gim gc phun sm nhin liu ), s dng c tnh phun c iu khin, gim tc phun nhin liu, gim t s nn kt hp vi tng p kh np... l nhng cch tip cn nhm lm cho qu trnh chy bt anh hn, t gim ting n.Trong cc gii php trn, vic s dng c tnh phun c iu khin ang c p dng rng ri v n p ng kh tt 2 ch tiu l gim n ng thi duy tr c tnh kinh t nhin liu mc hp l. Mt s gii php khc nh: Gim rung ng b mt ng c (bng cch tng cng, khi lng v kh nng chng rung, tng gn tng cng cho thn xi lanh v hp trc khuu); kt hp vic gim n vi vic bao kn mt s ngun gy n khc (c cu truyn ng, c cu xu pp, bm cao p...) l nhng hng i c nhiu trin vng. i vi phng tin vn ti cng cng v phng tin vn ti hng nng cn phi c nhng gii php gim n tt hn na. Mt gii php c a ra l bao kn ton b h thng truyn lc ca xe, bao kn tng phn ng c v c lp chng vi cc b mt rung ng ca ng c. y l mt cng ngh phc tp c lin quan n hiu sut ng c, s vn hnh ca h thng lm mt, cng nh khng gian vo cn thit cho vic bo dng sa cha, do vy cn phi thn trng v xem xt k lng khi p dng. Chng ta thy rng vi lnh vc vn ti ng b, cc ng c t trong kiu piston dng nhin liu xng truyn thng lin tc c pht trin sut hn 90 nm qua, trong khi nhng c gng ng k pht trin k thut Diesel nhm s dng rng ri trong vn ti b ch bt u sau nhng nm 1950 v pht trin mnh t nhng nm 1970 nh l h qu ca cuc khng hong du m. Do vy, vn rt cn nhng nghin cu nhm pht trin cng ngh Diesel cng nh vic ng dng n trong cc lnh vc khc nhau. Vi mt s tin gn y, nh l vic s dng in t kim sot qu t rnh cp nhin liu, kt cu bung chy to hiu qu xoy lc cao, tng p tuc bin kh, cng ngh bao ph gm khu vc bung chy,... cho thy ng c Diesel s vn gi c tnh hiu qu cao v t nhim hn so vi ng c xng i chiu. Tuy nhin, ng c Diesel c gi thnh ch to cao hn mt cht v chng yu cu nghim ngt, kht khe hn trong vn hnh v bo dng. Khi thi Diesel, ting n, cc cht ht nhim s l nhng vn chnh cn ch gim thiu tc ng ca chng n sc kho cng ng v mi trng sinh thi khi chng ta m rng phm vi v quy m s dng ng c Diesel.