Hai d liu kiu ngy c so snh da theo biu din ca chng theo chiu ca thi gian.

Trong kiu logic, Visual FoxPro quy c: .T. > .F. Hai d liu kiu chui c di bng nhau c so snh da theo nguyn tc sau: u tin so snh 2 m ASCII ca 2 k t u ca hai chui, nu bng nhau th so snh tip. V d: 'ABCD' < 'ABCE' -----------> .T. 'a' < 'A' ------------> .F. Trng hp hai chui c di khc nhau, th vic so snh da vo vic thit lp mi trng SET EXACT ON/OFF, ngha l: Nu SET EXACT ON th 'AB' = 'AB ' -----------> .F. Nu SET EXACT OFF th 'ABCD' = 'AB' -----------> .T. e. Php ton logic: Visual FoxPro c 3 php ton logic: NOT; AND; OR NOT hay ! : ph nh ca ton hng theo sau. AND : cho gi tr .T. nu c hai ton hng u .T. OR : cho gi tr .F. nu c hai ton hng u .F. 1.2.3 Ton hng Ton hng l cc d liu tham gia vo cc php ton. V d: del=b^2 - 4*a*c th b,2,4,a,c l cc ton hng. 1.2.4 Hng L i lng c gi tr khng i trong thi gian chng trnh thc hin. Tr kiu d liu memo th mi kiu d liu u c hng ca n. Hng kiu s: nh -2.5, 100, 4.14 Hng kiu chui: hng loi ny phi trong hai du "..." hoc '...' hoc [...], c di ti a khng qu 255 k t. V d: "abc"; 'tng hp', '123',....... Hng kiu ngy: phi c t trong cp du {...} V d: {01/01/96}; {}: ngy rng. Hng logic: ch c 2 gi tr .T. v .F. 1.2.5 Bin Bin l i lng dng lu tr d liu trong qu trnh tnh ton. Bin c hai c trng chnh: tn bin v gi tr ca bin. Tn bin c t theo nguyn tc: di khng qu 10 k t, bt u phi l ch ci hoc du _ phn cn li l t hp ca bt k cc ch ci, ch s hoc du _. Tn bin khng nn t trng tn cc t kho ca Visual FoxPro, tn bin c th vit bng ch in hoa hay ch thng. Visual FoxPro hiu kiu ca bin l kiu ca gi tr m n ang mang. S lng ti a ca bin c php s dng l 2048 bin. Visual FoxPro chia bin lm 3 loi: a. Bin b nh: Gi chung l bin, do ngi s dng to ra trong b nh, khi khng s dng na c th gii phng tit kim b nh.

V d: hsl = 3.12 ngaysinh = {01/01/88} b. Bin h thng: c to ra ngay t khi khi ng Visual FoxPro. C tn bt u bng du gch ni ( _ ) thng c s dng trong vn in n, ngi s dng khng th gii phng bin loi ny. c. Bin trng: Tn cc trng trong tp tin CSDL , n ch c ngha khi tp tin cha n c m ra s dng. Nu c mt bin t trng vi mt bin trng th bin trng c u tin thc hin trc. Nu tn hi hai bin trng v bin b nh trng tn nhau, truy nhp n chng m khng s nhm ln, bn s dng quy cch sau cho bin b nh: M.<tn trng> hay M -> <tn trng> 1.2.6 Hm Hm l nhng on chng trnh c vit sn nhm thc hin mt cng vic no . Cc hm ny thng cho ra mt gi tr, nhng cng c hm ch thi hnh mt vic no m khng cho ra mt tr no c. V hnh thc hm c c trng bi tn hm v theo sau l cp du ( ) dng bao cc i s, cc i s ny t cch nhau bi du phy. Mt hm c th c nhiu i s hoc khng c i s no c nhng phi c ( ) theo sau. V d: Date ( ): cho bit ngy thng nm h thng. Sqrt(x): cn bc 2 ca x. C 2 loi hm: Hm c sn ca Visual FoxPro v hm t to do ngi s dng to ra. Chng ta s nghin cu vn ny k hn chng sau. 1.2.7 Biu thc Biu thc l tp hp ca mt hay nhiu thnh phn nh hng, hm, bin, php ton, du ngoc trn. Sau khi tnh ton biu thc s cho mt tr duy nht. Tr ca biu thc thuc v mt trong 4 kiu: N, C, D, L. Mt biu thc c th rt phc tp, tr ca biu thc c tnh theo nguyn tc sau: * Trong ( ) tnh trc, ngoi ( ) tnh sau, * Php ton u tin cao tnh trc. * Bn tri tnh trc, bn phi tnh sau. 1.2.8 T kho T kho l nhng t c Visual FoxPro s dng vo mt mc ch ring, ngi s dng khng c t tn trng vi cc t kho ny. Thng thng t kho l nhng ng t ng t ca lnh thc hin. Nu t kho c nhiu hn 4 k t th khi s dng ch cn ghi 4 k t u.
V d: Cu lnh MODIFY COMMAND LUONG.PRG c 2 t kho l MODIFY v COMMAND c th vit gn l: MODI COMM LUONG.PRG

1.2.9 Lnh v chng trnh Lnh l nhng yu cu thc hin mt nhim v no . Lnh trong Visual FoxPro

thng l mt ng t, cng c trng hp l mt k hiu nh: !. ?, ... Tp hp cc lnh nhm t c mt mc tiu ra gi l chng trnh. Trong Visual FoxPro c 3 cch ban hnh lnh: a. Dng ca s lnh: Lnh c a vo ca s lnh, sau khi n Enter lnh c thi hnh ngay. Thi hnh xong mt lnh th lnh c c lu li trn ca s lnh c th s dng cho ln sau. Cch ny thng dng trong nhng tnh ton n gin kim tra kt qu ca lnh. b. Dng menu: Lnh c ban hnh bng cch kch hot menu tng ng, sau khi thi hnh xong cu lnh cng c lu li trn ca s lnh. Cch ny ch hn ch trong mt s lnh thng thng trn tp tin CSDL. c. Dng chng trnh: Son tho trc mt chng trnh gm nhiu lnh thch hp. Chng trnh c lu trn a di tn mt tp tin c phn m rng PRG. thc hin chng trnh ny, ti ca s lnh a cu lnh DO <tn file.PRG>. Sau khi n Enter chng trnh c np vo b nh v tng lnh c thc hin theo th t.

CHNG 2:

THAO TC VI BNG D LIU

2.1. KHI NIM Bng d liu cha d liu theo dng dng v ct, mi dng c gi l mt mu tin (record), mi ct c gi l mt trng (field) ca bng. Mi bng d liu c lu tr trn a vi tn file c phn m rng mc nh l DBF, mi bng d liu c hai phn: cu trc v ni dung ca bng. V d: bng nhn vin (nhanvien.dbf) c cu trc sau: Fieldname Hoten Gioitinh Ngaysinh NamLV Lylich Ni dung ca NHANVIEN.DBF Hoten Nguyen van A Le thi Nhan Gioitinh .T. .F. Ngaysinh 10/15/75 06/15/70 NamLV 1999 1995 Lylich Memo memo Type Character Logic Date Numberic Memo Width 30 1 8 4 4 Decimal

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2.2 FILE V KIU FILE TRONG VISUAL FOXPRO 2.2.1 Cc kiu file chnh ca Foxpro FoxPro c cc kiu file sau: *.dbf: File d liu *.idx: File ch mc *.prg: File chng trnh *.dbc: File c s d liu *.dll: File th vin lin kt ng *.pjx: File d n *.scx: File Form *.vcx: File th vin 2.2.2. Cch t chc mt file d liu a. File d liu: L tp hp d liu phn nh v mt tp hp cc i tng qun l thng qua cc thuc tnh ca n. b. Bn ghi (Record): L mt b gi tr cc thuc tnh phn nh v mt i tng qun l. c. Trng (Field): L mt thuc tnh trong file d liu, mi trng c xc nh bi tn trng, kiu trng v kch thc trng. + Tn trng (Field name): Tn trng di ti a 10 k t bao gm ch ci, ch s, k t gch di, k t u tin ca tn trng phi l ch ci. + Kiu trng (Field type): Kiu trng c cc dng sau: C: Charater N:Numberic L:Logic D:Date M:Memo G:General ....................... + Kch thc trng (Field Width): L khong b nh cn thit lu tr cc gi tr ca trng, kch thc ca trng ph thuc vo kiu trng: Kiu C: Ti a 254 Byte Kiu N: Ti a 20 Byte k c du thp phn Kiu L: Chim 1 Byte Kiu D: Chim 8 Byte Kiu M: di tu , chim 10 Byte khi khai bo Currency: Chim 8 byte + Cu trc file: Mi t hp trng sp xp theo th t nht nh gi l cu trc ca file d liu, mi file d liu ch c mt cu trc c th. 2.2.3. Nguyn tc hot ng Chng ta ch c th truy nhp n cc phn t ca mt file DBF nu file c

m bng lnh USE <tn file DBF>. mi thi im bt k, mi file DBF ang m s c mt mu tin hin thi, mu tin hin thi l mu tin c th truy nhp vo thi im . Mu tin hin thi c tr n b con tr mu tin (record pointer). Mi tap tin ang m c 2 v tr c bit ch : u file v cui file. bit c con tr mu tin u hay cui file ta dng cc hm logic sau: . Hm BOF( ) (begin of file) cho gi tr .T. nu con tr mu tin dau file DBF ang m, ngc li hm cho gi tr .F. . Hm EOF( ) (end of file) cho gi tr .T. nu con tr mu tin cui file DBF ang m, ngc li hm cho gi tr .F. . S th t ca mu tin (record number - recno): m t s th t vt l ca mu tin trong tp tin c s d liu DBF. S th t ny do FoxPro qui nh mt cch tun t, c nh s t 1 n mu tin cui cng. Trong khi lm vic, nu xo mt mu tin th s th t ny cng t ng c cp nht theo cho ph hp. . Hm RECCOUNT( ) dng bit s mu tin ca mt tp tin DBF ang m. . Hm RECSIZE( ) dng bit c kch thc ca mt mu tin. . Hm RECNO( ) cho bit s th t ca mu tin hin thi. . Kch thc ca cc mu tin ca mt file DBF u bng nhau. 2.3. CC LNH C BN TRN FILE DBF 2.3.1 Dng lnh tng qut Lnh l mt ch th cho my thc hin mt thao tc c th. Mt lnh trong Foxpro ni chung c c php tng qut nh sau: Lnh [phm vi] [FIELDS <dsch bieu thuc>] [FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>] [FROM <tn file> / ARRAY <tn mng>] [TO print/tn file/dsch bin] Trong , Lnh: mt t kho, cho bit mc ch ca cng vic, phi vit u tin v c th vit 4 k t u nu lnh c nhiu hn 4 k t. V d: DISPLAY FIELDS HOTEN, HSLUONG DISP FIEL HOTEN, HSLUONG Phm vi (Scope): ch nh phm vi cc mu tin chu s tc ng ca lnh, phm vi c th l: ALL: tt c cc mu tin trong file d liu u b tc ng ca lnh (nu c s dng FOR th phm vi c hiu l ALL). NEXT <n>: n mu tin tip theo tnh t mu tin hin thi b tc ng ca lnh. RECORD <n> Lnh ch tc ng n mu tin th n REST Lnh s tc ng t mu tin hin thi cho n ht. FIELDS <dsch trng>: lnh ch c tc dng trn nhng trng c tn c nu trong <dsch trng>. FOR <btL1>: mu tin no tho mn <btL1> mi b tc ng bi lnh.

WHILE <btL2>: chng no <btL2> cn ng th lnh cn hiu lc. Ngha l, lnh s tc ng ln cc bn ghi tho mn biu thc logic i km (c gi tr l .T.) cho n khi gp mt bn ghi khng tho mn biu thc logic (c gi tr .F.) hoc n ht file d liu. Nu iu kin sai th lnh c dng ngay. Trong lnh nu va c FOR va c WHILE th mnh WHILE u tin thc hin trc. FROM <tn file>: tn ca file m t lnh ly s liu s dng cho file DBF ang m. TO PRINT/tn file/dsch bin: chuyn kt qu sau khi thc hin lnh n my in/file/bin. Cc mnh theo sau lnh c mt hay khng tu trng hp v khng cn phi vit theo th t nh nu. 2.3.2 To bng d liu C php: Create <tn file DBF> hoc Chn File/New/<chn loi file d liu DBF> V d: create nhanvien && to bng nhanvien Lc ny, mn hnh s xut hin hp thoi ta to cu trc bng Chn thm trng

Name: Tn trng Xa Type: Kiu trng trng Width: rng ca trng Decimal: S ch s l sau phn du chm thp phn, phn ny ch s dng cho d liu kiu s. Ch : - Cc tn trng khng c trng nhau, khng c trng vi t kho. - i vi d liu kiu s nu c phn thp phn th rng ca phn thp phn phi nh hn rng ca trng t nht l 2 n v. kt thc vic nhp cu trc ta n ng thi phm Ctrl+W, lc ny s nhn c hp thoi Lc ny: tr li <No> th s quay li ca s lnh, tr li <Yes> tin hnh nhp cc bn ghi. Khi chn Yes s tip tc xut hin hp thoi nhp d liu. Khi kt thc vic nhp d liu, nhn t hp <Ctrl+W> lu file d liu ln a. Khi

Trong :

file d liu s c dng <tn file>.DBF Ch : nhp d liu cho trng MEMO, ta a con tr n hp memo ri nhn t hp phm Ctrl_PgUp, lc s xut hin ca s nhp d liu cho trng ny. Sau khi kt thc vic nhp d liu cho n, ta n t hp Ctrl+W ghi li. 2.3.3 nh v con tr n mt bn ghi a. nh v tuyt i C php: GO <N>|[TOP]|[BOTTOM] Tc dng: Dng chuyn con tr bn ghi n bn ghi c s hiu <n> c chi nh trong cu lnh. + GO TOP: Dng chuyn con tr bn ghi v u file d liu. + GO BOTTOM: Dng chuyn con tr bn ghi v cui file d liu. b.nh v tng i C php: Skip [+|-] [<n>]