Gii thiu chung v NAT: Khi c hai my tnh trn cng mt lp mng (cng subnet), cc my tnh ny kt ni trc tip

p vi nhau, i u ny c ngha l chng c th gi v nhn d liu trc tip vi nhau. Nu nhng my tnh ny khng trn cng mt lp mng v khng c kt ni trc tip th d liu s c chuyn tip qua li gia nhng lp mng ny v nh th phi cn mt router (c th l phn mm hoc phn cng) y l trng hp khi mt my tnh no mun kt ni ti mt my khc trn mng Internet. NAT hot ng nh th no? NAT lm vic nh mt router, cng vic ca n l chuyn tip cc gi tin (packets) gia nhng lp mng khc nhau trn mt mng ln. Chng ta c th xem Internet l mt mng n nhng c v s subnet. Routers c kh nng hiu c cc lp mng khc nhau xung quanh n v c th chuyn tip nhng gi tin n ng ni cn n. NAT s dng IP ca chnh n lm IP cng cng cho mi my con (client) vi IP ring. Khi mt my con thc hin kt ni hoc gi d liu ti mt my tnh no trn mng Internet, d liu s c gi ti NAT, sau NAT s thay th a ch IP gc ca my con ri gi gi d liu i vi a ch IP ca NAT. My tnh t xa hoc my tnh no trn mng Internet khi nhn c tn hiu s gi gi tin tr v cho NAT computer bi v chng ngh rng NAT computer l my gi nhng gi d liu n chng. NAT ghi li bng thng tin ca nhng my tnh gi nhng gi tin i ra ngoi trn mi cng dch vv gi nhng gi tin nhn c v ng my tnh (client) v tin cy. NAT thc hin nhng cng vic sau: Thay th a ch IP ngun ca gi d liu thnh a ch IP ca chnh n, c ngha l d liu nhn c bi my tnh t xa (remote computer) ging nh nhn c gi d liu t my tnh c cu hnh NAT. Gi d liu ti my tnh t xa v nh c gi d liu s dng cng dch v no v a ch IP ca my gi. D liu khi nhn c t my tnh t xa s c chuyn ti cho cc my con gi d liu ra ngoi tng ng thng qua bng chuyn i a ch mng NAT (NAPT) hot ng tng Transport Layer.

Mt c ch m rng ca NAT l PAT (Port Address Translation ) cng dng cho mc ch tng ng. Lc ny thay v ch chuyn i a ch IP th c cng dch v (port) cng c chuyn i (do router NAT quyt nh).