GII THIU H THNG THNG TIN DI NG NG DNG CNG NGH CDMA CDMA AND APPLICATIONS

B Mn Vin Thng Khoa in-in T Trng i Hc Bch Khoa TP. H Ch Minh TP.HCM 2-2006

CC PHNG PHP A TRUY NHP MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES

Khi qut cc phng php a truy nhp Trong h thng thng tin a truy nhp, s lng ln thng tin c chia s trn knh thng tin chung. Mc ch l phi hp tn hiu t cc my thu khc nhau trn cng mt knh thng tin chung, ti my thu cc tn hiu phn bit c lp ln nhau m khng gy nhiu do a truy nhp gy ra. Da trn c im ca vic phn chia cc tn hiu chia s cung knh thng tin, c cc phng php a truy nhp nh sau: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA

Cc phng thc a truy nhp

Cc phng thc a truy nhp-FDMA Cc ngi s dng c truy nhp vo knh thng tin chung trn c s phn chia theo tn s. FDMA c c im: Knh FDMA ch phc v duy nht mt thu bao ti mt thi im Nu mt knh FDMA khng c dng, th n khng c ti s dng bi mt user khc. Sau khi gn mt knh thoi, BS v MS tin hnh thu v pht mt cch lin tc ng thi. Bng thng knh FDMA nh (30KHz) Thi gian ca k hiu (symbol) thng ln hn thi gian tr tn hiu. FDMA l phng php truyn dn lin tc nn t cn cc bit phc v mc ch nh tuyn.

Cc phng thc a truy nhp-FDMA

FDMA cn cu trc lc RF cht ch ti thiu ha giao thoa gia cc knh thng tin k cn. Tng s knh c th hot ng ng thi trong mt h thng FDMA l:

N=

Btot 2 Bguard Bc

Btot: Tng s ph c phn phi Bguard: Bng tn bo v xung quanh mi knh Bc: Bng tn s dng ca mi knh

Cc phng thc a truy nhp-TDMA Cc ngi s dng c truy nhp vo knh thng tin chung trn c s phn chia theo thi gian. TDMA c c im: Mi user chim mt khe thi gian TDMA chia mt sng mang n cho mt user. S khe thi gian trong mi khung ph thuc vo k thut iu ch, bng thng Truyn dn TDMA khng lin tc. Qu trnh x l chuyn giao cuc gi gia cc Cell l n gin, MS c th theo di cc trm gc khc nhau trong sut qu trnh ngh. TDMA s dng cc khe thi gian khc nhau cho pht v thu. Qu trnh ng b khung rt cn thit v i hi chnh xc pha thu tch sng ng.

Cc phng thc a truy nhp-TDMA

Trong TDMA, tng s knh trong h thng c xc nh:

N=

m( Btot 2 Bguard ) Bc

Btot: Tng s ph c phn phi Bguard: Bng tn bo v xung quanh mi knh Bc: Bng tn s dng ca mi knh m: S User cc i trong mt knh v tuyn

Cc phng thc a truy nhp-CDMA c im ca h thng a truy nhp phn chia theo m: Cc User cng chia s mt bng tn s CDMA c mt gii hn mm (soft limitation) i vi dung lng h thng (system capacity). Hn ch ng k nhiu Fading a ng bi v tn hiu c tri ra trn mt ph rt rng so vi ph ca tn hiu gc. Trong CDMA, tt c cc Cell u s dng li tn s ca cc cell k cn. Nhiu ng knh c hn ch nh vo s dng thu phn tp theo khng gian, h tr vic chuyn giao mm (Soft Handoff). Giao thoa gn-xa (Near-Far Problem) l mt hin tng ph bin trong CDMA.

So snh c trng ca FDMA/TDMA/CDMA

FDMA Knh/Sng mang 1 TDMA N>1. Mt khung TDMA gm N khe thi gian uwojc ch nh dng cho mi khe thi gian khc nhau Khng lin tc, pht v thu ti cc khe thi gian khng cho nhau BW tng i CDMA N>1. Tt c cc thu bao pht ng thi trn cng mt bng thng. Lin tc ng thi trn ng Uplink v Downlink. BW rt rng.

Pht

Lin tc, ng thi trn ng Uplink v Downlink

Bng Bng tn hp tn/knh tn s

So snh c trng ca FDMA/TDMA/CDMA

FDMA Nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu Tng s Bit/Khung Khng ng k TDMA CDMA

C gi tr, dn n C gi tr, my s phn chia thu RAKE c khong cch pht s dng. N phn Cao, cha cc Bit ng bm bit bo v v Bit gim st Tng i thp, nhng yu cu c thm knh Pilot yu cu cho vic tch sng lin tc

Thp

Phn cng

n gin

BW tng i phc Rt phc tp do tp do b cn bng yu cu x l tc ng b phc tp cao trn bng rng

So snh c trng ca FDMA/TDMA/CDMA

FDMA Ghp Duplex Yu cu TDMA CDMA

Khng cn thit v Yu cu pht v thu ti nhng khe thi gian khc nhau Thc hin c v MS lun hat ng gim st cc BS trong N-1 khe thi gian khc. Do c th thc hin c Handoff nhanh. Thp Thc hin c v MS s dng my thu RAKE kim tra BS khc. Ngoi ra cn c chuyn giao mm. Chi ph ng truyn RF thp nhng b x l BS chi ph cao.

Chuyn giao My pht v thu Handoff ca BS lin tc nn khng hiu c Handoff

Chi ph BS

Cao, mt my pht v my thu cho mi knh

So snh c trng ca FDMA/TDMA/CDMA

FDMA Nhiu bng hp TDMA CDMA Khng nh hng v nhiu bng hp b suy gim ng k ti b nn ph my thu Khng cn thit iu khin nhanh, c tnh hu hiu Phc v cc dch v vi tc bit pht khc nhau

B nh hng, nh hng v lm lm gim c tnh gim c tnh h h thng thng

Ti s dng tn s iu khin cng sut

Cn thit iu khin chm

Cn thit iu khin, dung lng khng tng Dung lng pht bng s lng cc khe thi gian ti cc knh tn s

Cc dch v Dung lng pht mi bng s lng khe thi gian ti cc knh tn s

So snh c trng ca FDMA/TDMA/CDMA

FDMA Nhiu bng hp 1 TDMA N>1. Mt khung TDMA gm N khe thi gian uwojc ch nh dng cho mi khe thi gian khc nhau Khng lin tc, pht v thu ti cc khe thi gian khng cho nhau BW tng i CDMA N>1. Tt c cc thu bao pht ng thi trn cng mt bng thng. Lin tc ng thi trn ng Uplink v Downlink. BW rt rng.

Pht

Lin tc, ng thi trn ng Uplink v Downlink

Bng Bng tn hp tn/knh tn s

Bng thng s k thut ca FDMA/TDMA/CDMA

Thng s Di tn v tuyn Ti s dng tn s Di thng knh v tuyn S knh v tuyn/di S knh v tuyn/1cell S knh lu thng trong 1 knh v tuyn S knh lu thng trong mt cell S di qut trong 1 cell S knh lu thng/di Dung lng FDMA 12.5MHz K=7 0.03MHz 416 58 1 57 3 19 100% TDMA 12.5MHz K=7 0.03MHz 416 58 3 168 3 56 300% CDMA 12.5MHz K=1 1.25MHz 10 10 20 200 3 200 1000%

GII THIU CDMA INTRODUCTION TO CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

CDMA l g ?

M hnh ti s dng tn s FDMA: h s ti s dng tn s K=7; CDMA: h s K=1.

Chui nh phn gi ngu nhin PRBS

Chui tn hiu nh phn gi ngu nhin PRBS (Pseudo Random Binary Sequence): 1. Gii thiu PRBS: L mt chui nh phn 0,1. Trong 0,1 xut hin c v nh ngu nhin, khng tun theo mt qui lut n gin. PRBS l chui nh phn tun hon c chu k rt ln ng dng PRBS: S dng trong qun i S dng trong k thut CDMA Phn loi k thut tri ph: Cc h thng tri ph c phn loi trn c s phng php iu ch v cu trc ca h thng, thng gm: Tri ph chui trc tip DS-SS (Direct Sequence-Spread Spectrum). Tri ph nhy tn FH-SS (Frequency Hopping-Spread Spectrum) Trong , phng php tri ph chui trc tip a truy nhp theo m DS-CDMA c s dng v bit n rt rng ri.

Chui gi ngu nhin PN

2. Chui gi ngu nhin PN:

Tn hiu PRBS c to ra bng cch dng N cc D-Flip-Flop ghp li to thnh mt thanh ghi dch. u vo ca thanh ghi l tn hiu hi tip c to ra t ghp cng XOR cc tn hiu ly t cc u ra ca Flip-Flop. Nhng khng phi mi u ra u uwojc cng li hi tip. Mi kiu t hp trn s to ra mt tn hiu hi tip ring v do to ra mt qui lut bin i ring u ra ca thanh ghi dch, Mt h nh th c gi l h tun t, v do tn hiu u ra s tun hon c chu k. Ty theo cch chn t hp hi tip m chu k lp ca tn hiu c th di ngn khc nhau, to tn hiu gi ngu nhin, chu k lp li cng ln cng tt. Tuy nhin nu gi N l s Flip-Flop trong thanh ghi dch, chu k ny khng th ln hn 2 N .

Cc chui m tri ph Hin nay, mt s m tri ph c s dng ph bin trong h thng thng tin v tuyn: Chui M

S to chui M

Chui Gold

Cc chui m tri ph

S to chui Gold

Chui Kasami

Paradigm Shift of CDMA

Dung lng h thng CDMA

 ngha gi tr Eb/N0 trong h thng CDMA L t s nng lng ca mi bit trn mt ph cng sut tp m, l gi tr chun so snh hiu sut ca phng php iu ch v m ha s. nng cao hiu sut, h thng CDMA s dng cc knh bng rng v s dng cc m chun ha li vi d phng cao. Dung lng ca h thng CDMA t l nghch vi t s Eb/N0, cho nn nu gim c Eb/N0 xung, dung lng h thng s tng ln, v cng sut pht cng c gim.

B thu RAKE

ng B

iu khin cng sut

iu khin cng sut

iu khin cng sut trn ng ln

iu khin cng sut vng m

iu khin cng sut vng ng

iu khin cng sut vng ng

Cn bng gia Dung lng, Cht lng, Vng ph sng l 3 yu t c bn trong bt k mng v tuyn no. Trong CDMA, 3 yu t ny c mi quan h qua li cht ch, mt yu t ny c th c ci thin bng cch h thp yu t khc mt cch hp l v c li cho h thng. V d, mt h thng CDMA vn d c dung lng h thng kh cao. Bng cch gim vng ph sng hoc cht lng xung n mc nht nh, dung lng ca h thng s c ci thin. S dung ha linh ng gia 3 yu t ny to nn mt c tnh quan trong cho cc nh khai thc, thit k v vn hnh h thng CDMA.

S KHI H THNG CDMA ARCHITECTURE OF CDMA SYSTEM

H thng CDMA

MS: Mobile Station

MS

BS: Base Station MX: Mobile Exchange

BSC MSC ASS PSTN

HLR: Home Location Registration BSC:Base Station Controller

BTS

CCS BSM

BSS

MX

BSM: Base Station Manager ASS: Access Switching Subsystem CCS: Central Control Subsystem

HLR

Trm di ng Mobile Station MS MS c 3 chc nng: Thit b u cui: Thc hin cc dch v ca ngi s dng Kt cui di ng: thc hin truyn dn giao din v tuyn vi mng truy nhp Kt ni trung gian: thc hin giao tip 2 chc nng trn

Cu hnh BSS
RF: Radio Frequency Block CD: CDMA Digital Block
CKD RF CD

BCP: BTS Control Processor CIN: CDMA Interconnection Network

MX

BIN GPS BCP

CIN

TSB

CKD: Clock Distributor TSB: Transcoder Selector Bank CCP: Call Control Processor.

CCP

BTS

BSC

BSMP

ALM

BSM

BIN: BTS Interconnection Network BSMP: Base Station Manager Processor. ALM: Alarm

Cu hnh Mobile Exchange MX

Chc nng ca MX
Cc chc nng trong khi MX: ASS: Access Switching Subsystem ASS-7: Truy cp mng bo hiu s 7 ASS-T: Truy cp mng trung k PSTM ASS-M: Truy cp mng thu bao di ng INS: Interconnection Network Subsystem CCS: Central Control Subsystem AMS: Administration and Maintenance Subsystem LRS: Location Register Subsystem

Chc nng ca MX
MX c cc chc nng nh sau: Phn h chuyn mch truy cp ASS Phn h lin kt mng INS, cung cp u ni cho ASS v CCS, x l tp trung cuc gi v ng b ha mng chuyn mch. Phn h iu khin trung tm CCS: Bao gm cc khi AMS, LRS. Mi cuc gi cn c gn vo mt b chn v b Vocoder tng ng.

Cu trc b HLR

AES: Application Entity Subsystem DBS: Database Subsystem OMS: Operation Maintenance Subsystem

Chc nng HLR

Chc nng chnh ca HLR: Lu tr thng tin vnh vin v thng tin tm thi nh nh v MS, nhn dng thu bao, cc dch v, s liu tnh cc. AES cung cp ng truyn dn gia cc b x l ng dng. NIS: h tr cc chc nng lp thp hn cho bo hiu s 7.

Chuyn giao trong CDMA

Trong h thng thng tin t ong, chuyn giao xy ra khi trm di dng ang lm cc th tc thm nhp mng hoc ang c cuc gi. Mc ch chuyn giao l m bo cht lng ng truyn khi mt trm di ng ri xa trm gc ang phc v. Khi lu thng c chuyn sang mt knh mi thuc mt trm gc k cn khc. CDMA tn ti cc dng chuyn giao: Chuyn giao cng Chuyn giao mm Chuyn giao mm hn

Chuyn giao trong CDMA Dng chuyn giao mm v mm hn: Th tc ni trc khi ct Make-Before-BreakSwitching c p dng Chuyn giao mm l chuyn giao gia cc Cell thuc cng mt BSC qun l Chuyn giao mm hn l chuyn giao gia cc Sector ca cng mt Cell. Trong CDMA, khi MS pht hin Pilot mnh hn th n pht bn tin o lng v trm gc yu cu khi ng chuyn giao, Trong chuyn giao mm, c trm gc ban u v trm gc mi u tham gia vo vic chuyn giao. Sau khi cuc gi c thit lp th my di ng tip tc tm tn hiu trm gc so snh vi tn hiu ca cell bn cnh.

Chuyn giao mm trong CDMA

Chuyn giao mm hn

Chuyn giao mm trong CDMA

My di ng chuyn bn tin n trung tm chuyn mch di ng thng bo cng tn hiu ca trm gc mi. Sau trung tm chuyn mch thit lp mt ng ni gia my di ng v trm gc mi, bt u qu trnh chuyn vng mm trong khi vn gi kt ni ban u. u im chuyn vng mm: S di chuyn ca MS gia cc Cell ca h thng vn c m bo cuc gi lin tc Khi mng t ti, chuyn vng mm c kh nng tng gp i vng bao ph ca mi t bo

Chuyn giao cng trong CDMA Chuyn giao cng: c thc hin khi cn chuyn lu thng sang mt knh tn s mi. Cc h thng tng t v h thng TDMA, FDMA u ch s dng phng thc ny. Chuyn giao cng c hnh thnh trn c s ct trc khi ni Break-Before-Make Switching . chuyn giao cng, kt ni vi knh c b ct trc khi kt ni vi knh mi. Nhc im ca chuyn giao cng: C th lm rt cuc gi do cht lng cuc gi gim ng k khi tin hnh chuyn giao trong khi kt ni vi knh mi cha c hon thnh.

Chuyn giao trong CDMA Chuyn giao cng xy ra khi: CDMA n CDMA: trng hp MS di chuyn gia cc Cell ca mng CDMA nhng hot ng ti cc tn s khc nhau. CDMA n mng tng t Analog CDMA n mng CDMA khc (Operator khc)

GII THIU CDMA-2000 V CDMA-2000 1X EV-DO INTRODUCTION TO CDMA-2000 AND CDMA-2000 1X EV-DO

Gii thiu h thng CDMA2000

Con ng tin ln 3G t h thng IS-95

Cc giao thc trong CDMA- IS95

3G

Chun trong CDMA2000

Tnh tng thch cao ca CDMA2000 H thng CDMA2000 tng thch vi h thng trc ca n l IS-95:

H thng CDMA2000 1X-RTT

H thng 3G CDMA2000 1X EV-DO

PDSN: Packet Data Serving Node HA: Home Agent FA: Foreign Agent AAA: Authentication, Authorization, Accounting AN: Access Network AT: Access Terminal IWF: Internet Working Function